Antiaging Drugs

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    ____________________________________________ReviewPaper

    Vayasthapak- The Ayurvedic Anti aging drugs

    Mishra RN

    Sagar Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India.

    _____________________________________________________________________________________

    ABSTRACT

    The Ayurved helps maintain youth and counters the aging and its allied ill-effects with three pronged approach.

    First it recommends the countering of aging and its adverse effects by use of Vayasthapak drugs (age stabilizers),

    the second approach is to rejuvenate the aged body by using Jeevneeya group of herbs (vitalisers) and the third

    approach is Jarachikitsa i.e. Rasayan chikitsa. (rejuvenative process and formulations). This Review Article

    researches the classic Ayurvedic Texts and gives the details of herbs and processes involved in these systems, in

    countering the aging and allied damages to the body and mind. The modern research has covered a lot of

    pharmacological screening of most of these herbs but somehow anti aging aspect of research still needs to be

    focused. The reason could be the variance in stating the therapeutic benefits in the individual monograph of the

    herbs and the three classes mentioned above. This review article may help to some extent in focusing the future

    anti aging research to these herbs.

    Key Words: Anti aging, Vayasthapak, Rasayan, Age stabilizer, Vitalizer.

    1 INTRODUCTIONThe Ayurved counters the aging and its allied ill-effects with three pronged approach. First it recommends thecountering of aging and its adverse effects by use of Vayasthapak drugs (age stabilizers) and the second approach isto rejuvenate the aged body by Jeevneeya drugs (vitalisers) and the third approach is Jarachikitsa i.e. Rasayanchikitsa. (rejuvenating process and formulations).

    2 VAYASTHAPAK DRUGS (AGE STABILIZERS)2.1 Mahakashay (Great Extractives)

    The one approach is the prescription of a group of herbs named Vayasthapak i.e. age stabilizer. Under the 50Mahakashay i.e. great extractives1, all classes of great extractives are mentioned that cures various diseases or helpcontribute to positive health like age stabilization or enhancing aphrodisiac power.

    2.2 Vayasthapak Mahakashay.(Age stabilizing Great Extractive)Vayasthapak is 50th number of Mahakashay. This Vayasthapak group contains 10 herbs.2

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    These herbs are listed below.1. Guduchi. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers2. Haritiki. Terminalia chebulaRetz3. Amalki. Emblica officinaleLinn4. Yukta. Pluchea lanceolata OLIVER & HIERN.5. Shweta. Clitoria ternatea6. Jeewanti. Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn.7. Atirasa. Asperagus racemosus8. Mandookparni. Centella asiatica (Linn) Urban9. Sthira. Desmodium gigenticum D C10. Punarnava. Boerhaavia diffusaLinn

    2.3In order to get maximum benefit from the herbs, one must use the herbs of Himalayan origin. The bestquality herbs and fruits are those which are grown in the Himalaya3

    The information regarding taxonomy, the other names and the therapeutic uses of these ten herbs in theAyurvedic texts is detailed below.

    2.4 Guduchi Tinuspora cordifolia (Willd) MiersTaxonomic classificationKingdom : Plantae

    Division : MagnoliophytaClass : MagnoliopsidaOrder : RanunculalesFamily : MenispermaceaeGenus TinosporaSpecies :T. CordifoliaBinomial name:Tinospora cordifoliaSynonyms;Cocculus cardifoliusdec;MenispermumcardifoliumwilldM.glabrum, Tinospora glabra

    2.5 Origin of Guduchi, its other names, qualities and therapeutic uses.4

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    2.5.1 Origin of GuduchiThe genesis goes back to Ramayan era, the kidnapping of Sita and the war that followed, in which Ram led the armyof monkeys to fight the all powerful demon king Ravan. In this war, the proud of his strength, Ravan, the foe ofdevtas, was killed. Indra, the thousand eyed and the chief of Devtas, was very pleased with Ram. So Indra sprinkledAmrit i.e. nector on all dead monkeys and brought them back to life. Wherever the Amrit drops fell on ground, dueto the spilling, the Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) was born.

