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APA Workshop By Arlene Kent-Wilkinson RN, PhD

APA Workshop - College of Nursing...APA Writing Style Workshop Practical Tips for APA References • Start your own database or file of your topic references • A-Z Total References

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Page 2: APA Workshop - College of Nursing...APA Writing Style Workshop Practical Tips for APA References • Start your own database or file of your topic references • A-Z Total References

APA WorkshopDate: Wednesday, September 13, 2017

Time: 09:00-11:00hrs (Video Conferenced)

Location:

Saskatoon: Health Science 4154

Regina: Rm 121 Boardroom

Prince Albert: RM 200D

Facilitator:

Dr. Arlene Kent-Wilkinson (Saskatoon) Presenter

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AGENDA for APA Workshop

09:00–1100hrs

Overview of handouts

PRESENATION

EXERCISE: APA Manual (Find in your APA Manual)

REFERENCES: Your Database of References A-Z

OUTLINE: Research Proposal & PhD Dissertation

GROUP ACTIVITY: Sample paper for correction (APA Common Errors #1-31)

HANDOUTS

AGENDA/Evaluation (What I Learned today)

OUTLINE: Research Proposal & PhD Dissertation

OUTLINE: Sample APA paper

APA Common Errors #1-31

Page 4: APA Workshop - College of Nursing...APA Writing Style Workshop Practical Tips for APA References • Start your own database or file of your topic references • A-Z Total References

APA Writing Style Workshop

Presentation Overview

• APA in 2 hours

• Practical TIPS /Handouts

• Focus on References

• Remember: Scholarly writing is a “process over time”

• Remember: APA is a “process over time”

• Best way to learn APA is to “give” and to “receive” good feedback

Page 5: APA Workshop - College of Nursing...APA Writing Style Workshop Practical Tips for APA References • Start your own database or file of your topic references • A-Z Total References

APA Writing Style Workshop

Practical Tips for APA References

• Start your own database or file of your topic references

• A-Z Total References and Topic References

• Use page numbers on every paper and ppt slide

• Title page and name on every paper assignment submission

• Reference every source

Before submitting your paper:

• Check that every reference cited in body of paper is included in the references

• Author and year citation in text must match exactly the Author and year in the Reference

• Check that your References are in Alpha order

Page 6: APA Workshop - College of Nursing...APA Writing Style Workshop Practical Tips for APA References • Start your own database or file of your topic references • A-Z Total References

References - Database

When your start your Graduate Degree –

Start your Reference Database

References A-Z (Alpha order)

References by TOPIC A-Z

Page 7: APA Workshop - College of Nursing...APA Writing Style Workshop Practical Tips for APA References • Start your own database or file of your topic references • A-Z Total References

References - Database

References A-Z

A

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th

ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

B

Bell, N. (2016). Teaching by the medicine wheel: An Anishinaabe framework for Indigenous education. Canadian

Education Association, 56(2). Retrieved from http://www.cea-ace.ca/education-canada/article/teaching-

medicine-wheel

BICanada. (2012). We were children: Film and discussion guide. Retrieved from

http://www.canadianbic.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/We-Were-Children-Film-Discussion-Guide.pdf

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References - Database

References A-Z

C

Canadian Nurses Association. (2017). Code of ethics for registered nurses. Ottawa, ON: Author. Retrieved from

https://cna-aiic.ca/html/en/Code-of-Ethics-2017-Edition/index.html#

Canadian Nurses Association. (2010). Promoting cultural competence in nursing [Position statement]. Retrieved

from http://www.cna.-aiic.ca

Canadian Institutes of Health Research. (2013). CIHR guidelines for health research involving Aboriginal people.

Retrieved from http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/29134.html

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd edition).

Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd edition). Los

Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th edition). Los

Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.

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References - Database

References A-Z

D

Dell, C., Lyons, T., & Cayer, K. (2010). The role of ‘Kijigabandan’ and ‘Manadjitowin’in understanding harm

reduction policies and programs for Aboriginal peoples. Native Social Work Journal, 7, 109–137.

G

Geoff, L. (2015). Special report HIV rates on Sask. reserves higher than some African nations. CBC News. Retrieved

fromwww.cbc.ca/.../hiv-rates-on-sask-reserves-higher- than-some-african-nations-1.309723.

Government of Saskatchewan. (2010). Saskatchewan’s HIV Strategy 2010-2014. Saskatchewan Ministry of Health.

