THE ENCOUNTERS OF THE UNITED STATES AND

THE SOVIET UNION IN THE SPACE RACE

Felicia Barber, Nicole Kennedy, Hannah Kilroy

Website Link: 70420810.nhd.weebly.com

Process Paper­496 We chose our topic by brainstorming off of the list of sample topics from the NHS

website. We were interested in the sample topic "Apollo 13: Exploration in Space," and decided to pick a topic that had to do with space. Our group's topic is the Space Race to the moon during the Cold War. The Space Race caused a great advancement in technology and it allowed humans to travel to the moon. When we began our research, we were looking for articles about the big ideas of the Space Race and its missions. Once we understood our topic better, we began to develop an argument and focus in on specific ideas to research. We used primary sources to understand more of what people thought of the Space Race at the time. As we got further into the project, we decided what our argument was and began to organize evidence. We created a rough draft website and put our thoughts in order. After receiving feedback from our rough draft, we reorganized our argument layout and reworded our thesis. We added cause and effect diagrams, interactive links and pictures to convey our argument in a more interesting way. We realized that democracy and liberal values allowed America to win the Space Race, which helped them win the Cold War, and realized that that was what we wanted to focus on as our argument. Our group decided to create a website to present our project, which we chose because it is fun to design, easy to organize and edit changes. We organized our project by the events and missions that happened during the space race, and by the reactions and perspectives of the United States and the Soviet Union. We wanted an appealing website that provided interesting information for viewers. In the Cold War, the post World War II power struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union, the hostile encounters between the two countries were shown through the Space Race as a proxy war. They used proxy wars to prove that each was the superior country, and to gain global power. The Space Race started so that the countries could prove the superiority of their values using propaganda, and to develop better military technology. Their different government styles, the U.S had liberal values of democracy and capitalism, the USSR had traditional values of communism, resulted in the U.S developing a genuine interest in space, along with the propaganda benefits, while the Soviet Union only worried about propaganda, which led the U.S to landing the first man on the moon, winning the Space Race. America's liberalism allowed for NASA, foreign scientists, and a flow of resources to support and develop the space technology. The Space Race is significant today because of the development of changed relationships between the Soviet Union and the United States, the ideology shift to mostly democracy and very few communist countries, and scientific discoveries about the universe and new technology.

Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources: 27 "Big Space Race: Rocket to Moon." Science News­Letter 9 Nov. 1957: 295.JSTOR. Web. 12

Oct. 2015. This article is from a newspaper that was published in 1957, two years before the United States landed on the Moon. I found this article on the database JSTOR from the Boston Public Library. The article states that the goal of the Space Race is to land a man on the moon. The article is very optimistic about landing a man on the moon, unlike many other people at this late point in the Space Race when the public is losing interest. It says that the United States’ technology is almost able to reach the moon. It predicts that the US will reach the moon first, and that the US needs to give NASA more money to reach the moon. This connects to President Kennedy’s goal of landing a man on the moon because this article accepts that as winning. This article also connects to the exchange between the United States and the Soviet Union because the US publishes propaganda articles like this to keep Americans positive and hopeful that we will beat the Soviet Union.

Bille, Matt. Telephone interview. 28 Oct. 2015. Matt Bille grew on on Cape Canaveral, Florida watching the Apollo missions take off. He then grew up to be an Air Force officer in the height of the Cold War. Now, he works as an author, publishing books on space exploration history, including the NASA­published book, The First Space Race: Launching the World’s First Satellites (2004), a groundbreaking account of the early Space Age. He told us about how the Soviets did not realize what a groundbreaking invention Sputnik was until other countries started to congratulate them. Then they realized how they could harness their accomplishment for propaganda. We learned that he thinks that the United States won the Space Race because we landed a man on the moon first. That was the biggest accomplishment of the time, and the Soviets could not match it. He also emphasized how intertwined the Space Race and the rest of the Cold War were with each other. He agreed with our argument that tensions from the Cold War were an initial motivation of space exploration, but that as the United States started learning more, they quickly became more interested in the scientific knowledge and technology instead of just the propaganda factor. He helped us understand the encounters between the United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War and how that effected space exploration.

Eberhart, Jonathan. "Space Race Pace Quickens." The Science News­Letter 87 (19 June 1965): 387; 397­398. Society for Science & the Public. Web.

Jonathan Eberhart explains the scientific aspects behind the Space Race and what the average American perspectives were during the time of the Cold War. This primary source shows the mathematical components of the satellites and flight, and the different dates of each remarkable event, comparing the time between each sides achieving what has already been accomplished. We liked how this source was completely factual and had no opinions, except for giving a possible idea of what was believed by both sides, but that was clearly stated. It relates to our topic because it is about space exploration

Greenberg, D. S. "Soviet Space Feat: It Provides New Arguments for Larger Military Role, Undercuts Lunar Landing Critics." Science, New Series 137.3530 (1962): 590­92. JSTOR [JSTOR]. Web. 12 Oct. 2015. This article from the Science magazine that I found through the JSTOR database describes the effects of the Sputnik accomplishments of the Soviet Union on the United States military. Many people believed that the Soviet Union now had a better military because of their rocket technology, and that the United States had no hope of catching up. It states that it created potential for an intensified arms race between the US and the USSR in the new territory of space, but the US didn’t want that. It questions the United States’ spending and whether it should spend that much on the space program instead of catching back up in the space program in the Air Force. It says that NASA at that point was still confident that they would win the moon race, but that their program cannot be rushed. This article connects to the exchange between the United States and the Soviet Union because of the comments made back and forth and the possibility of an arms race, and what the US tried to do to prevent that. Sputnik gave the USSR a military advantage over the US and they had to respond to that while trying to keep peace.

Goodpaster, A. J., Gen. "Memorandum of Conference with the President." Letter. 08 Oct. 1957.

Www.archives.org. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2015. This is a memorandum of a conference with President Dwight D. Eisenhower, written by Brigadier General A. J. Goodpaster. The document was only declassified ten years after it was taken because of the sensitive material in it. The conference was discussing on how the United States should react to the Sputnik launching. This conference took place as soon as the President heard the news that the Soviets had launched the very first satellite into space. We learned about the initial reactions to the news and the perspective of Americans in the time period. The conference decided how the U.S. would react to the lost battle and was a pinnacle moment of diplomatic exchange. It showed how the United States had to put on a strong facade to reassure the public and convince the Soviet Union that they had the situation under control and would emerge as the superior country.

