ANGGOTA FILUM CHORDATA(LANJUTAN)

• I GEDE SUDIRGAYASA

AMNIOTA(TETRAPODA DENGAN TELUR TERADAPTASI DARATAN)

ANCESTRALDEUTEROSTOME

Notochord

Commonancestor ofchordates

Head

Vertebral column

Jaws, mineralized skeleton

Lungs or lung derivatives

Lobed fins

Limbs with digits

Amniotic egg

Milk

Echinodermata

Cephalochordata

Urochordata

Myxini

Petromyzontida

Chondrichthyes

Actinopterygii

Actinistia

Dipnoi

Amphibia

Reptilia

Mammalia

Ch

ord

ates

Cran

iates

Ve

rteb

rates

Gn

atho

stom

es

Oste

ichth

yans

Lob

e-fin

s

Tetrapo

ds

Am

nio

tes

FILOGENI KORDATA YANG MASIH ADA

What do you notice that is odd?

Concept 34.6: Amniotes are tetrapodsthat have a terrestrially adapted egg

• Amniotes are a group of tetrapods whose living members are the reptiles, including birds, and mammals

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

ANCESTRALAMNIOTE

Parareptiles

Turtles

Crocodilians

Pterosaurs

Ornithischiandinosaurs

Saurischian dinosaursother than birds

Birds

Plesiosaurs

Ichthyosaurs

Tuataras

Squamates

Mammals

Re

ptile

sSyn

apsid

s

Diap

sids

Arch

osau

rs

Lep

ido

saurs

Din

osau

rs

Saurisch

ians

Figure 34.25

Figure 34.26

Extraembryonic membranes

Shell

Amniotic cavitywith amnioticfluid

Embryo

AmnionAllantois Chorion

Yolk sac

Yolk(nutrients)

Albumen

REPTILIA

ANCESTRALDEUTEROSTOME

Notochord

Commonancestor ofchordates

Head

Vertebral column

Jaws, mineralized skeleton

Lungs or lung derivatives

Lobed fins

Limbs with digits

Amniotic egg

Milk

Echinodermata

Cephalochordata

Urochordata

Myxini

Petromyzontida

Chondrichthyes

Actinopterygii

Actinistia

Dipnoi

Amphibia

Reptilia

Mammalia

Ch

ord

ates

Cran

iates

Ve

rteb

rates

Gn

atho

stom

es

Oste

ichth

yans

Lob

e-fin

s

Tetrapo

ds

Am

nio

tes

FILOGENI KORDATA YANG MASIH ADA

What do you notice that is odd?

Reptiles• The reptile clade includes

the tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and some extinct groups

• Reptiles have scales that create a waterproof barrier

• Most reptiles lay shelled eggs on land

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

10

Phylogenetic Tree of Reptiles

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

orbit

lateraltemporalopening

Synapsid skull

pelycosaurs(extinct)

ancestralamniote(extinct)

dorsaltemporalopening

lateraltemporalopening

orbit

Diapsid skull

CARBONIFEROUS PERMIAN

PALEOZOIC ERA

TRIASSIC JURASSIC

MESOZOIC ERA

CRETACEOUSCENOZOIC ERA(to the present)

thecodonts(extinct) dinosaurs

(extinct)

orbit

therapsids(extinct)

Anapsid skull

mammals

turtles

snakes

lizards

tuataras

crocodilians

birds

Re

pti

les

Arc

ho

sau

rs

common ancestor

11

Anatomy and Physiology of Reptiles

• Reptiles have a thick, scaly skin that is keratinized and impermeable to water

– Usually tetrapods

– Lungs with expandable rib cage

– Shelled amniotic egg

– Dry, scaly skin

– Ectothermic

12

Reptilian Anatomy

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

nostril

tongue

esophagus

trachea

lung

thick, scaly skin

liver

vertebra

spinal cord

gonad

kidney

anuscolon cloacaintestine

stomach

heartclaw

scales

a.

b.

b: © OS21/PhotoDisc

13

Reptilian Diversity

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

jaws

shell

shell (carapace)

clawed foot

flipper

beak

egg shell

yolk sac

albumin

amnion

embryo

chorion

allantois

Venom gland

fang

rattle

C. Diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus atroxb. Glla monster, Heloderma suspectuma. Green sea turtle, chelonia mydas

third eye (not visible)

tail

d. Tuatara, sphenodon punctatus e .American crocodile, crocodylus acutus a: © H. Hall/OSF/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Joe McDonald/Visuals Unlimited; c: © Joel Sartorie/National Geographic/Getty Images;

d: © Nathan W. Cohen/Visuals Unlimited; e: © Martin Harvey; Gallo Images/Corbis

air space

Scaly skin

(a) Tuatara(Sphenodonpunctatus)

Australianthorny devillizard (Molochhorridus)

(b)

(d) Eastern box turtle(Terrapene carolinacarolina)

(c) Wagler’s pit viper(Tropidolaemus wagleri)

(e) American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Figure 34.29

15

Science Focus

• Pharmaceutical products come from some vertebrates

– Even poisons and toxins can be used as medicines

• The Thailand cobra venom is source of the drug Immunokine,

– Used for multiple sclerosis patients.

• The southern copperhead snake and the fer-de-lance pit viper provide a chemical for the synthesis of anticoagulants, painkillers, antibiotics, and anticancer drugs.

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ANCESTRALDEUTEROSTOME

Notochord

Commonancestor ofchordates

Head

Vertebral column

Jaws, mineralized skeleton

Lungs or lung derivatives

Lobed fins

Limbs with digits

Amniotic egg

Milk

Echinodermata

Cephalochordata

Urochordata

Myxini

Petromyzontida

Chondrichthyes

Actinopterygii

Actinistia

Dipnoi

Amphibia

Reptilia

Mammalia

Ch

ord

ates

Cran

iates

Ve

rteb

rates

Gn

atho

stom

es

Oste

ichth

yans

Lob

e-fin

s

Tetrapo

ds

Am

nio

tes

REVIEW

What do you notice that is odd?

DISKUSI

BURUNG

ANCESTRALAMNIOTE

Parareptiles

Turtles

Crocodilians

Pterosaurs

Ornithischiandinosaurs

Saurischian dinosaursother than birds

Birds

Plesiosaurs

Ichthyosaurs

Tuataras

Squamates

Mammals

Re

ptile

sSyn

apsid

s

Diap

sids

Arch

osau

rs

Lep

ido

saurs

Din

osau

rs

Saurisch

ians

Figure 34.25

Birds

• Birds are archosaurs, but almost every feature of their reptilian anatomy has undergone modification in their adaptation to flight

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Many characters of birds are adaptations that facilitate flight

• The major adaptation is wings with keratin feathers

• Other adaptations include lack of a urinary bladder, females with only one ovary, small gonads, and loss of teeth

Derived Characters of Birds

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 34.30

(a) Wing

Vane

Shaft

ForearmWrist

Shaft

Barb

Barbule

Hook

(c) Feather structure

(b) Bone structure

Finger 1

Finger 2

Finger 3

Palm

24

Bird Anatomy and Flight

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

b. Bald eagle, Haliaetus

upstroke

downstroke

skeleton

hindlimb

forelimb

a. Bird and feather anatomy

nostrilear opening

lungesophagus

trachea

heartcrop

liversternum

pancreas

cloaca

vas deferensposterior air sac

rectum

ureter

gizzardkidney

testis

Feather anatomybarb

barbule

shaft

sternumwith keel

b(Both): © Daniel J. Cox

25

Airfoil wingwith contourfeathers

Long tail withmany vertebrae

Toothed beak Wing clawFigure 34.31

• The demands of flight have rendered the general body form of many flying birds similar to one another

A king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus)

“flying” underwater.

Hummingbird feeding while hovering.

Specialized beaks.

30

Bird Beaks

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a. Bald eagle, Haliaetus leucocephalus b. Pileated woodpecker, Dryocopus pileatus

c. Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber d. Blue-and-yellow macaw, Ara ararauna e. Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalisa: © Thomas Kitchin/Tom Stack & Associates; b: © Joel McDonald/Corbis; c: © Brian Parker/Tom Stack & Associates; d: © IT Stock/PunchStock; e: © Kirtley Perkins/Visuals Unlimited

Feet adapted to perching.

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DISKUSI