Retrieved from http://media.wix.com/ugd/bd5940_c6a91b826473446abf4ebaabbac4d7dc.pdf

Government of Saskatchewan. (2015). HIV and AIDS in Saskatchewan 2014. Saskatchewan Ministry of Health.

Retrieved from http://www.saskatchewan.ca/government/government-structure/ministries/health/other-

reports/annual-report-archive#step-4

S

Statistics Canada. (2013). Aboriginal peoples in Canada: First Nations people, Métis and Inuit. Analytical

document. 2011 National Household Survey. Ottawa, ON: Ministry of Industry. Retrieved from

http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-011-x/99-011-x2011001-eng.pdf

Statistics Canada. (2016). Aboriginal peoples: Health and well-being. Ottawa, ON: Author. Retrieved from

http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/subject-sujet/result-resultat?pid=10000&id=10003&lang=eng&type=OLC

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References - Database

References A-Z

T

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). Canada’s residential schools: The history. Retrieved from

http://www.myrobust.com/websites/trcinstitution/File/Reports/Volume_1_History_Part_1_English_Web.pdf

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: Summary

of the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Retrieved from

http://nctr.ca/assets/reports/Final%20Reports/Executive_Summary_English_Web.pdf

W

World Health Organization. (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social

determinants of health. Geneva, CH: Author.

World Health Organization. (2015). HIV/AIDS factsheet. Geneva: WHO. Retrieved from

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/

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References - Database

References By TOPICS A-Z A

Aboriginal Education (See Indigenous Education)

B

C

Cultural Competence

D

E

Ethics

G

Government Reports

H

Harm Reduction Model

HIV AIDS

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References - Database

References By TOPICS A-Z I

Indigenous Education

J

K

L

M

Media Articles

N

O

P

Q

R

Residential Schools

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References - Database

References By TOPICS A-Z

S

Statistics

T

U

V

Videos

W

Women

X

Y

Z

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References - Database

References A-Z by TOPIC

C

Cultural Competence/Safety

Canadian Nurses Association. (2010). Promoting cultural competence in nursing [Position statement]. Retrieved

from http://www.cna.-aiic.ca

E

Ethics

Canadian Nurses Association. (2008). Code of ethics for registered nurses. Ottawa, ON: Author. Retrieved from

https://www.cna-aiic.ca/~/media/cna/files/en/codeofethics.pdf

Page 15: APA Workshop - College of Nursing...APA Writing Style Workshop Practical Tips for APA References • Start your own database or file of your topic references • A-Z Total References

References - Database

References A-Z by TOPIC

H

Harm Reduction Model

Dell, C., Lyons, T., & Cayer, K. (2010). The role of ‘Kijigabandan’ and ‘Manadjitowin’in understanding harm

reduction policies and programs for Aboriginal peoples. Native Social Work Journal, 7, 109–137

HIV/AIDS

Geoff, L. (2015). Special report HIV rates on Sask. reserves higher than some African nations. CBC News. Retrieved

fromwww.cbc.ca/.../hiv-rates-on-sask-reserves-higher- than-some-african-nations-1.309723.

Government of Saskatchewan. (2010). Saskatchewan’s HIV Strategy 2010-2014. Saskatchewan Ministry of Health.

Retrieved from http://media.wix.com/ugd/bd5940_c6a91b826473446abf4ebaabbac4d7dc.pdf

Government of Saskatchewan. (2015). HIV and AIDS in Saskatchewan 2014. Saskatchewan Ministry of Health.

Retrieved from http://www.saskatchewan.ca/government/government-structure/ministries/health/other-

reports/annual-report-archive#step-4

World Health Organization. (2015). HIV/AIDS factsheet. Geneva: WHO. Retrieved from

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/

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References - Database

References By TOPIC A-Z I

Indigenous Education

Bell, N. (2016). Teaching by the medicine wheel: An Anishinaabe framework for Indigenous education. Canadian

Education Association, 56(2). Retrieved from http://www.cea-ace.ca/education-canada/article/teaching-

medicine-wheel

BICanada. (2012). We were children: Film and discussion guide. Retrieved from

http://www.canadianbic.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/We-Were-Children-Film-Discussion-Guide.pdf

M

Media News

Geoff, L. (2015). Special report HIV rates on Sask. reserves higher than some African nations. CBC News. Retrieved

fromwww.cbc.ca/.../hiv-rates-on-sask-reserves-higher- than-some-african-nations-1.309723.

Medicine Wheel

Bell, N. (2016). Teaching by the medicine wheel: An Anishinaabe framework for Indigenous education. Canadian

Education Association, 56(2). Retrieved from http://www.cea-ace.ca/education-canada/article/teaching-

medicine-wheel

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References - Database

References By TOPICS A-Z

R

Research

Canadian Institutes of Health Research. (2013). CIHR guidelines for health research involving Aboriginal people.

Retrieved from http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/29134.html

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five XXXXX

approaches (3rd edition). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods

approaches (3rd edition). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods

approaches (4th edition). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.

Residential Schools

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). Canada’s residential schools: The history. Retrieved from

http://www.myrobust.com/websites/trcinstitution/File/Reports/Volume_1_History_Part_1_English_Web.pdf

Page 18: APA Workshop - College of Nursing...APA Writing Style Workshop Practical Tips for APA References • Start your own database or file of your topic references • A-Z Total References

References - Database

References By TOPICS A-Z

S

Social Determinants of Health

World Health Organization. (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social

determinants of health. Geneva, CH: Author.

Videos

BICanada. (2012). We were children: Film and discussion guide. Retrieved from

http://www.canadianbic.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/We-Were-Children-Film-Discussion-Guide.pdf

Page 19: APA Workshop - College of Nursing...APA Writing Style Workshop Practical Tips for APA References • Start your own database or file of your topic references • A-Z Total References

APA Publication Manual (2010)

Eight sections included for careful review:

Section 1

Covers the basics of “Writing for the Behavioral and Social Sciences” (Empirical studies, literature reviews, theoretical articles, methodological, case studies (APA, 2010, p. 9).

Section 2

Details “Manuscript Structure and Content” (APA, 2010, p. 21).

****Sample paper, (APA, 2010, p. 41–59).

Section 3

A must for every author: “Writing Clearly and Concisely” (APA, 2010, p. 61).

Section 4

Details “The Mechanics of Style”, and covers punctuation, spelling, capitalization, italics, abbreviations, and more (APA, 2010, p. 87).

Section 5

“Displaying Results”: Presents the guidelines on presenting results in tables and figures (APA, 2010, p. 125).

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APA Publication Manual (2010) (cont.)

Section 6

“Crediting Source”: Outlines when to cite, citing references in text, paraphrasing, etc. (APA, 2010, p. 169).

Section 7

“Reference Examples: Periodicals, books, chapters, doi, etc

(APA, 2010, p. 193).

Section 8

“The Publication Process”: Editorial Process, peer review, checklist of manual submission (APA, 2010, p. 225).

Appendix: Journal article reporting, standards meta-analysis

References: (APA, 2010, p. 255).

Index: (APA, 2010, p. 259).

Quick guide to common references: (APA, 2010, back inside cover).

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Scholarly Writing by Robert E. Levasseur (2009)

StyleAmerican Psychological Association (APA) style

The APA publication manual spells out in great detail the requirements one of the most frequently followed sets of guidelines for scholarly writing.

Topics covered include the content and organization of a manuscript, grammar, bias in language, punctuation, spelling, capitalization, the use of italics and abbreviations, bibliographic and in-text reference citations.

You must adhere to the style guidelines specified by your institution, whether APA, Harvard, Chicago, or some other, in all of your doctoral work.

For most students, learning APA is like learning a foreign language. While this is not necessarily an easy thing to do, you have no choice but to buckle down and learn APA style if you want to become a scholar. The sooner you do, the faster you will get through your doctoral program.

Levasseur, R. E. (2009). Scholarly writing. St. Augustine, FL: Mindfire Press. Retrieved from

http://www.mindfirepress.com/Scholarly_Writing.html

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APA References

Reference

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the

American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Author

Year

Title (italic)

Edition (parenthesis, small “e” for edition, capital “E” for Editors)

Location: Publisher.

