Android (Operating System) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Android

Android 50 home screen

Developer GoogleOpen Handset Alliance

Written in C (core) C++ Java (UI)[1]

OS family Unixshylike

Working state Current

Source model Open source[2] and in most

Android (operating system)From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Android is a mobile operating system (OS) based onthe Linux kernel and currently developed by GoogleWith a user interface based on direct manipulationAndroid is designed primarily for touchscreen mobiledevices such as smartphones and tablet computerswith specialized user interfaces for televisions(Android TV) cars (Android Auto) and wrist watches(Android Wear) The OS uses touch inputs that looselycorrespond to realshyworld actions like swiping tappingpinching and reverse pinching to manipulate onshyscreenobjects and a virtual keyboard Despite beingprimarily designed for touchscreen input it has alsobeen used in game consoles digital cameras regularPCs and other electronics As of 2015 Android hasthe largest installed base of all operating systems[11]

As of July 2013 the Google Play store has had overone million Android applications (apps) publishedand over 50 billion applications downloaded[12] AnAprilndashMay 2013 survey of mobile applicationdevelopers found that 71 of them create applicationsfor Android[13] another 2015 survey found that 40 offullshytime professional developers see Android as thepriority target platform which is more than iOS(37) or other platforms[14] At Google IO 2014 thecompany revealed that there were over one billionactive monthly Android users up from 538 million inJune 2013[15]

Androids source code is released by Google underopen source licenses although most Android devicesultimately ship with a combination of open source andproprietary software including proprietary softwaredeveloped and licensed by Google[3] Initiallydeveloped by Android Inc which Google bought in2005[16] Android was unveiled in 2007 along with thefounding of the Open Handset Alliance ndash a consortiumof hardware software and telecommunicationcompanies devoted to advancing open standards formobile devices[17]



devices with proprietarycomponents[3]

Initial release September 23 2008[4]

Latest release 511 Lollipop April 212015

Latest preview 60 Marshmallow(developer preview 3) August 17 2015

Marketing target Smartphones tabletcomputers TVs cars andwearable devices

Available in 70 languages[a]

Package manager Google Play APK

Platforms 32shy and 64shybit ARM

architectures x86[5] x86shy64

MIPS[6] and MIPS64[b]

Kernel type Monolithic (modified Linuxkernel)

Userland Bionic libc[7] mksh shell[8]

native core utilities with a fewfrom NetBSD[9]

Default user interface Graphical (Multishytouch)

License Apache License 20GNU GPL v2 for the Linux

kernel modifications[10]

Official website wwwandroidcom(httpswwwandroidcom)

Android is popular with technology companies whichrequire a readyshymade lowshycost and customizableoperating system for highshytech devices[18] Androidsopen nature has encouraged a large community ofdevelopers and enthusiasts to use the openshysource codeas a foundation for communityshydriven projects whichadd new features for advanced users[19] or bringAndroid to devices which were officially releasedrunning other operating systems The operatingsystems success has made it a target for patentlitigation as part of the soshycalled smartphone warsbetween technology companies[20][21]

Contents

1 History2 Features

21 Interface22 Applications23 Memory management

3 Hardware4 Development

41 Update schedule42 Linux kernel43 Software stack44 Openshysource community

5 Security and privacy6 Licensing

61 Leverage over manufacturers7 Reception

71 Market share72 Adoption on tablets73 Platform usage74 Application piracy

8 Legal issues9 Use outside of smartphones and tablets

91 Desktops and laptops10 See also11 Notes12 References13 External links

History

See also Android version history



Eric Schmidt Andy Rubin and HugoBarra at a 2012 press conferenceannouncing the Googles Nexus 7tablet

Android Inc was founded in Palo Alto California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin (coshyfounder ofDanger)[22] Rich Miner (coshyfounder of Wildfire Communications Inc)[23] Nick Sears (once VP at TshyMobile)[24] and Chris White (headed design and interface development at WebTV[16]) to develop inRubins words smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owners location and preferences[16]The early intentions of the company were to develop an advanced operating system for digital camerasThough when it was realized that the market for the devices was not large enough the company divertedits efforts toward producing a smartphone operating system that would rival Symbian and MicrosoftWindows Mobile[25] Despite the past accomplishments of the founders and early employees Android Incoperated secretly revealing only that it was working on software for mobile phones[16] That same yearRubin ran out of money Steve Perlman a close friend of Rubin brought him $10000 in cash in anenvelope and refused a stake in the company[26]

In July 2005 Google acquired Android Inc for at least $50 million whose key employees includingRubin Miner and White stayed at the company after the acquisition[11][16] Not much was known aboutAndroid Inc at the time but many assumed that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone marketwith this move[16] At Google the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by theLinux kernel Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing aflexible upgradable system Google had lined up a series of hardware component and software partners andsignaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation on their part[27][28][29]

Speculation about Googles intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build throughDecember 2006[30] An earlier prototype codenamed Sooner had a closer resemblance to a BlackBerryphone with no touchscreen and a physical QWERTY keyboard but was later reshyengineered to support atouchscreen to compete with other announced devices such as the 2006 LG Prada and 2007 AppleiPhone[31][32] In September 2007 InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Googlehad filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony[33][34]

On November 5 2007 the Open Handset Alliance a consortium oftechnology companies including Google device manufacturers suchas HTC Sony and Samsung wireless carriers such as Sprint Nexteland TshyMobile and chipset makers such as Qualcomm and TexasInstruments unveiled itself with a goal to develop open standardsfor mobile devices[17] That day Android was unveiled as its firstproduct a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version2625[17][35] The first commercially available smartphone runningAndroid was the HTC Dream released on October 22 2008[36]

In 2010 Google launched its Nexus series of devices ndash a line ofsmartphones and tablets running the Android operating system andbuilt by manufacturing partners HTC collaborated with Google to release the first Nexus smartphone[37]the Nexus One Google has since updated the series with newer devices such as the Nexus 5 phone (madeby LG) and the Nexus 7 tablet (made by Asus) Google releases the Nexus phones and tablets to act as theirflagship Android devices demonstrating Androids latest software and hardware features Until January



2015 Google offered several Google Play Edition devices over Google Play as GoogleshycustomizedAndroid phones and tablets that while not carrying the Google Nexus branding run an unmodified versionof Android

On March 13 2013 Larry Page announced in a blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Androiddivision to take on new projects at Google[38] He was replaced by Sundar Pichai who also continues hisrole as the head of Googles Chrome division[39] which develops Chrome OS

Since 2008 Android has seen numerous updates which have incrementally improved the operating systemadding new features and fixing bugs in previous releases Each major release is named in alphabetical orderafter a dessert or sugary treat for example version 15 Cupcake was followed by 16 Donut Version444 KitKat appeared as a securityshyonly update it was released on June 19 2014 shortly after 443 wasreleased[40][41] Android 50 Lollipop was released on November 14 2014 introducing material designas a new design language and one of its key new features it was followed by two bugfix releases (501 and502)[42]

In 2014 Google launched Android One a standardized smartphone mainly targeting customers in thedeveloping world Android One smartphones running the latest version of Android (eg the latest Android51) close to the stock version of the operating system As of March 3 2015 the newest version of theAndroid operating system 51 is available for selected devices including the Android One series theNexus 6 phablet and the Nexus 9 tablet[43]

From 2010 to 2013 Hugo Barra served as product spokesperson representing Android at both pressconferences and Google IO Googlersquos annual developershyfocused conference Barras product involvementincluded the entire Android ecosystem of software and hardware including Honeycomb Ice CreamSandwich Jelly Bean and KitKat operating system launches the Nexus 4 and Nexus 5 smartphones theNexus 7[44] and Nexus 10 tablets[45] and other related products such as Google Now[46] and Google VoiceSearch Googlersquos speech recognition product comparable to Applersquos Siri[46] In 2013 Barra left the Androidteam for Chinese smartphone maker Xiaomi[47]

In May 2015 Google announced Project Brillo as a cutshydown version of Android that uses its lower levels(excluding the user interface) intended for the Internet of Things (IoT) embedded systems[48]

Features

See also List of features in Android

Interface

Androids default user interface is based on direct manipulation[49] using touch inputs that looselycorrespond to realshyworld actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate onshyscreen objects and a virtual keyboard[49] The response to user input is designed to be immediate andprovides a fluid touch interface often using the vibration capabilities of the device to provide hapticfeedback to the user Internal hardware such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors[50] are



Notifications are accessed by slidingfrom the top of the displayindividual notifications can bedismissed by sliding them away andmay contain additional functions(such as on the missed callnotification seen here)

used by some applications to respond to additional user actions for example adjusting the screen fromportrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented or allowing the user to steer a vehicle in aracing game by rotating the device simulating control of a steering wheel[51]

