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The Long 19th Century
An Age of Revolution, Industry, & “Isms”
Bell Ringer
What happened to Napoleon Bonaparte in 1812?
Discuss with partner - 30 seconds
The Congress of Vienna
Europe After Napoleon Bonaparte
Congress of Vienna
• WHAT: The Congress of Vienna• WHEN: September 1814 to June 1815• WHO: representatives of major
European powers • WHERE: Vienna, Austria• WHY: reorganize Europe post-
Napoleon
Congress of Vienna
• Five Great European Powers:o Prussia – Frederick Wilhelm IIIoRussia – Tsar AlexanderoAustria – Klemens von MetternichoGreat Britain – Lord Castleraugho France - Tallyrand
Klemens von Metternich
• Influential Austrian prince
• Distrusted democracy
• Plan to restore Europe
Von Metternich’s Plan• 3 Main Goals:
1. Legitimacy• Napoleon had overthrown all kings &
replaced with his family members• Original monarchies restored
Louis XVIII of France
Von Metternich’s Plan
2. Contain France• Napoleon was power hungry & had
instilled strong sense of nationalism in France
• Many surrounding countries felt threatened• VM, gave back power to countries
surrounding France (containment)
Napoleon’s Europe COV’s Europe
Von Metternich’s Plan
3. Balance of Power• Weaken France, but not
too much• No one country too
powerful • This ensured no one
country could easily overpower another (like Napoleon had done)
Carlsbad Decrees• Response to nationalist student society (Burschenschaften)• Society led by Friedrich Jahn:
– Nationalist (wanted unified Germany)– Racist (wanted racially pure German nation)– Xenophobic (anti-foreigner)
• Metternich issued to dissolve such societies & censor press (incorrectly doubted their motives)
More Challenges
• 1820s full of rebellions that challenged COV• Spain, Portugal & Italy demanded
constitutional gov’ts• Von Metternich urged conservatives to
crush them• Slowed things down, but did not stop them• By mid 1800s, the socialists of the
Industrial Revolution were pushing workers to rebel
Political Revolts in the 1820’s
Political Revolts in the 1820’s
• Spain• Italy• Russia • Greece
Spain
• Ferdinand VII (r. 1814-1833)• Restored pre-Revolutionary
nobility, church & monarchy• Repressive practices• Response:
– Formation of secret societies– Revolt – Sparked revolts in Italy
Italy
• Naples, Piedmont-Sardinia• Demanded constitution• Too much disagreement• Result: emergence of nationalism
(fight Austrians for independence)• Laid groundwork for Italian
unification
Russia
• Decembrist Revolt • Alexander I died
suddenly (1825)• Brother Nicholas I (r.
1825-1855) inherited throne
• Few disputed – felt Constantine was rightful heir & would be pro-Constitution
• Easily suppressed, tried, imprisoned/hard labor heroes of legend (“Decembrists”)
Balkans/Greece
• Wanted independence from Ottoman Turks
• Serbia = successful revolt (independence in 1817)
• Greece = 1820-21 – massacred Turks; Turks retaliated w/ own massacres against Greeks, sold women into slavery
Massacre at Chios
Eugène Delacroix
(1824)
A military attack on the inhabitants of Chios by Ottoman forces commenced on 11 April, 1822 and was prosecuted for several months into the summer of the same year. The campaign resulted in the deaths of 20,000 citizens, and the forced deportation into slavery of almost all the surviving 70,0000 inhabitants
Greece
• Austria sided w/ Ottomans• Rest of Europe sided w/ Greece• Rec’d help from GB, France & Russia• 1830: Greece declared independent• Significance: nationalism + public
opinion = 1st breach in Metternich’s system
The French Revolutions of 1830 & 1848
Restoration of Monarchy
• Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII (18th)
• Émigrés returned (not happy)
• Émigré nobles & high clergy wanted Old Regime (ultra-royalists)
• Faced opposition
Liberals in France
• Wanted for middle class:– Suffrage– Power in gov’t– Republic– Decent pay for working class– Food for all
Charles X
• Louis XVIII – died in 1824
• Successor – Charles X (brother)
• Charles X wanted absolutism
• Rejected proposed charter (constitution)
The July Revolution - 1830
• July 1830 – Charles X:– Suspended legislature– Limited right to vote– Restricted press
• Naturally, what happened?
Response
• Revolt in Paris• Citizens put up
barricades• Attacked king’s
soldiers• Within days,
rebels controlled Paris
• Charles abdicated & fled to England
Republic or Constitutional Monarchy?
