Apollonius of Tyana

Apollonius of Tyana, engraving of a 4th-century

Roman bronze medallion in the Cabinet des

Médailles, National Library of France[1]

Born c. 1st-2nd Century AD

Died c. 1st-2nd Century AD

Era Ancient philosophy

Region Anatolia

School Hellenistic philosophy

Main interests Pythagoreanism

Apollonius of TyanaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Apollonius of Tyana (Ancient Greek: Ἀπολλώνιος ὁ Τυανεύς; c. 15 – c. 100 AD),[2]

sometimes also called Apollonios of Tyana, was a Greek Neopythagorean philosopher

from the town of Tyana in the Roman province of Cappadocia in Anatolia. Being a 1st-

century orator and philosopher around the time of Jesus, he was compared with Jesus of

Nazareth by Christians in the 4th century[3]

and by other writers in modern times.

Contents

1 Life dates

2 Sources

3 Comparisons with Jesus

4 Comparisons with Paul

5 Historical facts

6 Miracles

7 Journey to India

8 Writings

9 Impact

9.1 Antiquity

9.2 Islamic world and Bahá’í

9.3 Modern era

Influences

Influenced

9.3 Modern era

10 In fiction

11 Editions

12 See also

13 References

14 Sources

15 External links

Life dates

Apollonius was born into a respected and wealthy Greek family.[4][5]

Although the precise dates of his birth and death are uncertain, most

scholars agree that he was a contemporary of Jesus of Nazareth. His primary biographer, Philostratus the Elder (circa 170 – c. 247), places

him (circa 3 B.C. – c. 97 A.D.).[2][6]

SourcesBy far the most detailed source is the Life of Apollonius of Tyana, a lengthy, novelistic biography written by the sophist Philostratus at the

request of empress Julia Domna. She died in 217 AD,[7]

and he completed it after her death, probably in the 220s or 230s AD. Philostratus’

account shaped the image of Apollonius for posterity and still dominates discussions about him in our times. To some extent it is a valuable

source because it contains data from older writings which were available to Philostratus but disappeared later on. Among these works are an

excerpt (preserved by Eusebius) from On sacrifices, and certain alleged letters of Apollonius. The sage may have actually written some of

these works, along with the no-longer extant Biography of Pythagoras.[8]

At least two biographical sources that Philostratus used are lost: a

book by the imperial secretary Maximus describing Apollonius’ activities in Maximus' home-city of Aegaeae in Cilicia, and a biography by a

certain Moiragenes. There also survives, separately from the Life by Philostratus, a collection of letters of Apollonius, but at least some of

these seem to be spurious.[9]

One of the essential sources Philostratus claimed to know are the “memoirs” (or “diary”) of Damis, an acolyte and companion of Apollonius.Some scholars claim the notebooks of Damis were an invention of Philostratus,[10] while others think it could have been a real book forgedby someone else and naively used by Philostratus.[11] Philostratus describes Apollonius as a wandering teacher of philosophy and miracleworker who was mainly active in Greece and Asia Minor but also traveled to Italy, Spain and North Africa and even to Mesopotamia, India,and Ethiopia. In particular, he tells lengthy stories of Apollonius entering the city of Rome in disregard of Emperor Nero’s ban onphilosophers, and later on being summoned, as a defendant, to the court of Domitian, where he defied the Emperor in blunt terms. He hadallegedly been accused of conspiring against the Emperor, performing human sacrifice, and predicting a plague by means of magic.Philostratus implies that upon his death, Apollonius of Tyana underwent heavenly assumption.[12]

How much of this can be accepted as historical truth depends largely on the extent to which modern scholars trust Philostratus, and inparticular on whether they believe in the reality of Damis. Some of these scholars contend that he never came to Western Europe and wasvirtually unknown there until the 3rd century AD when Empress Julia Domna, who was herself from the province of Syria, decided topopularize him and his teachings in Rome.[13] For that purpose, so these same scholars believe, she commissioned Philostratus to write thebiography, where Apollonius is exalted as a fearless sage with supernatural powers, even greater than Pythagoras. This view of Julia Domna'srole in the making of the Apollonius-legend gets some support from the fact that her son Caracalla worshiped him,[14] and her grandnephewemperor Severus Alexander may have done so as well.[15]

Apollonius was also a known figure in the medieval Islamic world[16] as described later in this article.