Android devices boot to the homescreen the primary navigation and information hub on Android devicesthat is analogous to the desktop found on PCs (Android also runs on regular PCs as described below)Android homescreens are typically made up of app icons and widgets app icons launch the associated appwhereas widgets display live autoshyupdating content such as theweather forecast the users email inbox or a news ticker directly onthe homescreen[52] A homescreen may be made up of several pagesthat the user can swipe back and forth between though Androidshomescreen interface is heavily customisable allowing the user toadjust the look and feel of the device to their tastes[53] Thirdshypartyapps available on Google Play and other app stores can extensivelyreshytheme the homescreen and even mimic the look of otheroperating systems such as Windows Phone[54] Most manufacturersand some wireless carriers customise the look and feel of theirAndroid devices to differentiate themselves from theircompetitors[55]

Present along the top of the screen is a status bar showinginformation about the device and its connectivity This status barcan be pulled down to reveal a notification screen where appsdisplay important information or updates such as a newly receivedemail or SMS text in a way that does not immediately interrupt orinconvenience the user[56] Notifications are persistent until read (bytapping which opens the relevant app) or dismissed by sliding it offthe screen Beginning on Android 41 expanded notifications candisplay expanded details or additional functionality for instance amusic player can display playback controls and a missed callnotification provides buttons for calling back or sending the calleran SMS message[57]

Android provides the ability to run applications which change thedefault launcher and hence the appearance and externally visiblebehaviour of Android These appearance changes include a multishypage dock or no dock and many more changes to fundamental features of the user interface[58]

Applications

See also Android software development and Google Play

Applications (apps) which extend the functionality of devices are written using the Android softwaredevelopment kit (SDK) and often the Java programming language that has complete access to the AndroidAPIs Java may be combined with CC++ together with a choice of nonshydefault runtimes that allow betterC++ support[59][60][61] the Go programming language is also supported since its version 14 which can also



be used exclusively although with a restricted set of Android APIs[62] The SDK includes a comprehensiveset of development tools[63] including a debugger software libraries a handset emulator based on QEMUdocumentation sample code and tutorials Initially Googles supported integrated developmentenvironment (IDE) was Eclipse using the Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin in December 2014Google released Android Studio based on IntelliJ IDEA as its primary IDE for Android applicationdevelopment Other development tools are available including a native development kit (NDK) forapplications or extensions in C or C++ Google App Inventor a visual environment for noviceprogrammers and various cross platform mobile web applications frameworks In January 2014 Googleunveiled an framework based on Apache Cordova for porting Chrome HTML 5 web applications toAndroid wrapped in a native application shell[64]

Android has a growing selection of thirdshyparty applications which can be acquired by users bydownloading and installing the applications APK (Android application package) file or by downloadingthem using an application store program that allows users to install update and remove applications fromtheir devices Google Play Store is the primary application store installed on Android devices that complywith Googles compatibility requirements and license the Google Mobile Services software[3][65] GooglePlay Store allows users to browse download and update applications published by Google and thirdshypartydevelopers As of July 2013 there are more than one million applications available for Android in PlayStore[66] As of May 2013 48 billion applications have been installed from Google Play Store[67] and inJuly 2013 50 billion applications were installed[68][69] Some carriers offer direct carrier billing for GooglePlay application purchases where the cost of the application is added to the users monthly bill[70]

Due to the open nature of Android a number of thirdshyparty application marketplaces also exist for Androideither to provide a substitute for devices that are not allowed to ship with Google Play Store provideapplications that cannot be offered on Google Play Store due to policy violations or for other reasonsExamples of these thirdshyparty stores have included the Amazon Appstore GetJar and SlideMe FshyDroidanother alternative marketplace seeks to only provide applications that are distributed under free and opensource licenses[3][71][72][73]

Memory management

Since Android devices are usually batteryshypowered Android is designed to manage memory (RAM) tokeep power consumption at a minimum in contrast to desktop operating systems which generally assumethey are connected to unlimited mains electricity When an Android application is no longer in use thesystem will automatically suspend it in memory while the application is still technically open suspendedapplications consume no resources (for example battery power or processing power) and sit idly in thebackground until needed again This brings a dual benefit by increasing the general responsiveness ofAndroid devices since applications do not need to be closed and reopened from scratch each time and byensuring that background applications do not consume power needlessly[74][75]

Android manages the applications stored in memory automatically when memory is low the system willbegin killing applications and processes that have been inactive for a while in reverse order since they werelast used (oldest first) This process is designed to be invisible to the user so that users do not need tomanage memory or the killing of applications themselves[76][77] As of 2011 thirdshyparty task killers werereported by Lifehacker as doing more harm than good[78]



Hardware

See also Android hardware requirements

The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM architecture (ARMv7 and ARMv8shyA architectures)with x86 and MIPS architectures also officially supported (the latter two became officially supported inlater Android versions) Since Android 50 Lollipop 64shybit variants of all platforms are supported inaddition to the 32shybit variants[79] Unofficial Androidshyx86 project used to provide support for the x86 andMIPS architectures ahead of the official support[5][80] Since 2012 Android devices with Intel processorsbegan to appear including phones[81] and tablets While gaining support for 64shybit platforms Android wasfirst made to run on 64shybit x86 and then on ARM64

As of November 2013 Android 44 recommends at least 512 MB of RAM[82] while for low RAMdevices 340 MB is the required minimum amount that does not include memory dedicated to varioushardware components such as the baseband processor[83] Android 44 requires a 32shybit ARMv7 MIPS orx86 architecture processor (latter two through unofficial ports)[5][84] together with an OpenGL ES 20compatible graphics processing unit (GPU)[85] Android supports OpenGL ES 11 20 30 and 31 Someapplications may explicitly require a certain version of the OpenGL ES and suitable GPU hardware isrequired to run such applications[85]

Android devices incorporate many optional hardware components including still or video cameras GPSorientation sensors dedicated gaming controls accelerometers gyroscopes barometers magnetometersproximity sensors pressure sensors thermometers and touchscreens Some hardware components are notrequired but became standard in certain classes of devices such as smartphones and additionalrequirements apply if they are present Some other hardware was initially required but those requirementshave been relaxed or eliminated altogether For example as Android was developed initially as a phone OShardware such as microphones were required while over time the phone function became optional[69]

Android used to require an autofocus camera which was relaxed to a fixedshyfocus camera[69] if it is evenpresent at all since the camera was dropped as a requirement entirely when Android started to be used onsetshytop boxes

In addition to running on smartphones and tablets several vendors run Android natively on regular PChardware with a keyboard and mouse[86][87][88] In addition to their availability on commercially availablehardware similar PC hardwarendashfriendly versions of Android are freely available from the Androidshyx86project including customized Android 44[89] Using the Android emulator that is part of the Android SDKor by using BlueStacks or Andy Android can also run nonshynatively on x86[90][91] Chinese companies arebuilding a PC and mobile operating system based on Android to compete directly with MicrosoftWindows and Google Android[92] The Chinese Academy of Engineering noted that more than a dozencompanies were customising Android following a Chinese ban on the use of Windows 8 on governmentPCs[93][94][95]

Development



Android green figure next to itsoriginal packaging

Android is developed in private by Google until the latest changes and updates are ready to be released atwhich point the source code is made available publicly[96] Thissource code will only run without modification on select devicesusually the Nexus series of devices The source code is in turnadapted by OEMs to run on their hardware[97] Androids sourcecode does not contain the often proprietary device drivers that areneeded for certain hardware components[98]

The green Android logo was designed for Google in 2007 by agraphic designer Irina Blok The design team was tasked with aproject to create a universally identifiable icon with the specificinclusion of a robot in the final design After numerous designdevelopments based on scienceshyfiction and space movies the teameventually sought inspiration from the human symbol on restroomdoors and modified the figure into a robot shape As Android is openshysourced it was agreed that the logoshould be likewise and since its launch the green logo has been reinterpreted into countless variations onthe original design[99]

Update schedule


Google provides major incremental upgrades to Android every six to nine months with confectioneryshythemed names which most devices are capable of receiving over the air[100] The latest major release isAndroid 50 Lollipop[42]

Compared to its primary rival mobile operating system iOS Android updates typically reach variousdevices with significant delays For devices not under the Nexus brand updates often arrive months fromthe time the given version is officially released if at all[101] This is partly due to the extensive variation inhardware of Android devices to which each upgrade must be specifically tailored as the official Googlesource code only runs on their flagship Nexus devices Porting Android to specific hardware is a timeshy andresourceshyconsuming process for device manufacturers who prioritize their newest devices and often leaveolder ones behind[101] Hence older smartphones are frequently not updated if the manufacturer decides it isnot worth their time regardless of whether the phone is capable of running the update This problem iscompounded when manufacturers customize Android with their own interface and apps which must bereapplied to each new release Additional delays can be introduced by wireless carriers who after receivingupdates from manufacturers further customize and brand Android to their needs and conduct extensivetesting on their networks before sending the upgrade out to users[101]

The lack of aftershysale support from manufacturers and carriers has been widely criticized by consumergroups and the technology media[102][103] Some commentators have noted that the industry has a financialincentive not to upgrade their devices as the lack of updates for existing devices fuels the purchase ofnewer ones[104] an attitude described as insulting[103] The Guardian has complained that the method ofdistribution for updates is complicated only because manufacturers and carriers have designed it that



way[103] In 2011 Google partnered with a number of industry players to announce an Android UpdateAlliance pledging to deliver timely updates for every device for 18 months after its release[105] howeverthere has not been another official word about that alliance[101][106]