    2.5.2 Other names of GuduchiGuruchi, Madhuparni, Amrita, Amritvallari, Chhinna, Chhinnaruha, Chhinodbhava, Vatsadni, Jeevanti, Tantrika,Soma, Somavalli, Kundali, Chakralakshinika, Dheera, Vishalya, Rasayni, Chandrahasa, Vayastha, Mandali andDevnirmita.

    2.5.3 Therapeutic uses of GuduchiRejuvenator, Strengthening, Increases the digestive capacity, Helps Cure Thirst, Burning sensation, Obesity, Cough,

    Jaundice, Anemia, Leprosy. It is anthelmintic, antiemetic and antipyretic. It strengthens heart and balances all threeDosha.

    2.6 Haritiki Terminalia chebula Retz2.6.1 Taxonomic classification

    Kingdom : PlantaeDivision : MagnoliophytaClass : MagnoliopsidaOrder : MyrtalesFamily : CombretaceaeGenus : TerminaliaSpecies : T. chebula

    2.6.2 Origin of Haritiki 5

    How did it originate! Where! How many species are there! What are main tastes and sub-tastes! How many namesdoes it have! And what are characteristics of these various species of Haritki and what are different uses of them!

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    What is its different combination with other herbs and these combinations are effective against which disease!Please answer my question exactly in the way, they have been asked.

    Daksh Prajapati replied that once upon a time, while Indra was sipping Amrit (nector ).one drop of it fell on earthfrom his mouth and from that divine drop of Amrit, seven species of Haritaki were born.

    2.6.3 Other names of Haritiki6

    Abhaya, Pathya, Kayastha, Pootna, Amrita, Hemvati, Avyarha, Chetki, Shreyasi, Shiva, Vayastha, Vijaya, Jeevanti,Rohani.

    2.6.4 Uses of different species of Haritiki7

    Vijaya and Jeewanti Haritiki are useful in all diseases. Rohini cures skin diseases including boils. Pootna is used forexternal application. Amrita is used for purification. Abhaya is good for curing eyes diseases. Chetki is used forpowder preparations and good laxative.Haritiki is Rejuvenator and antiaging, strengthening, beneficial to the eyes and enhances intelligence. It isanthelmintic, cures piles, inflammation, voice related throat problems and leprosy. It also cures thirst, hiccup, cough,itching and heart, liver and spleen diseases. It is used in urinary diseases and stones.

    2.7 Amalki 8 -Emblica officinalisGaertner

    2.7.1 Scientific classificationKingdom : PlantaeFamily :PhyllanthaceaeGenus :Emblica.

    2.7.2 Other names of Amalki-Emblica officinale:Vayasya, Amalki, Vrishya, Shiva, Dhatriphalrasa, Shriphal and Amritphal.2.7.3 Therapeutic uses of Amalki- Emblica officinale :

    The therapeutic properties of Amalki are similar to Haritiki.(T. chebula). It is rejuvenator, body strengthener andaphrodisiac par excellence.. It balances all three Dosha.

    2.8 YUKTA - Pluchea lanceolata OLIVER & HIERN.9

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    2.8.1Scientific classification

    Kingdom: Plantae(unranked): Angiosperms(unranked): Eudicots(unranked): AsteridsOrder: AsteralesFamily: AsteraceaeSubfamily: AsteroideaeTribe: PlucheeaeGenus: Pluchea

    2.8.2 Other names of YUK TA

    Rasna, Yuktarasa, Rasya, Suvaha, Rasna, Rasa, Elaparni, Surasa, Sugandha and Shreyasi.

    2.8.3 Therapeutic uses of Y UK TA

    It digests aam (the undigested food which gets absorbed) and cures 80 types of Vat related diseases. It cures cough,stomach diseases and inflammation. It is also analgesic and detoxifier.2.9 SHWETA Clitoria ternatia10

    2.9.1Scientific classificationKingdom: Plantae(unranked): Angiosperms(unranked): Eudicots(unranked): Rosids

    Order: FabalesFamily: FabaceaeGenus: Clitoria

    Species: C. ternateaBinomial name: Clitoria ternateaL

    2.9.2 Other names of SHWETA (Blue and White color flower)Koya, Aasphota, Girikarni, Vishnukanta and Aparajita.

    2.9.3 Therapeutic uses of SHWETAIt enhances intelligence, quality of voice and improves eye sight. I t cures skin diseases including leprosy, urinarydiseases and inflammation. It is detoxifier.

