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21 April 19 72 a.5 *& Vol. 176, No. 4032 LETTERS Science and Politics: T. D. Long; I. D. Clark; L. A. DuBridge; M. L. Perl; Pregnant Baboons: W. M. Crosby; Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis: W. K. C. Morgan and C. E. Andrews; Newton and the Mint: L. N. Beck; Ki'lo-me'ter: H. C. Urey EDITORIAL A Blind Spot in Biology: E. Epstein ................................................ ARTICLES Toward a National Nutrition Policy: J. Mayer ..................................... Microbiology of the Dry Valleys of Antarctica: N. H. Horowitz, R. E. Cameron, J. S. Hubbard .............................................................. Electron Spectroscopy with Monochromatized X-rays: K. Siegbahn et al................. Fast Transport of Materials in Mammalian Nerve Fibers: S. Ochs ...................... NEWS AND COMMENT RESEARCH NEWS BOOK REVIEWS The American Chemical Society: PEPing up Its Rescue Efforts ........................ New Cancer Cl ief in the Wings .................................................. France: Mass Higher Education Produces Diplomas but Not Jobs ................... Photocopying Habit in Jeopardy .................................................. Physical Oceanography: Planning for a Major Experiment ............................ Language and Poverty, reviewed by D. S. Palernmo; Of Microbes and Life, L. Siminiovitch; Mach's Philosophy of Science, J. L. Heilbront; Archaeological Survey in the Lower Yazoo Basin, Mississippi, 1949-1955, W. G. Haag; Books Received .................................................. REPORTS Biodegradation of Nitrilotriacetic Acid and Related Imino and Amino Acids in River Water: C. B. Warren and E. J. Malec ................................... Mars: The Lineament Systems: A. B. Binder and D. W. McCarthy, Jr................ River Delta Morphology: Wave Climate and the Role of the Subaqueous Profile: L. D. Wright and J. M. Coleman ............................................ B3OARD OF DIRECTORS VICE PRESIDENTS AND SECTION SECRETARIES DIVISIONS qP4FKtF h d nihli;khpd weeklv. axchrt, tl MINA REES GLENN T.* SEABORG LEONARD M. RIESER DAVID BLACKWELL LEWNIS M. BRANSCO Retiring President, hairman President President-Elit RICHARD H. BOL BRRY CO MATHEMATICS (A) PHYSICS (B) CHEMISTRY (C) ASTRONOMY (D) John W. Tukey Herbert Friedman Martin Paul George B. Field F. A. Ficken Rolf M. Sinclair Lo Schubert Arlo U. Landolt PSYCHOLOGY (I) SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES -(K) HtORY AND PHILOOPY OF SCIENCE Dale B. Harris James S. Coleman Evert Mendelsohn William D. Garvey Harvey Sapolsky Raymond J. Seeger PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (Np) AGRICULTURE (0) INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE (P) EDUCATION (Q) Linwood F. Tice Roy L. Lovvorn Jacob E. Goldman KLoy. Johnson John Autian Michael A. Farrell Jordan D. Lewis Pllip R. Forde ALASKA DIVISION PACIFIC DIVISION SOUTHWESTERN AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN DIVISIK Gordon Harrison Irma Duncan Roy A. Young Robett C. Miller John R. Lacher Maerlowe . Anderson President Executive Secretary President Secretary President Exeutive Secretary he last week in December, but with an extra issue on the third Tuesday in November, by the American Association for the Advancement WashIngtn D.C. 20005. Now combined with The SclenJflfc MontlhlyO. Second-class postage paid at Washingtont, D.C. Copyrilght 0 1972 icement of ciece. Annual sbscri-ption $20; foreign postage: Americas $3; overseas '$5; air freight to Europe, North Africa, Near East catQuids to ScIentIfIc Ia mamept which is. $4.' School1 year subscription:. 9mnh,$;10 months, $16.75. Provide ~4 weeks notice I' address and zip codas. Send aeet "address label. SCIENCE Is Indexed in the Readers Qdeto Perodica LIteoratr. 229 235 237 242 245 252 260 261 264 265 268 270 277 279 282

April 1972 a.5 · 2005. 7. 5. · 21 April 1972, Volume 176, Number4032 SCI:ENCE: AMECANASSOCIATION FOR ' ADVANCEMENT OF SCINCE Science serves its readers as a forum for the presentation

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Page 1: April 1972 a.5 · 2005. 7. 5. · 21 April 1972, Volume 176, Number4032 SCI:ENCE: AMECANASSOCIATION FOR ' ADVANCEMENT OF SCINCE Science serves its readers as a forum for the presentation

21 April 1972 a.5 *&Vol. 176, No. 4032

LETTERS Science and Politics: T. D. Long; I. D. Clark; L. A. DuBridge; M. L. Perl; PregnantBaboons: W. M. Crosby; Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis: W. K. C. Morgan andC. E. Andrews; Newton and the Mint: L. N. Beck; Ki'lo-me'ter: H. C. Urey

EDITORIAL A Blind Spot in Biology: E. Epstein ................................................

ARTICLES Toward a National Nutrition Policy: J. Mayer .....................................

Microbiology of the Dry Valleys of Antarctica: N. H. Horowitz, R. E. Cameron,J. S. Hubbard ..............................................................

Electron Spectroscopy with Monochromatized X-rays: K. Siegbahn et al.................

Fast Transport of Materials in Mammalian Nerve Fibers: S. Ochs ......................

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

BOOK REVIEWS

The American Chemical Society: PEPing up Its Rescue Efforts ........................

New Cancer Cl ief in the Wings ..................................................

France: Mass Higher Education Produces Diplomas but Not Jobs ...................

Photocopying Habit in Jeopardy ..................................................

Physical Oceanography: Planning for a Major Experiment ............................

Language and Poverty, reviewed by D. S. Palernmo; Of Microbes and Life,L. Siminiovitch; Mach's Philosophy of Science, J. L. Heilbront;Archaeological Survey in the Lower Yazoo Basin, Mississippi, 1949-1955,W. G. Haag; Books Received ..................................................

REPORTS Biodegradation of Nitrilotriacetic Acid and Related Imino and Amino Acids inRiver Water: C. B. Warren and E. J. Malec ...................................

Mars: The Lineament Systems: A. B. Binder and D. W. McCarthy, Jr................

River Delta Morphology: Wave Climate and the Role of the Subaqueous Profile:L. D. Wright and J. M. Coleman ............................................

B3OARD OF DIRECTORS

VICE PRESIDENTS ANDSECTION SECRETARIES

DIVISIONS

qP4FKtF h dnihli;khpd weeklv.axchrt, tl

MINA REES GLENN T.* SEABORG LEONARD M. RIESER DAVID BLACKWELL LEWNIS M. BRANSCORetiring President, hairman President President-Elit RICHARD H. BOL BRRY CO

MATHEMATICS (A) PHYSICS (B) CHEMISTRY (C) ASTRONOMY (D)John W. Tukey Herbert Friedman Martin Paul George B. FieldF. A. Ficken Rolf M. Sinclair Lo Schubert Arlo U. Landolt

PSYCHOLOGY (I) SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES -(K) HtORY AND PHILOOPY OF SCIENCEDale B. Harris James S. Coleman Evert MendelsohnWilliam D. Garvey Harvey Sapolsky Raymond J. SeegerPHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (Np) AGRICULTURE (0) INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE (P) EDUCATION (Q)Linwood F. Tice Roy L. Lovvorn Jacob E. Goldman KLoy . JohnsonJohn Autian Michael A. Farrell Jordan D. Lewis Pllip R. Forde

ALASKA DIVISION PACIFIC DIVISION SOUTHWESTERN AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN DIVISIKGordon Harrison Irma Duncan Roy A. Young Robett C. Miller John R. Lacher Maerlowe . AndersonPresident Executive Secretary President Secretary President Exeutive Secretary

he last week in December, but with an extra issue on the third Tuesday in November, by the American Association for the AdvancementWashIngtn D.C. 20005. Now combined with The SclenJflfc MontlhlyO. Second-class postage paid at Washingtont, D.C. Copyrilght 0 1972

icement of ciece. Annual sbscri-ption $20; foreign postage: Americas $3; overseas '$5; air freight to Europe, North Africa, Near EastcatQuids to ScIentIfIc Ia mamept which is. $4.' School1 year subscription:. 9mnh,$;10 months, $16.75. Provide ~4 weeks notice

I' address and zip codas. Send aeet "address label. SCIENCE Is Indexed in the Readers Qdeto Perodica LIteoratr.

