Annotated Annotated BibliographyBibliography

The ProcessThe Process

1.1. Find a topicFind a topic

2.2. Compose a research questionCompose a research question

3.3. Find sourcesFind sources

4.4. Create citations for those sourcesCreate citations for those sources

5.5. Create annotations for those sourcesCreate annotations for those sources

6.6. Submit a rough draft of your Annotated Submit a rough draft of your Annotated Bibliography Bibliography

7.7. Turn in a final draft of your Annotated Turn in a final draft of your Annotated BibliographyBibliography

Keeping Your Research Keeping Your Research OrganizedOrganized

Keep a folder (electronic or hard) labeled Keep a folder (electronic or hard) labeled “ENC1101 Research”“ENC1101 Research”

Within that collect copies of all the articles and Within that collect copies of all the articles and books, etc. that you think may be useful for your books, etc. that you think may be useful for your argumentative essayargumentative essay

You want to find sources that are biased as well You want to find sources that are biased as well as those that are objectiveas those that are objective

You want sources that offer differing perspectives You want sources that offer differing perspectives on your research questionon your research question

You want to find popular and scholarly sourcesYou want to find popular and scholarly sources You want to use at least one primary source You want to use at least one primary source (an interview, survey, or observation)(an interview, survey, or observation)

Keeping Your Research Keeping Your Research OrganizedOrganized

As you read each source, take notes on the As you read each source, take notes on the information you are looking to summarize in the information you are looking to summarize in the annotation:annotation:– What kind of source it is (article from a journal, book, DVD, What kind of source it is (article from a journal, book, DVD,

etc.)etc.)– What type of source it is (scholarly or popular)What type of source it is (scholarly or popular)– The perspective(s) on your research question it discusses The perspective(s) on your research question it discusses – The credibility of the author and the publicationThe credibility of the author and the publication– The main idea or claim of the source (will depend on if source The main idea or claim of the source (will depend on if source

is biased or not)is biased or not) The logic of the source: The logic of the source:

– support for the main idea, claim, or perspective(s)support for the main idea, claim, or perspective(s)– Evidence used for the perspective(s)Evidence used for the perspective(s)– Assumptions made about your issueAssumptions made about your issue

– Words or phrases that indicate bias or objectivity or too much Words or phrases that indicate bias or objectivity or too much reliance on emotionreliance on emotion

– How useful this source might be for you in building an How useful this source might be for you in building an argumentargument

Sources: Types of PublicationsSources: Types of Publications* * Remember you have to identify in your annotation what type of source it is: Remember you have to identify in your annotation what type of source it is:

scholarly or popularscholarly or popular

ScholarlyScholarly Peer ReviewedPeer Reviewed The author’s tone is The author’s tone is

more objectivemore objective More jargon/technical More jargon/technical

termsterms Authors are experts in Authors are experts in

that fieldthat field More research is More research is

includedincluded Citations obviousCitations obvious Usually lots of text / not Usually lots of text / not

many picturesmany pictures

PopularPopular Editor publishesEditor publishes May be more subjectiveMay be more subjective Laymen’s Laymen’s

terms/everyday words terms/everyday words usedused

Authors are often Authors are often reportersreporters

Often little researchOften little research Citation method often Citation method often

unclearunclear Often has Often has

pictures/graphspictures/graphs

The Credibility of the SourceThe Credibility of the Source

Credibility or Credibility or ethosethos: The author and : The author and publication’s credibilitypublication’s credibility– How much do you trust the source?How much do you trust the source?– What credentials or experience does What credentials or experience does

the source have regarding this issue?the source have regarding this issue?– Is the figure well-known?Is the figure well-known?– Is there any reason you shouldn’t trust Is there any reason you shouldn’t trust

the author or publication?the author or publication?

Emotional AppealEmotional Appeal

Does the author use emotional Does the author use emotional reasoning?reasoning?

If so, what emotions does he/she rely If so, what emotions does he/she rely on?on?

Does the author responsibly use Does the author responsibly use emotional appeals or does the writer emotional appeals or does the writer try to overly rely on them?try to overly rely on them?

LogosLogos

Part of evaluating logic involves Part of evaluating logic involves analyzing the reasoning of an analyzing the reasoning of an argumentargument

Logos provides an overall framework Logos provides an overall framework of which ethos and pathos are a partof which ethos and pathos are a part

Although logos may not inspire people Although logos may not inspire people as much as ethos and pathos it often as much as ethos and pathos it often keeps people from acting rashly or keeps people from acting rashly or foolishlyfoolishly

Parts of an argumentParts of an argument

Claim: Central argument (p. 141)Claim: Central argument (p. 141) Grounds: Support for argument in the Grounds: Support for argument in the

form of reasons form of reasons Evidence: examples, authorities’ Evidence: examples, authorities’

statements, statistics, facts, statements, statistics, facts, theoretical examplestheoretical examples

Assumptions: belief that connects Assumptions: belief that connects the claim and groundsthe claim and grounds

ReasonsReasons

Reasons are statements that can be Reasons are statements that can be factual or opinionatedfactual or opinionated– Claim: You should wear a heavy coat Claim: You should wear a heavy coat

today today – Reason: Because it is snowing. Reason: Because it is snowing. – Assumption: ?Assumption: ?

AssumptionsAssumptions ClaimsClaims

ReasonsReasons AssumptionsAssumptions

Arguments, even with clear claims and Arguments, even with clear claims and reasons, often don’t make much sense reasons, often don’t make much sense without assumptionswithout assumptions

They are the glue that hold the reasons to They are the glue that hold the reasons to the claimthe claim

They are sometimes explicitly stated but They are sometimes explicitly stated but more often impliedmore often implied

Identifying AssumptionsIdentifying Assumptions

Claim: Bill Clinton was a good Claim: Bill Clinton was a good president.president.

Reason: He was skilled at foreign Reason: He was skilled at foreign policy.policy.

Assumption: Any president who is Assumption: Any president who is skilled at foreign policy is a good skilled at foreign policy is a good president. president.

Identifying AssumptionsIdentifying Assumptions

Claim: You should visit Paris. Claim: You should visit Paris. Reason: They have the world’s best Reason: They have the world’s best

art museums.art museums. Assumption: You should visit a place Assumption: You should visit a place

that has the best art museums. that has the best art museums.

AssumptionsAssumptions

(a.k.a. “warrants”) refer to the values (a.k.a. “warrants”) refer to the values and beliefs people holdand beliefs people hold

Are opinions, not factsAre opinions, not facts Are shaped by our family, culture, Are shaped by our family, culture,

education, region, friends, ideas, etc.education, region, friends, ideas, etc.

PracticePractice

Practice identifying the claim, Practice identifying the claim, reason, and assumption(s) behind a reason, and assumption(s) behind a sourcesource