    2.10 J EEWANTI - Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn.11

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    2.10.1Scientific classificationGenus:LeptadeniaFamily:ApocynaceaeSubfamily:Asclepiadoideae

    Tribe:CeropegieaeSubtribe: Leptadeniinae. Also placed in: Asclepiadaceae

    2.10.2Other names of J EEWANTIJeewni, Jeeva, Jeevneeya, Madhusrawa, Mangalyanamdhewa, Shakshreshtha and Payashwini.

    2.10.3Therapeutic uses of SHWETAIt is rejuvenator and strengthening. It is beneficial to eyes and balances all three Dosha.

    2.11 ATIRASA- Asparagus racemosus WILLD.12

    2.11.1 Scientific classificationKingdom- Plantaeclade- AngiospermsOrder: AsparagalesFamily: AsparagaceaeSubfamily: AsparagoideaeGenus: AsparagusSpecies: Asparagus racemosusWilld.Synonyms: Asparagus rigidulusNakai, Protasparagus racemosus(Willd.)

    2.11.2 Other names of Atirasa:Small Shatawaris other names- Bahusuta, Bheeru, Induvari, Vari, Narayani, Shatpadi, Shatveerya and Peevri.Big Shatawaris other names-Mahashatawari, Shatmooli, Oordhvakantika, Sahastraveerya, Hetuh, Rishyaprotaand Mahodari

    2.11.3 Therapeutic uses of AtirasaIt is rejuvenator, strengthening, aphrodisiac and enhances intelligence. It increases digestive capacity. It isgalactogogue and beneficial to eyes.

    2.12 MANDOOK PARNI.- Centella asiatica (Linn) Urban13

    2.12 .1 Scientific classificationKingdom: Plantae(unranked): Eudicots(unranked): AsteridsOrder: Apiales

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    Family: MackinlayaceaeGenus: CentellaSpecies: C. asiaticaBinomial name: Centella asiatica(L.) Urban.

    Synonyms: Hydrocotyle asiaticaL.,Trisanthus cochinchinensisLour.

    2.12.2 Other names of MandookparniBrahmi, Kapotvanka, Somvalli, Saraswati, Manduki, Tvadrishti, Divya, Mahaushadi

    2.12.3 Therapeutic uses of MandookparniIt is rejuvenator, detoxifier and age stabilizer. It improves the memory and intelligence. It cures leprosy, jaundice,purifies blood and is analgesic and antipyretic.

    2.13 STHIRA. Desmodium gigenticum D CPennel14

    2.13.1 Scientific classificationKingdom: PlantaePhylum:MagnoliophytaClass : RosopsidaOrder : FabalesFamily : FabaceaeGenus : DesmodiumSpecies : Gangeticum shalparni (L.) DC.

    2.13.2 Other names of SthiraShalparni, Soumya, Triparni, Peevri, Guha, Vidarigandha, Deerghangi, Deerghrapatra and Anshumati.

    2.13.3 Therapeutic uses of SthiraIt is rejuvenator and strengthening. It is analgesic, antiemetic and balances all three Dosha.

    2.14 PUNARNAVA - Borhaavia diffusaLinn15

    2.14.1 Scientific classification

    Kingdom: Plantae

    Order: Caryophyllale

    Family: Nyctaginaceae

    Genus: Boerhavia

    Species: B. diffusa

    Synonyms:Boerhavia adscendens, B. caribaea, B. coccinea, B. erecta, B. paniculata, B. repens, B.viscosa.6 species are found in India B. diffusa, B.chinensis, B. erecta, B. repens, B. rependa, andB.rubicunda. Boerhaaviadiffusa

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    2.14.2 Other names of PunarnavaOther names of White Punarnava: Punarnava, Shvetmoola, Shothaghni and DeerghpatrikaOther names of Red Punarnava: Raktapunarnava, Raktapushpa, Shilatika, Shothaghni, Kshudravarshabhu,Varshketu and Katillabh.2.14.3 Therapeutic uses of PunarnavaIt is detoxifier and blood purifier, It increases the digestie capacity and relieves stomachache.

