104
The Long 19 th Century An Age of Revolution, Industry, & “Isms”

AP Long 19th Century

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

 

Citation preview

Page 1: AP Long 19th Century

The Long 19th Century

An Age of Revolution, Industry, & “Isms”

Page 2: AP Long 19th Century

Bell Ringer

What happened to Napoleon Bonaparte in 1812?

Discuss with partner - 30 seconds

Page 3: AP Long 19th Century

The Congress of Vienna

Europe After Napoleon Bonaparte

Page 4: AP Long 19th Century

Congress of Vienna

• WHAT: The Congress of Vienna• WHEN: September 1814 to June 1815• WHO: representatives of major

European powers • WHERE: Vienna, Austria• WHY: reorganize Europe post-

Napoleon

Page 5: AP Long 19th Century

Congress of Vienna

• Five Great European Powers:o Prussia – Frederick Wilhelm IIIoRussia – Tsar AlexanderoAustria – Klemens von MetternichoGreat Britain – Lord Castleraugho France - Tallyrand

Page 6: AP Long 19th Century

Klemens von Metternich

• Influential Austrian prince

• Distrusted democracy

• Plan to restore Europe

Page 7: AP Long 19th Century

Von Metternich’s Plan• 3 Main Goals:

1. Legitimacy• Napoleon had overthrown all kings &

replaced with his family members• Original monarchies restored

Louis XVIII of France

Page 8: AP Long 19th Century

Von Metternich’s Plan

2. Contain France• Napoleon was power hungry & had

instilled strong sense of nationalism in France

• Many surrounding countries felt threatened• VM, gave back power to countries

surrounding France (containment)

Page 9: AP Long 19th Century

Napoleon’s Europe COV’s Europe

Page 10: AP Long 19th Century

Von Metternich’s Plan

3. Balance of Power• Weaken France, but not

too much• No one country too

powerful • This ensured no one

country could easily overpower another (like Napoleon had done)

Page 11: AP Long 19th Century

Carlsbad Decrees• Response to nationalist student society (Burschenschaften)• Society led by Friedrich Jahn:

– Nationalist (wanted unified Germany)– Racist (wanted racially pure German nation)– Xenophobic (anti-foreigner)

• Metternich issued to dissolve such societies & censor press (incorrectly doubted their motives)

Page 12: AP Long 19th Century

More Challenges

• 1820s full of rebellions that challenged COV• Spain, Portugal & Italy demanded

constitutional gov’ts• Von Metternich urged conservatives to

crush them• Slowed things down, but did not stop them• By mid 1800s, the socialists of the

Industrial Revolution were pushing workers to rebel

Page 13: AP Long 19th Century

Political Revolts in the 1820’s

Page 14: AP Long 19th Century

Political Revolts in the 1820’s

• Spain• Italy• Russia • Greece

Page 15: AP Long 19th Century

Spain

• Ferdinand VII (r. 1814-1833)• Restored pre-Revolutionary

nobility, church & monarchy• Repressive practices• Response:

– Formation of secret societies– Revolt – Sparked revolts in Italy

Page 16: AP Long 19th Century

Italy

• Naples, Piedmont-Sardinia• Demanded constitution• Too much disagreement• Result: emergence of nationalism

(fight Austrians for independence)• Laid groundwork for Italian

unification

Page 17: AP Long 19th Century

Russia

• Decembrist Revolt • Alexander I died

suddenly (1825)• Brother Nicholas I (r.

1825-1855) inherited throne

Page 18: AP Long 19th Century

• Few disputed – felt Constantine was rightful heir & would be pro-Constitution

• Easily suppressed, tried, imprisoned/hard labor heroes of legend (“Decembrists”)

Page 19: AP Long 19th Century

Balkans/Greece

• Wanted independence from Ottoman Turks

• Serbia = successful revolt (independence in 1817)

• Greece = 1820-21 – massacred Turks; Turks retaliated w/ own massacres against Greeks, sold women into slavery

Page 20: AP Long 19th Century

Massacre at Chios

Eugène Delacroix

(1824)

A military attack on the inhabitants of Chios by Ottoman forces commenced on 11 April, 1822 and was prosecuted for several months into the summer of the same year. The campaign resulted in the deaths of 20,000 citizens, and the forced deportation into slavery of almost all the surviving 70,0000 inhabitants