Comparisons with JesusBiblical scholar Bart D. Ehrman relates that in the introduction to his textbook on the New Testament, he describes an important figure fromthe first century without first revealing he is writing about Apollonius of Tyana:

Even before he was born, it was known that he would be someone special. A supernatural being informed his mother the childshe was to conceive would not be a mere mortal but would be divine. He was born miraculously, and he became an unusuallyprecocious young man. As an adult he left home and went on an itinerant preaching ministry, urging his listeners to live, not forthe material things of this world, but for what is spiritual. He gathered a number of disciples around him, who became convincedthat his teachings were divinely inspired, in no small part because he himself was divine. He proved it to them by doing manymiracles, healing the sick, casting out demons, and raising the dead. But at the end of his life he roused opposition, and hisenemies delivered him over to the Roman authorities for judgment. Still, after he left this world, he returned to meet his followersin order to convince them that he was not really dead but lived on in the heavenly realm. Later some of his followers wrote booksabout him.[17]

Ehrman goes on to explain that Apollonius was a real person and that his followers believed Jesus to be a fraud.

Sossianus Hierocles argued in the 3rd century that the doctrines and the life of Apollonius were more valuable than those of Christ, a

viewpoint reportedly held by both Voltaire and Charles Blount during the Age of Enlightenment.[18]

In his 1909 book The Christ, John

Remsburg postulated that the religion of Appolonius disappeared because the proper conditions for its development did not exist. Buddhism,

Christianity and Islam thrived however, because the existing conditions were favorable.[19]

In his 1949 book The Hero with a Thousand

Faces, comparative mythology scholar Joseph Campbell lists both Apollonius and Jesus as examples of individuals who shared similar hero

stories, along with Krishna, Buddha and others.[20]

Similarly, Robert M. Price in his 2011 The Christ-Myth Theory and its Problems, notes

that the ancients often compared Jesus with Apollonius and that they both fit the mythic hero archetype.[21]

G. K. Chesterton (the writer and

Christian apologist), however, noted that the unique trial, suffering and death of Christ stand in stark opposition to the stories about

Apollonius which he felt were very likely spurious.[22]

Similarities shared by Apollonius and Jesus [23]

Birth miraculously announced by God

Religiously precocious as a child

Asserted to be a native speaker of Aramaic

Influenced by Plato/ reflected Platonism (Jesus)

[Renounced/ denounced (Jesus)] wealth

Followed abstinence and asceticism

Wore long hair and robes

Were unmarried and childless

Were anointed with oil

Went to Jerusalem

Spoke in [metaphors/ parables] (Jesus)

Saw and predicted the future

Performed miracles

Healed the sick

Cast out evil spirits/ Drove out demons (Jesus)

Raised the daughter of a [Roman official/ Jewish official (Jesus)] from the dead

Spoke as a "law-giver"

Was on a mission to bring [Greek culture/ Jewish culture (Jesus)] to [the "barbarians"/ the " nations" (Jesus)]

Believed to be "saviors" from heaven

Were accused of being a magician

Were accused of killing a boy

Condemned [by Roman emperor/ by Roman authorities (Jesus)]

Imprisoned [at Rome/ at Jerusalem (Jesus)]

Was assumed into heaven/ Ascended into heaven (Jesus)

Appeared posthumously to a detractor as a brilliant light

Had his image revered [in temples/ in churches (Jesus)]

Comparisons with Paul

Apollonius' journeys took a very similar path and he was at the same time at Rome and Ephesus. According to the Acts of the Apostles, an

"Apollos" was at Ephesus with Paul the Apostle. In Paul's first Epistle to the Corinthians, "Apollos" is mentioned five times.

While Paul is "Paulos" in Greek, Thayer's Lexicon states that "Apollos" is, according to some ancient authorities, contracted

from "Apollonios." [24]

Historical facts

With the exception of the Adana Inscription, little can be derived from sources other than Philostratus. As James Francis put it, "the most that

can be said ... is that Apollonius appears to have been a wandering ascetic/philosopher/wonderworker of a type common to the eastern part of

the early empire."[25]

What we can safely assume is that he was indeed a Pythagorean and as such, in conformity with the Pythagorean

tradition, opposed animal sacrifice, and lived on a frugal, strictly vegetarian diet.[26]

A minimalist view is that he spent his entire life in the

cities of his native Asia Minor (Turkey) and of northern Syria, in particular his home town of Tyana, Ephesus, Aegae, and Antioch,[27]

though the letters suggest wider travels, and there seems no reason to deny that, like many wandering philosophers, he at least visited Rome.