    3. J ARAA-CHIK ITSA / RASAYAN-CHIK ITSA (REJ UVENATION THERAPY)3.1The Ayurved is originally called Astanga-Ayurved i.e. Ayurved with eight parts or divisions. Out of eight parts,one part is devoted to the cure of aging and its adverse effects. This part is called Jaraa-chikitsa, commonly knownas Rasayan-chikitsa.(science of rejuvenation)16

    From the rasayan treatment, one attains longevity, memory, intelligence, freedom from disorders, youthful age,excellence of luster, complexion and voice, oratory, optimum strength of physique and sense organs, respectabilityand brilliance. It means the attaining the excellent Rasa etc.

    3.2 RASAYAN BENEFITS17

    As was the nector to the gods and ambrosia for the serpents so was the Rasayan for the great sages in early times.The persons using Rasayan treatment in early ages lived very long life unaffected by old age, debility, illnessuntimely death.Rasayan is the seventh division of the eight divisions of Ayurved. The Rasayan drugs and formulations provides

    longevity, memory, intelligence, freedom from disorders, youthful age, excellence of luster, complexion and voice,oratory, optimum strength of physique and sense organs, respectability and brilliance.

    3.3 Rasayanas treatment of different kinds3.3.1Classical methods18

    3.3.2 Kutipraveshika Indoor : A special cottage is built on a auspicious ground, in the neighbourhood of holypeople and where all conveniences are available. It has three rooms one after another, all-weather worthy. It mustbe sound proof.

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    3.3.3Vatatapika Open air :This method is outdoor method.

    3.3.4Kamya Rasayans (use oriented)

    1. Medhya Rasayan: Promote intelligence Specific formulation is prescribed.2. Prana Rasayan: Promote age-stablization, longevity and vitality- Most formulations are in this category.3. Srikamya Rasayan: Promote complexion Specific formulations are prescribed.

    3.3.5Rasayanas based on drug, diet and life style.

    1. Aushdha Rasayana - Drug Based Rasayana.2. Ahara Rasayana - Dietary Rasayana.3. Achara Rasayana - Lifestyle Rasayana.

    3.3.6Naimittika Rasayans help to fight a specific disease.

    Presently considerable research is being carried out on various Rasayan Products and the herbs to screen them forvarious therapeutic benefits. But the research is focusing only one or couple of aspects of Rasayans therapeuticbenefits. The exhaustive research on all therapeutic benefits of single Rasayan product will be more conclusive

    validation of claims of classical Ayurvedic texts. Some research on Rasayan drugs and formulations is brieflyreviewed below.

    4 J eevaneeyagan1,19

    This mahakashay (great extractive) is the first one of the fifty mahakashay.The eight herbs mentioned below constitute the Jeevaneeyagan (vitalisers). These herbs are aphrodisiac,strengthening, blood purifier, conception plus and galactogogue. Collectively these herbs are also named as

    Astavarga. As the original herbs have become extinct, the substitute herbs are in use today.4.1 Astavarga Herbsi. J eevak - SubstituteVidarikand (Pueraria tuberosa (ROXB. EX. WILLD.) DC.ii. Rishbhak Substitute... Vidarikand (Pueraria tuberosa (ROXB. EX. WILLD.) DC.)iii. Meda - Substitute Shatawari mool (roots ofAsparagus racemosus WILLD.)iv. Mahameda- Substitute.. Shatawari mool (roots ofAsparagus racemosus WILLD.)v. Kakoli-SubstituteAswagandha mool (Withania somnifera Dunal)vi. Ksheerkakoli SubstituteAswagandha mool (Withania somnifera Dunal)vii. Riddhi - SubstituteVarahikand (Diascorea bulbifera Linn)viii. Vriddhi -SubstituteVarahikand (Diascorea bulbifera Linn)4.2 Vidarikand- Pueraria tuberosa (ROXB. EX. WILLD.) DC.20

    4.2.1 Scientific classificationKingdom: Plantae(unranked): Angiosperms(unranked): Eudicots

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    4.3 Shatavari mool12Roots of Asperagus racemosus Detailed under point no.2.114.4 Ashwagandha mool21 Roots of Withania somnifera

    4.4.1 Scientific classification:

    Kingdom:Plantae(unranked): Angiosperms(unranked): Eudicots(unranked): AsteridsOrder: SolanalesFamily: SolanaceaeGenus:WithaniaSpecies: W. somniferaBinomial name: Withania somnifera(L.) DunalSynonyms: Physalis somnifera.