Page 21: AP Long 19th Century

Greece

• Austria sided w/ Ottomans• Rest of Europe sided w/ Greece• Rec’d help from GB, France & Russia• 1830: Greece declared independent• Significance: nationalism + public

opinion = 1st breach in Metternich’s system

Page 22: AP Long 19th Century

The French Revolutions of 1830 & 1848

Page 23: AP Long 19th Century

Restoration of Monarchy

• Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII (18th)

• Émigrés returned (not happy)

• Émigré nobles & high clergy wanted Old Regime (ultra-royalists)

• Faced opposition

Page 24: AP Long 19th Century

Liberals in France

• Wanted for middle class:– Suffrage– Power in gov’t– Republic– Decent pay for working class– Food for all

Page 25: AP Long 19th Century

Charles X

• Louis XVIII – died in 1824

• Successor – Charles X (brother)

• Charles X wanted absolutism

• Rejected proposed charter (constitution)

Page 26: AP Long 19th Century

The July Revolution - 1830

• July 1830 – Charles X:– Suspended legislature– Limited right to vote– Restricted press

• Naturally, what happened?

Page 27: AP Long 19th Century

Response

• Revolt in Paris• Citizens put up

barricades• Attacked king’s

soldiers• Within days,

rebels controlled Paris

• Charles abdicated & fled to England

Page 28: AP Long 19th Century

Republic or Constitutional Monarchy?

• Radical rebels wanted a republic• Moderates wanted a constitutional

monarchy• Moderates got their way…

Page 29: AP Long 19th Century

Louis Philippe

• Chosen as king• Cousin of Charles

X• Young, more

liberal-minded• Supported the

1789 revolution

Page 30: AP Long 19th Century

The Citizen King

• Nickname for Louis Philippe• Owed the throne to the French

citizens• Was “one of them”

– Got along well – Dressed down (frock coat & top hat)– Walked the streets– Extended suffrage, but…

Page 31: AP Long 19th Century

Problems

• Policies favored the wealthier bourgeoisie – often at the expense of the working class

• Extended suffrage to the wealthiest citizens

• Most people – no suffrage

Page 32: AP Long 19th Century

Discontent

• Radicals went underground – worked toward Republic

• Many began to accuse Louis Philippe of corruption

• Demand for universal suffrage

Page 33: AP Long 19th Century

Economic Slump

By 1848:

• Many factories shut down• Poor harvests• Unemployment• Bread prices soared• Sound familiar??

Page 34: AP Long 19th Century

February Days (1848)

• Gov’t tried to stop public meetings• Angry crowds sang La Marseillaise &

built blockades out of:– Iron rails– Overturned carts– Paving stones– Toppled trees

Page 35: AP Long 19th Century

February Days (cont.)• Clashed with troops• 52 rebels killed

Page 36: AP Long 19th Century

Results of February Days

• Louis Philippe abdicated• Liberals, radicals, socialists, claimed

the Second Republic of France• Currently (since 1958) France is on

its Fifth…

Page 37: AP Long 19th Century

A Republic Divided

• Deep differences• Bourgeois liberals –

constitution/political reform• Socialists – social & economic

reform– Set up national workshops – provided

work for unemployed

Page 38: AP Long 19th Century

June Days

• Bourgeoisie won control of gov’t• Got rid of workshops• Ticked off the Socialists & workers• Workers – “Bread or Lead!”

Page 39: AP Long 19th Century

More Violence

• Bourgeoisie – attacked protestors

• 1500 killed before gov’t crushed rebellion

• Left a deep mistrust between the bourgeoisie and the working class

Page 40: AP Long 19th Century

Constitution

• By end of 1848, National Assembly had created a constitution– Strong president– Unicameral legislature– Universal manhood suffrage

Page 41: AP Long 19th Century

Election

• Over 9 million could vote (up from 200,000)

• Elected Louis Napoleon• Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte• Appealed to liberals – sympathy for

working class• Appealed to conservatives – name =

restore order

Page 42: AP Long 19th Century

Buh-Bye Republic

• Louis Napoleon – crowned self emperor (1852)

• Proclaimed self Napoleon III

• Ended Second Republic (began Second Empire)

Page 43: AP Long 19th Century

The Age of Industry and Isms

The Industrial Revolution & The Age of Ideology

Page 44: AP Long 19th Century

Introduction

• The Industrial Revolution impacted:– Technology– Economics– Society– Politics

Page 45: AP Long 19th Century

Industrial Revolution• Change from using hand

methods to machine methods to produce goods

• Result of the:– Agricultural revolution – Population explosion

• Began in Great Britain - Why?– Natural resources– Human resources– Capital & demand– Political & social conditions– technology

Page 46: AP Long 19th Century

TechnologyYear Invention Inventor

1785-1813 Power Loom Edmund Cartwright

1807 Steamboat Robert Fulton

1814 Steam Locomotive

George Stephenson

1826 Photograph Joseph Niepce

1837 Telegraph Samuel Morse

1876 Telephone Alexander Graham Bell

1870-80s Phonograph, light bulb, motion pictures

Thomas Edison

Page 47: AP Long 19th Century

Laissez-Faire Economics

• Adam Smith• Free market

$ more goods at lower price

$ no government involved

• Capitalism = driving force of the industrial age

Page 48: AP Long 19th Century

Thomas Malthus

• Englishman• “Essay on the Principle

of Population” (1798)• Poverty & misery

population growing faster than food supply

• Shaped economic thinking

Page 49: AP Long 19th Century

Urbanization

Page 50: AP Long 19th Century

Working Class Life

Page 51: AP Long 19th Century

Industrial Town Life

Page 52: AP Long 19th Century

Authors

Charles Dickens Amandine Auror Dupon(George Sand)

Émile Zola

Page 53: AP Long 19th Century

Middle Class

Page 54: AP Long 19th Century

Domestic Service

Page 55: AP Long 19th Century

Mining

Page 56: AP Long 19th Century

Factory Conditions

Page 57: AP Long 19th Century

Factory Dangers

Page 58: AP Long 19th Century

Protests & Unions

Page 59: AP Long 19th Century

Child Labor

Page 60: AP Long 19th Century
Page 61: AP Long 19th Century
Page 62: AP Long 19th Century
Page 63: AP Long 19th Century
Page 64: AP Long 19th Century
Page 65: AP Long 19th Century
Page 66: AP Long 19th Century

Workhouses

Page 67: AP Long 19th Century
Page 68: AP Long 19th Century
Page 69: AP Long 19th Century
Page 70: AP Long 19th Century

19th Century Isms

Page 71: AP Long 19th Century

Impact of Industrial Revolution

• Social concerns social reform

• 19th Century = new ways of– Thinking– Believing– Looking at the world

Page 72: AP Long 19th Century

19th Century “Isms”

• “ism” = belief or ideology• Ideology: a coherent set of beliefs

about the way the social and political order should be organized

• 2 basic ways to define any ideology:– What does it oppose?– What does it advocate?

Page 73: AP Long 19th Century

Nationalism

• All people derive their identities from their nations, which are defined by:– Common language– Shared cultural traditions & history– Religion (sometimes)

Page 74: AP Long 19th Century

Nationalism: Western Europe

• Spokespeople: Hegel, Mazzini• Members: Entire countries of France,

England, Spain, Italy, and parts of Germany

• Gov’t: Used national pride to unify & get citizens to do things (war, colonies, etc)

Page 75: AP Long 19th Century

Nationalism: Western Europe

• Advocated:– Cultural nationalism: had own language,

history & culture – wanted to perfect it– Political nationalism: preserve national

culture, ensure liberty & justice for individual

Page 76: AP Long 19th Century

Nationalism: Eastern Europe

• Spokesperson: Vuk Karadzic (Serbian Nationalist) & many others

• COV – lumped different cultures together

• Advocated: – independence from other empires

(Austrian, Ottoman, etc)– preservation of own historic culture– borders based on culture

Page 77: AP Long 19th Century

Nationalism: Eastern Europe

– Poland: undo partitions of Polish territory & reestablish Polish state

– Magyars: autonomy of Hungary within Hapsburg Empire

– Russia: Pan-Slavism – unite all Slavic people under Russia’s leadership (opposed by many Slavic nations)

Page 78: AP Long 19th Century

Utilitarianism• Spokesperson: Jeremy

Bentham• Advocated: The

greatest happiness for the greatest number

• Opposed: Existing legal systems (harmed people they should serve)

Page 79: AP Long 19th Century

Radicalism

• Spokesman: Jeremy Bentham• Members: working class leaders &

industrial capitalists• Advocated:

– Find a government best for your people– Universal manhood suffrage

Page 80: AP Long 19th Century

Radicalism

• Advocated (cont.):– Reform/reconstruct:

• Criminal & civil law• Prison & poor relief• Municipal organization & rotten boroughs

• Opposed:– Conservatives

Page 81: AP Long 19th Century

Liberalism

• Spokesperson: John Stuart Mill

• Members: Business, professional, some landowners

• Gov’t: Pro representative gov’t

Page 82: AP Long 19th Century

Liberalism

• Advocated: – Change through legislation NOT

revolution– A way for people & gov’t to coexist

without1. Harming majority2. Stifling individuality

– Individual rights & freedoms– Universal suffrage (late 19th C onward)

Page 83: AP Long 19th Century

Liberalism (cont.)

