ankit final report(ankit)HIET1.doc

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EXPERIMENT NO-1

AIM:Introduction to MATLAB.

INTRODUCTION:

MATLAB is a software package for high performance numerical

computation and visualization. It provides an interactive environment for with

hundreds of built in function for technical computing, graphical and animation. It

also provides easy extensibility with its own high level programming language.

MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory.

MATLABs built in function provides excellent tool for linear algebra

computations, data analysis, signal processing, optimization, and numerical

solution of ordinary differential equations, quadrature and many other types of

scientific computations. MATLAB provides external interface to run FORTRAN or c

codes from within MATLAB. User can also write his own functions in MATLABlanguage. These functions behave just like built in functions.

In education it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced

courses in math, engg. Science and industry MATLAB is a tool of choice for high

productivity, research, development and analysis. MATLAB has extensive facility

for displaying vectors, matrices and graphs as well as printing these graphs. It

includes high level function for 2d and 3d data visualization, image processing,

animation and graphic presentation. It also include low level function that allow

you to fully customize appearance of graphics and to build complete graphical

interfaces

Basics of MATLAB:

MATLAB WINDOWS

MATLAB works through three basic windows:

(1) MATLAB desktop: this is where puts you when you launch it MATLABdesktop by

default consist of following sub windows:

a) COMMAND WINDOWS: this is main window. It is characterized byMATLAB command prompt(>>)

b) CURRENT DIRECTORY: this is where all your files currently in use are listed.You can run M files, rename them, delete them etc.

c) WORKSPACE: this sub window lists all variable that you have generated so farand shows their type and size.

d) COMMAND HISTORY: all command typed on MATLAB prompt in the commandwindow get recorded in this window.

2) FIGURE WINDOW: The output of all graphics command typed in the

command window are flushed to the graphics or the figure window, a

separate gray window with (default) white back ground color.

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3) EDITOR WINDOW: This is where user writes, edit, create and save his

program his program in files called M-files. User can use any text editor to

carry out these tasks.

File Types:

MATLAB can read write several types of files. Her are mainly 5

types of files for storing data and programs.

1. MFILES-These standard ASCII text files, with .m extension to the file name.

2. MAT files- These are binary data files with .mat extensions to the file

name, Mat files are created by MATLAB when users save command.

3. FIG-These are binary figure files with .fig extension that can be opened

again in MATLAB as figures.

4. PFILES- These are compiled m files with .p extension that can be executed

in MATLAB directly. These files are created with pcode command.

5. MEX-FILES- These are MATLAB capable FORTRAN and C program with

.MEX extension to the file name.

COMMANDS commonly used in MATLAB:

1-Subplot: subplot (m, n, and p) divides the graphic window into m*n sub

windows and puts the plot generated by next plotting command into pth sub

window, where the sub windows are counted row wise.

2-Disp: disp(x) displays an array, without printing the array name. If x contains a

text string, the string is displayed.

3-Stem: stem(x, y) plots x versus columns of y, x and y must vector or matrices

of the same size.

4-Clc: clc clears all input and output from commands window display by giving to

user a clean screen.

5-Exp: exp(x) is an elementary function that operates element wise on arrays.

6-plot: plot(y) plots the columns of y versus their index if y is a real no: if y iscomplex, plot(y) is equivalent to splot (real(y), image(y)).

7-Xlabel: xlabel (string) labels the x axis of current axis.

8-Ylabel: ylabel (string) labels the y-axis of the current axis.

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EXPERIMENT NO-2

Aim: Write a program to the following functions:

(a) To plot impulse function (b) To plot unit step function

(c) To plot unit ramp function (d) To plot sinusoidal function

(e) To plot cosine function (f) To plot exponential function

%% To plot impulse function

x=-2:1:2;

y=[0 0 1 0 0];

subplot(2,3,1)

stem(x,y)

xlabel('time')

ylabel('amplitude')

title('impulse function')

%% To plot unit step functionx=0:1:20;

y=ones(1,21);

subplot(2,3,2)

stem(x,y)

xlabel('time')

ylabel('amplitude')

title('unit step function')

%% To plot unit ramp function

x=0:1:20;

subplot(2,3,3)

stem(x,x)

xlabel('time')

title('unit ramp function')

%% To plot sinusoidal function

x=0:.1:10;

y=sin(x);

subplot(2,3,4)

stem(x,y)

xlabel('time')ylabel('amplitude')

title('sinosuidal function')

%% To plot cosine function

x=0:.1:10;

y=cos(x);

subplot(2,3,5)

stem(x,y)

xlabel('time')

ylabel('amplitude')

title('cosine function')

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%% To plot exponential function

x=0:.1:10;

y=exp(x);

subplot(2,3,6)

stem(x,y)

xlabel('time')ylabel('amplitude')

title('exponential function')

OUTPUT:-

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EXPERIMENT NO-3

Aim: Write a program to find convolution, cross-correlation & auto-correlation of sequence

using in-built convolution and correlation function.

x=[2 3 4 5 6 7 8]; %% input sequence

h=[3 4 5 6]; %% impulse sequencel1=length(x)

5

- 2 - 1 0 1 20

0 . 2

0 . 4

0 . 6

0 . 8

1

t i m e

am

plitude

i m p u l s e f u n c t i o n

0 5 1 0 1 5 2 00

0 . 2

0 . 4

0 . 6

0 . 8

1

t i m e

am

plitude

u n i t s a m p l e f u n c t i o n

0 5 1 0 1 5 2 00

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

t i m e

am

plitude

u n i t r a m p f u n c t i o n

0 5 1 0- 1

- 0 . 5

0

0 . 5

1

t i m e

am

plitude

s i n u s o i d a l f u n c t i o n

0 5 1 0- 1

- 0 . 5

0

0 . 5

1

t i m e

am

plitude

c o s i n e f u n c t i o n

0 5 1 00

0 . 5

1

1 . 5

2

2 . 5x 1 0

4

t i m e

am

plitude

e x p o n e n t i a l f u n c t i o n


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l2=length(h)

n=0:1:l1+l2-2;

n1=0:1:l1-1;

n2=0:1:l2-1;

% % to plot input sequencesubplot(2,3,1)

stem(n1,x);grid;

xlabel('n')

ylabel('x(n)')

title('input sequence'); %% to plot input sequence

%% to plot impulse sequence

subplot(2,3,2);

stem(n2,h);grid;

xlabel('n')

ylabel('h(n)')title('impulse response sequence'); %% to plot impulse response

%% to plot convolution of two sequence

y=conv(x,h);

subplot(2,3,3);

stem(n,y);grid;

xlabel('n')

ylabel('x(n)')

title('output of convolution of two sequence'); %% to plot convolution of two sequence

%% auto-corelation

n3=-(l1-1):(l1-1)

y1=xcorr(x,x);

subplot(2,3,4);

stem(n3,y1);grid;

xlabel('n')

ylabel('x(n)')

title('output sequence'); %% to plot auto-corelation of two sequence

%% cross-corelation

n4=-(l2-1):(l1-1)y2=xcorr2(x,h);

subplot(2,3,5);

stem(n4,y2);grid;

xlabel('n')

ylabel('x(n)')

title('output sequence'); %% to plot cross-corelation of two sequence

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OUTPUT:-

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EXPERIMENT NO-4

8

0 1 2 30

1

2

3

4

num

x

plotx

0 1 2 30

1

2

3

4

5

num

h

plot h

0 2 4 60

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

-4 -2 0 2 40

10

20

30

40

Num

y2

Cross coorlation

-4 -2 0 2 40

5

10

15

20

25

30

num

y3

Auto coorlation

num

convolution


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Aim:Define a function to compute DTFT of a finite length signal. Plot the magnitude &Phase plots using subplots to obtain DTFT Of 21 points triangular pulse over domain

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EXPERIMENT NO-5

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Aim: Write a program to verify the properties of Discrete Fourier Transform(DFT).

Linearity Property

n=0:10;

x1=(0.5).^n;x2=(0.7).^n;

a=5; b=7;

x3=a*x1+b*x2;

X3=fft(x3);

subplot(2,2,1)

stem(n,real(X3));grid;

xlabel('frequency');

ylabel('amplitude');

title('real part of X3'); %% to plot real part of DFT(ax1+bx2)

subplot(2,2,2)

stem(n,imag(X3));grid;



title('imaginary part of X3'); %% to plot imaginary part of DFT(ax1+bx2)

X1=fft(x1);

X2=fft(x2);

X4=a*X1+b*X2;

subplot(2,2,3)

stem(n,real(X4));grid;



title('real part of X4'); %% to plot real part of (a*DFT(x1)+b*DFT(x2))

subplot(2,2,4)

stem(n,imag(X4));grid;


ylabel('amplitude');title('imag part of X4'); %% to plot imag part of (a*DFT(x1)+b*DFT(x2))

OUTPUT:-

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0 5 1 00

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

f r e q u e n c y

am

plitude

r e a l p a r t o f X 3

0 5 1 0- 2 0

- 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

f r e q u e n c y

am

plitude

i m a g p a r t o f X 3

0 5 1 00

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

f r e q u e n c y

am

plitude

r e a l p a r t o f X 4

0 5 1 0- 2 0

- 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

f r e q u e n c y

am

plitude

i m a g p a r t o f X 4

Symmetry property

n=0:10;

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x=(0.5).^n;

X=fft(x);

subplot(2,2,1)

stem(n,real(X));grid;

xlabel('frequency')

ylabel('amplitude')title('real part of X') %% plot of real part of DFT(X)

subplot(2,2,2)

stem(n,imag(X));grid;

xlabel('frequency')

ylabel('amplitude')

title('imaginary part of X') %% plot of imaginary part of DFT(X)

y=x(mod(-n,11)+1);

xe=(x+y)/2; %% even component

xo=(x-y)/2; %% odd component

XE=fft(xe); %% dft of even component

XO=fft(xo); %% dft of odd component

subplot(2,2,3)

stem(n,real(XE));grid;

xlabel('frequency')

ylabel('amplitude')

title('real part of XE') %% plot of real part of DFT(XE)

subplot(2,2,4)

stem(n,imag(XO));grid;

xlabel('frequency')

ylabel('amplitude')

title('imaginary part of XO') %% plot of imaginary part of DFT(XO)

OUTPUT:-

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0 2 4 6 8 1 00

0 . 5

1

1 . 5

2

f r e q u e n c y

am

plitude

r e a l p a r t o f X

0 2 4 6 8 1 0- 1

- 0 . 5

0

0 . 5

1

f r e q u e n c y

am

plitude

i m a g i n a r y p a r t o f X

0 2 4 6 8 1 00

0 . 5

1

1 . 5

2

f r e q u e n c y

am

plitude

r e a l p a r t o f X E

0 2 4 6 8 1 0- 1

- 0 . 5

0

0 . 5

1

f r e q u e n c y

am

plitude

i m a g i n a r y p a r t o f X O

EXPERIMENT NO-6

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Aim: Write a program to plot real, imaginary & phase and magnitude of exponential

function. x=exp(-0.1+0.3j)n

n= -10:10;

x=exp((-0.1+0.3j)*n); %% exponential function

subplot(2,2,1)

stem(n,real(x));grid;

xlabel(' frequency ')

ylabel('amplitude ')

title('real part of x(n)') %% plot of real part of x(n)

subplot(2,2,2)

stem(n,imag(x));grid;



title('img part of x(n)') %% plot of imaginary part of x(n)

subplot(2,2,3)

stem(n,abs(x));grid;



title('abs part of x(n)') %% plot of magnitude part of x(n)

subplot(2,2,4)

stem(n,angle(x));grid;


ylabel('amplitude')

title('angle part of x(n)') %% plot of phase part of x(n)

OUTPUT:-

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- 1 0 - 5 0 5 1 0- 3

- 2

- 1

0

1

2

f r e q u e n c y

am

plitude

r e a l p a r t o f x ( n )

- 1 0 - 5 0 5 1 0- 2

- 1 . 5

- 1

- 0 . 5

0

0 . 5

1

f r e q u e n c y

am

plitude

i m g p a r t o f x ( n )

- 1 0 - 5 0 5 1 00

0 . 5

1

1 . 5

2

2 . 5

3

f r e q u e n c y

am

plitude

a b s p a r t o f x ( n )

- 1 0 - 5 0 5 1 0- 3

- 2

- 1

0

1

2

3

f r e q u e n c y

am

plitude

a n g l e p a r t o f x ( n )

EXPERIMENT NO-7

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Aim: Write a program to convert a continuous time signal to a discrete signal and then

reconstruct the original signal.

t= -0.005:0.00005:0.005;

x=exp(-1000*abs(t));

subplot(2,2,1)

plot(t,x);

xlabel('t');


title('analog signal'); %% to plot continuous time signal

n=-25:1:25;

T=1/5000;

z=exp(-1000*abs(n*T));

subplot(2,2,2)stem(n*T,z);

xlabel('n');


title('sampled signal'); %% to plot discrete time signal

xi=-0.005:0.00005:0.005;

yi=spline(T*n,z,xi);

subplot(2,2,3)

plot(xi,yi);

xlabel('t');


title('reconstructed signal'); %% to plot reconstructed signal

OUTPUT:-

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- 5 0 5

x 1 0- 3

0

0 . 2

0 . 4

0 . 6

0 . 8

1

t

am

plitude

a n a l o g s i g n a l

- 5 0 5

x 1 0- 3

0

0 . 2

0 . 4

0 . 6

0 . 8

1

n

am

plitude

s a m p l e d s i g n a l

- 5 0 5

x 1 0- 3

0

0 . 2

0 . 4

0 . 6

0 . 8

1

t

am

plitude

r e c o n s t r u c t e d s i g n a l

EXPERIMENT NO-8

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Aim: Write a program to plot a BUTTERWORTH low pass filter.

pa=4; %PASSBAND ATTENUATION

sa=10; %STOPBAND ATTENUATION

fp=400; %PASSBAND FREQUENCY

fs=800; %STOPBAND FREQUENCYf=4000; %SAMPLING FREQUENCY

fp1=2*3.14*fp/f; %PASSBAND EDGE FREQUENCY

fs1=2*3.14*fs/f; %STOPBAND EDGE FREQUENCY

[N,Wn]=buttord(fp1,fs1,pa,sa); % N : ORDER & WN : NATURAL FREQUENCY

[B,A]=butter(N,Wn); %% filter co-efficients

[H,W]=freqz(B,A,N);

w1=0:0.01:pi;

[H]=freqz(B,A,w1);

z=abs(H);x=angle(H);

subplot(1,2,1);

plot(w1,z);

xlabel('FREQUENCY');

ylabel('MAGNITUDE');

title('MAGNITUDE VS FREQUENCY'); %%To plot magnitude

subplot(1,2,2);

plot(w1,x);

xlabel('FREQUENCY');label('PHASE ANGLE');

title('PHASE ANGLE VS FREQUENCY'); %%To plot phase

OUTPUT:-

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0 1 2 3 40

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

FREQUENCY

MAGNITUDE

MAGNOITUDE VS FREQUENCY

0 1 2 3 4-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

FREQUENCY

PHASE

ANGLE

PHASE ANGLE VS FREQUENCY

EXPERIMENT NO-9

Aim: Write a program to plot an ELLIPTICAL low pass filter.

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pa=1; %PASSBAND ATTENUATION

sa=15; %STOPBAND ATTENUATION

fp=.2; %PASSBAND FREQUENCY

fs=.3; %STOPBAND FREQUENCY

[N,Wn]=ellipord(fp,fs,pa,sa); %N is ORDER & WN is NATURAL FREQUENCY

[B,A]=ellip(N,pa,sa,Wn); %% filter co-efficients[H,W]=freqz(B,A,N);

w1=0:0.01:pi;

[H]=freqz(B,A,w1);

z=abs(H);

x=angle(H);

subplot(1,2,1);

plot(w1,z);

xlabel('FREQUENCY');ylabel('MAGNITUDE');

title('MAGNITUDE VS FREQUENCY'); %%To plot magnitude

subplot(1,2,2);

plot(w1,x);

xlabel('FREQUENCY');

ylabel('PHASE ANGLE');

title('PHASE ANGLE VS FREQUENCY'); %%To plot phase

OUTPUT:-

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0 1 2 3 40

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

FREQUENCY

MAGNITUDE

MAGNOITUDE VS FREQUENCY

0 1 2 3 4-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

FREQUENCY

PHASE

ANGLE

PHASE ANGLE VS FREQUENCY

EXPERIMENT NO-10

Aim: Generate and plot the following windows(i)Rectangular (ii ) Hanning (iii) Hamming (iv)Blackman

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take the window length = 31 & windows to be causal & also plot amplitude plots

of these windows.

m=31

n=0:m-1;

%% rectangular windowwr=boxcar(m);

subplot(4,2,1)

stem(n,wr);

xlabel('time index,n')

ylabel('w[n]')

title('rectangular window')

%% amplitude response of rectangular window

[frq_wr,w1]= freqz(wr,1,512);

subplot(4,2,2)

plot(w1/pi,20*log10(abs(frq_wr))); grid;xlabel('normalized frequency,w/pi')

ylabel('amplitude response,dB')

title('amplitude response of rectangular window')

%% hanning window

wc= hanning(m)

subplot(4,2,3)

stem(n,wc)


ylabel('w[n]')

title('hanning window')

%% amplitude response of hanning window

[frq_wc,w2]= freqz(wc,1,512);

subplot(4,2,4)

plot(w2/pi, 20*log10(abs(frq_wc))); grid;

xlabel('normalized frequency,w/pi')


title('amplitude response of hanning window')

%% hamming windowwh= hamming(m)

subplot(4,2,5)

stem(n,wh)


ylabel('w[n]')

title('hamming window')

%% amplitude response of hamming window

[frq_wh,w3]= freqz(wh,1,512);

subplot(4,2,6)

plot(w3/pi, 20*log10(abs(frq_wh))); grid;xlabel('normalized frequency,w/pi')

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title('amplitude response of hamming window')

%% blackman window

wb= blackman(m)

subplot(4,2,7)stem(n,wc)


ylabel('w[n]')

title('blackman window')

%% amplitude response of blackman window

[frq_wb,w4]= freqz(wb,1,512);

subplot(4,2,8)

plot(w4/pi, 20*log10(abs(frq_wb))); grid;

xlabel('normalized frequency,w/pi')

ylabel('amplitude response,dB')title('amplitude response of blackman window')

OUTPUT:-

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ankit final report(ankit)HIET1.doc