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Page 2: April 1972 a.5 · 2005. 7. 5. · 21 April 1972, Volume 176, Number4032 SCI:ENCE: AMECANASSOCIATION FOR ' ADVANCEMENT OF SCINCE Science serves its readers as a forum for the presentation

Pressure Measurement Made by the Utilization of Ruby Sharp-Line Luminescence:R. A. Forman et al. .........................................................

Barrier Dune System along the Outer Banks of North Carolina: A Reappraisal:R. Dolan ..................................................................

Groundwater Contamination by Road Salt: Steady-State Concentrations in EastCentral Massachusetts: E. E. Huling and T. C. Hollocher .......................

Carbon Monoxide Balance in Nature: B. Weinstock and H. Niki ......................

Synergy of Ethanol and Putative Neurotransmitters: Glycine and Serine:K. Blum, J. E. Wallace, 1. Geller .............................................

Carboxyhemoglobin Elevation after Exposure to Dichloromethane: R. D. Stewart et al. ...

Electrical Field-Flow Fractionation of Proteins: K. D. Caldwell et al...................

Induction of Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema in Cattle and Goats with3-Methylindole: J. R. Carlson, M. T. Yokoyama, E. 0. Dickinson ..............

Leaf Infections: Siderochromes (Natural Polyhydroxamates) Mimic the "GreenIsland" Effect: C. L. Atkin and J. B. Neilanids ..................................

Solute Concentration Gradients in Frog Muscles at 0'C: Active Transportor Adsorption? M. C. Neville ................................................

Identification of Triploid Genome by Fluorescence Microscopy: 1. A. Uchida andC. C. Lin .................................................................

A Calcium Pump in Vascular Smooth Muscle: D. F. Fitzpatrick et al..................

Sea Star Platasterias: Ossicle Morphology and Taxonomic Position: D. B. Blake ......

Neuromuscular Transmission: Inhibition by Manganese Ions: U. Meiri andR. Rahamimof ..............................................................

Deficient Activity of Hepatic Acid Lipase in Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease:J. A. Burke and W. K. Schubert ...............................................

Human X Chromosome Carries Quantitative Genes for Immunoglobulin M:F. J. Grunidbacher ...........................................................

Immunologic Tolerance: Role of the Regional Lymph Node: M. H. Friedlaender andH. Baer ....................................................................

"Walking" in the Newborn: P. R. Zelazo, N. A. Zelazo, S. Kolb .....................

Technical Comments: Inhibitor of DNA in Lymphocytic Cells: E. Garcia-Giralt;Does the Striate Cortex Begin Reconstruction of the Visual World?: J. E. Mittenthal,W. B. Kristan, Jr., W. G. Tatton; B. Kripke; D. A. Pollen, J. H. Taylor, J. R. Lee;Intracisternal A Particles and C Particles: A. J. Dalton and S. E. Stewart

;00WARD H. GOODENOUGH. DNIEL P. MOYNIHAN, WILLIAM T. GOLDEN WILLIAM BEVANACARYL P. HAS~KINS PHYLLIS V. PARKINS Treasurer Ex4cutiv officer

GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY (E)0 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (FG) ANTHROPOLOGY (H)P;rank C- Whitmore Ian Sussex Richard N. AdamsWillam L Benson Richard J. Goss Anthony LeadsEINEIG(M) MEDICAL SCIENCES (N) DETISTRY (MdN A H Re W. Berlin:ei osethX L. Denar DIuncombe F. Dougias Lawrason Sholom Pearlman

iNFORMATION AND STATISTICS (U) ATMOSPHERIC AND HYDROSPHERICMOMMUNICATION (T) W. Duane Evans SCIENCES (W)