    4.4.2 Other names of AshwagandhaHayavhaya, Varahkarni, Varda, Balda, Kusthgandhini, Vajigandha and Haygandha

    4.4.3 Therapeutic uses of AshwagandhaIt is very potent aphrodisiac, rejuvenator and strengthening. It cures leprosy.4.5 Safed moosli-22Asperagus adscendens Roxb

    4.5.1 Scientific classificationKingdom:PlantaeClass: Equisetopsida C. AgardhSubclass: Magnoliidae Novk ex Takht.Super order: Lilianae Takht.Order: Asparagales LinkFamily: Asparagaceae Juss.Genus: ProtasparagusObermeyerBinomial name: Asperagus adscendens RoxbSynonyms: Asparagopsis adscendens(Roxb.) Kunth .

    4.5.2 Other names of Safed moosli

    (unranked): RosidsOrder: DioscorealesFamily: SolanaceaeGenus: Withania.

    4.2.2 Other names of VidarikandVidari, Swadukanda, Krostri, Sita, Ikshugandha, Ksheervalli4.2.3 Therapeutic uses of VidarikandIt is rejuvenator, aphrodisiac, strengthening and age stabilizer. It is diuretic, improves voice and complexion. It isgalactogouge.

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    Shwetmoosli, Moosli4.5.3 Therapeutic uses of Safed moosliIt is rejuvenator, strengthening and aphrodisiac. It cures piles

    4.6 Mugdhaparni 23-Phaseolus trilobus Ait

    4.6.1 Scientific classificationKingdom:Plantae(unranked): Angiosperms(unranked): Eudicots

    (unranked): RosidsFamily: Leguminoseae

    4.6.2 Other names of MugdhaparniKakparni, Suryaparni, Alpika, Sahaa, Kakmugda and Marjargandhika4.6.3 Therapeutic uses of MugdhaparniIt is aphrodisiac, beneficial to eyes, analgesic and cures burning sensation and piles.4.7 Mashaparni24- Teramnus labialis(L.f.) Spreng.

    4.7.1Classification System: APG III (down to family level)Regnum: PlantaeCladus: AngiospermsCladus: EudicotsCladus: Core eudicotsCladus: RosidsCladus: Eurosids IOrdo: FabalesFamilia: FabaceaeSubfamilia: Faboideae

    Tribus: PhaseoleaeSubtribus: GlycininaeGenus:TeramnusSpecies:Teramnus labialisSubspecies:T. l. subsp. arabicus-T. l. subsp. labialis-T. l. subsp. labialis.

    4.7.2Other names of MashaparniKamboji, Haypuchchhika, Pandulomashparni, Krishnavanta and Mahasahaa.4.7.3 Therapeutic uses of MashaparniIt is aphrodisiac and purifies blood. It cures piles and inflammation.

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    4.8 Varahikand25- Diascorea bublifera Linn

    4.8.1 Scientific classification

    4.9.1 Scientific classificationKingdom: Plantae(unranked): Angiosperms(unranked): Eudicots(unranked):Rosids

    Order: FabalesFamily: FabaceaeTribe: PhaseoleaeGenus:MucunaSpecies:M. pruriens

    Binomial name: Mucuna pruriens(L.) DC.

    4.9.2 Other names of KapikachchhuAtmagupta, Vrishya, Markati, Ajadaa, Kandura, Vyanga, Dushsprasha, Pravrishaayli, Langli and Shookshimbi.