As for his philosophical convictions, we have an interesting, probably authentic fragment of one of his writings (On sacrifices) where he

expresses his view that God, who is the most beautiful being, cannot be influenced by prayers or sacrifices and has no wish to be worshipped

by humans, but can be reached by a spiritual procedure involving nous (intellect), because he himself is pure nous and nous is also the

greatest faculty of humankind.[28]

Miracles

Philostratus implies on one occasion that Apollonius had extra-sensory perception (Book VIII, Chapter XXVI). When emperor Domitian wasmurdered on September 18, 96 AD, Apollonius was said to have witnessed the event in Ephesus "about midday" on the day it happened inRome, and told those present "Take heart, gentlemen, for the tyrant has been slain this day...". Both Philostratus and renowned historianCassius Dio report this incident, probably on the basis of an oral tradition. Both state that the philosopher welcomed the deed as apraiseworthy tyrannicide.[29]

Journey to IndiaPhilostratus devoted two and a half of the eight books of his Life of Apollonius (1.19–3.58) to the description of a journey of his hero to India.According to Philostratus' Life, en route to the Far East, Apollonius reached Hierapolis Bambyce (Manbij) in Syria (not Nineveh, as somescholars believed), where he met Damis, a native of that city who became his lifelong companion. Pythagoras, whom the Neo-Pythagoreansregarded as an exemplary sage, was believed to have travelled to India. Hence such a feat made Apollonius look like a good Pythagorean whospared no pains in his efforts to discover the sources of oriental piety and wisdom. As some details in Philostratus’ account of the Indianadventure seem incompatible with known facts, modern scholars are inclined to dismiss the whole story as a fanciful fabrication, but not allof them rule out the possibility that the Tyanean actually did visit India.[30]

What seemed to be independent evidence showing that Apollonius was known in India has now been proved to be forged. In two Sanskrittexts quoted by Sanskritist Vidhushekhara Bhattacharya in 1943[31] he appears as "Apalūnya", in one of them together with Damis (called"Damīśa"), it is claimed that Apollonius and Damis were Western yogis, who later on were converted to the correct Advaita philosophy.[32]Some have believed that these Indian sources derived their information from a Sanskrit translation of Philostratus’ work (which would havebeen a most uncommon and amazing occurrence), or even considered the possibility that it was really an independent confirmation of thehistoricity of the journey to India.[33] Only in 1995 were the passages in the Sanskrit texts proven to be interpolations by a modern (late 19thcentury) forger.[34]

WritingsSeveral writings and many letters have been ascribed to Apollonius, but some of them are lost; others have only been preserved in parts orfragments of disputed authenticity. Porphyry and Iamblichus refer to a biography of Pythagoras by Apollonius, which has not survived; it isalso mentioned in the Suda.[35] Apollonius wrote a treatise On sacrifices, of which only a short, probably authentic fragment has come downto us.[36]

Philostratus' Life and the anthology assembled by Joannes Stobaeus contain purported letters of Apollonius. Some of them are cited in full,others only partially. There is also an independently transmitted collection of letters preserved in medieval manuscripts. It is difficult todetermine what is authentic and what not. Some of the letters may have been forgeries or literary exercises assembled in collections whichwere already circulated in the 2nd century AD. It has been asserted that Philostratus himself forged a considerable part of the letters heinserted into his work; others were older forgeries available to him.[37]

Impact

Antiquity

In the 2nd century the satirist Lucian of Samosata was a sharp critic of Neo-Pythagoreanism. After 180 AD he wrote a pamphlet where heattacked Alexander of Abonoteichus, a student of one of Apollonius’ students, as a charlatan; and suggested that the whole school was basedon fraud.[38] From this we can infer that Apollonius really had students and that his school survived at least until Lucian’s time. One ofPhilostratus’ foremost aims was to oppose this view. Although he related various miraculous feats of Apollonius, he emphasized at the sametime that his hero was not a magician, but a serious philosopher and a champion of traditional Greek values.[39]

When Emperor Aurelian conducted his military campaign against the Palmyrene Empire, he captured Tyana in 272 AD. According to theHistoria Augusta he abstained from destroying the city after having a vision of Apollonius admonishing him to spare the innocent citizens.[40]

In Philostratus’ description of Apollonius’ life and deeds there are a number of similarities with the life and especially the claimed miracles ofJesus. Perhaps this parallel was intentional, but the original aim was hardly to present Apollonius as a rival of Jesus. However, in the late 3rdcentury Porphyry, an anti-Christian Neoplatonic philosopher, claimed in his treatise Against the Christians that the miracles of Jesus were notunique, and mentioned Apollonius as a non-Christian who had accomplished similar achievements. Around 300, Roman authorities used thefame of Apollonius in their struggle to wipe out Christianity. Hierocles, one of the main instigators of the persecution of Christians in 303,wrote a pamphlet where he argued that Apollonius exceeded Christ as a wonder-worker and yet wasn’t worshipped as a god, and that thecultured biographers of Apollonius were more trustworthy than the uneducated apostles. This attempt to make Apollonius a hero of the anti-Christian movement provoked sharp replies from bishop Eusebius of Caesarea and from Lactantius.[41] Eusebius wrote an extant reply to thepamphlet of Hierocles, where he claimed that Philostratus was a fabulist and that Apollonius was a sorcerer in league with demons. Thisstarted a debate on the relative merits of Jesus and Apollonius that has gone on in different forms into modern times.

In Late Antiquity talismans made by Apollonius appeared in several cities of the Eastern Roman Empire, as if they were sent from heaven.They were magical figures and columns erected in public places, meant to protect the cities from afflictions. The great popularity of thesetalismans was a challenge to the Christians. Some Byzantine authors condemned them as sorcery and the work of demons, others admittedthat such magic was beneficial; none of them claimed that it didn’t work.[42]

A wandering philosopher, probably

representing Apollonius of Tyana,

who lived a part of his life in Crete

and died there. Found in Gortyn (late

2nd century AD), now in Heraklion

Archaeological Museum, Crete.

In the Western Roman Empire, Sidonius Apollinaris was a Christian admirer of Apollonius in the 5th

century. He produced a Latin translation of Philostratus’ Life, which is lost.[43]

Islamic world and Bahá’í

Apollonius was a known figure in the medieval Islamic world. In the Arabic literature he appears as

Balīnūs (or Balīnās or Abūlūniyūs). Arabic-speaking occultists dubbed him "Lord of the talismans"

(Ṣāḥib aṭ-ṭilasmāt) and related stories about his achievements as a talisman-maker. They appreciated

him as a master of alchemy and a transmitter of Hermetic knowledge. Some occult writings circulated

under his name; among them were:[16]

the Kitāb Sirr al-ḫalīqa (Book on the Secret of Creation), also named Kitāb al-῾ilal (Book of the

Causes)

the Risāla fī ta'ṯīr ar-rūḥānīyāt fī l-murakkabāt (Treatise on the influence of the spiritual beings

on the composite things)

al-Mudḫal al-kabīr ilā risālati aṭ-ṭalāsim (Great introduction to the treatise on the talismans)

the Kitāb ṭalāsim Balīnās al-akbar (Great book of Balinas’ talismans)

the Kitāb Ablūs al-ḥakīm (Book of the sage Ablus)

Medieval alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan's Book of Stones According to the Opinion of Balīnās contains

an exposition and analysis of views expressed in Arabic occult works attributed to Apollonius.[44]

There were also medieval Latin and vernacular translations of Arabic books attributed to

“Balinus”.[45]

The Tablet of Wisdom written by Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, names "Balinus"

(Apollonius) as a great philosopher, who "surpassed everyone else in the diffusion of arts and sciences

and soared unto the loftiest heights of humility and supplication."[46][47]

The use of talismans is

commonplace in Bábí and (to a lesser extent) Bahá'í writings.[48]

Modern era

Beginning in the early 16th century, there was great interest in Apollonius in Europe, but the traditional ecclesiastical viewpoint prevailed,

and until the Age of Enlightenment the Tyanean was usually treated as a demonic magician and a great enemy of the Church who

collaborated with the devil and tried to overthrow Christianity.[49]

Comparisons between Apollonius and Jesus became commonplace in the 17th and 18th centuries in the context of polemic about

Christianity.[50]

Several advocates of Enlightenment, deism and anti-Church positions saw him as an early forerunner of their own ethical and

religious ideas, a proponent of a universal, non-denominational religion compatible with Reason. These comparisons continued into the 20th

century.