Herter, Christian A. "Circular Telegram From the Department of State." Letter to All Diplomatic Missions. 10 Oct. 1957. History.state.gov. Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State, n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2015. This is the telegram that was sent to all diplomatic missions regarding how they show behave in response to the Sputnik launching. The United States kept up their strong face and reassured the other countries that they are still technologically advanced. They also went on to say that Sputnik posed no real danger and that the U.S. had the situation under control. This telegram was useful in seeing the exchanges between America and her allies in a time when they had been beaten by the Soviet Union at a time of tense relationships and on the verge of war. The United States had to appear as a sturdy, unyielding force in their exchanges with other countries to reassure them that they are superior to the Soviet Union, despite their inferiority in technology.

"Impact of U.S. and Soviet Space Programs on World Opinion: A Summary Assessment."

NASA. U.S. Information Agency, Office of Research and Analysis, 7 July 1959. Web. 6 Dec. 2015. The U.S. Information Agency wanted to give an update on the impacts of the competition between the United States and Soviet Union of their space exploration as the decade was coming to a close. Their Office of Research and Analysis, a reliable government agency, gathered the facts and asked people what they thought about the race for space between these two superpowers. They gave nine criteria for their summery and asked the residents from the different continents around the world. this article was very helpful and very detailed in explaining what different people thought about the beginnings of the Space Race

Kennedy, John F. "We Choose to Go to the Moon." The Space Effort. Rice University, Houston.

12 Sept. 1962. The History Place. Web. 13 Sept. 2015. John F. Kennedy's speech confirms the space race and states America's goal of landing a man on the moon before the end of the 1960's. He talks about how America and humans need to learn about space because it is there and unknown. He also defends the great expense of the space program. When the speech was delivered, the United States was losing the race, and he motivated people to want to win. Kennedy succeeding in causing the budget of NASA to be raised so they could advance in the space race. It was useful in seeing how President Kennedy motivated the United States to make a national effort to land a man on the moon. It connects to the exchange between the Soviet Union and America and how Kennedy had to re­motivate the country to get back in the race.

Kennedy, John F., President. "Kennedy's Cuban Missile Crisis Speech." 22 Oct. 1962.

Historywiz. Web. 10 Nov. 2015.

Kennedy made this speech over the radio to the American people when he gained knowledge of the Soviet missiles on Cuba. The speech was made in the height of the Cold War, and this event, which is known as the Cuban Missile Crisis, was a major turning point. The speech informed the public on what had happened, that the Soviets had placed missiles on Cuba capable of annihilating any city in the United States, then Kennedy went on to explain the seven steps he was going to take in response. The steps were: (1) blockade any military cargo to Cuba, (2) increase surveillance on Cuba and its military build up, (3) set into policy that any launched missiles from the Soviet into the Western Hemisphere is the Soviet Union declaring war on the United States, (4) reinforced the Guantanamo base, (5) call for a meeting of the Organ of Consultation under the Organization of American States, (6) call for an emergency meeting of the Security Council of the United Nations, (7) ask Chairman Khrushchev to “halt and eliminate this clandestine, reckless, and provocative threat to world peace and to stable relations between our two nations”. This speech helped us understand the mentality of the American people back then and realize what a shock and scare it must have been. It is significant to our topic because it shows the encounters between the United States and the Soviet Union in the Arms Race.

Kranz, Eugene F. Failure Is Not an Option. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2000. Print.

Gene Kranz worked at NASA for three decades. He joined in 1960 as an Assistant Flight director, and he was the flight director for the Apollo 11 mission that successfully landed. This book describes the events of his time at NASA through his point of view. It was very useful in seeing a detailed description of the missions from someone who was a part of the team, because it provided an inside perspective to the inner workings of NASA. We also learned about the pressure of succeeding that was weighing on them, and that is also why the book was called Failure is not an Option.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich, and Strobe Talbott. Khrushchev Remembers: Volume 2: The

Last Testament. Harmmondsworth: Penguin, 1974. 530. Print. In this memoir by Nikita Khrushchev, the former First Secretary of the Soviet Union, on his time as the leader of the communist world power. He was one of the major political leaders during the Cold War and had a hand in many of the important decisions. The book recounts Khrushchev’s personal thoughts and opinions he was not able to publically express. We used a quote from this book that was Khrushchev recounting a conversation with a reporter about the amount of nuclear weapons the Soviet Union had compared to the United States. The United States had enough weapons to destroy the entire Soviet Union two times over, while the Soviets only had enough to destroy America once. He makes a snarky comment about how unnecessary it is to have that many bombs because there is no point in annihilating a country twice. It is significant to our project because it

shows the relationship between the leaders in the Cold War. Khrushchev talks about the Arms Race and the Soviet policy towards nuclear weapons which helped us understand the full picture with perspectives from both sides.

Mendelsohn, Everett. A Dialogue with the Soviets: Nuclear Weapons, Disarmament and Nuclear Energy. N.p.: Nuclear Proliferation International History Project, 1979. Print. This pamphlet, written by Everett Mendelsohn, a well respected Harvard professor on the History of Science for over 50 years, and the American Friends Service Committee, was a recounting of the Committee’s recent trip to the Soviet Union. They talked with over 100 Soviet scientists, political advisors and citizens on the policies that control nuclear weapons, the scientific community that was developing the nuclear weapons and the steps they are making, or not making, to disarms and cut back on nuclear weapons. They said that the Soviets were not backing down on their nuclear weapons and were in fact “optimistic about being able to achieve the nuclear energy capacity that they want.” (14) This source was useful in helping us understand some of the Soviet perspectives about nuclear weapons in the Arms Race. It is significant to our research because it gave us the perspectives of the Soviets towards nuclear weapons, which were the pinnacle of the Arms Race.

"Mercury Team Wins Collier Trophy Award." The Science News­Letter84.17 (1963): 260.

JSTOR. Society for Science & the Public. Web. 27 Sept. 2015. From the Science News­Letter, which was one of the bigger science journals at the time, this is an article that celebrates an event that was the greatest so far in its time. Getting an American man into space deserved awards, and the seven astronauts involved were given trophies. It was interesting for us to see the excitement behind an event that would soon be topped, but that received a lot of attention by Americans. We were able to see the reaction and appreciation from the perspective of scientists during the space race. This was one of the first explorations into space.

"National Security Council Report, NSC 68, "United States Objectives and Programs for National Security "," April 07, 1950, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, US National Archives. This source was a National Security Council, of the United Nations, report that discussed the conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States in the beginning of the Cold War (1950s). This report was written by President Harry S. Trueman and James S. Lay. We learned that the United States did not know that much about the Soviet nuclear weapon stockpile, and that their guess of how many weapons the they had was much larger than what it actually was. The United States and the Security Council were worried about the Soviet’s nuclear weapon capabilities and discussed the United States’ national

security policy in response to the Soviet threat of nuclear war. This source was helpful in realizing that the United States did not really know how many nuclear weapons the Soviets had until spy satellites were employed to find out. This source relates to our topic and the theme of encounters because it explains the encounters between the Soviet Union and the United States in the Cold War.

Nixon, Richard. "Presidential Daily Diary Entry." The Office of a Presidential Papers 20 July.

1969: 1. National Archives Identifier [DocsTeach]. Web. 12 Oct. 2015. President Nixon, in his daily event diary, wrote about the "interplanetary conversation" he had with astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, just after they completed the first ever moon landing. The phone call occurred at 11:45 P.M., Nixon's last call of the day, with two men who were standing on the moon. The phone call provided immediate evidence of the United States' success in the Space Race and their immense technology advancements over the Soviet Union. This phone call goes down in international history as a marker of the moon victory, and the end to the Space Race, proving, once again, the success of democracy.

Odish, Hugh. "The Meaning of the International Geophysical Year." NASA. U.S. President¹s

Committee on Information Activities Abroad Records, 4 Dec. 1958. Web. 06 Dec. 2015. Hugh Odish was the U.S director for the IGY (International Geophysical Year), so when he is providing a speech for fellow members of the National Press Committee, people listen closely, because he knows what he's talking about. He explains the significance of the IGY, and the four reasons for its importance. He notes how the IGY was a peaceful activity for the world, which in some ways it was, because the world worked together, but he was also wrong, because it sparked competition between the United States and the Soviet Union, leading to the Cold War proxy war, the Space Race. This source is significant because it shows that the entire world was involved in the IGY, and how the IGY led to the Space Race.

"Personnel Grows by 500; Payroll Hits 52 million." The Marshall Star 3 Jan. 1962: 1. National

Archives Identifier [DocsTeach]. Web. 12 Oct. 2015. These next two sources have very similar ideas. Marshall Space Flight Center's budget was doubled in their attempt to become victorious in the battle for space dominance. As an effect of President Kennedy’s speech, more money was being put into space and engineering programs. With more people and more money, they theoretically should be able to make up time to surpass the moon attempts of the Soviet Union. Also like the article below, the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center is straining itself to reach the final victory. The Marshall Star shows the American power to be superior and beat the Soviets to the moon.

"President Requests Funds to Speed Up Program." The Marshall Star 31 May. 1961: 1. National

Archives Identifier [DocsTeach]. Web. 12 Oct. 2015. This article was published by the same newspaper as the one above, but this article was published a year prior. To try and best the Soviet Union in the Space Race, President Kennedy asks for more money to be given to the American Space Programs to try and catch up to the early Soviet success. He requested $130.5 million to be out towards the Apollo project, in an effort to land a man on the moon. Kennedy hoped that by having his country put more of itself into the space program, and with their heightened effort, that they could overtake the Soviet Union in firsts. This source is a great representation of the tension and the desire to beat the other country between the Soviet Union and United States during the Cold War.

Scott, Jeff. "Bombs, Rockets & Missiles." Aerospaceweb. N.p., 16 Jan. 2005. Web. 25 Oct.

2015. This article was from a journal of scientists about the differences between bombs, rockets, and missiles, and their history. We consciously looked for a source like this after we knew we were trying to determine how military technology and space technology translated between one another. It gives definitions of the three weapons and shows the differences between them. This article was significant in teaching us about the uses of these technologies, so that we could understand how they were used during the Cold War. Scientists of this time used their knowledge to be able to build better weapons and rockets, and scientists of now use this knowledge to build better products for the future.

T., J. "Space Exploration as Propaganda." Science, New Series 131.3403 (1960): 799. JSTOR

[JSTOR]. Web. 12 Oct. 2015. This article is from the database JSTOR from the Boston Public Library. It talks about how the United States is viewed by other nations. This article was published before the United States landed on the moon, after Sputnik and before the US’s Project Mercury. The article states that the United States must uphold its supreme position within other nations, and that other nations judge countries partially based on their space programs. This is another motivator for the United States to participate in the Space Race. It says that the Soviet Union has exceeded everyone’s expectations, so they are viewed as better than the United States because they have fallen behind. The article says how President Eisenhower claims that the Soviet Union’s accomplishments have appealed more to the public, but the United States has done good work. It says that the United States might not think that they are inferior to the Soviet Union based on these accomplishments, but it matters what the rest of the world thinks about the United States. It questions whether space exploration is a power accepted by people in other countries. This is significant to

the context of our project because it shows the motivators of the Space Race and how the United States wanted to prove its supremacy.

"Telegram, Khrushchev to Kennedy re: Yuri Gagarin April 30, 1961." 30 April 1961: 1. National

Archives Identifier [DocsTeach]. Web. 12 Oct. 2015. Directly from two of the main leaders from during the Cold War, a political congratulations was given from Kennedy to Khrushchev for managing to fly Yuri Gagarin into space, the first successful manned space flight. In response, Khrushchev thanked Kennedy for his congratulations and hoped that the two counties would work together in the future. The mentioned possible partnership is know to just be a facade, after Eisenhower's rejected proposal to work together from years ago never happened. This article shows how these leaders try to act as the bigger and more powerful person, as they try to show their dominance over each other.

United States. Congress. Senate. Apollo 204 Accident. Report of the Committee on Aeronautical

and Space Sciences, United States Senate, with Additional Views. By Clinton P. Anderson. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1968. www.history.nasa.gov. NASA, 10 Sept. 2015. Web. 12 Oct. 2015. This is the accident report of Apollo 1 from the United States’ Congress investigation. The government had to investigate the incident because of its devastation and failure. Apollo 1 was the first Apollo mission, and it ended tragically. The command module caught on fire while on the launch pad, killing the three astronauts on board, Lt. Col. Virgil I. Grissom, Lt. Col. Edward H. White, and Roger B. Chaffee. This is significant because the results of the investigation helped reform future Apollo mission engineering designs. The test procedures and manufacturing processes were reformed because of this incident. Without the changes to the later Apollo missions enacted because of Apollo 1, we might not have been able to land a man on the moon before the Soviets did. The source is relevant to the theme exploration because Apollo 1 was the United State’s first attempt at sending men to the moon.

"U.S. Astronauts Could Fly Without Space Suits." The Science News­Letter86.17 (1964): 259.

JSTOR. Society for Science & the Public. Web. 27 Sept. 2015. Also written by the Science News­Letter, this article was about how some people thought that astronauts could travel into space without space suits after two successful missions where the space suits were not needed, until others realized that is was not worth the risk, and that they should instead try to modify the space suits to make them better. We found this source helpful because we can follow how the scientists went through the process of deciding what to do about the space suits. It's also important to see that they realized that

they needed the suits for space walks, because if they had tried to go to the moon without them, they wouldn't have completed the mission.

"Vanguard I." Science. Vol. 127. N.p.: American Association for the Advancement of Science,

1958. 688. Print. Ser. 3300. This source is a scientific journal that we found through the database JSTOR. It is about the United States’ second satellite, Vanguard I, and how it works. It talks about the different parts of the Vanguard rocket, and the design and function of each one. They used the ideas of each of these functions to design for the future. Vanguard was essential to America’s half of the Space Race because it allowed them to do research in space that they would incorporate into later missions. This journal connects to the theme of exploration in space because Vanguard allowed the United States collect information about space and apply it to future exploration.

Wasserman, Harvey, ed. No Nukes: MUSE Record Book. New York: Musicians United for Safe Energy, 1979. Print. This is a booklet included in a record that plays the "No Nukes: The MUSE Concert for a Non­Nuclear Future" concert at Madison Square Garden, New York, on September 19­23, 1979. The organization is against nuclear weapon use, and is trying to rally the public against supporting it. The booklet contains information on the dangers of the atomic bomb, from its harmful effects to the employees building it, to the devastating effects when it is detonated. It also warns of the dangers of using nuclear reactors for energy, claiming that they also have detrimental health effects. The booklet strongly urges the reader to oppose the use of nuclear energy, for the health and environmental concerns. It was helpful to our research because it gave an opposing perspective to the one we were used to (the government supporting nuclear energy). This source is relevant to our theme because it shows a side of the American public's opinion on the nuclear energy which was used in the Arms Race.

Weaver, Kenneth F. "First Explorers on the Moon." Editorial. National Geographic Dec. 1969:

n. pag. The Flight of Apollo 11 — National Geographic Magazine. National Geographic Society. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. Kenneth F. Weaver is an experienced journalist, writing for National Geographic for over 30 years. He was promoted to the Assistant Editor when he wrote this article. Because of his position, Weaver was able to experience the excitement and intensity of the Apollo 11 lunar landing from the control room in Houston. He starts by explaining the suspense while watching the uneasy landing, then details the checks and set up the astronauts did once they had landed. He tells about the experience of the first human footprint on the moon and the different scientific instruments they set up. It was a helpful article because

it was able to highlight the public’s excitement and describe how great a feat it was at the time. It connects to the theme exploration, as it was the first time humans were able to explore the moon firsthand. It has since lead to the exploration of our solar system and the known universe.

Wilford, John Noble. "Men Walk on Moon." The New York Times 21 July 1969: n. pag. The New

York Times. The New York Times. Web. 12 Oct. 2015. This article was written by the award winning journalist, John Noble Wilford. He was the recipient of two Pulitzer Prizes for National Journalism. The article was the headlining story on the July 21st, 1969 edition of the New York Times, an esteemed newspaper. The article is renowned for its elegant use of data to describe the events of the Apollo 13 lunar landing. Wilford retells the suspense of the lunar landing from the mission control room, including dialogue between Houston and The Eagle. Wilford skillfully weaved some scientific data about the mission into the article, which helped us realize the great feat the astronauts accomplished. This is a useful article because it gives a firsthand view on the event and the first reactions to it. Landing a man on the moon was one huge step forward into space exploration, and America’s greatest victory in the Space Race with the Soviets.

Wright, Quincy. “American Policy Toward Russia”. World Politics 2.4 (1950): 463–481. Web. 05. Nov. 2015. This is an article written for the World Politics Journal by Quincy Wright, a renowned political scientist. He served as president of many scholarly bodies including, American Political Science Association (1948–49) and the International Political Science Association (1950–1952). He advised Justice Robert H. Jackson at the Nuremberg Trials, and often provided advice to the U.S. State Department. Wright wrote about the American policies towards the Soviet Union during the Cold War. They were; power position, democracy, conciliation and containment. He explained each policy and how it was currently being used. We also learned about what principles guided the policies. For America it was; security for our country, our alliance with the United Nations, and our system of democratic values. This article was useful because it helped us understand the political ideas that guided the Cold War, including the Arms Race. The Arms Race was closely linked with the Space Race, so knowledge about the Arms Race will help us understand the factors that controlled the Space Race.

"Woman in Orbit." British Medical Journal 1.5347 (1963): 1689­690. JSTOR [JSTOR]. Web. 20 Sept. 2015. This article was about the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova. It talked about how she came in close orbit to another cosmonaut Colonel Velerj Bykovsky. The article also gave some medical detail about her time in space and her landing. It also described

the mission as an advancement for science to see how women’s bodies react in space versus men’s bodies. The article was written in the British Medical Journal, a well established medical journal founded in the late 1800s. From this article we learned about the first woman in space, one of the triumphs of the Soviet Union and one of the defeats for the U.S.

Wingo, Walter. "Russia's Ladder to the Moon." Science News­Letter 16 Nov. 1963: 314­15.

JSTOR [JSTOR]. Web. 12 Oct. 2015. This newspaper article that I found on JSTOR has more of a skeptical view of the Space Race. It states many of the Soviet Union’s accomplishments and plans for the future, and says that NASA is predicting that Americans will be the first on the moon, but doubts that. Although, this article’s information about the Soviet Union says it is based off of remarks by Russian workers involved in the Space Race, and by Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev's announcements. Many of the statements from the Soviet Union must be taken with a grain of salt because they are monitored and are used for propaganda. This article connects to the exchange between the United States and the Soviet Union because the Soviet Union uses propaganda to make everyone else believe they are doing better than in reality, and the United States believes it.

Secondary Sources: 31 "Apollo 11." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2015.

This article from the History website, which covers all of history's major events, gave us an overview of the entire program and most of its individual missions. It provides us with a timestamp of the Apollo 11 mission, which was helpful in getting an idea for how long Armstrong and Aldrin had to work, especially since they went through grueling triangle before entering space, stressful experiences in the space, and quarantined days following their journey. It helped us decide where we should be focusing our research, and how we wanted to express it in our final project. This source was important in helping us put together the background of the Apollo program up until Apollo 11, and then a few of the missions after.

"Biography: Nikita Khrushchev." PBS. PBS, 1999. Web. 20 Sept. 2015.

This article gave us information on the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. We learned about his background before becoming the First Secretary of the USSR. We also learned about how he relaxed the political climate in the Soviet Union through denouncing Stalin's actions and removing some of his policies. The article also mentioned his involvement in the Cuban Missile Crisis and how he was removed from power as a result of its failure for the USSR. This article was published on the PBS website, which is a

well known, reputable source. Khrushchev was an important person in the Space Race and Cold war because he was the Soviet leader for a chunk of it. He oversaw the launch of the first satellite, dog, man and woman in space, which were huge triumphs for the USSR in the Space Race and the Cold War overall.

"Buzz Aldrin | Astronaut, Apollo 11, Gemini 12 » Biography." Buzz Aldrin | Astronaut, Apollo 11, Gemini 12 » Biography. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Sept. 2015. Taken directly from the website dedicated to him, this biography on Buzz Aldrin actually focuses more on his career after his magnificent moon walk, which is kind of strange considering all of the preparation that he needed to get to space in the first place, and how he is really only known for his achievement in outer space. It explains his family background and links to the air, along with his history before NASA. It also talks a lot about his companies, books, and programs that he created after his moon trip. This was a good amount of insight into the second man on the moon, and how he reacted to his one of a kind space experience.

Byrnes, Mark E. "National Aeronautics and Space Administration." Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. 3rd ed. Vol. 5. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 523­524. U.S. History in Context. Web. 22 Sept. 2015. We found this article from the U.S. History in Context Gale Database. It is about the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, its purpose, and how it played a role in the Space Race. It talks about how NASA was formed and some of the specific missions it ran. The United States let NASA have complete control of space for them, excluding military operations. This information was useful because it explained how America won the Space Race through NASA because NASA was united, instead of having more than one US programs competing for funding. NASA was a part of exploring Space for the US and it gave historical context because NASA is the United States' Space Program and is still in charge of all space activities today. (Nicole)

"The Cold War." ­Nuclear Arms Race. AtomCentral, n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2015. Written by someone from "the atomic bomb website," this article analyzes the scientific and political aspects surrounding the Cold War after the invention of the atomic bomb. It talks about how the Soviets developed an atomic bomb using the technology that the U.S. used in the making of theirs. It also mentions how the arms race and the Cuban Missile Crisis helped to avoid having a nuclear war that would destroy the world. This article is important in helping us understand the combat stalemate between the Soviet Union and United States, and how they got around it to fight each other in proxy wars and the Space Race, shown through historical background and evidence.

Das, Saswato R. "The Moon Landing through Soviet Eyes: A Q&A with Sergei Khrushchev, Son of Former Premier Nikita Khrushchev." Scientific American Global RSS. N.p., 16 July 2009. Web. 13 Sept. 2015. This interview was with Sergei Khrushchev, son of Nikita Khrushchev, a former president of the Soviet Union. Sergei lived through the Space Race and has the ability to give Americans an idea of the Soviet perspective during the Cold War and Space Race. He gives context on where the Soviets were mentally and scientifically before and after the U.S' moon endeavors(physically Khrushchev was at the ground of Chernobyl before the incident, but the Soviet Space Program was stuck under the management of Sergei Korolov, a man that was not a scientist, and they were making absolutely no progress), and tells about how their achievements were received in the Soviet Union.

Dunbar, Brian. "Project Mercury." NASA. NASA, 30 Nov. 2005. Web. 27 Sept. 2015. This article from the NASA website gives us a detailed history of Project Mercury. It gives a summary on the objective of the program; to put an American in space, and how the missions were executed. We also learned about the advancements and data that helped the United States send more men into space and try to “one up” the Soviet Union. Project Mercury was the first time an American made it out of Earth’s atmosphere and was the gateway to space exploration. This source showed how the United States trailed the Soviet Union for the majority of the Space Race, but of their dedicated efforts to try and balance the scale.

Dunbar, Brian. "Yuri Gagarin: First Man in Space." NASA. NASA, 13 Apr. 2011. Web. 13 Sept. 2015. Brian Dunbar is a smart historical writer employed by NASA to chronicle the world's space achievements. This was a short little article giving an overview of happenings on April 12 and Yuri Gagarin, and then continuing into other major space events. It gives a short report on NASA's acknowledgements of a Soviet man in space, even if it is so much later after the event. NASA likes to keep things short and easy, which is helpful for research to be able to find what we need quicker. Dunbar managed to find information from the notoriously secretive Soviet Space Program to use in his article.

Edwards, Roberta, and Stephen Marchesi, Who is Neil Armstrong? New York, NY: Grosset & Dunlap, 2008. Print. We really enjoyed using this source because it provided true, factual information about Neil Armstrong, the Apollo Project, flight mechanics and the Space Race in an interesting, humorous way. It provides a full timeline of Neil Armstrong's life, including the smallest details and tidbit facts. This was actually a book that was written for kids to provide a rather short biography on Neil Armstrong, but we found it very helpful on

understanding where Armstrong came from, his love for flying, and his role in the Space Race.

"Flying into Space: The Race to be First." Space Exploration Reference Library. Ed. Lawrence

W. Baker, et al. Vol. 1: Almanac, Volume 1. Detroit: UXL, 2005. 106­127. World History in Context. Web. 26 Sept. 2015. We found this article through the World History in Context Database. It was very helpful in learning about all of the specific space missions within a space program, such as the Sputnik program which had 10 launches after the initial success. It talked about other aspects of the Space Race too, such as Soviet secrecy, the formation of NASA, and sy satellites. It connects to exploration in space and the exchange between the USSR and the US with the spy satellites and propaganda. It also provides historical context of the beginnings of space travel.

Garber, Steve. "Explorer Information." Explorer Information. NASA, 10 Oct. 2007. Web. 13

Sept. 2015. Steve Garber is an informational writer who also works for NASA, who really knows what he's talking about. This source gave many scientific details about the Explorer I, including how it was built and its design. It also includes small biographies on the many scientists that worked on the project. The article also has some pictures of the satellite and the booster vehicle. The article was found on the NASA historical website, and the facts match those found in other articles. It was helpful in understanding the technical details about America’s first successful satellite, and the story on how it was built.

"John F. Kennedy." Space Exploration Reference Library. Ed. Lawrence W. Baker, et al. Vol. 4:

Primary Sources. Detroit: UXL, 2005. 50­59. World History in Context. Web. 20 Sept. 2015. This article explains the importance of John F. Kennedy's speech to Congress during the Space Race. We found this article from the History in Context database. His speech to Congress was called "President Kennedy's Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs." President Kennedy had to boost public morale and rally them behind a cause to recover from their recent failures, including space failures and the Bay of Pigs. This adds to the exchange between America and the USSR as America fell behind, and the exploration because it explains how Kennedy created more funds to explore for the Space Race. This was before Kennedy's speech at Rice University called "We choose to go to the Moon," and the goals were very similar.

Launius, Roger D. "Sputnik and the Origins of the Space Age." Sputnik and the Origins of the

Space Age. NASA, n.d. Web. 13 Sept. 2015.

The article was written by Roger D. Launis, on the NASA website. Launis is the Associate Director of Collections and Curatorial Affairs at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. Between 1990 and 2002, he served as chief historian at NASA. In addition, he has written or edited more than twenty books on aerospace history.The article goes in­depth on the creation and launching of Sputnik as well as America’s response to it. It provides many specific details on the workings of the American government and how they handled defeat in launching the first artificial item into space. This article was helpful in understanding the commotion that the successful Sputnik launch created in America and how the government frantically tried to reverse the public’s fear that the Soviet Union was more technologically advanced than the US.