• Radical rebels wanted a republic• Moderates wanted a constitutional
monarchy• Moderates got their way…
Louis Philippe
• Chosen as king• Cousin of Charles
X• Young, more
liberal-minded• Supported the
1789 revolution
The Citizen King
• Nickname for Louis Philippe• Owed the throne to the French
citizens• Was “one of them”
– Got along well – Dressed down (frock coat & top hat)– Walked the streets– Extended suffrage, but…
Problems
• Policies favored the wealthier bourgeoisie – often at the expense of the working class
• Extended suffrage to the wealthiest citizens
• Most people – no suffrage
Discontent
• Radicals went underground – worked toward Republic
• Many began to accuse Louis Philippe of corruption
• Demand for universal suffrage
Economic Slump
By 1848:
• Many factories shut down• Poor harvests• Unemployment• Bread prices soared• Sound familiar??
February Days (1848)
• Gov’t tried to stop public meetings• Angry crowds sang La Marseillaise &
built blockades out of:– Iron rails– Overturned carts– Paving stones– Toppled trees
February Days (cont.)• Clashed with troops• 52 rebels killed
Results of February Days
• Louis Philippe abdicated• Liberals, radicals, socialists, claimed
the Second Republic of France• Currently (since 1958) France is on
its Fifth…
A Republic Divided
• Deep differences• Bourgeois liberals –
constitution/political reform• Socialists – social & economic
reform– Set up national workshops – provided
work for unemployed
June Days
• Bourgeoisie won control of gov’t• Got rid of workshops• Ticked off the Socialists & workers• Workers – “Bread or Lead!”
More Violence
• Bourgeoisie – attacked protestors
• 1500 killed before gov’t crushed rebellion
• Left a deep mistrust between the bourgeoisie and the working class
Constitution
• By end of 1848, National Assembly had created a constitution– Strong president– Unicameral legislature– Universal manhood suffrage
Election
• Over 9 million could vote (up from 200,000)
• Elected Louis Napoleon• Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte• Appealed to liberals – sympathy for
working class• Appealed to conservatives – name =
restore order
Buh-Bye Republic
• Louis Napoleon – crowned self emperor (1852)
• Proclaimed self Napoleon III
• Ended Second Republic (began Second Empire)
The Age of Industry and Isms
The Industrial Revolution & The Age of Ideology
Introduction
• The Industrial Revolution impacted:– Technology– Economics– Society– Politics
Industrial Revolution• Change from using hand
methods to machine methods to produce goods
• Result of the:– Agricultural revolution – Population explosion
• Began in Great Britain - Why?– Natural resources– Human resources– Capital & demand– Political & social conditions– technology
TechnologyYear Invention Inventor
1785-1813 Power Loom Edmund Cartwright
1807 Steamboat Robert Fulton
1814 Steam Locomotive
George Stephenson
1826 Photograph Joseph Niepce
1837 Telegraph Samuel Morse
1876 Telephone Alexander Graham Bell
1870-80s Phonograph, light bulb, motion pictures
Thomas Edison
Laissez-Faire Economics
• Adam Smith• Free market
$ more goods at lower price
$ no government involved
• Capitalism = driving force of the industrial age
Thomas Malthus
• Englishman• “Essay on the Principle
of Population” (1798)• Poverty & misery
population growing faster than food supply
• Shaped economic thinking
Urbanization
Working Class Life
Industrial Town Life
Authors
Charles Dickens Amandine Auror Dupon(George Sand)
Émile Zola
Middle Class
Domestic Service
Mining
Factory Conditions
Factory Dangers
Protests & Unions
Child Labor
Workhouses
19th Century Isms
Impact of Industrial Revolution
• Social concerns social reform
• 19th Century = new ways of– Thinking– Believing– Looking at the world
19th Century “Isms”
• “ism” = belief or ideology• Ideology: a coherent set of beliefs
about the way the social and political order should be organized
• 2 basic ways to define any ideology:– What does it oppose?– What does it advocate?
Nationalism
• All people derive their identities from their nations, which are defined by:– Common language– Shared cultural traditions & history– Religion (sometimes)
Nationalism: Western Europe
• Spokespeople: Hegel, Mazzini• Members: Entire countries of France,
England, Spain, Italy, and parts of Germany
• Gov’t: Used national pride to unify & get citizens to do things (war, colonies, etc)
Nationalism: Western Europe
• Advocated:– Cultural nationalism: had own language,
history & culture – wanted to perfect it– Political nationalism: preserve national
culture, ensure liberty & justice for individual
Nationalism: Eastern Europe
• Spokesperson: Vuk Karadzic (Serbian Nationalist) & many others
• COV – lumped different cultures together
• Advocated: – independence from other empires
(Austrian, Ottoman, etc)– preservation of own historic culture– borders based on culture
Nationalism: Eastern Europe
– Poland: undo partitions of Polish territory & reestablish Polish state
– Magyars: autonomy of Hungary within Hapsburg Empire
– Russia: Pan-Slavism – unite all Slavic people under Russia’s leadership (opposed by many Slavic nations)
Utilitarianism• Spokesperson: Jeremy
Bentham• Advocated: The
greatest happiness for the greatest number
• Opposed: Existing legal systems (harmed people they should serve)
Radicalism
• Spokesman: Jeremy Bentham• Members: working class leaders &
industrial capitalists• Advocated:
– Find a government best for your people– Universal manhood suffrage
Radicalism
• Advocated (cont.):– Reform/reconstruct:
• Criminal & civil law• Prison & poor relief• Municipal organization & rotten boroughs
• Opposed:– Conservatives
Liberalism
• Spokesperson: John Stuart Mill
• Members: Business, professional, some landowners
• Gov’t: Pro representative gov’t
Liberalism
• Advocated: – Change through legislation NOT
revolution– A way for people & gov’t to coexist
without1. Harming majority2. Stifling individuality
– Individual rights & freedoms– Universal suffrage (late 19th C onward)
Liberalism (cont.)
• Opposed:– Use of force to compel citizens to
believe something (anti-military)– Inequality– People not helping society/others– Government & church interference – Universal suffrage (feared mob rule) –
this changed by late 19th C
Feminism
• Spokespeople: George Sand (French), John Stuart Mill, Harriet Taylor (English)
• Members: philosophical radicals, some socialists, women
Feminism: Continental Europe
• Advocated:– Social & economic equality
• Better education• Reform in women’s property & divorce laws
– NOT fighting for political rights at this time
Feminism: England
• Already had economic & social equality
• Advocated:– Equal political rights– Women’s Suffrage
Republicanism
• Members: intelligentsia, students, writers, working class, veterans (outgrowth of Jacobins)
• Gov’t: Pro Republic• Advocated:
– Political equality– Universal male suffrage– Reform by violence & force (met in
secret societies)
Republicanism
• Opposed:– Monarchy– Constitutional monarchy– Aristocracy – Catholic Church– Liberals
• Please note: this is NOT referring to the US political party or their beliefs
Socialism
• Spokespeople: Robert Owen, Count Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Louis Blanc
• Gov’t: Pro-Parliament
Saint-Simon
Socialism
• Advocated – Economic equality
• Equal distribution of income (useful members)
– Social equality & harmony through communities based on cooperation
• Communal ownership of assets
Socialism
• Opposed:– laissez-faire
economics (capitalism)
– Poverty – Inequality– Injustice – competition
Utopian Socialism• Built self-sufficient
communities• All shared workload• Common property• If gap between rich &
poor disappeared, fighting would cease
• All live as peaceful, happy family – a “Utopia”
Robert Owen
• Utopian Socialist• Successful mill
owner• Refused child labor• Campaigned for
child labor laws• Encouraged labor
unions
Owen’s Utopia
• Believed that living conditions shaped people’s character
• New Lanark, Scotland factory – model– Built homes– Opened a school– Treated employees well
• Point: one could still make money while providing decent conditions for workers
Conservativism
• Spokespeople: Edmund Burke, Von Metternich
• Gov’t: monarchy• Advocated:
– Monarchy– Catholic Church– Aristocracy– Status quo
• Opposed:-Liberals- Radicals- Republicans- Rapid change
Humanitarianism
• Spokesperson: Césare Beccaria• Advocated:
– Universal • Kindness• Benevolence• Sympathy
• Opposed:– Maltreatment of working class– Subjugation of women– Colonialism
Communism
• Spokespeople: Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels
• The Communist Manifesto (1848)
Friedrich Engles
• Communism is a form of socialism that sees class struggle between the proletariat & bourgeoisie as inevitable
Marxism
• Heavily influenced by Hegel & his dialectical method
• Work with your partner to diagram the Hegelian Dialectic (1 MINUTE)
How Marxism Works…• Economics = driving force behind history• History is a series of class struggles:
HAVE NOTS HAVESplebeians patricians
serfs lords
Proletariat(working class)
Bourgeoisie
(middle class)
End of History
• Marx theorized that history would end with communism
• Why?
End of History
• Communism would end the struggles of the past because wealth and power would be equally shared
Weakness & Impact
• Claimed to be based on “scientific law”
• Predicted worldwide misery & revolution (was wrong)
• Not popular in 1848, but would have major impact
• Influenced many governments & is active today
Interpreting Marx
“ The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite!”
Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto