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SYSTEMATICS EXTANT SPECIESEXTINCT SPECIES
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AP BIOLOGY
Chapter 25
LE 34-41
Paranthropusrobustus
Homoergaster
Homosapiens
Homoneanderthalensis
?Paranthropusboisei
Australopithecusafricanus
Kenyanthropusplatyops
Australopithecusgarhi
Australopithecusanamensis
Homohabilis
Homoerectus
Homorudolfensis
Australopithecusafarensis
Ardipithecusramidus
Orrorin tugenensis
Sahelanthropustchadensis
Mill
ions
of y
ears
ago
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
SYSTEMATICS
EXTANT SPECIES EXTINCT SPECIES
LE 25-61
2
1
2
Deletion
Insertion
1
2
1
2
LE 25-3
Rivers carry sediment to the ocean. Sedimentary rock layers containing fossils form on the ocean floor.
Over time, new strata are deposited, containing fossils from each time period.
As sea levels change and the seafloor is pushed upward, sedimentary rocks are exposed. Erosion reveals strata and fossils.
Younger stratumwith more recentfossils
Older stratum witholder fossils
LE 25-4
Dinosaur bones beingexcavated from sandstone
Casts of ammonites, about375 million years old
Boy standing in a 150-million-year-olddinosaur track in Colorado
Tusks of a 23,000-year-old mammoth, frozen wholein Siberian ice
Petrified trees in Arizona, about 190million years old
Insects preserved whole in amber
Leaf fossil, about 40 millionyears ago
Absolute “radiometric” dating
Half-life of elements Half-life relative to time
Relative fossil dating using index fossils
LE 26-18
NorthAmericanPlate
Eurasian Plate
PhilippinePlate
IndianPlate
ArabianPlate
AustralianPlate
AntarcticPlate
AfricanPlate
Scotia Plate
SouthAmericanPlateNazca
Plate
PacificPlate
Cocos Plate
Juan de FucaPlate
CaribbeanPlate
LE 26-19
Volcanoes andvolcanic islands
TrenchOceanic ridge
Oceanic crust Subduction zone
Seafloor spreading
LE 26-20By about 10 million yearsago, Earth’s youngestmajor mountain range,the Himalayas, formedas a result of India’scollision with Eurasiaduring the Cenozoic.The continents continueto drift today.
By the end of theMesozoic, Laurasiaand Gondwanaseparated into thepresent-day continents.
By the mid-MesozoicPangaea split intonorthern (Laurasia)and southern(Gondwana)landmasses.
At the end of thePaleozoic, all ofEarth’s landmasseswere joined in thesupercontinentPangaea.
0
65.5
135
251
Mill
ions
of y
ears
ago
Ceno
zoic
Mes
ozoi
cPa
leoz
oic
North America
Eurasia
AfricaIndiaSouth
America Madagascar
Australia
Antarctica
Laurasia
Gondwana
Pangaea
LE 26-9
NORTHAMERICA
ChicxulubcraterYucatán
Peninsula
Taxonomy of Life
LE 25-9
Carnivora
Pantherapardus
(leopard)
Mephitismephitis
(striped skunk)
Lutra lutra(European
otter)
Canisfamiliaris
(domestic dog)
Canislupus(wolf)Sp
ecie
sGe
nus
Fam
ilyO
rder
Felidae Mustelidae Canidae
Panthera Mephitis Lutra Canis
Fig: 22.14Homologous Structures
Fig: 22.17Biogeography and Convergent Evolution
LE 25-11
Hair
Amniotic (shelled) egg
Four walking legs
Hinged jaws
Vertebral column(backbone)
Character table
CHAR
ACTE
RS
TAXA
Lanc
elet
(out
grou
p)
Lam
prey
Tuna
Sala
man
der
Turt
le
Leop
ard
Turtle Leopard
Hair
Amniotic egg
Four walking legs
Hinged jaws
Vertebral column
Salamander
Tuna
Lamprey
Lancelet (outgroup)
Cladogram
LE 25-12
Droso
philaLa
ncelet Fis
h
AmphibianBird HumanRat
Mouse
LE 25-10a
Grouping 1
Monophyletic
LE 25-13
Droso
philaLa
ncelet
Fish
AmphibianBird
HumanRat M
ouse
Ceno
zoic
Mes
ozoi
cPa
leoz
oic
65.5
251
542
Neo
prot
eroz
oic
Mill
ions
of
year
s ago
LE 25-15ab
Sites in DNA sequence
I
Species
1
Base-changeevent
Bases atsite 1 foreach species
2 3 4 5 6 7
II
III
IV
I II III IV
LE 17-5Second mRNA base
Firs
t mRN
A ba
se (5
end
)
Third
mRN
A ba
se (3
end
)