In 2012 Google began decoupling certain aspects of the operating system (particularly core applications) sothey could be updated through Google Play Store independently of Android itself One of thesecomponents Google Play Services is a closedshysource systemshylevel process providing APIs for Googleservices installed automatically on nearly all devices running Android version 22 and higher With thesechanges Google can add new operating system functionality through Play Services and application updateswithout having to distribute an upgrade to the operating system itself As a result Android 42 and 43contained relatively fewer usershyfacing changes focusing more on minor changes and platformimprovements[3][107]

Linux kernel

Androids kernel is based on one of the Linux kernels longshyterm support (LTS) branches Since April 2014Android devices mainly use versions 34 or 310 of the Linux kernel[108][109] The specific kernel versiondepends on the actual Android device and its hardware platform[110][111][112] Android has used variouskernel versions since the version 2625 that was used in Android 10[35]

Androids variant of the Linux kernel has further architectural changes that are implemented by Googleoutside the typical Linux kernel development cycle such as the inclusion of components like Binderashmem pmem logger wakelocks and different outshyofshymemory (OOM) handling[113][114][115] Certainfeatures that Google contributed back to the Linux kernel notably a power management feature calledwakelocks were rejected by mainline kernel developers partly because they felt that Google did not showany intent to maintain its own code[116][117][118] Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire twoemployees to work with the Linux kernel community[119] but Greg KroahshyHartman the current Linuxkernel maintainer for the stable branch said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google was nolonger trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux[117] Some Google Androiddevelopers hinted that the Android team was getting fed up with the process because they were a smallteam and had more urgent work to do on Android[120]

In August 2011 Linus Torvalds said that eventually Android and Linux would come back to a commonkernel but it will probably not be for four to five years[121] In December 2011 Greg KroahshyHartmanannounced the start of Android Mainlining Project which aims to put some Android drivers patches andfeatures back into the Linux kernel starting in Linux 33[122] Linux included the autosleep and wakelockscapabilities in the 35 kernel after many previous attempts at merger The interfaces are the same but theupstream Linux implementation allows for two different suspend modes to memory (the traditionalsuspend that Android uses) and to disk (hibernate as it is known on the desktop)[123] Google maintains apublic code repository that contains their experimental work to reshybase Android off the latest stable Linuxversions[124][125]

The flash storage on Android devices is split into several partitions such as system for the operatingsystem itself and data for user data and application installations[126] In contrast to desktop Linuxdistributions Android device owners are not given root access to the operating system and sensitive



Androids architecture diagram

partitions such as system are readshyonly However root access can be obtained by exploiting security flawsin Android which is used frequently by the openshysource community to enhance the capabilities of theirdevices[127] but also by malicious parties to install viruses and malware[128]

Android is a Linux distribution according to the Linux Foundation[129] Googles openshysource chief ChrisDiBona[130] and several journalists[131][132] Others such as Google engineer Patrick Brady say thatAndroid is not Linux in the traditional Unixshylike Linux distribution sense Android does not include theGNU C Library (it uses Bionic as an alternative C library) and some of other components typically found inLinux distributions[133]

Software stack

On top of the Linux kernel there are themiddleware libraries and APIs written in C andapplication software running on an applicationframework which includes Javashycompatiblelibraries based on Apache HarmonyDevelopment of the Linux kernel continuesindependently of other Androids source codebases

Until version 50 Android used Dalvik as aprocess virtual machine with traceshybased justshyinshytime (JIT) compilation to run Dalvik dexshycode (Dalvik Executable) which is usuallytranslated from the Java bytecode Followingthe traceshybased JIT principle in addition tointerpreting the majority of application codeDalvik performs the compilation and nativeexecution of select frequently executed codesegments (traces) each time an application islaunched[134][135][136] Android 44 introduced Android Runtime (ART) as a new runtime environmentwhich uses aheadshyofshytime (AOT) compilation to entirely compile the application bytecode into machinecode upon the installation of an application In Android 44 ART was an experimental feature and notenabled by default it became the only runtime option in the next major version of Android 50[137]

Androids standard C library Bionic was developed by Google specifically for Android as a derivation ofthe BSDs standard C library code Bionic itself has been designed with several major features specific tothe Linux kernel The main benefits of using Bionic instead of the GNU C Library (glibc) or uClibc are itssmaller runtime footprint and optimization for lowshyfrequency CPUs At the same time Bionic is licensedunder the terms of the BSD licence which Google finds more suitable for the Androids overall licensingmodel[136]

Aiming for a different licensing model toward the end of 2012 Google switched the Bluetooth stack inAndroid from the GPLshylicensed BlueZ to the Apacheshylicensed BlueDroid[138]



Android does not have a native X Window System by default nor does it support the full set of standardGNU libraries This made it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android[133] untilversion r5 of the Android Native Development Kit brought support for applications written completely in Cor C++[139] Libraries written in C may also be used in applications by injection of a small shim and usageof the JNI[140]

Openshysource community

Android has an active community of developers and enthusiasts who use the Android Open Source Project(AOSP) source code to develop and distribute their own modified versions of the operating system[141]These communityshydeveloped releases often bring new features and updates to devices faster than throughthe official manufacturercarrier channels albeit without as extensive testing or quality assurance[19]provide continued support for older devices that no longer receive official updates or bring Android todevices that were officially released running other operating systems such as the HP TouchPadCommunity releases often come preshyrooted and contain modifications unsuitable for nonshytechnical userssuch as the ability to overclock or overundervolt the devices processor[142] CyanogenMod is the mostwidely used community firmware[143] and acts as a foundation for numerous others There have also beenattempts with varying degrees of success to port Android to iPhones notably the iDroid Project[144]

Historically device manufacturers and mobile carriers have typically been unsupportive of thirdshypartyfirmware development Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning of devices runningunofficial software and the support costs resulting from this[145] Moreover modified firmwares such asCyanogenMod sometimes offer features such as tethering for which carriers would otherwise charge apremium As a result technical obstacles including locked bootloaders and restricted access to rootpermissions are common in many devices However as communityshydeveloped software has grown morepopular and following a statement by the Librarian of Congress in the United States that permits thejailbreaking of mobile devices[146] manufacturers and carriers have softened their position regarding thirdparty development with some including HTC[145] Motorola[147] Samsung[148][149] and Sony[150]providing support and encouraging development As a result of this over time the need to circumventhardware restrictions to install unofficial firmware has lessened as an increasing number of devices areshipped with unlocked or unlockable bootloaders similar to Nexus series of phones although usuallyrequiring that users waive their devices warranties to do so[145] However despite manufacturer acceptancesome carriers in the US still require that phones are locked down frustrating developers andcustomers[151][151]

Security and privacy

See also Mobile security

Android applications run in a sandbox an isolated area of the system that does not have access to the rest ofthe systems resources unless access permissions are explicitly granted by the user when the application isinstalled Before installing an application Play Store displays all required permissions a game may need toenable vibration or save data to an SD card for example but should not need to read SMS messages oraccess the phonebook After reviewing these permissions the user can choose to accept or refuse theminstalling the application only if they accept[152] The sandboxing and permissions system lessens the



Permissions are used tocontrol a particularapplications access tosystem functions

impact of vulnerabilities and bugs in applications but developer confusion and limited documentation hasresulted in applications routinely requesting unnecessary permissions reducing its effectiveness[153]Google has now pushed an update to Android Verify Apps feature which will now run in background todetect malicious processes and crack them down[154] The fragmentation of Android is also a problem forsecurity since patches to bugs found in the core operating system may not reach users of olderdevices[155][156]

As of 2015 Android does not have a usershyaccessible system for managing theprivileges of individual applications for example to block applications fromhaving capabilities to access the microphone and camera An App Opsprivacy and application permissions control system used for internaldevelopment and testing by Google was introduced in Googles Android 43release for the Nexus devices initially hidden this feature was discoveredpublicly[157] Access to the App Ops was later restricted by Google startingwith Android 442 with an explanation that the feature was accidentallyenabled and not intended for endshyusers for such a decision Google receivedcriticism from the Electronic Frontier Foundation[158][159][160] Individualapplication permissions management through the App Ops or thirdshyparty toolsis currently only possible with root access to the device[161][162]

Research from security company Trend Micro lists premium service abuse asthe most common type of Android malware where text messages are sent frominfected phones to premiumshyrate telephone numbers without the consent oreven knowledge of the user[163] Other malware displays unwanted andintrusive adverts on the device or sends personal information to unauthorised third parties[163] Securitythreats on Android are reportedly growing exponentially however Google engineers have argued that themalware and virus threat on Android is being exaggerated by security companies for commercialreasons[164][165] and have accused the security industry of playing on fears to sell virus protection softwareto users[164] Google maintains that dangerous malware is actually extremely rare[165] and a surveyconducted by FshySecure showed that only 05 of Android malware reported had come from the GooglePlay store[166]