In 1680, Charles Blount, a radical English deist, published the first English translation of the first two books of Philostratus' Life with

an anti-Church introduction.

In the Marquis de Sade's Dialogue Between a Priest and a Dying Man, the Dying Man compares Jesus to Apollonius as a false prophet.

Some early to mid 20th century Theosophists, notably C.W. Leadbeater, Alice A. Bailey, and Benjamin Creme, have maintained that

Apollonius of Tyana was the reincarnation of the being they call the Master Jesus. Helena Blavatsky in 1881 refers to Appolonius of

Tyana as "the great thaumaturgist of the second century A.D"[51]

In the mid 20th century, the American ex-patriate poet Ezra Pound evoked Apollonius in his later Cantos as a figure associated with

sun-worship and as a messianic rival to Christ. Pound identified him as Aryan within an anti-semitic mythology, and celebrated his Sun

worship and aversion to ancient Jewish animal sacrifice.

In Gerald Messadié's The Man Who Became God, Apollonius appeared as a wandering philosopher and magician of about the same age

as Jesus; the two of them supposedly met.

In his 1965 introduction to a reprint of Kenneth Sylvan Guthrie's 1900 book The Gospel of Apollonius of Tyana (a retelling of

Philostratus' biography), Hilton Hotema compared Apollonius to Jesus by noting that there is much historical data surrounding the life

of the Tyanean, but that "Jesus is unknown outside of the New Testament. [52]

In fictionIn Bengali poet Alaol's translation of Nizami Ganjavi's Iskandernamah, Apollonius (mentioned as Balinas) helps Alexander ward off

magic spells of a Zarthustrian fire-worshiper on the way to Ispahan.

In Flaubert's The Temptation of Saint Anthony, Apollonius appears as one of the magicians who tempt the main character.

Apollonius appears as a fictional character in the 1935 novel The Circus of Dr. Lao and its 1964 film adaptation, 7 Faces of Dr. Lao. In

these, Apollonius works in the circus as a fortune-teller, who is under a curse — he sees the future, but can only speak the exact truth,

thus seeming to be cruel and hateful. In the film version, he is blind and weary after many years of predicting disappointment for his

clients.

The plot of L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt's 1948 fantasy novel The Carnelian Cube hinges on a magical artifact passed down

by Apollonius.

In the 1975 work The Illuminatus! Trilogy by Robert Anton Wilson and Robert Shea, Apollonius appears in discussion with Abbie

Hoffman.

Apollonius appears as a fictional character in the 1977 television series The Fantastic Journey in the seventh episode, "Funhouse". In

this episode, Apollonius attempts to take possession of the scientist Willaway in a funhouse but is thwarted by Varian, "a man from the

future possessing awesome powers".

Apollonius appears as a fictional character in the 1996 short story "The Garden of Tantalus" by Brian Stableford, which combines two

of the accounts from Life of Apollonius of Tyana and removes the mystical aspects, turning it into a detective story. The narrator,

Menippus from the account of Apollonius and the lamia, blames Damis for making Apollonius a magician by elaborating on what little

of the story he knew. The story was published in Classical Whodunnits (1996).

Apollonius serves as mentor to a main character in Steven Saylor's historical novel Empire for much of the work.

In Keats' poem about the lamia myth, he mentions Apollonius' intervention, revealing Lamia's true form to her lover Lycius (commonly

called Menippus in the myth).

in Friedrich Schiller's gothic novel "The Ghost-Seer", the Sicilian trickster suggests Apollonius as one of the possible identities of the

Incomprehensible.

Apollonius of Tyana has a major role in the background to Richard Cowper's story "The Custodians". The story assumes that

Apollonius discovered a scientific way of "seeing" the future and that his method was re-discovered by a Medieval sage. A succession

of "Custodians" at a monastery in South France, using an "Apolloniän Nexus" then saw and wrote down events fifty years in their

future, until a final one in the 20th century saw in advance - but could not prevent - a destructive nuclear war.

