AP8 Lecture 2

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    Comer,Abnormal Psychology, 8e, DSM-5Update

    Research inAbnormal Psychology

    Chapter 2

    Slides & Handouts by Karen Clay Rhines, h!D!American Public University System

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    Research in AbnormalPsychology

    Resear"h is the systemati" sear"h #or #a"tsthrou$h the use o# "are#ul obser%ations andin%esti$ations

    t is the 'ey to a""ura"y in all (elds but it isparti"ularly important in the (eld o# abnormalpsy"holo$y

    )heories and treatments that seem reasonable ande*e"ti%e in indi%idual instan"es may pro%e disastrous

    +hen +idely applied nly by #ully testin$ a theory or te"hniue on

    representati%e $roups o# indi%iduals "an "lini"ianse%aluate the a""ura"y, e*e"ti%eness, and sa#ety o# theirideas and te"hniues

    2Comer, .bnormal sy"holo$y, 8e,

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    3Comer, .bnormal sy"holo$y, 8e,

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    Research in AbnormalPsychology

    Clini"al resear"hers #a"e "ertain "hallen$es thatma'e their +or' %ery di/"ult0 Measurin$ un"ons"ious moti%es

    .ssessin$ pri%ate thou$hts Monitorin$ mood "han$es

    Cal"ulatin$ human potential

    Clini"al resear"hers must "onsider di*erent"ultural ba"'$rounds, ra"es, and $enders o# the

    people they study )hey must al+ays ensure that the ri$hts o# their

    resear"h parti"ipants, both human and animal,are not %iolated

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    4Comer, .bnormal sy"holo$y, 8e,

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    What Do ClinicalResearchers Do?

    Clini"al resear"hers try to dis"o%er uni%ersal la+s,or prin"iples, o# abnormal psy"holo$i"al#un"tionin$0 Sear"h #or nomotheti" understandin$

    1eneral or uni%ersal la+s or truths

    Do not typi"ally assess, dia$nose, or treat indi%idual"lients - that is the ob o# "lini"al pra"titioners, +ho see'an idio$raphi", or indi%idualisti", understandin$ o#abnormal beha%ior

    Rely on the s"ienti(" method to pinpoint relationshipsbet+een %ariables

    Use three methods o# in%esti$ation to #orm and testhypotheses and to dra+ broad "on"lusions3

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    5Comer, .bnormal sy"holo$y, 8e,

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    The Case Study

    ro%ides a detailed, interpretati%e des"ription o# aperson4s li#e and psy"holo$i"al problems

    Can be a sour"e o# ne+ ideas about beha%ior

    reud4s theories based mainly on "ase studies

    May o*er tentati%e support #or a theory

    May "hallen$e a theory4s assumptions

    May sho+ the %alue o# ne+ therapeuti"te"hniues

    May o*er opportunities to study unusualproblems

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    6Comer, .bnormal sy"holo$y, 8e,

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    The Case Study

    Has limitations0

    s reported by biased obser%ers

    Relies on sube"ti%e e%iden"e Has lo+ internal %alidity

    ro%ides little basis #or $enerali6ation

    Has lo+ e7ternal %alidity

    )hese limitations are addressed by thet+o other methods o# in%esti$ation3

    T C M

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    T e Corre at ona Met oand

    The Experimental Method Do not o*er ri"hness o# detail

    Do allo+ resear"hers to dra+ broad"on"lusions

    re#erred method o# "lini"al in%esti$ation

    )ypi"ally in%ol%e obser%in$ many indi%iduals

    Resear"hers apply pro"edures uni#ormly

    Studies "an be repli"ated

    Resear"hers use statisti"al tests to analy6eresults

    7Comer, .bnormal sy"holo$y, 8e,

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    The Correlational Method

    Correlation is the de$ree to +hi"h e%entsor "hara"teristi"s %ary +ith ea"h other

    )he "orrelational method is a resear"h

    pro"edure used to determine the "o-relationship9 bet+een %ariables

    )he people "hosen #or a study are itssube"ts or parti"ipants, "olle"ti%ely"alled a sample

    )he sample must be representati%e o# thelar$er population

    8Comer, .bnormal sy"holo$y, 8e,

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    9Comer, .bnormal sy"holo$y, 8e,

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    Most n!estigatedCorrelational "uestions in

    Clinical Research .re stress and onset o# mental disorders related:

    s "ulture ;or $ender or ra"e< $enerally lin'ed tomental disorders:

    .re in"ome and mental disorders related: .re so"ial s'ills tied to mental disorders:

    s so"ial support tied to mental disorders:

    .re #amily "on=i"t and mental disorders related:

    s treatment responsi%eness tied to "ulture: >hi"h symptoms o# a disorder disappear alto$ether:

    Ho+ "ommon is a disorder in a parti"ular population:

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    10Comer, .bnormal sy"holo$y, 8e,DSM-5 Update

    Describing a Correlation

    Correlational data "an be $raphed anda line o# best (t9 "an be dra+n

    ositi%e "orrelation ;slope is up+ard andto the ri$ht< ? %ariables "han$e in thesame dire"tion

    @e$ati%e "orrelation ;do+n+ard slope< ?

    %ariables "han$e in the opposite dire"tion Unrelated ;no slope< ? no "onsistent

    relationship

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    11Comer, .bnormal sy"holo$y, 8e,DSM-5 Update

    Positi!e Correlation

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    12Comer, .bnormal sy"holo$y, 8e,DSM-5 Update

    #egati!e Correlation

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    13Comer, .bnormal sy"holo$y, 8e,DSM-5 Update

    #o Correlation

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    14Comer, .bnormal sy"holo$y, 8e,DSM-5 Update

    Describing a Correlation

    )he ma$nitude ;stren$th< o# a"orrelation is also important

    Hi$h ma$nitude ? %ariables +hi"h %ary"losely to$etherA #all "lose to the line o#best (t

    Bo+ ma$nitude ? %ariables +hi"h do not%ary as "losely to$etherA looselys"attered around the line o# best (t

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    15Comer, .bnormal sy"holo$y, 8e,DSM-5 Update

    Magnitude o$ Correlation

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    Describing a Correlation

    Dire"tion and ma$nitude o# a "orrelation areo#ten "al"ulated numeri"ally

    )his statisti" is the "orrelation "oe/"ient,9

    symboli6ed by the letter r9 )he "orrelation "oe/"ient "an %ary #rom !EE ;per#e"t

    positi%e "orrelation< to -!EE ;per#e"t ne$ati%e"orrelation