Google uses Google Bouncer malware scanner to watch over and scan applications available in the GooglePlay Store[167] It is intended to flag up suspicious apps and warn users of any potential threat with anapplication before they download it[168] Android version 42 Jelly Bean was released in 2012 withenhanced security features including a malware scanner built into the system which works in combinationwith Google Play but can scan apps installed from third party sources as well and an alert system whichnotifies the user when an app tries to send a premiumshyrate text message blocking the message unless theuser explicitly authorises it[169] Several security firms such as Lookout Mobile Security[170] AVGTechnologies[171] and McAfee[172] have released antivirus software for Android devices This software isineffective as sandboxing also applies to such applications limiting their ability to scan the deeper systemfor threats[173][174]



Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of WishyFi access points encountered as phoneusers move around to build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of suchaccess points These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones allowing them to run apps likeFoursquare Google Latitude Facebook Places and to deliver locationshybased ads[175] Third partymonitoring software such as TaintDroid[176] an academic researchshyfunded project can in some casesdetect when personal information is being sent from applications to remote servers[177] In August 2013Google released Android Device Manager (ADM) a component that allows users to remotely track locateand wipe their Android device through a web interface[107][178] In December 2013 Google released ADMas an Android application on the Google Play store where it is available to devices running Androidversion 22 and higher[179][180]

The openshysource nature of Android allows security contractors to take existing devices and adapt them forhighly secure uses For example Samsung has worked with General Dynamics through their Open KernelLabs acquisition to rebuild Jelly Bean on top of their hardened microvisor for the Knox project[181][182]

As part of the broader 2013 mass surveillance disclosures it was revealed in September 2013 that theAmerican and British intelligence agencies the National Security Agency (NSA) and GovernmentCommunications Headquarters (GCHQ) respectively have access to the user data on iPhone BlackBerryand Android devices They are reportedly able to read almost all smartphone information including SMSlocation emails and notes[183] In January 2014 further reports revealed the intelligence agenciescapabilities to intercept the personal information transmitted across the Internet by social networks andother popular applications such as Angry Birds which collect personal information of their users foradvertising and other commercial reasons GCHQ has according to The Guardian a wikishystyle guide ofdifferent apps and advertising networks and the different data that can be siphoned from each[184] Laterthat week the Finnish Angry Birds developer Rovio announced that it was reconsidering its relationshipswith its advertising platforms in the light of these revelations and called upon the wider industry to do thesame[185]

The documents revealed a further effort by the intelligence agencies to intercept Google Maps searches andqueries submitted from Android and other smartphones to collect location information in bulk[184] TheNSA and GCHQ insist their activities are in compliance with all relevant domestic and international lawsalthough the Guardian stated the latest disclosures could also add to mounting public concern about howthe technology sector collects and uses information especially for those outside the US who enjoy fewerprivacy protections than Americans[184]

Licensing

The source code for Android is open source it is developed in private by Google with the source codereleased publicly when a new version of Android is released Google publishes most of the code (includingnetwork and telephony stacks) under the nonshycopyleft Apache License version 20 which allowsmodification and redistribution[186][187] The license does not grant rights to the Android trademark sodevice manufacturers and wireless carriers have to license it from Google under individual contractsAssociated Linux kernel changes are released under the copyleft GNU General Public License version 2developed by the Open Handset Alliance with the source code publicly available at all times TypicallyGoogle collaborates with a hardware manufacturer to produce a flagship device (part of the Nexus series)



featuring the new version of Android then makes the source code available after that device has beenreleased[188] The only Android release which was not immediately made available as source code was thetabletshyonly 30 Honeycomb release The reason according to Andy Rubin in an official Android blog postwas because Honeycomb was rushed for production of the Motorola Xoom[189] and they did not want thirdparties creating a really bad user experience by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Androidintended for tablets[190]

Only the base Android operating system (including some applications) is openshysource software whereasmost Android devices ship with a substantial amount of proprietary software such as Google MobileServices which includes applications such as Google Play Store Google Search and Google Play Servicesmdasha software layer that provides APIs for the integration with Googleshyprovided services among othersThese applications must be licensed from Google by device makers and can only be shipped on deviceswhich meet its compatibility guidelines and other requirements[65][107] Custom certified distributions ofAndroid produced by manufacturers (such as TouchWiz and HTC Sense) may also replace certain stockAndroid apps with their own proprietary variants and add additional software not included in the stockAndroid operating system[3] There may also be binary blob drivers required for certain hardwarecomponents in the device[3][98]

Several stock apps in Androids openshysource code used by previous versions (such as Search Music andCalendar) have also been effectively deprecated by Google with development having shifted to newer butproprietary versions distributed and updated through Play Store such as Google Search and Google PlayMusic While these older apps remain in Androids source code they have no longer received any majorupdates Additionally proprietary variants of the stock Camera and Gallery apps also include certainfunctions (such as Photosphere panoramas and Google+ album integration) that are excluded from openshysource versions (however they have yet to be completely abandoned) Similarly the Nexus 5 uses a nonshyfree variation of Android 44s home screen that is embedded directly within the Google Search app addingvoiceshyactivated search and the ability to access Google Now as a page on the home screen itself Althoughan update for Google Search app containing the relevant components was released through Google Play forall Android devices the new home screen required an additional stub application to function and was notprovided in Android 44 updates for any other devices (which still used the existing home screen fromAndroid version 43) The stub application was officially released on Play Store as Google Now Launcherin February 2014 initially for Nexus and Google Play Edition devices with Android version44[3][191][192][193]

Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation have been critical of Android and have recommendedthe usage of alternatives such as Replicant because drivers and firmware vital for the proper functioning ofAndroid devices are usually proprietary and because the Google Play Store application can forcibly installor deinstall applications and as a result invite nonshyfree software[194][195]

Leverage over manufacturers

Google licenses their Google Mobile Services software along with Android trademarks only to hardwaremanufacturers for devices that meet Googles compatibility standards specified in the AndroidCompatibility Program document[196] Thus forks of Android that make major changes to the operatingsystem itself do not include any of Googles nonshyfree components stay incompatible with applications thatrequire them and must ship with an alternative software marketplace in lieu of Google Play Store[3]



Androidshyx86 running on an ASUSEeePC netbook Android has beenunofficially ported to traditional PCsfor use as a desktop operating system

Examples of such Android forks are Amazons Fire OS (which is used on the Kindle Fire line of tablets andoriented toward Amazon services) the Nokia X Software Platform (a fork used by the Nokia X familyoriented primarily toward Nokia and Microsoft services) and other forks that exclude Google apps due tothe general unavailability of Google service in that country and licensing fees (such as in China)[197][198] In2014 Google also began to require that all Android devices which license the Google Mobile Servicessoftware display a prominent Powered by Android logo on their boot screens[65]

Members of the Open Handset Alliance which include the majority of Android OEMs are alsocontractually forbidden from producing Android devices based on forks of the OS[3][199] in 2012 Acer Incwas forced by Google to halt production on a device powered by Alibaba Groups Aliyun OS with threats ofremoval from the OHA as Google deemed the platform to be an incompatible version of Android AlibabaGroup defended the allegations arguing that the OS was a distinct platform from Android (primarily usingHTML5 apps) but incorporated portions of Androids platform to allow backwards compatibility withthirdshyparty Android software Indeed the devices did ship with an application store which offered Androidapps however the majority of them were pirated[200][201][202]

Reception

Android received a lukewarm reaction when it was unveiled in2007 Although analysts were impressed with the respectedtechnology companies that had partnered with Google to form theOpen Handset Alliance it was unclear whether mobile phonemanufacturers would be willing to replace their existing operatingsystems with Android[203] The idea of an openshysource Linuxshybaseddevelopment platform sparked interest[204] but there were additionalworries about Android facing strong competition from establishedplayers in the smartphone market such as Nokia and Microsoft andrival Linux mobile operating systems that were in development[205]These established players were skeptical Nokia was quoted assaying we dont see this as a threat[206] and a member ofMicrosofts Windows Mobile team stated I dont understand theimpact that they are going to have[206]

Since then Android has grown to become the most widely used smartphone operating system[18][207] andone of the fastest mobile experiences available[208] Reviewers have highlighted the openshysource nature ofthe operating system as one of its defining strengths allowing companies such as Nokia (Nokia Xfamily)[209] Amazon (Kindle Fire) Barnes amp Noble (Nook) Ouya Baidu and others to fork the softwareand release hardware running their own customised version of Android As a result it has been describedby technology website Ars Technica as practically the default operating system for launching newhardware for companies without their own mobile platforms[18] This openness and flexibility is alsopresent at the level of the end user Android allows extensive customisation of devices by their owners andapps are freely available from nonshyGoogle app stores and third party websites These have been cited asamong the main advantages of Android phones over others[18][210]



Despite Androids popularity including an activation rate three times that of iOS there have been reportsthat Google has not been able to leverage their other products and web services successfully to turn Androidinto the money maker that analysts had expected[211] The Verge suggested that Google is losing control ofAndroid due to the extensive customization and proliferation of nonshyGoogle apps and servicesmdashAmazonsKindle Fire line uses Fire OS a heavily modified fork of Android which does not include or support any ofGoogles proprietary components and requires that users obtain software from its competing AmazonAppstore instead of Play Store[3] In 2014 in an effort to improve prominence of the Android brand Googlebegan to require that devices featuring its proprietary components display an Android logo on the bootscreen[65]

Android has suffered from fragmentation[212] a situation where the variety of Android devices in termsof both hardware variations and differences in the software running on them makes the task of developingapplications that work consistently across the ecosystem harder than rival platforms such as iOS wherehardware and software varies less For example according to data from OpenSignal in July 2013 therewere 11868 models of Android device numerous different screen sizes and eight Android OS versionssimultaneously in use while the large majority of iOS users have upgraded to the latest iteration of thatOS[213] Critics such as Apple Insider have asserted that fragmentation via hardware and software pushedAndroids growth through large volumes of low end budgetshypriced devices running older versions ofAndroid They maintain this forces Android developers to write for the lowest common denominator toreach as many users as possible who have too little incentive to make use of the latest hardware or softwarefeatures only available on a smaller percentage of devices[214] However OpenSignal who develops bothAndroid and iOS apps concluded that although fragmentation can make development trickier Androidswider global reach also increases the potential reward[213]

Market share

Main article Mobile operating system sect Market share

Research company Canalys estimated in the second quarter of 2009 that Android had a 28 share ofworldwide smartphone shipments[215] By the fourth quarter of 2010 this had grown to 33 of the marketbecoming the topshyselling smartphone platform[216] overtaking Symbian[217] By the third quarter of 2011Gartner estimated that more than half (525) of the smartphone sales belonged to Android[218] By thethird quarter of 2012 Android had a 75 share of the global smartphone market according to the researchfirm IDC[219]

In July 2011 Google said that 550000 new Android devices were being activated every day[220] up from400000 per day in May[221] and more than 100 million devices had been activated[222] with 44 growthper week[220] In September 2012 500 million devices had been activated with 13 million activations perday[223][224] In May 2013 at Google IO Sundar Pichai announced that 900 million Android devices hadbeen activated[225]

Android market share varies by location In July 2012 mobile subscribers aged 13+ in the United Statesusing Android were up to 52[226] and rose to 90 in China[227] During the third quarter of 2012Androids worldwide smartphone shipment market share was 75[219] with 750 million devices activated



in total In April 2013 Android had 15 million activations per day[224] As of May 2013 48 billionapplications (apps) have been installed from the Google Play store[67] and by September 2013 onebillion Android devices have been activated[228]

As of July 2013 the Google Play store has had over one million Android applications published and over50 billion applications downloaded[12] A developer survey conducted in AprilndashMay 2013 found thatAndroid is used by 71 of mobile developers[13] The operating systems success has made it a target forpatent litigation as part of the soshycalled smartphone wars between technology companies[20][21]

Android devices account for more than half of smartphone sales in most markets including the US whileonly in Japan was Apple on top (SeptemberndashNovember 2013 numbers)[229] At the end of 2013 over 15billion Android smartphones have been sold in the four years since 2010[230][231] making Android the mostsold phone and tablet OS Three billion Android smartphones are estimated to be sold by the end of 2014(including previous years) According to Gartner research company Androidshybased devices outsold allcontenders every year since 2012[232] In 2013 it outsold Windows 281 or by 573 million[233][234][235] Asof 2015 Android has the largest installed base of all operating systems[11] as of 2013 devices running italso sell more than Windows iOS and Mac OS X devices combined

Since July 2014 Android is the most popular mobile operating system when it comes to use for webbrowsing according to Net Applications[236] In India and other countries Android is the most popularoperating system overall (not just counting the mobile ones) for web browsing usage According toStatCounter mobile usage has already overtaken desktop in several countries including India South Africaand Saudi Arabia[237] with several countries in Africa having done so already including Ethiopia andKenya in which mobile usage is at 7223[238]

While Android phones in the Western world commonly include Googles proprietary addshyons (such asGoogle Play) to the otherwise openshysource operating system this is increasingly not the case in emergingmarkets ABI Research claims that 65 million devices shipped globally with openshysource Android in thesecond quarter of [2014] up from 54 million in the first quarter depending on country percent of phonesestimated to be based only on Androids source code (AOSP) forgoing the Android trademark Thailand(44) Philippines (38) Indonesia (31) India (21) Malaysia (24) Mexico (18) Brazil (9)[239]

According to a January 2015 Gartner report Android surpassed a billion shipments of devices in 2014 andwill continue to grow at a doubleshydigit pace in 2015 with a 26 percent increase year over year This madeit the first time that any generalshypurpose operating system has reached more than one billion end userswithin a year by reaching close to 116 billion end users in 2014 Android shipped over four times morethan iOS and OS X combined and over three times more than Microsoft Windows Gartner expected thewhole mobile phone market to reach two billion units in 2016 including Android[240]

According to a Statisticas estimate Android smartphones had an installed base of 16 billion units in 2014which was 75 of the estimated total number of smartphones worldwide[241][242][c] Android has the largestinstalled base of any mobile operating system and as of 2013 the highestshyselling operating systemoverall[233][244][245][246][247] with sales in 2012 2013 and 2014[248] close to the installed base of all PCs[249]In the third quarter of 2013 Androids share of the global smartphone shipment market was 813 thehighest ever[250] and the Android sharemdashled by Samsung productsmdashwas 813[250][251][252]



The firstshygeneration Nexus 7 tablet

Adoption on tablets

Despite its success on smartphones initially Android tablet adoptionwas slow[253] One of the main causes was the chicken or the eggsituation where consumers were hesitant to buy an Android tabletdue to a lack of high quality tablet applications but developers werehesitant to spend time and resources developing tablet applicationsuntil there was a significant market for them[254][255] The contentand app ecosystem proved more important than hardware specs asthe selling point for tablets Due to the lack of Android tabletshyspecific applications in 2011 early Android tablets had to make dowith existing smartphone applications that were illshysuited to largerscreen sizes whereas the dominance of Apples iPad was reinforcedby the large number of tabletshyspecific iOS applications[255][256]

Despite app support in its infancy a considerable number ofAndroid tablets (alongside those using other operating systems suchas the HP TouchPad and BlackBerry PlayBook) were rushed out tomarket in an attempt to capitalize on the success of the iPad[255]InfoWorld has suggested that some Android manufacturers initiallytreated their first tablets as a Frankenphone business a shortshytermlowshyinvestment opportunity by placing a smartphoneshyoptimizedAndroid OS (before Android 30 Honeycomb for tablets wasavailable) on a device while neglecting user interface This approach such as with the Dell Streak failed togain market traction with consumers as well as damaging the early reputation of Android tablets[257][258]Furthermore several Android tablets such as the Motorola Xoom were priced the same or higher than theiPad which hurt sales An exception was the Amazon Kindle Fire which relied upon lower pricing as wellas access to Amazons ecosystem of applications and content[255][259]

This began to change in 2012 with the release of the affordable Nexus 7 and a push by Google fordevelopers to write better tablet applications[260] According to International Data Corporation shipmentsof Androidshypowered tablets surpassed iPads in Q3 2012[261]

As of the end of 2013 over 1916 million Android tablets had sold in three years since 2011[262][263] Thismade Android tablets the mostshysold type of tablet in 2013 surpassing iPads in the second quarter of2013[264]

According to the StatCounters June 2015 web use statistics Android tablets represent the majority of tabletdevices used on the South American[265] and African continents (6023)[266] while they have equaledwith the iPads market share in major countries on all continents (with the North America as an exceptionthough in El Salvador Android has the majority[267]) and getting close to representing the majority on thewhole Asian continent[268] having done so already in India (659)[269] Indonesia (6222)[270] and mostMiddleshyEastern countries[271] In about half of the European countries Android tablets have a majoritymarket share[272] China is an exception for the major developing countries in which Android phablets(classified as smartphones while similar in size to tablets) are more popular than Android tablets or iPads



Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)

Ice Cream Sandwich (41)

Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage

Charts in this section provide breakdowns of Android versions basedon devices accessing the Google Play Store in a sevenshyday periodending on August 3 2015[273][d] Therefore these statistics excludedevices running various Android forks that do not access the GooglePlay Store such as Amazons Fire tablets

Version Code name Release date API level Distribution51x

LollipopMarch 9 2015 22 26

500ndash502 November 3 2014 21 155440ndash444 KitKat October 31 2013 19 393

43xJelly Bean

July 24 2013 18 4742x November 13 2012 17 15941x July 9 2012 16 13

403ndash404 Ice Cream Sandwich December 16 2011 15 41233ndash237 Gingerbread February 9 2011 10 46

22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy

In general paid Android applications can easily be pirated[274] In a May 2012 interview with Eurogamerthe developers of Football Manager stated that the ratio of pirated players vs legitimate players was 91 fortheir game Football Manager Handheld[275] However not every developer agreed that piracy rates were anissue for example in July 2012 the developers of the game Windshyup Knight said that piracy levels of theirgame were only 12 and most of the piracy came from China where people cannot purchase apps fromGoogle Play[276]



In 2010 Google released a tool for validating authorized purchases for use within apps but developerscomplained that this was insufficient and trivial to crack Google responded that the tool especially itsinitial release was intended as a sample framework for developers to modify and build upon depending ontheir needs not as a finished piracy solution[277] In 2012 Google released a feature in Android 41 thatencrypted paid applications so that they would only work on the device on which they were originallyinstalled from the Google Play Store but this feature has been temporarily deactivated due to technicalissues[278]

Legal issues

Further information Oracle v Google Smartphone wars and Patent troll

Both Android and Android phone manufacturers have been involved in numerous patent lawsuits OnAugust 12 2010 Oracle sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents related to theJava programming language[279] Oracle originally sought damages up to $61 billion[280] but this valuationwas rejected by a United States federal judge who asked Oracle to revise the estimate[281] In responseGoogle submitted multiple lines of defense counterclaiming that Android did not infringe on Oraclespatents or copyright that Oracles patents were invalid and several other defenses They said that Androidis based on Apache Harmony a clean room implementation of the Java class libraries and anindependently developed virtual machine called Dalvik[282] In May 2012 the jury in this case found thatGoogle did not infringe on Oracles patents and the trial judge ruled that the structure of the Java APIs usedby Google was not copyrightable[283][284] The parties agreed to zero dollars in statutory damages for asmall amount of copied code[285] On May 9 2014 the Federal Circuit partially reversed the district courtruling ruling in Oracles favor on the copyrightability issue and remanding the issue of fair use to thedistrict court[286][287]

In addition to lawsuits against Google directly various proxy wars have been waged against Androidindirectly by targeting manufacturers of Android devices with the effect of discouraging manufacturersfrom adopting the platform by increasing the costs of bringing an Android device to market[288] BothApple and Microsoft have sued several manufacturers for patent infringement with Apples ongoing legalaction against Samsung being a particularly highshyprofile case In October 2011 Microsoft said they hadsigned patent license agreements with ten Android device manufacturers whose products account for 70in the US (httpwwwmicrosoftcomenshyusnewspress2012jan1201shy12lgpraspx) and 55 of theworldwide revenue for Android devices[289] These include Samsung and HTC[290] Samsungs patentsettlement with Microsoft includes an agreement that Samsung will allocate more resources to developingand marketing phones running Microsofts Windows Phone operating system[288]

Google has publicly expressed its frustration for the current patent landscape in the United States accusingApple Oracle and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation rather thaninnovating and competing with better products and services[291] In 2011ndash12 Google purchased MotorolaMobility for US$125 billion which was viewed in part as a defensive measure to protect Android sinceMotorola Mobility held more than 17000 patents[292] In December 2011 Google bought over a thousandpatents from IBM[293]



Ouya a video game console whichruns Android was one of the mostsuccessful crowdfunding campaignson the website Kickstarter

In 2013 FairSearch a lobbying organization supported by Microsoft Oracle and others filed a complaintregarding Android with the European Commission alleging that its freeshyofshycharge distribution modelconstituted antishycompetitive predatory pricing The Free Software Foundation Europe whose donorsinclude Google disputed the Fairsearch allegations[294]

Use outside of smartphones and tablets

The open and customizable nature of Android allows it to be usedon other electronics aside from smartphones and tablets includinglaptops and netbooks smartbooks[295] smart TVs (Android TVGoogle TV) and cameras (Eg Galaxy Camera)[296] In addition theAndroid operating system has seen applications on smart glasses(Google Glass) smartwatches[297] headphones[298] car CD andDVD players[299] mirrors[300] portable media players[301]

landline[302] and Voice over IP phones[303] Ouya a video gameconsole running Android became one of the most successfulKickstarter campaigns crowdfunding US$85m for itsdevelopment[304][305] and was later followed by other Androidshybased consoles such as Nvidias Shield Portable ndash an Androiddevice in a video game controller form factor[306]

In 2011 Google demonstrated AndroidHome a home automation technology which uses Android tocontrol a range of household devices including light switches power sockets and thermostats[307] Prototypelight bulbs were announced that could be controlled from an Android phone or tablet but Android headAndy Rubin was cautious to note that turning a lightbulb on and off is nothing new pointing to numerousfailed home automation services Google he said was thinking more ambitiously and the intention was touse their position as a cloud services provider to bring Google products into customers homes[308][309]

Parrot unveiled an Androidshybased car stereo system known as Asteroid in 2011[310] followed by asuccessor the touchscreenshybased Asteroid Smart in 2012[311] In 2013 Clarion released its own Androidshybased car stereo the AX1[312] In January 2014 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) Googleannounced the formation of the Open Automotive Alliance a group including several major automobilemakers (Audi General Motors Hyundai and Honda) and Nvidia which aims to produce Androidshybased incar entertainment systems for automobiles [bringing] the best of Android into the automobile in a safe andseamless way[313]

On March 18 2014 Google announced Android Wear an Androidshybased platform specifically intended forsmartwatches and other wearable devices only a developer preview was made publicly available[314] Thiswas followed by the unveiling of two AndroidshyWearshybased devices the LG G Watch and Moto 360[315]

On June 25 2014 at Google IO it was announced that Android TV a Smart TV platform is replacing thepreviously released Google TV On June 26 2014 Google announced Android Auto for the car

Desktops and laptops



Android comes preinstalled on a few laptops (a similar functionality of running Android applications is alsoavailable in the Google Chrome OS) and can also be installed on most personal computers by end users Onthose platforms Android provides additional functionality for nonshyvirtual keyboards and mice together withthe AltshyTab key combination for switching applications quickly with a keyboard such functionality isusually not considered essential for mobile platforms while it is also usable on them with accessories

One reviewer commented on desktop use of Android comparing it with traditional Linux desktops

ldquo The notification center is vastly more complete and robust than in most environments Justabout every type of notification comes through this one user interface functionality thatother desktops only dream of []

If one can get over the whole ldquoevery app runs full screenrdquo shebang Android actually makesfor an astoundingly usable easy to learn fairly peppy and relatively goodshylooking desktopenvironment

Would I enjoy the Android user experience as my primary Linux Desktop experience YesAbsolutely In fact for long periods of time Android has been my primary computingplatform And the environment is absolutely usable for that purpose rdquo

mdashBryan Lunduke Network World[316]

See also

Notes

Android rootingAndroid version historyComparison of mobile operating systemsIndex of Android OS articlesList of GPS software for mobile phonesOpenmokoStagefright (bug)

a As of Android 50 the following languages are supported Afrikaans Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu CatalagraveČeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti English (Australia) English (India) English (United Kingdom) English (UnitedStates) Espantildeol (Espantildea) Espantildeol (Estados Unidos) Euskara Filipino Franccedilais (Canada) Franccedilais (France)Galego Hrvatski IsiZulu Iacuteslenska Italiano Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Norsk bokmaringlPolski Portuguecircs (Brasil) Portuguecircs (Portugal) Romacircnă Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tiếng ViệtTuumlrkccedile Eλληνικά Български Кыргызса Македонски Монгол Русский Српски Українська ქართულიՀայերեն עברית العربية فارسی አማርኛ नपालы मराठь υह˚दы বাংলা தமி 㐀 ৯లOgraveగIcirc ಕನἔಡ മലയാളം eංහල

ไทย ລາວ ែខ肀ꂀរ 한국어 中文 (简体) 中文 (繁體) 中文 (香港) and 日本語b Official 64shybit support for all platforms was introduced in Android 50 Lollipopc To put the Statisticas numbers in context by Strategy Analytics estimates Windows the most popular desktop

operating system has an estimated installed base of about 13 billion at best[243] they also estimate the overall



References

operating system has an estimated installed base of about 13 billion at best[243] they also estimate the overalltablet installed base to be already of comparable size to the PC market and predict tablets will have surpassedthem by 2018

d Versions accounting for less than 01 are not included

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(httpsandroidgooglesourcecomplatformsystemcore+mastertoolbox)10 Licenses (httpsourceandroidcomsourcelicenseshtml) Android Open Source Project Open Handset

Alliance Retrieved September 9 2012 The preferred license for the Android Open Source Project is theApache Software License 20 Why Apache Software License For userspace (that is nonshykernel)software we do in fact prefer ASL20 (and similar licenses like BSD MIT etc) over other licenses such asLGPL Android is about freedom and choice The purpose of Android is promote openness in the mobile worldbut we dont believe its possible to predict or dictate all the uses to which people will want to put our softwareSo while we encourage everyone to make devices that are open and modifiable we dont believe it is our place toforce them to do so Using LGPL libraries would often force them to do so

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19 Custom ROMs For Android Explained ndash Here Is Why You Want Them(httpwwwandroidpolicecom20100501customshyromsshyforshyandroidshyexplainedshyandshywhyshyyoushywantshythem)August 20 2012 Retrieved September 15 2012

20 Reardon Marguerite (August 15 2011) Google just bought itself patent protection | Signal Strength ndash CNETNews (httpnewscnetcom8301shy30686_3shy20092399shy266googleshyjustshyboughtshyitselfshypatentshyprotection)Newscnetcom Retrieved May 1 2013

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Technica Retrieved July 11 201433 Claburn Thomas (September 19 2007) Googles Secret Patent Portfolio Predicts gPhone