"Living in an Atomic Age: The Space Race." NebraskaStudies.Org. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Sept.

2015. While we were just starting our basic research of the Space Race in the Cold War, to build up our understanding, we stumbled across this straightforward report of the major events. It mentions how the Russians had an early and powerful lead, attacking the mindsets of the Americans, but that the Americans were able to fight their way to the moon first. It also mentions how the space race affects the schools of America, and not just the government. The details that are embedded in this article provide both a timeline and a description of how the two sides acted while battling each other for power in the Space Race.

Logsdon, John M. "Ten Presidents and NASA." NASA. NASA, 19 May 2008. Web. 20 Sept.

2015. From the article, we learned about the presidents of the United States during the Cold War and their roles in . We learned about the missions that they witnessed in office and their reactions to them. It gave us insight on how the different presidents viewed the projects and the Space Race in general. This article was written by John M. Logsdon, a former Director of the Space Policy Institute at The George Washington University for the NASA website. The article was useful to us because it gave us insight on the leaders on the American side of the Space Race, and how they proceeded to deal with these projects in office.

McDowell, Jonathan. "Space Race." Telephone interview. 29 Oct. 15. We interviewed Dr. McDowell to gain more insight on the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union during the time of the Space Race and the Cold War. He is an astrophysicist at the Harvard­Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. He gave us insight about the United State’s perspectives on the Soviets before spy satellites, like how

the US was scared of the hundreds of missiles they believed the Soviet’s had because of propaganda, when in reality, after spy satellites were invented, the United States discovered they only had twelve. He explained some of the most significant scientific discoveries from the space race, like understanding the atmosphere which helped us prevent more global warming and pollution. He explained some of the reasons why the United States won the Space Race, and it was very helpful to hear his different perspectives that we had not learned elsewhere. He said that the United States won because we were not as far behind in the beginning of the Space Race like everyone thought, we just took a little longer because we were perfecting our techniques which helped us more in the long run. This interview was very helpful in many parts of our argument, including historical context of the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, and scientific significances. He also explained the encounters between the the two countries the effects of their propaganda.

McGowen, Tom. Space Race: The Mission, the Men, the Moon. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow, 2009. Print. The author of this book, Tom McGowen, was chosen as a 2000 Honor Book by the Society of School Librarians International. The book outlines the whole "race to the moon", from the Sputnik satellite launching to the United States landing a man on the moon in the Apollo missions. It gave detailed descriptions of all the missions aimed at landing on the moon. We learned about the spacecrafts, how they were built, what they looked like and what their purposes were, the astronauts in the Apollo missions and how they had to go through rigorous training to be chosen. It helped us understand how the exploration of the moon became the goal of the country in the Space Race. In addition, the book touched on how the American victory on the moon changed the exchange with the Soviet Union because we came out as the superior country.

"The Race for Space." Cold War ­. Ford Library Museum, n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2015. Taken from the Ford Library Museum Web Site, monitored by the government, this article goes over the presidents that were in office during the space race, and what their thoughts were about what had been set in motion. It helps a reader understand the decisions that were made during the Space Race, and the resources that were put into beating the Soviets to the moon. It's interesting for us to see that the Soviets were so secretive about their work, until it all came out after, but how the United States was documented during this period. In the end, the Soviet Union's methods hindered their research and the United States prospered in the Space Race.

Smith, Woody. "Explorer Spacecraft Series." Explorer Spacecraft Series. NASA History

Division, 22 Feb. 2006. Web. 26 Sept. 2015.

We found this source through the citations of the article “Flying into Space” (also cited) from History in Context. It gives brief descriptions of each the Explorer missions, which was fifty­nine in total. It talks about the naming of the missions, and how some missions might not belong within a certain category. The article describes the purpose of the Explorer missions and that information was gathered, including information about air density, energy particle exploration, and radio astronomy. This source was helpful in gaining information about exploration in space though the Explorer Series.

"The Soviet Space Program." Soviet Space Program. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Sept. 2015.

This source focuses on the Soviet Space Program in their side of the Space Race. It focuses on their leader, Sergei Korolov, and how under him, the Soviets were led to many victories. It shows the years of each Soviet Space project that was completed and the science that was put into completing these projects. We liked how detailed this source was, and how much information had been found out, considering how secretive the Soviet Union had been in the days of the Cold War. It is also surprising considering how they did not keep good track of their records or of their history.

"The Space Race." Digital History. n.p., 2014. Web. 13 Sept. 2015.

This article was an overview on the United States realizing that the Soviets had such a great lead, and that they needed to outsmart and outthink them to be able to catch up and even pull ahead of the Soviets space achievements. It acknowledges the setbacks that the United States dealt with on their way to victory, but how they triumphed in the end to put a man on the moon. Without the U.S being forced to maneuver around the Soviets and replan and retest all of their designs, they wouldn't have succeeded to the extent they did, because they would have been less motivated to beat the Soviet Union.

"The Space Race." John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum, n.d. Web. 20 Sept. 2015. This is another article about John F. Kennedy's influence on the Space Race. The article explains how he motivated Americans to win the Space Race. President Kennedy caused one of the greatest mobilizations of resources and manpower in U.S. history with his influence and his speeches. He established the Space Race and how to win it. He made Americans believe they could win and restored their confidence. He changed to course of the Space Race by choosing to go to the moon. This is a part of the exchange between the US and the Soviet Union, and how President Kennedy rallied the country back into the race.

"Space Program." ­ John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. JFK Library, n.d. Web. 20

Sept. 2015.

We learned about John F. Kennedy and his role in the Space Race from this article. As president at the time, Kennedy inspired America to strive to landing a man on the moon, and he achieved it. That provided a major morale boost for Americans, and it put America in the lead in the Space Race against the Soviet Union. Kennedy jump­started the need for victory in the United States. This article was written for the John F. Kennedy Library website, which is a respectable and esteemed institution in Boston. This was useful in learning about Kennedy's contributions to the Space Race and how he got an American on the moon.

"Space Race." Space Race. Royal Air Force Museum, n.d. Web. 12 Sept. 2015.

This website is an online exhibition of the Space Race from the Royal Air Force Museum. It includes articles about the Cold War and many of the big steps of the Space Race. It also has pictures and diagrams of the exhibit. Their information is used at schools in Britain. The website was useful for general information, images, and a timeline of events. It provides historical context and describes the general steps to America's exploration in Space, like information about the space stations in the two countries and the missions.

"The Space Race and the Cold War." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer.

Vol. 7. Detroit: Gale, 2001. World History in Context. Web. 20 Sept. 2015. We found this source from the History in Context database. It gives a general explanation of the Space Race and the Cold War and how they connect. It talks about the origins of the Cold War and how the Space Race emerged from it. It explains all of the United States failures as the Soviet Union kept achieving "firsts" in Space and President Kennedy's important role of rallying America and restoring a national interest in space. This article was useful for historical context and a summary of the exploration of Space. It reemphasized Kennedy's role in the Space Race and the great achievement of the United States reaching his goal.

"Space Race Exhibition." Space Race Exhibition. National Air and Space Museum, n.d. Web. 12

Sept. 2015. This source is online exhibition of the Space Race from the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. It describes detailed steps of the space race including the military origins, spying, and the legacy. The website has pictures of the exhibits and of replicas of the spaceships that were used during the race. It was useful in seeing some of the different points of views of the leaders of the United States and Russia and how they approached the challenge for superiority. This exhibit helped with historical context, exploring the solutions to getting to space, and the exchange between Russia and the United States as they competed.

"Sputnik." Cold War Museum. The Cold War Museum, n.d. Web. 13 Sept. 2015.

In the article, the author gives a background on the creation of Sputnik and the Space Age. It talks about how the Sputnik launch created a frenzy in the U. S. and that the government was under tremendous pressure to launch their own satellite. The satellite that was supposed to be launched, the Vanguard, was behind schedule, so Dr. Wernher von Braun and his team were assembled to convert his missile Jupiter­C to the booster for Explorer I, the first American satellite in space. The website that the article was written on is run by the Cold War Museum, a reputable institute. It was helpful in gaining a broad idea of the early Space Race and what prompted it.

"Sputnik." Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction. Ed. John

Merriman and Jay Winter. Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006. 2428­2431. World History in Context. Web. 20 Sept. 2015. Sputnik was the world's first artificial satellite. It was a huge accomplishment for the Soviet Union and stunned the United States. This article explains how it was developed and the impact on the world. We found this article from the library database "History in Context." Sputnik was the first accomplishment in the Space Race. The article shows how Sputnik was propaganda for the Soviet Union, and how it changed the country's international image. It made it look like a technologically advanced super power equal to the United States. This also increased the attractiveness of communism to other countries because the Soviet Union was now a great model. It tells about how the United States responded to not winning. The information on Sputnik helps our research in understanding the exploring part of Space, and the exchange with the success of the Soviet Union.

Trueman, Chris N. "What Was the Cold War?" History Learning Site. The History Learning Site, n.d. Web. 13 Sept. 2015.

This article was written by a professor of History and Politics in the UK. The article was one of many on a page of articles about the Cold War. This article provided a brief summary of why the Cold War started and the events leading up to the war. It states the feelings between the US and the USSR in the time, and also teaches the differences between a hot war and a Cold War, which is very important in understanding why history was carried out they way it did. It was useful in gaining an overview of the beginning of the Cold War and what we should research in­depth in the future for our project.

Trueman, Chris N. "The Nuclear Arms Race." History Learning Site. History Learning Site, 09 Mar. 2015. Web. 4 Nov. 2015.

This article is from Chris Trueman, a late professor of history in the U.K. This article was an overview of the nuclear arms race in the Cold War. It explained the ideology that drove the arms race; that the quantity of weapons a country possessed corresponded with the power of that country. The United States and the Soviet Union were competing to prove that they were the more powerful country. Then the article gave statistics on the number of nuclear weapons in years and how they exponentially increased to absurd numbers. By 1961, there were enough bombs to destroy the world, yet both countries continued to mass produce them. It was significant to the theme encounters because it explained the hostile interactions between the United States and the Soviet Union, which is closely linked with the Space Race.

Williams, David R., Dr. "Soviet Lunar Missions." Soviet Missions to the Moon. NASA, 27 Sept.

2005. Web. 27 Sept. 2015. The website was written by Dr. David R. Williams, the head of NASA/Johnson Space Center’s Directorate of Space and Life Sciences and a Canadian Space Agency astronaut. The website is all about the Soviet Union’s Luna program. They were the first man made objects to ever reach the moon, which was a huge triumph for the USSR and a devastating failure for the United States in the Cold War conflict. The website gave us detailed information on the design, structure and objectives of each mission, and the faults that caused some of them to crash. In addition, the Luna program provided us with the first images of the surface of the moon, a huge step forward in space exploration. It was useful in seeing how the Soviet Union conducted their side of the Space Race.

Thesis: In the Cold War, the post World War II power struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union, the hostile encounters between the two countries were shown through the Space Race as a proxy war. At first, the exploration of space was motivated by the two countries’ desire to prove the superiority of their values through propaganda and to develop military technology which was used in the Arms Race. Their different government systems and their approaches to developing space technology with liberal and traditional values resulted in the United States developing a genuine interest in scientific knowledge in addition to the propaganda benefits, while the Soviet Union stayed purely focused on propaganda. The United States won the Space Race because they were the first to land a man on the moon because of their liberal values. The Space Race is significant today because it helped the United States win the Cold War, establishing them as the dominant world power.

Pictography American Flag [There Dish, 2010]

http://www.hobicell.com/cool­american­flag­wallpaper/cool­american­flag­wallpaper­desktop­backgrounds­free­cute.html American Propaganda Poster [Pinterest, 1960s] https://s­media­cache­ak0.pinimg.com/736x/5a/13/14/5a131419043cab397325ebafd269e008.jpg Arms Race Political Cartoon [Word Press, 1964] https://cersipamantromanesc.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/cuban_missile_crisis_cartoon.gif?w=339&h=257 Armstrong on the Moon [History.com, 1969] http://www.history.com/this­day­in­history/armstrong­walks­on­moon Atlas­D ICMB [High Tech Edge, 1959] http://www.hightech­edge.com/wp­content/uploads/atlas­d­icbm­1959.jpg “Clean the Soviet filth off of the moon”­­NEEDS TITLE AND CITATION IN WEBSITE(Soviet Era) http://www.paolacasoli.com/2014/12/space­race­propaganda­usa­vs­urss­a­matter­of­posters/ Cold War Flags [Wikipedia, 2007] https://rosati­canadian­history.wikispaces.com/file/view/Cold­War­Flags.jpg/342764196/646x346/Cold­War­Flags.jpg Cold War metal [Atomic express, 1990s] http://www.atomicexpress.net/wp­content/uploads/2012/03/cold.war_.macro_.jpg Earth [NASA, 2014] http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/latestfull_3.jpg Earth’s Atmosphere [Nuffle Foundation, 2006] http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/sites/default/files/The_Earth_and_Atmosphere.jpg Earth Observations From Gemini IV [NASA, 1965] https://www.nasa.gov/image­feature/june­4­1965­earth­observations­from­gemini­iv Gemini III Launch [NASA, 1965] http://www.nasa.gov/content/march­23­1965­launch­of­first­crewed­gemini­flight

Gemini IV EVA [NASA, 1965] http://www.nasa.gov/feature/gemini­iv­learning­to­walk­in­space German V­2 Rocket in WW2 [Merco Press, 1944] http://en.mercopress.com/2012/03/30/german­v2­rocket­from­world­war­ii­found­in­east­coast­of­england Hexagon Spy Satellite [Space, 1995] http://i.space.com/images/i/000/012/217/i02/hexagon­spy­satelllite­description.jpg?1316352861 “HOMELAND! THE STAR TO PROGRESS AND PEACE YOU FIRSTLY LIT ABOVE EARTH! GLORY TO SCIENCE, GLORY TO WORK! GLORY TO SOVIET BUILD!” ­ Soviet Propaganda [Visual News, 1960s] http://www.visualnews.com/2014/10/06/33­soviet­propaganda­posters­space­age/ ISS, Moon, and Atmosphere http://astrobob.areavoices.com/files/2012/01/ISS­moon­and­atmosphere­1024x641.jpg IGY logo [NAS, 1957] http://www.nas.edu/history/igy/ John F. Kennedy “Special Message to Congress” [] http://d2hej51cni6o0x.cloudfront.net/images/american­decades/adps_0001_0007_0_img1733.jpg John F. Kennedy "We Choose to Go to the Moon" Speech Rice University [Rice, 1962] http://news.rice.edu/2012/08/30/jfks­1962­moon­speech­still­appeals­50­years­later/ Jonathan McDowell http://bostonskeptics.com/wp­content/uploads/2011/06/230668_6527372801_674707801_339540_8195_n2.jpg Jupiter C Missile for U.S. Army [Designation System, 1956] http://www.designation­systems.net/dusrm/m­19.html Jupiter­C missile [US Army, 1958] http://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist/explorer_III_001.jpg “LET’S CONQUER SPACE” ­ Soviet Propaganda [Visual News, 1960s]

http://www.visualnews.com/2014/10/06/33­soviet­propaganda­posters­space­age/ Map of Nuclear Silos [Living History, 2007] http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/media/life0602.jpg Matt Bille http://www.mattwriter.com/ Moon https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Howling_at_the_Moon_in_Mississauga.jpg NASA Logo [NASA, 1960] http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/themes/NASAPortal/images/nasa­logo.png NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT, NSC 68, "UNITED STATES OBJECTIVES AND PROGRAMS FOR NATIONAL SECURITY " [Digital Archive, 1950] http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/116191 New York Times Headlines [NY Times, 1969] https://www.nytimes.com/store/front­page­new­york­times­reprint­nskeep.html Number of nuclear weapons [Wikipedia, 2014] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg/2000px­US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg.png “Our triumph in space ­ Anthem to Soviet Country!" ­ Soviet Propaganda [Visual News, 1960s] http://www.visualnews.com/2014/10/06/33­soviet­propaganda­posters­space­age/ Political Cartoon [Haiku Deck, 1960s] http://9835bb9feb9fb776ffeb­8512833177f375bfc9e117209d1deddc.r20.cf2.rackcdn.com/0238D3E8­48A8­4997­9E77­3B478FA965A9.jpg Political Cartoon [Junior Historians, 1945] http://www.juniorhistorians.com/cold­war­presidencies Political Cartoon of the Arms Race [Blogspot , 1940s] http://1.bp.blogspot.com/­2AfvLcRcshI/U_0TRGO5xGI/AAAAAAAAAWI/B93VVDCp2mU/s1600/imagen­23­e1321041057706.png

Pro Communist Propaganda [Zazzle, 1940s] http://rlv.zcache.com/ussr_cccp_cold_war_soviet_union_propaganda_posters­r99d9341dc29f4d4294fb8417c61c30da_i3579_8byvr_1024.jpg Project Gemini practicing docking maneuvers [Wikipedia, 1965] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Gemini_6_7.jpg Satellites around Earth [NASA, 2009] http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/312936main_image_1283_1024­768.jpg Soviet Flag [Wikipedia, 2006] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/2000px­Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png Soviet Propaganda [Business Insider, 1961] http://www.visualnews.com/2014/10/06/33­soviet­propaganda­posters­space­age/ Soyez Rocket Launch [Pictures About Space, 1967] http://pics­about­space.com/soyuz­space­program?p=4#img12192658103191588170 Soviet Propaganda on Sputnik [Reddit, 1957] https://s­media­cache­ak0.pinimg.com/236x/c9/7a/84/c97a8493f0cc6c9f38caa05b7b51e9ae.jpg Sputnik Communist Propaganda [PB Works, 1957] http://bashapedia.pbworks.com/f/sputnik1.gif Sputnik Headlines in New York Times [NY Times, 1957] http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1004.html Sputnik Newspapers [Needham, 1957] http://www2.needham.k12.ma.us/nhs/cur/Baker_00/03­04/Baker­LM­MB­3­04/images/newspapers.gif Sputnik Satellite [Wikipedia, 1957] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1#/media/File:Sputnik_asm.jpg Stockpile of B61 nuclear bombs [TopWar, 2013] http://cdn.topwar.ru/uploads/posts/2013­10/1381895568_137250377499.jpg

"THE PATH FOR HUMANS IS OPEN" ­ Soviet Propaganda [Russia Trek, 1957] http://www.visualnews.com/2014/10/06/33­soviet­propaganda­posters­space­age/ Titan II Military Booster for Gemini Project [NASA, 1964] http://www.nasa.gov/sls/multimedia/gallery/sls­infographic3.html Tsar Bomba [Atomic Heritage, 1961] http://www.atomicheritage.org/history/soviet­hydrogen­bomb­program United States' first spacewalk by Edward H. White [NASA, 1965] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/image/gemini_4.jpg U.S. test of a bumper V­2 [NASA, 1940s] https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_644.html U.S. Postage Stamp [NOAA, 1957] http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/magazine/igy/unitedstates_220.jpg U.S. Army missile P1 test [Cold War, 1958] http://www.coldwar.org/pictures/pershing_missile/Early_test_of_P1_and_ground_equipment.jpg U.S. Nuclear Weapon Stockpiles [Union of Concerned Scientists, 2013] http://blog.ucsusa.org/wp­content/uploads/2014/12/Hans­US­arsenal­1983­2013.jpg Veil Nebula (exploding star) [NASA, 2013] http://www.nasa.gov/image­feature/veil­nebula­supernova­remnant Wernher von Braun [Britannica, 1962] http://media.web.britannica.com/eb­media/45/6845­004­9BFC7E37.jpg WW2 Nazi Soldiers [Huffington Post, 1936] http://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/crop_0_26_2401_1499,scalefit_630_noupscale/5616b72b1400002a00c797ec.jpeg

Videography “We Go to the Moon” Speech [Youtube, 1962] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=592qeCgxCko

Apollo 11 Moon Landing [NASA, 1969] http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11.html