AndrewA. Aies; Ezra Glaser Jhn A. KnausSott -dadms, Louis Batn

Man's impact on the morphology of NorthCarolina islands is obvious when the coverphoto (taken in the early 1930's) of the CapeHatteras Lighthouse and vicinity is com-pared with recent photo (below) of thesame area. Although the National ParkService has been successful in stabilizingparts of the islands, the process may haveserious geologic implications. See page 286.[Cover photo, © National GeographicSocietvl

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Page 3: April 1972 a.5 · 2005. 7. 5. · 21 April 1972, Volume 176, Number4032 SCI:ENCE: AMECANASSOCIATION FOR ' ADVANCEMENT OF SCINCE Science serves its readers as a forum for the presentation

21 April 1972, Volume 176, Number 4032 SCI:ENCE:

AMECAN ASSOCIATION FOR' ADVANCEMENT OF SCINCEScience serves its readers as a forum for the

presentation and discussion of important issuesrelated to the advancement of science, includingtMe presentation of minority or conflicting pointsof view, rather than by publishing only materialon which a consensus has been reached. Accord-ingly, all articles published in Science-includingeditorials, news and comment, and book reviews-are signed and reflect the individual views of theauthors and not official points of view adopted bythe AAAS or the institutions with which the authorsare affiliated.

Editorial Board

ALFRED BROWNJAMES F. CROWTHOMAS KUHNELLiOTT W. MONTROLL

1972FR.IK PissFRANK W. PUTNAMWALTER 0. ROBERTS

1973H. S. GUTOWSKYARTHUR D. HASLERRUDOLF KOMPFNERDANIEL E. KOSHLAND, JR.

GARDNER LINDZEYRAYMOND H. THOMPSONEDWARD 0. WILSON

Editorial StaffEditor

PHILiP H. AsELSONPublisher Business ManagerWILLIAM BEVAN HANS NUSSBAUMManaging Editor: ROBERT V. ORMESAssistant Editors: ELLBN E. MURPHY, JOHN E.

RINGLEAssistant to the Editor: NANCY TEIMOURIANNews and Comment: JOHN WALSH, DEBORAH SHAP-

LEY, ROBERT GILLETTE, NICHOLAS WADE, CONSTANCEHOLDEN, SCHERRAINE MACKResearch News: ALLEN L. HAMMOND, WILLIAM

D. METZBook Reviews: SYLVIA EBERHART, KATHERINE Liv-

INGSTON, KATHRYN MOUTON

Cover Editor: GRAYCE FINGEREditorial Assistants: MARGARET ALLEN, ISABELLA

BOULDIN, BLAIR BURNS, ELEANORE BuTz, RONNACLINE, ANNETTE DIAMANTE, MARY DORFMAN, JUDITHGIVELBER, MARLENE GLASER, CoRRINE HARRIS, OLIVERHEATWOLE, CHRISTINE KARLIK, MARSHALL KATHAN,MARGARET LLOYD, JANE MINOR, DANiEL RABOvSKY,PATRICIA ROWE, LEAH RYAN, LOIS SCHMITT, YA LiSWIGART, ALICE THEILE

Guide to Scientific Instruments: RICHARD SOMMER

Membership Recruitment: LEONARD WRAY; Subscrip-tions: BETrE SEEMUND; Addressing: THOMAS BAZAN

Advertising StaffDirector Production ManagerEARL J. SCHERAGO BONNIE SEMEL

Advertising Sales Manager: RICHARD L. CHARLES

Sales: NEW YORK, N.Y. 10036: Herbert L. Burklund,11 W. 42 St. (212-PE-6-1858); SCOTCH PLAINS, N.J.07076: C. Richard Callis, 12 Unami Lane (201-889-4873); MEDFELD, MASS. 02052: Richard M. Ezequelle,4 Rolling Lane (617444-1439); CHICAGO, ILL. 60611:John P. Cahill, Room 2107, 919 N. Michigan Ave.(312-DE-7-4973; BEVERLY HILLS, CALIF. 90211: WinnNance. 111 N. La Cienega Blvd. (213-657-2772)

EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE: 1515 Massa-chusetts Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20005. Phones:(Area code 202) Central office: 467-4350; Book Re-views: 4674367; Business Office: 467-4411; Circula-tion: 467-4417; Guide to Scientific Instruments: 467-4480; News and Comment: 4674430; Reprints andPermissions: 467-4483; Research News: 4674321,Reviewing: 467-4440. Cable: Advancesci, Washington.Copies of "Instructions for Contributors" can beobtained from the editorial office. See also page xv,Science, 24 December 1971. ADVERTISING COR--RESPONDENCE: Room 1740, 11 W. 42 St., NewYork, N.Y. 10036. Phone: 212-PE-6-1188.

A Blind Spot in BiologyThe authors of biology textbooks conspire with nature to keep plant

roots and their activities in the dark.Life requires a supply of energy and of essential nutrient elements.

Energy comes from the sun and results in the fixation of carbon fromthe atmosphere and its incorporation into energy-rich compounds. Therole of photosynthesis in the chemical economy of nature is thereforegiven ample scope in textbooks of biology, and rightly so. Not only that,but there will be some discussion of the biophysics and biochemistry ofphotosynthesis and of the metabolism of its initial products.

In addition to energy, carbon, and the elements of water, living thingsrequire 15 to 20 mineral nutrients, which, for terrestrial life, are derivedmainly from the soil and enter food chains via mem;brane transportmechanisms located in the plasma membranes of the cells of plant roots.Potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, iron, and other essentialmineral nutrients present in the water of the soil, the "soil solution,"in extremely low concentrations are as unavailable to animals and humanbeings as is carbon in the form of 0.03 percent carbon dioxide in theatmosphere. The processes of active ion transport, whereby the mineralnutrients are initially secured from the nonliving environment and intro-duced into the biosphere, are therefore as critical for terrestrial life asthose that bring about the assimilation of carbon. The leaf is the portof entry for one nutrient; the root is the interface between terrestrial lifeand -the mineral substrate supplying all other essential elements.Now check the same biology texts that do such an adequate job in

their exposition of photosynthesis to see what they say about the entryinto the biosphere of the essential inorganic nutrients. There is almostnothing. There may be some vague references to "permselectivemembranes"; there may even be mention of active transport; but therewill be no, or virtually no, presentation of experimental evidence, nodiscussion of mechanisms-nothing, in fact, that could not have beenwritten at least a generation ago. Nor will there be any exposition of thesignificance of the process of mineral ion transport in the chemicaleconomy of the biosphere.

There is a growing and justified concern over toxins in the environ-ment and their progression into food chains. The entry of many of thesesubstances into the terrestrial biosphere is via the same route and bythe same processes as the entry of the essential mineral nutrients. We needto understand their distribution and fate far better than we do. To thisend, knowledge of the transport of solutes across plant root membranesshould be extended and diffused among biologists; it is no help to findthat the current textbooks of biology all but ignore this subject.We have witnessed in recent years an amazing recrudescence of a quaint

lore about "organic" gardening and food production that reveals analmost total ignorance among many people, including a sizable fractionof our college population, of the most basic facts concerning the nutrientelements of plants and their absorption. The neglect of this subject inthe current teaching of biology has no doubt contributed to the readyacceptance among so many students of thoroughly discredited ideasconcerning the nutrition of plants.

It is high time that the authors of biology textbooks closed theinformation gap concerning the processes of active ion transport by whichthe memlbranes of the cells of plant roots "mine" that low-grade ore, soil,for essential and other elements-processes that are literally at the rootof life on Earth.-EMANUEL EPSTEIN, Department of Soils and PlantNutrition, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Univer-sity of California, Davis 95616

I: t.,.-;i - - --"I -. .. % 1- .... - 1- .z -, ;,i.;-. lll'. .1.r, . -