New recommendation

APA citation should be included in the inside cover of every publication/report

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APA Reference Errors

Reference (5 Errors)

Department of Health. (1998). Tackling Drugs to Build a Better Britain: The

Government's Ten-year Strategy for Tackling Drugs Misuse. Retrieved

November 24, 2016 from:

http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/www.dh.gov.uk/en/Public

ationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_40

06530

Page 24: APA Workshop - College of Nursing...APA Writing Style Workshop Practical Tips for APA References • Start your own database or file of your topic references • A-Z Total References

APA Reference Errors

Reference (5 Errors)

Department of Health. (1998). Tackling Drugs to Build a Better Britain: The

Government's Ten-year Strategy for Tackling Drug Misuse. Retrieved

November 24, 2016 from:

http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/www.dh.gov.uk/en/Public

ationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_40

06530

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APA Reference Errors

Reference Corrected

Government of the United Kingdom. (1998). Tackling drugs to build a better

Britain: The government's ten-year strategy for tackling drug misuse.

National Archives, Department of Health. Retrieved from

http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/www.dh.gov.uk/en/Public

ationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_40

06530

(Do not underline or bold the url – hard to control in a PPT)

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APA Reference Errors

Reference (5 Errors)

Canadian Nurses Association (CNA). (2017) Code of Ethics for Registered

Nurses. Ottawa: CNA. Retrieved from

https://cna-aiic.ca/html/en/Code-of-Ethics-2017-Edition/index.html#

Page 27: APA Workshop - College of Nursing...APA Writing Style Workshop Practical Tips for APA References • Start your own database or file of your topic references • A-Z Total References

APA Reference Errors

Reference (5 Errors)

Canadian Nurses Association (CNA). (2017). Code of Ethics for Registered

Nurses. Ottawa, ON: CNA. Retrieved from

https://cna-aiic.ca/html/en/Code-of-Ethics-2017-Edition/index.html#

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APA Reference Errors

Reference (Correct)

Canadian Nurses Association. (2017). Code of ethics for registered nurses.

Ottawa, ON: Author. Retrieved from

https://cna-aiic.ca/html/en/Code-of-Ethics-2017-Edition/index.html#

Page 29: APA Workshop - College of Nursing...APA Writing Style Workshop Practical Tips for APA References • Start your own database or file of your topic references • A-Z Total References

APA Reference Errors

Reference (Correct)

Canadian Nurses Association. (2017). Code of ethics for registered nurses.

Ottawa, ON: Author. Retrieved from

https://cna-aiic.ca/html/en/Code-of-Ethics-2017-Edition/index.html#

Page 30: APA Workshop - College of Nursing...APA Writing Style Workshop Practical Tips for APA References • Start your own database or file of your topic references • A-Z Total References

Writing Styles or Formats

American Psychological Association (generally referred to by the acronym APA)

(many manuscripts and dissertations in psychology, education, business, and the social sciences)

Style requirement of papers and dissertation at U of S for Nursing and Social Sciences

Chicago Style (books, magazines, newspapers, and other non-scholarly publications)

Harvard (Writing style Format, author/year citation in body of paper, References at the end )

MLA (literature, arts, and the humanities)

Turabian (higher education in many subjects)

Page 31: APA Workshop - College of Nursing...APA Writing Style Workshop Practical Tips for APA References • Start your own database or file of your topic references • A-Z Total References

References: New doi Prefix (new in APA)

http://dx.doi.org/ or http://doi.org/ before the /10American Psychiatric Association. (2014, July 14). How to use the new doi format

in APA style (By Jeff Hume-Pratuch). APA Style Blog. Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/digital-object-identifier-doi/

Example

doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2015.03.012

[If you have the doi - no longer need to use “Retrieved from www.” in addiction]

Kent-Wilkinson, A., Dietrich Leurer, M., Luimes, J., Ferguson, L., & Murray, L. (2015). Study abroad: Exploring factors influencing nursing students’ decisions to apply for clinical placements in international settings. Nurse Education Today, 35(8), 941–947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2015.03.012

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APA ReferenceFind the 8 errors in this citation

Kent-Wilkinson, A., Dietrich Leurer, M. Luimes, J., Ferguson, L., Murray, L.

(August, 2015) Study abroad: exploring factors influencing nursing

students’ decisions to apply for clinical placements in international

settings. Nurse Education Today, 35(8), 941-947.

DOI:10.1016/j.nedt.2015.03.012

Page 33: APA Workshop - College of Nursing...APA Writing Style Workshop Practical Tips for APA References • Start your own database or file of your topic references • A-Z Total References

APA ReferenceHere are where the 8 errors are in this citation:

Kent-Wilkinson, A., Dietrich Leurer, M. Luimes, J., Ferguson, L., & Murray, L.