• Opposed:– Use of force to compel citizens to

believe something (anti-military)– Inequality– People not helping society/others– Government & church interference – Universal suffrage (feared mob rule) –

this changed by late 19th C

Page 84: AP Long 19th Century

Feminism

• Spokespeople: George Sand (French), John Stuart Mill, Harriet Taylor (English)

• Members: philosophical radicals, some socialists, women

Page 85: AP Long 19th Century

Feminism: Continental Europe

• Advocated:– Social & economic equality

• Better education• Reform in women’s property & divorce laws

– NOT fighting for political rights at this time

Page 86: AP Long 19th Century

Feminism: England

• Already had economic & social equality

• Advocated:– Equal political rights– Women’s Suffrage

Page 87: AP Long 19th Century

Republicanism

• Members: intelligentsia, students, writers, working class, veterans (outgrowth of Jacobins)

• Gov’t: Pro Republic• Advocated:

– Political equality– Universal male suffrage– Reform by violence & force (met in

secret societies)

Page 88: AP Long 19th Century

Republicanism

• Opposed:– Monarchy– Constitutional monarchy– Aristocracy – Catholic Church– Liberals

• Please note: this is NOT referring to the US political party or their beliefs

Page 89: AP Long 19th Century

Socialism

• Spokespeople: Robert Owen, Count Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Louis Blanc

• Gov’t: Pro-Parliament

Saint-Simon

Page 90: AP Long 19th Century

Socialism

• Advocated – Economic equality

• Equal distribution of income (useful members)

– Social equality & harmony through communities based on cooperation

• Communal ownership of assets

Page 91: AP Long 19th Century

Socialism

• Opposed:– laissez-faire

economics (capitalism)

– Poverty – Inequality– Injustice – competition

Page 92: AP Long 19th Century

Utopian Socialism• Built self-sufficient

communities• All shared workload• Common property• If gap between rich &

poor disappeared, fighting would cease

• All live as peaceful, happy family – a “Utopia”

Page 93: AP Long 19th Century

Robert Owen

• Utopian Socialist• Successful mill

owner• Refused child labor• Campaigned for

child labor laws• Encouraged labor

unions

Page 94: AP Long 19th Century

Owen’s Utopia

• Believed that living conditions shaped people’s character

• New Lanark, Scotland factory – model– Built homes– Opened a school– Treated employees well

• Point: one could still make money while providing decent conditions for workers

Page 95: AP Long 19th Century

Conservativism

• Spokespeople: Edmund Burke, Von Metternich

• Gov’t: monarchy• Advocated:

– Monarchy– Catholic Church– Aristocracy– Status quo

• Opposed:-Liberals- Radicals- Republicans- Rapid change

Page 96: AP Long 19th Century

Humanitarianism

• Spokesperson: Césare Beccaria• Advocated:

– Universal • Kindness• Benevolence• Sympathy

• Opposed:– Maltreatment of working class– Subjugation of women– Colonialism

Page 97: AP Long 19th Century

Communism

• Spokespeople: Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

• The Communist Manifesto (1848)

Page 98: AP Long 19th Century

Friedrich Engles

• Communism is a form of socialism that sees class struggle between the proletariat & bourgeoisie as inevitable

Page 99: AP Long 19th Century

Marxism

• Heavily influenced by Hegel & his dialectical method

• Work with your partner to diagram the Hegelian Dialectic (1 MINUTE)

Page 100: AP Long 19th Century

How Marxism Works…• Economics = driving force behind history• History is a series of class struggles:

HAVE NOTS HAVESplebeians patricians

serfs lords

Proletariat(working class)

Bourgeoisie

(middle class)

Page 101: AP Long 19th Century

End of History

• Marx theorized that history would end with communism

• Why?

Page 102: AP Long 19th Century

End of History

• Communism would end the struggles of the past because wealth and power would be equally shared

Page 103: AP Long 19th Century

Weakness & Impact

• Claimed to be based on “scientific law”

• Predicted worldwide misery & revolution (was wrong)

• Not popular in 1848, but would have major impact

• Influenced many governments & is active today

Page 104: AP Long 19th Century

Interpreting Marx

“ The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite!”

Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto