Annotated Bibliography

5/28/2018 Annotated Bibliography

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The Great Upheaval

Primary Sources

Articles:

Chicago Daily Tribune. "Railroads and the Making of Modern America." Rail roads and

the Making of Modern Ameri ca. William G. Thomas, 2009. Web. 06 Feb. 2014.

One of the major causes of the strike was wage cuts. Railroad employers decided it was

necessary to cut the wages of its employees in order to make more money. Employees

decided to stand up against this and start a strike. This document helped us to betterunderstand the wage cuts and riots that took place during the strike.

Chicago Daily Tribune. "Railroads and the Making of Modern America." Rail roads andthe Making of Modern Ameri ca. William G. Thomas, 2009. Web. 06 Feb. 2014.

This article from the July 23, 1877 edition of the Chicago Daily Tribune suggests that

railroad corporations should adopt new policies to meet the needs of railroad workers,which will also keep many of the corporations from falling into bankruptcy.

Chicago Daily Tribune. "Railroads and the Making of Modern America." Rail roads and

the Making of Modern Amer ica. William G. Thomas, 2009. Web. 06 Feb. 2014.

This article from the July 23, 1877 edition of the Chicago Daily Tribune outlines the

various causes of the strikeplacing blame on railroad workers and railroadexecutivesand stresses that the remedy to this situation can only be achieved once mob

rule has been replace by law and order.

"Claims for Good Destroyed by the Rioters." American Rail road Journal25 Aug. 1877: n.

pg. Print.

This article helped us build our knowledge of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and how the

road had sustained the greatest amounts of damage during the strike, and issued a

statement to anyone who might have had property destroyed by the rioters while they

were transporting it. Also it described how the railroad decided that it was the fault of the

local county, and how it was their failure to protect private property and enforce thepeace, and how that made them responsible for all damages causes as opposed to the

railroad itself.


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Editorial. American Rail road Journal4 Aug. 1877: n. pg. 4 Aug. 1877. Web. 15 Oct. 2013.

This article provided by the American Railroad Journal helped us understand how theworkers had the right to earn fair wage, they do not have a right to strike in such a

manner that it causes harm to the property of the company. The article also says that the

actions of the workers "prove more or less injurious to the strikers."

Hereos, Working Class. Another F orgotten General Stri keThe St. Louis Commune of

1877. 1877. Photograph. Humble. 4 Apr. 2003.

This newspaper list the Railway Strike eruption on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia

Amid the lingering depression set off by the Panic of 1873, the Baltimore and Ohio

Railroad cut wages for the second time in a year.

Midnight News from the Seat of War. Baltimore American18 July 1877: n. pag. Web. 12

December 2013.

This is a news section during July 18 from seat at war, and it gives an account of workers

growing strength and the amount the government can handle. Workers during the Great

Railroad Strike were highly aggravated with their working conditions and every day

environment during work. They created powerful strikes, in some cases causingdestruction.About two hundred of the strikers and their supporters are at this hour

strung along the railroad in squads, in the cityand vicinity, armed with pistols and some

few with guns. Perfect order prevails, and even the conversations of the strikersdiscussing the situation are in subdued tones.

"Railroad War in Maryland." Baltimore Sun21 July 1877: n. pag. Web. 13 November

2013.

The militia and National Guard had been called to try and subdue the riot and stop the

fires and bloodshed. Governor of Maryland, John Lee Carroll, gave the proclamation andorder to bring in the military in an effort to stop the chaos that the strike had ignited on

July 20, 1877. This article appeared in the Baltimore Sun.

"Striking Everywhere," Pittsburgh Dail y Post25 July 1877: n. pag. Web. 21 December

2013.

The Pittsburgh Daily Post printed a multitude of articles on July 25, 1877 stating what

was happening in each city. The articles portray how the strikes are affecting railroadsand communities. Some of the articles alse have proclamations by mayors of many cities

and the governor.


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"The Great Railroad Strike." New York Times, July 21, 1877. ProQuest. Web. 11 December

2013.

This source was taken from a pro quest search done with help from an administrator. It is

a brief summary explaining the Great Railroad Strike in detail with events during that

time period. This gave us extra background information.

The Great Strike,Harpers Weekly, August 11, 1877. Catskill Archive. Web. 10

December 2013.

The mad riot started by the railroad strikers in Baltimore on Jul 16, has an unknown

reason for the cause. Viewers and the surrounding saw an image of riot and bloodshed.

This article is explaining Rutherford Birchard Hayes inauguration. It helped us

understand how different articles and news saw the way others viewed the inauguration.

"The Great Strike - The Sixth Maryland Regiment Fighting Its Way Through Baltimore."

N.p., 1877. Web. 15 Oct. 2013.

Locomotives lined up as workers refuse to work during the Strike of 1877. The location

is possibly Martinsburg, West Virginia.

"The President's Proclamation," Baltimore Ameri can, July 18, 1877. University of

Nebraska. Web. 8 January 2013.

This is the article where Rutherford B. Hayes on July 18, 1877 send out this article

regarding the workers on strike to peacefully go back to their houses. We knew when

reading this article that Rutherford was against striking and wanted workers to relax and

not worry about this time period.

The Strike Ended and Trains Moving." Pittsbur gh Dai ly Post, July 30, 1877.n. pag. Web.

7 January 2014.

Many newspaper articles were written detailing the strike and the events that had

occurred. This article from the July 30, 1877, states that the end of the strike was acomplete failure for the workers.

Trouble on the Baltimore & Ohio, Baltimore Ameri can, July 17, 1877. University of

Nebraska. Web. 12 December 2013.

This paper article found online, from the July 17, 1877 edition of the Baltimore American

gives helpful information on the Great railroad Strikes ways of doing in Baltimore,

the spread to Martinsburg, West Virginia was also included in this article. We had an ideaof announcements during this event because of the way and type of vocabulary used in

this article.


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Books:

Balac, Honor e, and Ellen Marriage.A Woman of Th ir ty (La Femme De Trente Ans);

and A Start in L ife. Philadelphia: Gebbie, 1898. Print.

This quote has a significant meaning to the viewers of our website who volunteer tounderstand. This saying from Honor de Balzac, who was a major French writer who

would in turn be a novelist, playwright, literary critic, art critic, essayist, journalist and

even a printer, was appointed for the "Impact on U.S." page in the Great Upheavalwebsite.

Journalist, A. H istory of the Terr ible Fi nancial Panic of 1873 ..New York: Western News,

1873. Print.

This book was a compilation of facts from the financial panic of 1873. It explained, in

great detail, the events leading up to this occurrence, the events that caused the panic, and

what life was like during. It was written by a journalist who wished to remain anonymousin order to provide as much detail as possible.

Pepa, Barbara K., J.D. "Wages and Hours." Your Rights in the Work Place. 9th ed. N.p.:

n.p., n.d. 8-94. Print.

The book states that even today workers still believe that they have the right to fair hours

and fair pay. This is a government hand book and contains rules on employee wages andhours. We used this book to post exact quotes on the rights and responsibilities page

under workers rights to tell readers and judges that it is governmental and not just

company ways.

Di rect Quotes:

Arendt, Hannah (19061975). U.S. philosopher. The Human Condition, prologue (1958).

This quote is used on the labor unions page to help provide the point of view of not only

workers but a respected philosopher. This workers recite gives the idea of freedom andrights for all labor workers.

Dacus, J. A. Annals of the Great Str ikes. Chicago: C. B. Beach, 1877.

This quote is from J. A. Dacus stating how the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, also known

as The Great Upheaval, was a major impact on the United States. Not only for him but

for every single person, including the president, that was changed because of this event.This quote is on the Impact on U.S.page.


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Dickinson, Anna Elizabeth (18421932). U.S. suffragist. As quoted in History of Woman

Suffrage, vol. 2, ch. 16, by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda

Joslyn Gage (1882).

Although Dickinson was referring to Womens Suffrage, this quote can also be applied to

the panic of 1873 which caused the collapse of the stock market. We are told to maintainconstitutions because they are constitutions, and what is laid down in thoseconstitutions?... Certain great fundamental ideas of right are common to the world, and ...

all laws of man's making which trample on these ideas, are null and void--wrong to obey,

right to disobey. The Constitution of the United States recognizes human slavery; andmakes the souls of men articles of purchase and of sale.

Huizinga, Johan (18721945). Dutch historian. In the Shadow of Tomorrow, ch. 4 (1936).

This quote intelligibly assisted us on comprehending the way citizens view the social

relationship of workers and employees to human dependence. We specifically picked out

this quote to then be placed in the "Social Impact" page for the better aim of our historicalwebsite.

Rice, Alice Caldwell. (18701942), U.S. author. A Romance of Billy-Goat Hill, ch. 15 (1912).

This is a quote from an official employee looking to "Pay day", because of her hard workand her point of view meaning her to deserve a fair payment. The arbitrary division of

one's life into weeks and days and hours seemed, on the whole, useless. There was but

one day for the me n, and that was pay day, and one for the women, and that was rent

day. As for the children, every day was theirs, just as it should be in every corner of theworld."

Rooney, Andy. F inding a Good Job. 21 Mar. 2010. Essay.

"We need people who can actually do things. We have too many bosses and too few

workers." This quote was used on the "Impact on U.S." page. Although it is a recentquote, it applies to how the railroad employers felt back in 1877.

Government Document:

United States Department of Labor. "The History of Labor Day."Washington:

Government Printing Office, n.d.Labor protest during the late 1990 led the legislative assembly to issue Labor Day. This

writing detailed the creation of Labor Day at the federal reach. It helped us understandthe impact of the Great Railroad Strike on the way citizens viewed labor in the U.S.


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United States Department of Labor. Important Events in American L abor H istory: 1778-

1978. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978.

This government document comprehended 200 years of important labor events. It helped

us tell how the Great Railroad Strike took part of America politically, socially, and

economically.

Images:

8-great-railroad-strike-1877-granger. 1877. Photograph. New York City.

Fineartamerica.com. 30 June 2012. Web. 5 Nov. 2013.

This picture helps us set the scene of how the guardsmen in the armory were strung outand awaiting orders during the strike. This helps us see the impact that the striking had on

the troops.

At L ong Last, Maryland Marks 1877 B& O Railroad Strike. 2013. Photograph. Camden

Yards, Maryland. Dclabor.org. Metropolitan Washington Council, AFL-CIO, 22

Mar. 13. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.

This picture helped us to further our knowledge of the strike. In the picture is a plague

displayed in Camden Yards, which is across the street from the Irish Railroad Workers

Museum on Lemon Street, giving a brief statement of the upheaval.

Burn ing of the Union Depot Dur ing the Railr oad Riot, July 21 and July 22, 1877, Pittsburgh,

PA.N.d. Photograph. Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh.

www.explorepahistory.com. Web. 5 Feb. 2014.

The first nationwide wildcat strike in American history, the Great Railroad Strike of 1877

was most deadly and costly in Pittsburgh, where workers and their families battled with

state militia sent from Philadelphia. Persuaded by Pennsylvania Railroad PresidentThomas Scott, Pennsylvania Governor John Hartranft requested that the federal

government send troops to end the fighting. Concerned about the great power of the

railroads, Hartranft later called for the recognition of labor unions.

Dr iving The Rioters From Turner H all. 1877. Photograph. Harper's Weekly.

www.workingclassheroes.com. 3 Aug. 2012. Web. 12 Oct. 2013.

This picture helped us understand what happened when they tried to drive the rioters

from Turner Hall, and how the workers might have reacted when pushed too far. Workers

would not give up without a fight, they were determined to acquire their fair workingconditions no matter what it took.


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Granger. 24-great -rail road-str ike-1877-granger. 1877. Photograph. F ine Art Ameri ca. 1 July

2012. Web. 25 Oct. 2013.

This picture helped us understand how the strike brought tragedy upon society. It was

electronically put in the Fine Art America website. This a great help while doing

research on many types of sources throughout our project.

Granger. 49-great-railroad-strike-1877-granger.jpg. N.d. Photograph. F ine Art Ameri ca. 3

July 2012. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.

This picture sets the scene of the brutal riots during The Great Railroad Strike. This helps

us to get an understanding of the severity of the strike at that time. Workers created many

strikes and riots during The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 to force the employers to

reinforce their rightful working environment.

Granger. Great Rail road Strike,1877. 2012. Photograph. Humble.F ine Art Ameri ca. 2 July

2012. Web. 5 Feb. 2014.

Armed strikers marching to the railroad in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, during the Great

Railroad Strike, July 1877. Contemporary American wood engraving. Workers

Granger. Great Rail road Str ike, 1877. Digital image. FineartAmerica.com. Fine Art

America, 2009. Web. 4 Feb. 2014.

This image helps us understand the citizens and employees point of view during the great

railroad strike of 1877. This also shows a visualizing image of how the railroads and the

employees worked during the Great Strike.

Granger. Great Rail road Strike,1877. N.d. Photograph. Fine Art America. Fine Art

America, 1 July 2012. Web. 4 Feb. 2014.

This image helps the viewers to understand the tragic deaths of rioters and how the strike

truly affected the citizens everyday lives.It has a significant meaning to workers and

their rights. It was a photograph taken during this made riot in 1877.

Granger. The Great Rail road Str ike,1877. N.d. Photograph. Fine Art America. Fine Art

America, 1 July 2012. Web. 4 Feb. 2014.

Great Railroad Strike, 1877 is an image of Private policemen of the Scranton Iron andCoal Company firing on a mob of striking miners on Lackawanna Avenue, Scranton,

Pennsylvania, during the Great Railroad Strike.


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"Great Railroad Strike, 1877." F ine Art Ameri ca. Ed. D. Bendann. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Oct.

2013.

This picture helps understand an attack on the Maryland Sixth Regiment by rioters,

sympathizers, and hooligans as they marched to Camden station from the armory in

Baltimore.

Great Rail road Strike of 1877. 1877. Photograph. Fine Art America. Granger, 1 July 2012.

Web. 30 Oct. 2013.

This picture helps us understand what happened when The Sixth Maryland militia fired

into the hostile crowd of rioters.

Great Rail road Strike, 1877. 1877. Photograph. Paintingandframe.com. Painting and Frame,

2013. Web. 04 Feb. 2014.

This image helped us grasp some knowledge of the construction gang righting under theprotection of the militia. This really helped create a visual of what went on during 1877.

Great Rail road Strike, 1877. N.d. Photograph. Http://fineartamerica.com/. 9 Sept. 2012. Web.

4 Feb. 2014.

This image shows how severe the strikes and riots were and how badly citizens were

affected by the wrong doing of employers. Also describing how far and the significanceof what this strike had on citizens life.

"Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Quotes." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, 2014. Web. 04

Feb. 2014.

These quotes helped us understand how the strike affected not only the president point of

view but the civilians who had to endure this tragedy.

The Granger Collection. Burn ing of the Lebanon Vall ey Bridge. 1877. Photograph. The

Granger Collection, 2014. Web. 04 Feb. 2014.

This image helped us understand the severity of the rioters anger, that drove them to such

destruction.

The Granger Collection. Great Rail road Str ike, 1877. 1877. Photograph. The GrangerCollection, 2014. Web. 04 Feb. 2014.

This image helps us understand how angry the rioters were, that they threaten themembers of the ninth regiment. The rioters in this image are taking risk and creating a

damaging strike. It helped us understand the intensity of violence during this period of

time.


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Harpers 8 11 1877 Blockade of Engines at Marti nsburg W VA.jpg. 1877. Photograph.

"Harper's Weekly, Journal of Civilization," Vol XXL, No. 1076, New York.

It provides a visual image on what was going on during The Great Railroad Strike. There

is a great train in the center of this image while there are many rioters

Labor Strikes-1870-1890. N.d. Photograph. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Museum. Web. 4

Feb. 2014.

This image helps identify several areas of the country where railroad strikes took placeduring the time period represented on this map.

Neale, Thomas H. Congress Counting Votes in 1877. N.d. Photograph. IIP Digital.

5 Sept. 2008. Web. 5 Feb. 2014.

Four times in U.S. history, the Electoral College system resulted in election of a

candidate for president who had received fewer popular votes nationwide than anothercandidate. Thomas H. Neale is a specialist in American national government who

produces reports for Congress at the Congressional Research Service.

Ruins near the Un ion Depot and Hotel. 1877. Photograph. Pittsburgh, PA.

ExplorePAhistory.com. Web. 12 Oct. 2013.

This picture helps us understand the effects of the strike and the severity of the violent

workers.

Samuel J. Til den. Digital image. Http://content.time.com/. Time News, n.d. Web. 22 Mar.

2014.

This image was taken from an article explaining how Samuel was associated with the

"Fixed Election". The image is used on our "Fixed Election" page to give viewers a look

of Samuel physical character. This image was created by times news.

The Panic of 1873. Digital image. Www.lehighlodge.com. Lehighlodge, 12 Feb. 2013. Web. 3

Mar. 2014.

In this digital image, citizens are panicking over the bank closures. This image also

shows how the workers reacted to the bank closures and the stock market collapse.We

used this in our website as a link to the bank closures page.

"The Recent Railroad Damages." Jessica's Page - The Great Stri ke of 1877. N.p., 28 July

1877. Web. 16 Oct. 2013.

This image depicts the acts that took place during the strike. It was published in the

American Railroad Journal, the primary source of railroad news during the time. At the

time of printing the strike was still taking place at many places throughout the country.


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Thomas, William G. The Great Railway Str ike of 1877 and Newspaper Coverage. 2009.

Photograph. University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska. Railr oads and the Making of

Modern Ameri ca. William G. Thomas, 2006. Web. 04 Feb. 2014.

This image graphs The Great Railway Strike of 1877 and Newspaper Coverage. This

helps the viewer understand how the strike affected citizens point of view of viewtowards the strike of 1877.

Thomas, William G. Strikes, Blackli sts, and Dismissals--Rail road Workers' Spatial H istory

on the Great Plains. N.d. Photograph. University of Nebraska Lincoln. Web. 5 Feb.

2014.

This graph shows the changes in labor mobility patterns between 1877 and 1894 and its

effect on railroad workers' social and geographical mobility.

I nterviews:

Stewart, Brian D. E-mail interview. 20 Mar. 2014.

Mr. Stewart worked as a railroad mechanic for five years. He was a member of the

railroad union and he spoke candidly about how the union worked to protect the rights of

railroad workers. He understood why the workers started the strike in 1877 and hediscussed how the union works to prevent events like the Great Upheaval from occurring

again.

Journals:

Hayes, Rutherford B. Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. H ayes. 11 Aug. 1890. Wars will

remain while human nature remains.This quote was taken from a diary in the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center

website. This quote was also used to be placed in the home page. This gives the reader anidea of the leaders response to the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 also known as the Great

Upheaval.

Hayes, Rutherford B. Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. H ayes. 13 July 1879. Let every

man....

This statement was quoted from a diary written by Rutherford B. Hayes in The

Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential center. This quote was placed in our website under theHistorical Context page to be placed as a link to easily be transferred to another page.

This quote explains the presidents point of view towards the fixed election.


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Hayes, Rutherford B. Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. H ayes. 22 February 1844. The filth

and the noise....

The panic of 1873 was a catastrophe to every almost every citizen, including the

president. In this quote Hayes was describing the way citizens acted toward the panic of

1873. we used this quote under a link in the Historical Context page of our website. Thisis a saying taken from a diary written by Rutherford that was taken from the TheRutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center.

Letters:

"Announcement of Wage Cuts on the B&O Railroad." Omeka RSS. N.p., 11 July 1877.

Web. 15 Oct. 2013.

The letter announcing the wage cuts helped us understand the series of wage cuts on

nearly every Railroad in the Nation and it helped us to get a feel of where the strikestarted. It also helped us build our knowledge of what went on during the Upheaval and

what caused the wage cut cast upon the workers repeatedly.

Carroll, John L. "Proclamation by the Governor." Letter to Brigadier General Jas. R.

Herbert. 10 July 1877. MS. Baltimore, Ohio.

Governor John Lee Carroll gave the order to the Commander of the First Brigade,

General Jas. R. Herbert to enter the city of Cumberland to help stop the riot along the

Baltimore and Ohio railroad. Then he would send further orders.

Grafton, Strikers. "The Strikers at Grafton." Baltimore Ameri can20 July 1877: n. pag.Web. 14 November 2013.

This is a letter supporting the workers strikes. We learned that the workers not only

thought they were correct, but they had pros from other citizens and companies. Manythought government officials overreacted and where the cause of the crisis.

Speeches:

French National Assembly. Declaration of the Rights of Man (drafted and discussedAugust 1789, published September 1791).

We wielded this iterate to prepare the electronic website for further growth. This is a

saying from the French National Assembly stating that the vindication workers andhuman beings have struggles and misfortunes are since the government has biased based

regulations. We affixed this saying in the "Rights and Responsibilities" page to aid the

spectators to advanced deciphering.


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Roosevelt, Franklin D. "On Economic Conditions." Address of the President. White House,

Washington, D.C. 14 Apr. 1938. Speech.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave a presidential address broadcasted over the radio in

1938 stating the economic conditions of the United States of America. In this speech,

President Roosevelt stated, Not only our future economic soundness but the verysoundness of our democratic institutions depends on the determination of our governmentto give employment to idle men. Although, the Railroad Strike occurred in 1877 and the

speech was given some 61 years later, the words still apply.


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Secondary Sources

Articles:

"An Excuse To DrinkMay 9, 1873: Schwarer Freitag," The Panic of 1873."Reynolds, Morgan. "A History of Labor Unions from Colonial Times to 2009."

Ludwig vonM ises Institute, July 17, 2009.

This article explained the development of labor unions from colonial times, through the

Great Strike and the progressive epoch, and discussed the impact of unions today. Itprovided us with background information on labor unions in the U.S.

Bruce, Robert W., Herbert Gutman, and David O. Stowell. "Behind The Marker." Thesis.

N.d. Explorepahistory.com. 2011. Web. 01 Nov. 2013.

This article gave us knowledge of the causes of the strike, and helped us betterunderstand why the strike was caused.

Dubofsky, Melvyn. Hard Work: The Making of Labor H istory. Chicago: University of

Illinois Press, 2000.

"Dubofsky's articles continue to instruct us in our present work as labor and social

historians, even as they serve as an insightful guide to critical aspects in the evolution of

the field over the last four decades. Culled from a lifetime of scholarship, these essays

now gathered together remind us of our debt to his pronounced historical curiosity,careful research, and innovative interpretive analysis. It is a boon to have them collected

in a volume so useful for teaching at all levels."--Nick Salvatore, author ofEugene V.Debs: Citizen and Socialist. It is once again, another book read on the History of laborunions, which helped us know extra background information on them.

Gillett, Sylvia. Camden Yards and the Strike of 1877." In The Bal timore Book: New Views

of Local H istory, edited by Elizabeth Fee, Linda Shopes, and Linda Zeidman, 1-14.

Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999.

This article was used to give general knowledge about the spread of The Great RailroadStrike through quotes from laborers, militiamen, and others involved in the protest.

Gilman, Becca. "American President: Rutherford Birchard Hayes: Domestic Affairs."Nettrekker.com. Miller Center: University of Virginia, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 1877.

This article helped us develop an in-depth analysis of the domestic policies and problems

that Rutherford B. Hayes faced as president. Read about the end of Reconstruction,Hayes' economic policy, his troubles with a Democratic majority in the Congress, and his

attempts at civil service reform.


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Gilman, Becca. "NYSED: The Great Railroad Strike of 1877." Nettrekker.com. Maryann

Malecki/New York State Library, n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2013.

This provides history of the strike, student activities, documents, and bibliographies for

further research, from the New York State Library and uses newspaper accounts to give a

"you are there" feeling to the discussion of the Railroad Strike of 1877, which alsoprovided us with more knowledge towards the topic.

Grossman, Jonathan, and Judson Maclaury. "The Creation of the Bureau of Labor

Statistics." Monthly L abor Review 98, no. 2 (February 1975): 25. Business Sour ce

Premier, EBSCOhost.

This article described the establishment of the Bureau of Labor which gave us knowledge

on how the strike was significantly affected by this establishment such as rights ofworkers. This information was used on the Impact on U.S. page.

Hadley, Arthur T. "Railroad Business Under the Interstate Commerce Act." QuarterlyJournal Of Economics 3, no. 2 (January 1889): 170-187. Business Source Premier,

EBSCOhost.

The Interstate Commerce Act was passed in 1887, due to resentment and protest againstthe railroad industry. This article helped us understand how this event changed the strike

and influenced other strikes.

Harpers Weekly. THE FAST MAI L TRAIN. N.d. Www.catskillarchive.com. Web. 26 Mar.

2014.

Here is a picture of one of the most perfect specimens of mechanical skill that ever came

from the hands of the artisan, Engine 110. The performances of this engine are so

remarkable that sheengines, like ships, are always of the feminine genderdeserves tohave her portrait in Harpers Weekly, and to have the story of her exploits told.

Reneck, Samuel. istress, Relief, and iscontent in the United States During the

Depression of 1873-78. Journal of Politi cal Economy 58, no. 6 (December 1950):

494-512. 14 December 2013.

The Panic of 1873 produced wage cuts, great unemployment, and started dissatisfaction

among workers, factors that contributed to the Strike of 1877. This article examined theeconomic problems during the 1870s and their impact on politics, labor and other

troubles. It depended on our understanding of the economic problems that contributed to

the Strike of 1877.


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Schneirov, Richard. "Chicago's Great Upheaval of 1877: Class Polarization and

Democratic Politics." In The Great Strikes of 1877, ed. David O. Stowell, 76-104.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.

Although wage cuts may have pushed workers over the top, tensions had been boiling for

a while before the Great Railroad Strike erupted. This article detailed how social,political, and economic trends contributed to the Great Railroad Strike in Chicago. Ithelped us completely comprehend the causes of the strike.

Books:

Bastiat, Frdric. The Law. Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Foundation for Economic

Education, 1950. Print.

Frederic Bastiat, a political and economic philosopher, wrote The Lawasking and seeking

the answers to many different questions. We used a quote from this book, "Everyonewants to live at the expense of the state. They forget that the state wants to live at theexpense of everyone."

Bellesies, Michael A. 1877: Ameri ca's Year of L iving Violently. New York: New, 2010. Print.

This book describes a time of destruction and depression during Americas time of need.

It really helped us truly set the scene of what happened to not only the workers but to

America.

Bolden, Tonya. Cause: Reconstruction Ameri ca, 1863-1877. New York: Knopf, 2005. Print.

"Cause" is a book written by Tonya Bolden to inform readers about the cause that lead

from reconstruction to 1877 which was the year the great railroad strike of 1877 began.

We read this book and we had an interest on Reconstruction America after reading this

printed material.

Boyer, Paul S., and Melvyn Dubofsky. "Railroad Strikes Of 1877." The Oxford Companion

to Un ited States Hi story. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001. 650-54. Print.

This particular section of the book "United States History" gives information about

reconstruction era and permission to the reader to understand facts and an understanding

from this time period in history. We selected this book from the Jones central library indowntown Houston as an educational book of reference. This book was written by Paul

S. Boyer, and also contains the history of other historical events as said in the title,

United States History.


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Brecher, Jeremy. Strike! Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 1997.Print.

This is a book on the great railroad Strike of 1877 giving advanced information on thisevent. It was highly professionally written and contains greatly informational words. It

has events, causes, and effects during this time event.

Bruce, Robert V. 1877: Year of Violence. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1959. Print.

In this book, Bruce describes the year when the great railroad strike took place. It

describes the events in great detail. Bruce stated, "Since there were so many layoffs andwage cuts, many American families couldn't provide, so they suffered from starvation.

Since this was Americas fourth year of the depression, the frustrated workers who were

laid off had no choice but to strike. By the year of 1877, there were millions of workers

who were laid off which is almost twenty seven percent of the working population. Thisquote summarizes the situation that was happening in America.

Cohn, Robert. The Great Rail road Str ike of 1877: An Ohio Perspective. Gambier, OH: S.n.,1978. Print.

This book helped provide information during the great strike that helped view this time

period in history through Ohio's perspective. It was published in 1978 in Gambier, OH.Robert Cohn the famous author to this book wrote it. Thanks to this book we gained more

information and knowledge.

Divine, Robert A. The American Story. Fifth ed. Vol. 1. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007.

Print.

The book gives information on events leading up to the Great Railroad Strike Of 1877,like incidents such as The Civil War, and the five-year depression leading up to the

Upheaval.

Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Foster Rhea Dulles. Labor in Ameri ca: A H istory. Wheeling,

Illinois: Harlan Davidson Inc., 1999. Print.

This book was carefully found on the internet, but later checked out at the public library.

This book is on labor unions describing them and telling jobs that are daily to Labor

Unions. It also tells a little bit on the Great Railroad Strike of 1877s labor unions

importance and jobs.

Goldman, David J. "Samuel Tilden (1814-1886) the Election of 1876." Presidential Losers.

Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 1970. 26-30. Print.

This book had a small, but informational articles on Samuel Tilden and the election of

1877. We took this information for our better knowledge and ideas. It also includes other

presidents who lost the presidency from William Jennings Bryan to Samuel Tilden.


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Harvey, Rowland H. Samuel Gompers: Champion of the Toi li ng Masses. Stanford, CA:

Stanford University Press, 1935.Print.

This book detailed the life of Samuel Gompers, who founded the American Federation of

Labor. This book discussed the important aspects of Gompers' labor work, it briefly but

detailed discussed the impact of the Great Railroad Strike on Gompers' political viewsand ideology. It helped us understand how the impact of the Great Railroad Strikeinfluenced other major strikes.

Russell, Jesse. Great Rail road Strike of 1877. S.l.: Book On Demand, 2012. Print.

This book helped provide general information about how the strike started, ended and

details that support the main idea of economic problems, government problems, and local

problems. It was written by Jessie Russell who has also written many different historicalbooks.

Santella, Andrew. "His Fradulency." Rutherford B. Hayes. Minneapolis: Compass Point,2004. 26-39. Print.

Rutherford B. Hayes is book on him that tells about him and his life. On page 26-39 it is

explaining the fixed election of 1877 when Rutherford B. Hayes won the presidencyagainst Samuel Tilden. We used this article not in our website but for information on

events during the great railroad strike of 1877.

Sheldon, Philip Foner. "The Great Labor Uprising of 1877 - Cornell University Library

Catalog." The Great Labor Upri sing of 1877 - Cornell University L ibrary Catalog.

Cornell University Library, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2013.

This book gives important information of the main events on the railroad strike of 1877.It tells more information and background story of our topic.

Sioux, Tracee. "Unpopular Unions." Immigration, Migration, and the Growth of the

American City. New York: PowerKids, 2004. 17-20. Print.

During the early 1900s, laws were passed that improved condition for workers. Forexample, the average working day was reduced to eight hours" was quoted from the

book. It explains how railroad unions improved conditions caused to the railroad strike.

Even though it was only a few words of information we had confirmation that railroad

unions improved and that wasn't an idea from any type of source.

Stein, R. Conrad. The Pullman Stri ke and the Labor M ovement in Ameri can H istory.

Berkeley Heights, NJ, USA: Enslow, 2001. Print.

This book, The Pullman strike, was a book that tells about a significant point in period

that was a cause from the Great railroad strike of 1877. We read it and had greater idea

about details during events that were during that time period.


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Stowell, David O. "Streets, Railroads, and the Great Strike of 1877 - Cornell University

Library Catalog." Streets, Rail roads, and the Great Strike of 1877 - Cornell Un iversity

L ibrary Catalog. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2013.

This book was a great source because it provided descriptive and narrow information. It

also helped as a beginner to the topic, because it stood as a foundation of information.

Taylor, George R. and Irene D. Neu. The American Rail road Network: 1861- 1890.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956. Print.

In the late 1800s, American industry expanded rapidly, led by the development of the

railroad industry. This book detailed the growth of the railroads between 1861 and 1890

and explained the causes and effects of such swift expansion. It helped me understand the

impacts of railroad business on American labor and industry.

The State & Labor in Modern Ameri ca. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North

Carolina Press, 1994. Print.

In this important new book, Melvyn Dubinsky traces the relationship between the

American labor movement and the federal government from the 1870s until the present.

We researched this book and briefly read over it and the captions included to greaterunderstand. This is a book on Labor unions and their history, once again.

Wagner, Viqi. Labor Unions. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2008. Print.

This book helped give overall information about Labor Unions and how they have

developed throughout the years and how they affected railroads today. This information

will be used on "The Labor Unions" page to give viewers clarification on how The LaborUnions affect the railroads.

Winik, Jay. The Great Upheaval: America and the Bir th of the Modern World, 1788-1800.

New York: HarperCollins, 2007. Print.

His book helped give information about the beginning, end and how this era redefinedhistory. Including employee rights and working conditions. This book contains a massive

mount of information that helped us throughout the creation of the website, including

quotes,captions,books,and our analysis information. we used word-by-word ideas

included in this book to paste in the website.


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Di rect Quotes:

"1876 Presidential Election." Presidential El ection of 1876. N.p., 2004. Web. 03 Jan. 2014.

This was a link found on the context page to elaborate on the fixed election of 1877,

which will help readers comprehend more of how the fixed election impacted theoutcome of the strike including the worldwide spread of events.

Images:

Age, Arti. Let's Make An ATARI Monopoly Game. . . . . . .Digital image. N.p., 14 May 2009.

Web. 6 Feb. 2014.

This is a board game called Monopoly. It was created in the early nineteen hundreds dueto the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. On the actual board game, there are four railroads

that were in the midst of the Railroad Strike.

Catch The B&O Railroad. Digital image. Today in America, 14 May 2000. Web. 6 Feb.

2014.

This image represents one out of the four railroads included in the railroad strike of 1877.It shows how greatly the strike impacted the United States.

Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections, 4th Ed. The Election 1876. Digital

image. 2014 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc, 2001. Web. 17 Mar. 2014.

This Digital image was placed in the timeline created by Time-toast. We deposited in theElectoral College section. This was helped to interpret the locations and idea of thePresidential Election.

Fraud of the Centur y. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2014.

This digital image was the creation of a newsletter that advertised the presidential

election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden. This was used as a link to the

Fixed Election page to help this page in both viewing and understanding.

History Matters. Women Garment Workers Strike. Digital image. History Matters, n.d.

Web. 27 Mar. 2014.

Women garment workers in the early 20th century became active organizers to improve

sweatshop conditions. Many of those conditions continue in the garment industry in the

21st century. This image of a turn-of-the-century garment workers strike has beenaltered to include four anachronisms from the late 20th century.


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May Day Parade. Digital image. Https://www.hclib.org. Minneapolis Collection, n.d. Web. 27

Mar. 2014.

This picture was taken of the May Day parade. It helped us understand how the railroad

strike influenced this strike. This information was used on our workers rights page to

show viewers how the railroad strike affected others strikes.

Neija, Bell. Worlds Most Famous Board Game. 2012. Photograph. Humble. Adeola

Adeyemo, 28 Nov. 2012. Web. 6 Feb. 2014.

Monopoly, the worlds most famous board game is set to launch the first African city

edition in Lagos on Tuesday December 11th, 2012.

Priebe, Gregory. "An Excuse To DrinkMay 9, 1873: Schwarer Freitag, The Panic of

1873." A H istory of Drinking. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2014.

This image is used in our website. It was placed in the "collapse of the Stock Market"page. It shows rioters having an excuse to drink due to depression, pain and then causing

commotion.

Walter, Sargent. Business Acti vity 1876-1901. N.d. The Cleveland Trust Company.

Faculty.umf.maine.edu. The Cleveland Trust Company, 25 Apr. 2013. Web. 2 Mar.

2014.

This image is used on the economic impact page to show how greatly the strike affected

the U.S.This graph shows the economic impact by showing the economy before the strike

and after.

Workers Rights Are Human RIGHTS. Digital image. Singapore Democratic Party, 20 Nov.

2008. Web. 3 Mar. 2014.

This image was used on the analysis and conclusion page to better help the reader

understand and interpret the idea of workers rights. We also had enjoyment when first

taking a view at this digital image because of its hidden meaning.

Videos:

BCC " Now You Know" with Chr is Mur o - Presidential E lection of 1876. Dir. Chris Muro.

Perf. Chris Muro. Http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXZSpjeL6gA . Brevard

Community College, 23 July 2012. Web. 27 Mar. 2014.

This video describes the events of the election of 1876 using researched material. Thisvideo is on the political impact page. This video helped us understand why the election of

1876 was known as "The Fixed Election".


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Sato, Mister. "MLA Annotated Bibliography & Online Sources." YouTube. YouTube, 10

Aug. 2013. Web. 29 Oct. 2013.

This video gives general knowledge on how to create an annotated bibliography. This

also provided knowledge about how to document online sources.

VandeCreek, Drew. I ll inois in the Gil ded Age, 1866-1896: The Great Strike, 1877. Northern

Illinois University Libraries, 2002.Drew VandeCreek, Ph.D., created a video which explains the Railroad Strike of 1877. He

utilizes graphics and images to explain the details leading up to and causing the event.

The video was one of the first that we saw that explained thoroughly the Great Strike. We

used the most significant part of the video on the Impact on U.S. page of our website.

Websites:

Kickul, Gerard. "Rail Road Strike Website." Rail Road Str ike Website. N.p., n.d. Web. 13

Nov. 2013.

This website helped us to understand the causes and effect of the Great Upheaval.Weread about how the Railroad Strike of 1877 was a first of many in labor history. This

article sets up the reasons for the strike and the mixed results.

"New York State Library." H istor ical Background: Great Rail road Stri ke 1877: Teacher

Guide: Ed. University of the State of New York - New York State EducationDepartment, 11 Jan. 2012. Web. 06 Jan. 2014.

This website helped us understand what happened when the stock market collapsed and

the severity of the depression.

Pinkerton, Allan. "Primary Sources." Primary Sources. Online Study Center, n.d. Web. 29

Oct. 2013.

This website provided examples of annotations that helped improve our annotation skills.

It also helped give an overview of what an annotation is.

"The Great Strike of 1877." SOCIALISTWORKERS.org. International Socialist

Organization, 21 Jan. 2011. Web. 01 Jan. 2014.

This website helped describe the severity of the critical period in 1877 also known as,

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877. This website was also used as a link on the home pageto describe America's year of depression and tragic events.


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"The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center." The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential

Center. The Ohio Historical Society, 2005. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.

This is a historical website based on Rutherford B. Hayes. This website contains diaries

written by rutherford B. Hayes.We quoted some exact words and they were put in our

website. We used this website for most Rutherford B. Hayes quotes viewed in The GreatUpheaval website.

University of St. Francis. "Rail Road Strike Website." Rail Road Str ike Website. University

of St. Francis, n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2014.

This website helped us understand how badly the workers were mistreated and how the

wage cuts played a big part in the strike. It helped us comprehend more of how theclosing of the stock market impacted the outcome of the strike including the worldwide

spread of events.

Documents

Annotated Bibliography