In Ki Longfellow's The Secret Magdalene Apollonius meets Yehoshua the Nazarene (Jesus) in a monastery atop Mount Carmel. While

there Apollonius, who was legendarily told he would be overshadowed by a greater man, recognized Yehoshua as that greater man.

In Jan Potocki's The Manuscript Found in Saragossa the story of Menippus of Lycia's encounter with Apollonius of Tyana is recounted.

It is taken from book three of Philostratus' Life of Apollonius of Tyana. The story is recounted during the eleventh day.

EditionsPhilostratus: Apollonius of Tyana. Letters of Apollonius, Ancient Testimonia, Eusebius’s Reply to Hierocles, ed. Christopher P. Jones,

Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.) 2006 (Loeb Classical Library no. 458), ISBN 0-674-99617-8 (Greek texts and English

translations)

Philostratus: The Life of Apollonius of Tyana, ed. Christopher P. Jones, vol. 1 (Books I–IV) and 2 (Books V–VIII), Harvard University

Press, Cambridge (Mass.) 2005 (Loeb Classical Library no. 16 and no. 17), ISBN 0-674-99613-5 and ISBN 0-674-99614-3 (Greek text

and English translation)

See alsoChrist figure

Christ myth theory

References1. Elsner, J (2007). Roman eyes: visuality and subjectivity in art and text. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-691-

09677-3.

2. Dzielska, M (1986). "On the memoirs of Damis". Apollonius of Tyana in legend and history. Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider. pp. 19–50. ISBN 88-7062-599-0.

3. Eusebius of Caesarea, Contra Hieroclem discusses the claim.4. Haughton, B (2009). Hidden History: Lost Civilizations, Secret Knowledge, and Ancient Mysteries. ReadHowYouWant. p. 448. ISBN 1442953322.

"Apollonius was born around AD2 in Tyana (modern day Bor in southern Turkey), in the Roman province of Cappadocia. He was born into a wealthyand respected Cappadocian Greek family, and received the best education, studying grammar and rhetoric in Tarsus, learning medicine at the templeof Aesculapius at Aegae, and philosophy at the school of Pythagoras."

5. Abraham, RJ (2009). Magic and religious authority in Philostratus' "Life of Apollonius of Tyana". ScholarlyCommons. p. 37. OCLC 748512857."Philostratus likewise emphasizes the pure Greek origin of Apollonius. He calls Tyana "a Greek city in the region of...""

6. Philostratus, LF; Eells, CP (1923). Life and times of Apollonius of Tyana. Stanford, California: Stanford University publications: University series.p. 3.

7. Philostratus; Jones, Christopher P. (2005), The Life of Apollonius of Tyana, Harvard University Press, p. 2, ISBN 0-674-99613-58. Dzielska pp. 138–146.9. For discussion see Bowie, 1676-1678.

10. Among others, E. L. Bowie, ‘Apollonius of Tyana: Tradition and Reality’(ANRW 2, no. 16, 2) [1978] pp. 1663-1667.11. Jaap-Jan Flinterman: Power, Paideia and Pythagoreanism (http://www.xs4all.nl/~flinterm/Power-Paideia-Pythagoreanism.html), Amsterdam 1995,

pp. 79–88; Dzielska pp. 12–13, 19–49, 14112. Philostratus, LIfe of Apollonius 8.30-31.13. Dzielska pp. 83–85, 186–192.14. Cassius Dio 77.18.4; see on this Dzielska pp. 56, 59–60.15. Historia Augusta, Vita Alexandri 29.2; the credibility of this information is doubted by Dzielska p. 174.16. Martin Plessner: Balinus, in: The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. 1, Leiden 1960, pp. 994-995; Ursula Weisser: Das „Buch über das Geheimnis der

Schöpfung“ von Pseudo-Apollonios von Tyana, Berlin 1980, pp. 23-39; Dzielska pp. 112-123.17. Bart D. Ehrman Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth HarperCollins, USA. 2012. ISBN 978-0-06-220460-8 pp. 208-20918. 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 219. Remsburg, JE (1909). "Christ's real existence impossible". The Christ: a critical review and analysis of the evidences of his existence. New York: The