    4.9.3 Therapeutic uses of KapikachchhuIt is potent aphrodisiac and strengthening.

    4.10 Yastimadhu27 - Glycerrhiza glabra

    4.10.1 Scientific classificationKingdom: Plantae(unranked): Angiosperms

    Kingdom: Planta(unranked): Angiosperms(unranked): Monocots(unranked):RosidsOrder: DioscorealesFamily: DioscoreaceaeGenus: Dioscorea

    4.8.2 Other names of VarahikandGristi, CharmkaralukVarahvadna and arda.4.8.3 Therapeutic uses of VarahikandIt is rejuvenator, aphrodisiac, strengthening and age stabilizer. It improves complexion and voice. It increases

    the digestive capacity, cures cough, leprosy and is anthelmintic.4.9Kapikachchhu-Mucuna pruriens(L.) DC.

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    (unranked): Eudicots(unranked):RosidsOrder:FabalesFamily:FabaceaeSubfamily: Faboideae

    Tribe: GalegeaeSubtribeGlycyrrhizinaeGenus: Glycyrrhiza L.4.10.2 Other names of Yashtimadhu

    Yashtimadhu, Yashtimadhuk and Clitanak.

    4.10.3 Therapeutic uses of YastimadhuIt is aphrodisiac, strengthening and detoxifier. It improves complexion, voice and hair growth. It is anti emetic, curesthirst, boils and inflammation.

    5 RASAYAN FORMULATIONS5.1 Additionally there are many important Rasayan formulations which are rejuvenator and age stabilizer.Some important ones are refered below.5.2 Chwayanprash: In the present time, this is the most famous Rasayan formulation. This may be a rare productnamed after the patient (Rishi Chwayan for whom Ashwini Kumar created this product.) It contains anti aging,

    strengthening, aphrodisiac and vitaliser herbs.28

    5.3 Indra Rasayan is detoxifier and provides immunity against all diseases, promotes longevity, provides strength

    to psyche, memory, intellect, physique and senses. It is aphrodisiac. It promotes energy, complexion and voice.29

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    5.4 Brahmarasayan30

    This formulation is very important although it is not as well known as earlier one. As per the Ayurvedic texts, thefamous Rishies of Vaikhanas and Balkhilya group used this Brahmarasayan and attained immeasurable life span,acquired youth replacing aged physique, endowed with great memory, intellect, concentration and physical strength.5.5The Second Brahma Rasayan31

    This Second Brahma Rasayan was used by great sages in ancient times and provides immunity against diseases,great strength and the long life. It is great detoxifier and provides mind like sages and rock like firmness of body.5.6 Special Rasayan product of Emblica officinale, Borhavia diffusa, Puerraria tuberose with other herbs32

    By its use, the life span increases to hundred years without the effect of weakness of any kind, memory andintelligence remains intact, immunity protects against the diseases and great aphrodisiac powers are bestowed upon

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    5.7 Shilajeet Rasayan formulation33

    The Shilajeet Rasayan provides immunity against all diseases. It provides great energy to the healthy person if onecomplies with the dose and schedule.

    5.8 Medhya Rasayan34

    The Medhya Rasayan is specifically intellect promoting and bestows longevity. It also provides immunity againstdiseases, strength, complexion, voice and digestive capacity. The herbs used include juice of Bacopa monnieri, thepowder of Glycerriza glabra in milk, the juice of roots, stem and flowers of Tinuspora cordifolia and paste ofConvolvulus pluricaulis.

    6. CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTSThe modern research has covered a lot of pharmacological screening of most of these herbs but somehow anti agingaspect of research still needs to be focused. The reason could be the variance in stating the therapeutic benefits in the

    individual monograph of the herbs and the three classes mentioned above. This review article may help to someextent in focusing the future anti aging research to these herbs.

    REFERENCES1. Charak Samhita, Chaukhambha Orientalia Varanasi, Section 1 Sutrasthanam, Chapter IV, 24, Shloka, 1998.2. Charak Samhita, 1998 Chaukhambha Orientalia Varanasi, Section 1 Sutrasthanam, Chapter IV, 29, Shloka 18

    part 50.3. Charak Samhita, 1998 Chaukhambha Orientalia Varanasi, Section 1 Chikitsasthanam, Chapter I , Rasayan

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