(August, 2015) Study abroad: exploring factors influencing nursing

students’ decisions to apply for clinical placements in international

settings. Nurse Education Today, 35(8), 941-947.

DOI:10.1016/j.nedt.2015.03.012

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APA ReferenceCorrect APA citation (8 errors corrected)

Kent-Wilkinson, A., Dietrich Leurer, M., Luimes, J., Ferguson, L., & Murray, L.

(2015). Study abroad: Exploring factors influencing nursing students’

decisions to apply for clinical placements in international settings. Nurse

Education Today, 35(8), 941–947.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2015.03.012

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APA ReferenceFind the 1 different error in this citation

Kent-Wilkinson, A., Dietrich Leurer, M., Luimes, J., Ferguson, L., & Murray, L.

(2015, August). Study abroad: Exploring factors influencing nursing

students’ decisions to apply for clinical placements in international

settings. Nurse Education Today, 35(8), 941–947.

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2015.03.012

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APA ReferenceHere is the 1 different error in this citation

Kent-Wilkinson, A., Dietrich Leurer, M., Luimes, J., Ferguson, L., & Murray, L.

(2015). Study abroad: Exploring factors influencing nursing students’

decisions to apply for clinical placements in international settings. Nurse

Education Today, 35(8), 941–947.

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2015.03.012

Page 37: APA Workshop - College of Nursing...APA Writing Style Workshop Practical Tips for APA References • Start your own database or file of your topic references • A-Z Total References

APA ReferenceCorrect APA citation

Kent-Wilkinson, A., Dietrich Leurer, M., Luimes, J., Ferguson, L., & Murray, L.

(2015). Study abroad: Exploring factors influencing nursing students’

decisions to apply for clinical placements in international settings. Nurse

Education Today, 35(8), 941–947.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2015.03.012

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Scientific Method

Basic Outline for every Research Proposal, Dissertation, or Academic Paper follows the scientific process, research process, or nursing process.

Scientific Method

There are essentially five steps in any scientific study:

Step 1 Identify the problem and explicate the purpose of the study

[Conduct a detailed literature review to give you a thorough understanding

of the research topic]

Step 2 Develop the research question(s), and if appropriate, research hypotheses

Step 3 Identify the appropriate design and methodology of the study

Step 4 Collect and analyze your data

Step 5 Interpret the results

(Dusick, 2011)

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Scholarly Writing by Robert E. Levasseur (2009)

Finding Your Voice

avoid the passive voice

avoid the use of first and second person pronouns

no longer simply say “I” think this or “you” should do that

support your arguments with evidence from the literature

properly cite, to avoid charges of plagiarism

Sample A [Unacceptable]

Some say that money is a universal motivator. It is argued by others that it depends on the needs of the individual. I think the others are right, as I will explain in this essay.

Sample B [Acceptable]

Some say that money is a universal motivator. Others argue that it depends on the needs of the individual (Maslow, 1954). In this essay, the author will critically evaluate the arguments for and against money as a universal motivator, and provide a rationale based on personal experience and empirical research evidence in support of Maslow’s hierarchy-of-needs theory.

Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row.

Sample B. cites a major work as evidence to support their opinion, more clear in making point that money is not a universal motivator, more credible, gives credit where credit due, uses active voice in comparison to Sample A which is passive voice.

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Basic Tips about Writing a Scholarly ManuscriptLambert, V. A., Lambert, C. E., & Tsukahara, M. (2003). Basic tips about writing a scholarly

manuscript. Nursing & Health Sciences, 5(1) 1-2. Retrieved from

http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-2018.2003.00137.x

As editors of Nursing & Health Sciences, Lambert, Lambert, & Tsukahara (2003) were often asked for some basic tips:

Writing a title that poorly reflects the essence of the content

Failure to capture the reader's attention in the early sections of the manuscript

Failure to produce what was promised in the introductory section of the text

Failure to develop ideas to completion

Lack of focus and direction of the presentation of ideas,

Complex and incomprehensible sentence structure

Lack of logical flow to the content presented

Failure to logically link the content between sentences and between paragraphs

Attention to detail; accepting critique; undertaking numerous rewrites

(Lambert, Lambert, & Tsukahara, 2003)

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Active or Passive Voice APA says avoid the passive voice and use the active voice

Active: investigated

Passive: an investigation of

Active: The authors presented the results

Passive: Results were presented

Active: “We conducted the survey in a controlled setting”

Passive: “The survey was conducted in a controlled setting”

(APA, 2010, p. 26, 77).