Truth Seeker Company. pp. 13–23.20. Clinton Bennett. In Search of Jesus: Insider and Outsider Images Continuum, 2001, p. 206, ISBN 082644916621. Robert M. Price. The Christ-Myth Theory and its Problems, Atheist Press, 2011, p.20, ISBN 978157884017522. G.K.Chesteron "Everlasting Man" http://www.worldinvisible.com/library/chesterton/everlasting/part2c3.htm23. Conybeare, Frederick Cornwallis (1989). The life of Apollonius of Tyana. Harvard University Press.24. William, Smith. Apollonius Tyanaeus," A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Retrieved 6 December 2015.25. James A. Francis: "Truthful Fiction: New Questions to Old Answers on Philostratus' Life of Apollonius", in: American Journal of Philology 119

(1998) p. 419.26. Johannes Haussleiter: Der Vegetarismus in der Antike, Berlin 1935, pp. 299–312.27. Dzielska pp. 51–79.28. Dzielska pp. 139–141.29. Cassius Dio 67.18; Philostratus, Vita Apollonii 8.26–27. See also Dzielska pp. 30–32, 41.30. Graham Anderson: Philostratus, London 1986, pp. 199–215; Flinterman pp. 86–87, 101–106.31. Bhattacharya, The Āgamaśātra of Gaudapāda (University of Calcutta Press) 1943 (reprint Delhi 1989).

32. Bhattacharya (1943) 1989, pp. LXXII–LXXV.33. The Cambridge History of Classical Literature, vol. 1, ed. P.E. Easterling/B.M.W. Knox, Cambridge 1985, p. 657; Dzielska p. 29; Anderson p. 173;

Flinterman p. 80 n. 113.34. Simon Swain: "Apollonius in Wonderland", in: Ethics and Rhetoric, ed. Doreen Innes, Oxford 1995, pp. 251–54.35. Flinterman pp. 76–79; Dzielska pp. 130–134.36. Dzielska pp. 129–130, 136–141, 145–149.37. Flinterman pp. 70-72; Dzielska pp. 38-44, 54, 80-81, 134-135.38. Lucian of Samosata: Alexander, or The False Prophet, in: Lucian, vol. 4, ed. A.M. Harmon, Cambridge (Mass.) 1992 (Loeb Classical Library no.

162), pp. 173-253 (Apollonius is mentioned on p. 182).39. Flinterman pp. 60-66, 89-106.40. Historia Augusta, Vita Aureliani 24.2-9; 25.1.41. Dzielska pp. 15, 98-103, 153-157, 162.42. Dzielska pp. 99-127, 163-165.43. Sidonius Apollinaris, Epistolae 8.3; for the interpretation of this passage see André Loyen (ed.), Sidoine Apollinaire, vol. 3: Lettres (Livres VI-IX),

Paris 1970, pp. 196-197.44. Syed Nomanul Haq: Names, Natures and Things, Dordrecht 1994 (introduction to the Book of Stones with partial edition, translation, and

commentary).45. Plessner p. 995.46. Bahá'u'lláh, Lawh-i-Hikmat (Tablet of Wisdom) (http://bahai-library.com/writings/bahaullah/tb/8.html) in: Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh revealed after the

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Research, Mokelumne Hill, CA

SourcesJaap-Jan Flinterman: Power, Paideia and Pythagoreanism (http://www.xs4all.nl/~flinterm/Power-Paideia-Pythagoreanism.html),Amsterdam 1995, ISBN 90-5063-236-XMaria Dzielska: Apollonius of Tyana in Legend and History, Rome 1986, ISBN 88-7062-599-0Graham Anderson: Philostratus. Biography and Belles Lettres in the Third Century A.D., London 1986, ISBN 0-7099-0575-0James A. Francis: Subversive Virtue. Asceticism and Authority in the Second-Century Pagan World, University Park (PA) 1995, ISBN0-271-01304-4C.P. Cavafy: "The Collected Poems: If Truly Dead" Translated by Aliki Barnstone, ISBN 0-393-06142-6

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Wikisource has the text ofthe 1911 EncyclopædiaBritannica articleApollonius of Tyana.

Cerqueiro Daniel: El Taumaturgo (Apollonius of Tyana doxography), Buenos Aires 2005, ISBN 987-9239-15-6 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Apollonius of Tyana".

Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External linksApollonius article at Livius.org (http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/apollonius01.html)Philostratus' Life of Apollonius of Tyana (http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_00.html)A collation of resources on Apollonius of Tyana (including the Adana inscription)(http://www.mountainman.com.au/apollonius_of_tyana.htm)

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