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Use of e.g., or i.e.,

e.g., for example

i.e., that is

(always use with a comma following)

(APA, 2010, p. 180)

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Anthropomorphism (Avoidance of)

Do not attribute human characteristics to animals or inanimate sources (APA , 2010, p. 69).

Incorrect

The study identified 46 undergraduate nursing degree programs across Canada .....

Correct

Vandyk (2015) identified 46 undergraduate nursing degree programs across Canada...

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It/All/this/that/ these/those

In scholarly writing, avoid use of “it”, “these” “those”

Incorrect: It was shown ...

Correct: Researchers have shown...

Eliminate ambiguity by writing e.g.,

This test, that trial, those participants

better to state again what “it” is what “these” are?

All what? Like this/that ...needs an accompanying noun (APA, 2010, p. 66, 68, 79–80).

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Avoid ending a sentence with an “ing” verb

Incorrect:

...and acknowledge the barriers still existing.

Correct:

...and acknowledge the barriers that continue to exist.

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Guidelines for writing scholarly papers (1)

Moser, J. (2012). Guidelines for writing scholarly papers. Department of History and Political

Science, Ashland University. Retrieved from http://personal.ashland.edu/~jmoser1/papers.html

Basic Structure:

The introductory paragraph should engage the reader’s interest by setting out clearly the question that the paper is attempting to address, how you plan to address it, and why it is worth addressing in the first place;

The thesis statement is a summation of your main point; this should generally appear at the end of the introductory paragraph;

Background information, basic material about the subject, to provide context for the reader;

The real “meat” of your paper will be the actual points of discussion. These will be a series of paragraphs that support your thesis statement, with each point occupying one or two paragraphs, depending on the essay’s overall length;

One of the hallmarks of good writing is the ability to move back and forth smoothly between general statements and concrete details. Each paragraph should start with a generalization—sort of a miniature thesis statement; and

The concluding paragraph should flow logically from the rest of the essay, but it should be more than simply a restatement of what you have done. For a paper of more than three or four pages, you might want briefly to summarize your main points. The concluding paragraph might also offer some guidance for action. The rest of the paragraph should provide specifics to back it up. Ideally, your conclusion should convince the reader that he has not been wasting his time, and that there is something that he can take away from your essay.

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Guidelines for writing scholarly papers (2)

Moser, J. (2012). Guidelines for writing scholarly papers. Department of History and Political

Science, Ashland University. Retrieved from http://personal.ashland.edu/~jmoser1/papers.html

Things to Avoid:

Contractions:

Words like “didn’t,” “couldn’t,” and “wouldn’t”

Passive Voice:

Active Voice: “Washington chopped down the cherry tree”

Passive Voice: “The cherry tree was chopped down by George Washington.” [wordy & clumsy]

First or Second Person:

In scholarly writing, the author is assumed to have “distance” from his or her subject. You should therefore write as an outside observer, not a participant, and you should treat the reader in the same way. This means that pronouns such as “I,” “we,” or “you” are inappropriate.

Incomplete Sentences:

Every sentence must have a subject and a verb, unless it is part of a direct quote. There are no other exceptions to this rule.

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Guidelines for writing scholarly papers (3)

Moser, J. (2012). Guidelines for writing scholarly papers. Department of History and Political

Science, Ashland University. Retrieved from http://personal.ashland.edu/~jmoser1/papers.html

Things to Avoid: (cont.)

Imprecise Language:

Avoid words like “good” She was a “good” leader.

Better to say: She was a “strong” leader; she was an “effective” leader

Slang:

“bumped off” – to describe a “killing”

“Bees knees”

Words Out of Proper Proximity:

“Witnesses described the thief as a six-foot-tall man with a mustache weighing 190 pounds.”

Excessive Wordiness:

do not write “time period,” when either “time” or “period” will suffice.

do not write “due to the fact that,” when a simple “because” will do.

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Guidelines for writing scholarly papers (4)

Moser, J. (2012). Guidelines for writing scholarly papers. Department of History and Political

Science, Ashland University. Retrieved from http://personal.ashland.edu/~jmoser1/papers.html

Things to Avoid: (cont.)

Excessive Quotations:

Often writers who have yet to develop their own “voice” have a tendency to use a lot of direct quotes from other authors.

Dumb Mistakes

confusing “its” with “it’s,” “there” with “they’re” or “their,” and “who’s” with “whose.”

subjects must agree in number with verbs, and pronouns with their antecedents;

Example: ” “Each of them had their own ideas” is wrong. “Each of them had his [or her] own ideas” is correct.

Plagiarism

Avoiding plagiarism means citing every single source that you used in writing a paper—and “use” means draw any sort of fact (except those which are common knowledge) or interpretation.

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Guidelines for writing scholarly papers (5)

Moser, J. (2012). Guidelines for writing scholarly papers. Department of History and Political

Science, Ashland University. Retrieved from http://personal.ashland.edu/~jmoser1/papers.html

Things to Do:

Use Proper Style for Notes and Bibliographies

Pay Attention to Tense

Use Page Numbers

Proofread

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References – Scholarly Writing (1)

Bennett, P. (2010). How to write a paper. International Emergency Nursing, 18(4), 226–230.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2010.04.003

Dusick, D. M. (2011). The art and science of scholarly writing. Orlando, FL: Walden University.

http://www. bold-ed.com/art.pdf

Hallas, D., & Feldman, H. R. (2006). A guide to scholarly writing in nursing. Retrieved from

http://www.nsna.org/.../0/.../imprint_sept06_backschool_hallas-feldman[1].pdf

Lambert, V.A., Lambert, C. E., & Tsukahara, M. (2003). Basic tips about writing a scholarly

manuscript. Nursing & Health Sciences, 5(1) 1–2.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-2018.2003.00137.x.

Levasseur, R. E. (2006). Student to scholar: The guide for doctoral students. St. Augustine, FL:

Mindfire Press.

Levasseur, R. E. (2009). Scholarly writing. St. Augustine, FL: Mindfire Press. Retrieved from

http://www.mindfirepress.com/Scholarly_Writing.html

Levasseur, R. E. (2011). Dissertation research: An integrative approach. St. Augustine, FL: Mindfire

Press.

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References – Scholarly Writing (2)

Moser, J. (2012). Guidelines for writing scholarly papers. Department of History and Political

Science, Ashland University. Retrieved from http://personal.ashland.edu/~jmoser1/papers.html

Tornquist, E. (2006). Introduction to scholarly writing. In J. M. Phillips & C. R. King (Eds.),

Advancing Oncology Nursing Science (Chapter 20, pp. 437–448). The Oncology Nursing

Society.

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References – APA (1)

American Psychological Association. (2009). Concise rules of APA style. The official pocket style

guide from the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: APA. Retrieved

from http://www.apa.org/pubs/books/4210004.aspx

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: APA.

ISBN: 1-4338-0560-X; ISBN 13: 978-1-4338-0560-8

American Psychological Association. (2010). APA style. What’s new in the sixth edition? Retrieved

from http://www.apastyle.org/manual/whats-new.aspx

Baggs, J. G., & Froman, R. (2009, August 31). Editorial. It's b-a-a-a-a-a-a-ck again, or how to live

with the new APA manual: Reprise for Edition 6 (p n/a). Research in Nursing & Health, 32(4),

1–3. Retrieved from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/33706/home

http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nur.20351

Levasseur, R. E. (2007). ABCs of APA style. St. Augustine, FL: Mindfire Press.

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References – APA (2)

APA (2010) 6th ed. Websites

APA Guideline changes: http://www.aug.edu/elcse/2010APAGuidelineChanges.pdf

End note update: http://www.endnote.com/support/enapa6thstyle.asp

Frequently Asked Questions: http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/index.aspxQuick notes:

Tutorial: http://flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/whatsnew/index.htm

Websites Sample Papers

*APA Sample Paper http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/18/

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References – Writing for Publication

Lawson, L., & Peternelj-Taylor, C. (2006). What do I do now, coach? What to do when your

professor says you have a publishable manuscript. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 2, 161–162,

164.

Peternelj-Taylor, C. (2010). Calling all presenters. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 6, 107–109.

Peternelj-Taylor, C. (2010). In praise of peer reviewers and the peer review process. Journal of

Forensic Nursing, 6, 159–161.

Peternelj-Taylor, C. (2011). Is impostor syndrome getting in the way of writing for the Journal of

Forensic Nursing? Journal of Forensic Nursing, 7, 57–59.

Peternelj-Taylor, C. (2011). Licking your wounds: Responding to the peer review process. Journal of

Forensic Nursing, 7, 157–158.