(httpwwwinformationweekcomnewsshowArticlejhtmlarticleID=201807587ampcid=nl_IWK_daily)InformationWeek Retrieved February 17 2012

34 Pearce James Quintana (September 20 2007) Googles Strong MobileshyRelated Patent Portfolio(httpwwwmoconewsnetentry419shygooglesshystrongshymobileshyrelatedshypatentshyportfolio) mocoNewsnet RetrievedFebruary 17 2012

35 Android Kernel Versions (httpelinuxorgAndroid_Kernel_Versions) elinuxorg July 7 2011 RetrievedNovember 3 2013

36 Mark Wilson (September 23 2008) TshyMobile G1 Full Details of the HTC Dream Android Phone(httpgizmodocom5053264t+mobileshyg1shyfullshydetailsshyofshytheshyhtcshydreamshyandroidshyphone) gizmodocom RetrievedDecember 27 2013

37 Richard Wray (March 14 2010) Google forced to delay British launch of Nexus phone(httpwwwguardiancouktechnology2010mar14googleshymobileshyphoneshylaunchshydelay) Londonguardiancouk Retrieved February 17 2012

38 Charles Arthur (March 13 2013) Andy Rubin moved from Android to take on moonshots at Google |Technology | guardiancouk (httpwwwguardiancouktechnology2013mar13andyshyrubinshygoogleshymove)London Guardian Retrieved March 14 2013

39 Page Larry Official Blog Update from the CEO (httpgoogleblogblogspotcouk201303updateshyfromshyceohtml) Googleblogblogspotcouk Retrieved March 14 2013

40 Google details Android 44 KitKat its latest mobile upgrade(httpwwwtechradarcomnewssoftwareoperatingshysystemsgoogleshydetailsshyandroidshy4shy4shykitkatshyitsshylatestshymobileshyupgradeshy1195177) techradarcom October 31 2013 Retrieved November 5 2013

41 KitKat mocks Apple with Android 44 parody video (httpwwwthevergecom2013934690744kitshykatshymocksshyappleshywithshyandroidshyparodyshyvideo) The Verge Retrieved September 4 2013

42 Danny Choi (November 14 2014) Android 50 Release Date Lollipop For Samsung Galaxy Available ByJanuary 2015 (httpwwwlatintimescomandroidshy50shyreleaseshydateshylollipopshysamsungshygalaxyshyavailableshyjanuaryshy2015shy275757) Latin Times Retrieved November 15 2014

43 Official Android Blog Android 51 Unwrapping a new Lollipop update(httpofficialandroidblogspotde201503androidshy51shyunwrappingshynewshylollipophtml) Official Android Blog

44 Google Unveils a New Nicer Pricier Nexus 7 Tablet (httptechlandtimecom20130724googleshyunveilsshyashynewshynicershypriciershynexusshy7shytablet) Time

45 Hugo Barra where are the Android tablets of HTC Oneshylike quality (httpwwwandroidauthoritycomhugoshybarrashyandroidshytabletshyhtcshyoneshy250126) Android Authority

46 Android Director lsquoWe Have the Most Accurate Conversational Synthesized Voice in the Worldrsquo(httpwwwwiredcom201207googleshyandroidshyhugoshybarrashyinterview) Wired

47 Xiaomi coshyfounder on why exshyGoogle exec Barra and its own firmware are key to international success(httpthenextwebcomasia20130909xiaomishycoshyfoundershyonshywhyshyexshygoogleshyexecshybarrashyandshyitsshyownshyfirmwareshyareshykeyshytoshyinternationalshysuccess) The Next Web

48 Miller Ross (May 28 2015) Google announces Brillo an operating system for the Internet of ThingsDeveloper preview coming in Q3 (httpwwwthevergecom20155288677119googleshyprojectshybrilloshyiotshygoogleshyioshy2015) Retrieved June 4 2015

49 Touch Devices | Android Open Source (httpsourceandroidcomtechinputtouchshydeviceshtml)Sourceandroidcom Retrieved September 15 2012

50 Sensors Overview (Android Developers)(httpdeveloperandroidcomguidetopicssensorssensors_overviewhtml) developerandroidcom RetrievedOctober 29 2013

51 Real Racing 2 Speeds Into The Android Market ndash Leaves Part 1 In The Dust(httpphandroidcom20111222realshyracingshy2shyspeedsshyintoshytheshyandroidshymarketshyleavesshypartshy1shyinshytheshydust)Phandroidcom September 22 2011 Retrieved September 15 2012

52 Widgets | Android Developers (httpdeveloperandroidcomdesignpatternswidgetshtml)Developerandroidcom Retrieved September 15 2012

53 General Android instructions (httpinfographogamecomglshydiplomaandroidshyinstructions) graphogamecomOctober 2012 Retrieved October 29 2013



October 2012 Retrieved October 29 201354 Launcher 7 Brings Windows Phones Simple Attractive Interface to Android

(httplifehackercom5804091launchershy7shybringsshywindowsshyphonesshysimpleshyattractiveshyinterfaceshytoshyandroid)Lifehackercom May 20 2011 Retrieved November 24 2012

55 Begun Daniel A (March 2011) [2011] Dealing with fragmentation on Android devices(httpwwwdummiescomhowshytocontentlookingshyatshytheshyandroidshyoperatingshysystem0html) Amazing AndroidApps (httpwwwdummiescomstoreproductAmazingshyAndroidshyAppsshyForshyDummiesproductCdshy0470936290html) For Dummies Wiley p 7 ISBN 978shy0shy470shy93629shy0 Retrieved May 22 2013

56 UI Overview | Android Developers (httpdeveloperandroidcomdesigngetshystarteduishyoverviewhtml)Developerandroidcom Retrieved September 15 2012

57 Notifications | Android Developers (httpdeveloperandroidcomdesignpatternsnotificationshtml)Developerandroidcom Retrieved September 15 2012

58 Launchers (httpsplaygooglecomstoresearchq=launcherampc=apps) googlecom Retrieved February 32014

59 C++ Library Support (httpdeveloperandroidcomndkguidescppshysupporthtml) Android libC++ runtime[] 99 of tests pass when compiling libc++ with Clang 34 for all supported ABIs The failures are mostly inthe areas of wchar_t and locales that Android bionic doesnt support

60 Android NDK Native APIs (httpdeveloperandroidcomndkguidesstable_apishtml) developerandroidcomRetrieved June 10 2015 The Android NDK provides a set of native headers and shared library files that hasgradually increased with successive releases of new Android API levels

61 Sample helloshyjni (httpdeveloperandroidcomndksamplessample_hellojnihtml) developerandroidcomRetrieved June 10 2015

62 Package app which lets you write Apps for Android (and eventually iOS)(httpgodocorggolangorgxmobileapp) Retrieved 2015shy06shy09 There are two ways to use Go in an AndroidApp The first is as a library called from Java the second is to use a restricted set of features but work entirely inGo[] An app can be written entirely in Go This results in a significantly simpler programming environment(and eventually portability to iOS) however only a very restricted set of Android APIs are available Theprovided interfaces are focused on games It is expected that the app will draw to the entire screen (via OpenGLsee the gomobilegl package) and that none of the platforms screen management infrastructure is exposed OnAndroid this means a native app is equivalent to a single Activity (in particular a NativeActivity) and on iOS asingle UIWindow Touch events will be accessible via this package When Android support is out of preview allAPIs supported by the Android NDK will be exposed via a Go package

63 Tools Overview (httpdeveloperandroidcomguidedevelopingtoolsindexhtml) Android Developers July21 2009

64 Savov Vlad (January 28 2014) Chrome Apps are coming to iOS and Android(httpwwwthevergecom20141285355064chromeshyappsshyareshycomingshytoshyiosshyandshyandroid) The VergeRetrieved February 2 2014

65 Google mandates lsquoPowered by Androidrsquo branding on new devices (httpwwwgeekcomandroidgoogleshymandatesshypoweredshybyshyandroidshybrandingshyonshynewshydevicesshy1589253) Geekcom Retrieved March 28 2014

66 Google Play Hits 1 Million Apps (httpmashablecom20130724googleshyplayshy1shymillion) Mashable July 242013 Retrieved January 2 2014

67 BBC Google activations and downloads update May 2013 (httpwwwbbccouknewstechnologyshy22542725)BBC News May 15 2013 Retrieved May 16 2013

68 Warren Christina Google Play Hits 1 Million Apps (httpmashablecom20130724googleshyplayshy1shymillion)Mashable Retrieved June 4 2014

69 Android Compatibility (httpdeveloperandroidcomguidepracticescompatibilityhtml) Android Developersandroidcom Retrieved November 16 2013

70 Chu Eric (April 13 2011) Android Developers Blog New Carrier Billing Options on Android Market(httpandroidshydevelopersblogspotcom201104newshycarriershybillingshyoptionsshyonshyandroidhtml) androidshydevelopersblogspotcom Retrieved May 15 2011

71 Ganapati Priya (June 11 2010) Independent App Stores Take On Googles Android Market(httpwwwwiredcomgadgetlab201006independentshyappshystoresshytakeshyonshygooglesshyandroidshymarket) WiredNews Retrieved February 20 2012

72 The great Ars experimentmdashfree and open source software on a smartphone(httparstechnicacomgadgets201407exploringshytheshyworldshyofshyfossshyandroidshycanshyashysmartphoneshybeshyopenshysource)



(httparstechnicacomgadgets201407exploringshytheshyworldshyofshyfossshyandroidshycanshyashysmartphoneshybeshyopenshysource)Ars Technica Retrieved October 6 2014

73 Google evicts adshyblocking software from Google Play store (httparstechnicacomgadgets201303googleshyevictsshyadshyblockingshysoftwareshyfromshygoogleshyplayshystore) Ars Technica Retrieved October 6 2014

74 The truth about Android task killers and why you dont need them (httpwwwphonedogcom20110626theshytruthshyaboutshyandroidshytaskshykillersshyandshywhyshyyoushydonshytshyneedshythem) PhoneDog June 26 2011 RetrievedOctober 30 2012

75 Victor Matos (September 9 2013) Lesson 3 Android Applications Life Cycle(httpwebarchiveorgweb20140222153131httpgrailcbacsuohioedu~matosnotescisshy493lectureshynotesAndroidshyChapter03shyLifeshyCyclepdf) (PDF) grailcbacsuohioedu Cleveland State University Archivedfrom the original (httpgrailcbacsuohioedu~matosnotescisshy493lectureshynotesAndroidshyChapter03shyLifeshyCyclepdf) (PDF) on February 22 2014 Retrieved April 15 2014

76 Android PSA Stop Using Task Killer Apps (httpphandroidcom20110616androidshypsashystopshyusingshytaskshykillershyappsshynow) Phandroidcom June 16 2011 Retrieved October 30 2012

77 Reto Meier Professional Android 4 Application Development (httpbooksgooglecombooksid=g3hAdK1IBkYCamppg=PT53amplpg=PT53ampdq=android+inactive+applicationsampsource=blampots=aqQwNXdCCUampsig=C0onkRP1Uv9lhjshy3VK998aQFfN8amphl=enampsa=Xampei=vA74UqCjN8SYtQbIpoDQBgampredir_esc=yv=onepageampq=android20inactive20applicationsampf=false) Booksgooglecom Retrieved February 9 2014

78 Updates (httplifehackercom5862994realshyworldshytestshyshowshythatshyandroidshytaskshykillersshyareshystillshyuseless)Lifehackercom Retrieved November 2 2012

79 Android Lollipop (httpdeveloperandroidcomaboutversionslollipophtml) developerandroidcomRetrieved November 24 2014 Its supported on ARM x86 and MIPS architectures and is fully 64shybitcompatible

80 Android on Intel Architecture (https01organdroidshyia) 01org July 11 2013 Retrieved February 9 201481 Warman Matt (June 7 2012) Orange San Diego Intel Android mobile phone review

(httpwwwtelegraphcouktechnologymobileshyphoneshyreviews9314362OrangeshySanshyDiegoshyIntelshyAndroidshymobileshyphoneshyreviewhtml) The Daily Telegraph Telegraph Media Group Limited Retrieved June 19 2013

82 Android KitKat (httpdeveloperandroidcomaboutversionskitkathtml) Android Developers Portalandroidcom Retrieved November 16 2013

83 761 Android Compatibility Definition Document(httpstaticgoogleusercontentcommediasourceandroidcomenuscompatibilityandroidshycddpdf) (PDF) (44ed) Google November 27 2013 p 33

84 Android on Intel Architecture (https01organdroidshyia) 01org July 11 2013 Retrieved February 9 201485 Android Developers Graphics (httpsourceandroidcomdevicesgraphicshtml) androidcom Retrieved

November 15 201386 Lenovo N308 Desktop specs (httpwwwpcworldcomproduct1427121n308html) PCWorld Retrieved

November 1 201487 Michael Brown (May 8 2014) Three Android allshyinshyone PCs reviewed

(httpwwwpcworldcomarticle2152540androidshyonshytheshybigshyscreenshyweshychewshyupshyandshyspitshyoutshythreeshyjellyshybeanshyallshyinshyoneshypcshtml) PCWorld Retrieved November 1 2014

88 Shawn Knight Acer TA272 HUL Android AllshyinshyOne Review (httpwwwtechspotcomreview805shyacershyta272shyhulshyandroidshyaio) TechSpot Retrieved November 1 2014

89 ReleaseNote 44shyr1 shy Androidshyx86 shy Porting Android to x86 (httpwwwandroidshyx86orgreleasesreleasenoteshy4shy4shyr1) Retrieved November 1 2014

90 4 Ways to Run Android on Your PC and Make Your Own Dual OS System(httpwwwhowtogeekcom1796914shywaysshytoshyrunshyandroidshyonshyyourshypcshyandshymakeshyyourshyownshydualshyosshysystem)Howtogeekcom January 13 2014 Retrieved April 7 2014

91 Brad Chacos (September 6 2013) Hybrid hijinks How to install Android on your PC(httpwwwpcworldcomarticle2048220hybridshyhijinksshyhowshytoshyinstallshyandroidshyonshyyourshypchtml) PCWorldRetrieved April 7 2014

92 Jose Pagliery (August 25 2014) China ditching Windows and Android for its own operating system(httpmoneycnncom20140825technologysecuritychinashyos) CNNMoney Retrieved November 1 2014

93 BBC News shy China plans new PC operating system in October (httpwwwbbccomnewstechnologyshy28928369) BBC News Retrieved November 1 2014



28928369) BBC News Retrieved November 1 201494 Paul Mozur (March 5 2013) China Criticizes Androids Dominance

(httponlinewsjcomnewsarticlesSB10001424127887324539404578342132324098420mg=reno64shywsj) WSJRetrieved November 1 2014

95 China targets own operating system to take on likes of Microsoft Google(httpwwwreuterscomarticle20140824usshychinashytechnologyshyidUSKBN0GO08H20140824) ReutersRetrieved November 1 2014

96 At httpsourceandroidcom97 John McCann (December 13 2012) Android 41 Jelly Bean source code released | News

(httpwwwtechradarcomnewsphoneshyandshycommunicationsmobileshyphonesandroidshy4shy1shyjellyshybeanshysourceshycodeshyreleasedshy1088404) TechRadar Retrieved December 20 2012

98 Building for devices (httpsourceandroidcomsourcebuildingshydeviceshtml) Android Open Source ProjectRetrieved December 20 2012

99 Kennedy Pagan (October 11 2013) Who Made That Android Logo(httpwwwnytimescom20131013magazinewhoshymadeshythatshyandroidshylogohtmlref=design) The New YorkTimes October 11 2013

100 Isacc Mike (October 21 2011) A deepshydive tour of Ice Cream Sandwich with Androids chief engineer(httparstechnicacomgadgets201110ashydeepshydiveshytourshyofshyiceshycreamshysandwichshywithshyandroidsshychiefshyengineer)Ars Technica Retrieved September 15 2012

101 Cunningham Andrew (June 27 2012) What happened to the Android Update Alliance(httparstechnicacomgadgets201206whatshyhappenedshytoshytheshyandroidshyupdateshyalliance) Ars Technica RetrievedSeptember 15 2012

102 Make Sure You Know Which Version Of Android Is On That Phone Before Buying It ndash The Consumerist(httpconsumeristcom20100315makeshysureshyyoushyknowshywhichshyversionshyofshyandroidshyisshyonshythatshyphoneshybeforeshybuyingshyit) Consumeristcom March 15 2010 Retrieved November 24 2012

103 Gillmor Dan (September 28 2007) Androids smartphone OS upgrade issues need more than a quick fix(httpwwwguardiancoukcommentisfree2012oct28androidshysmartphoneshyosshyupgrade) London The GuardianRetrieved November 24 2012

104 Security takes a backseat on Android in update shambles(httpwwwtheregistercouk20111122android_patching_mess) The Register November 22 2011 RetrievedNovember 2 2012

105 Android Update Alliance examined results since Google IO found lacking (httpwwwslashgearcomandroidshyupdateshyallianceshyexaminedshyresultsshysinceshygoogleshyioshyfoundshylackingshy06177411) SlashGear Retrieved September 152012

106 JR Raphael (February 13 2014) Its time to rethink the Android upgrade standard(httpblogscomputerworldcomandroid23528androidshyupgradeshystandard) Computerworld Inc RetrievedMarch 6 2014

107 Balky carriers and slow OEMs step aside Google is defragging Android(httparstechnicacomgadgets201309balkyshycarriersshyandshyslowshyoemsshystepshyasideshygoogleshyisshydefraggingshyandroid)Ars Technica Retrieved September 3 2013

108 Android 442 KitKat running Kernel 310 on the Samsung Galaxy Ace Style(httpcdngsmarenacomvvnewsimg1404galaxyshyaceshystylegsmarena_003jpg) gsmarenacom April 3 2013Retrieved April 11 2014

109 Android 442 KitKat running Kernel 310 on the Exynos variant of the Samsung Galaxy S5 (SMshyG900H)(httpwwwgsmkhmercomuploaddataimagen2f8uvshy1283e1png) gsmkhmercom May 5 2014 RetrievedMay 5 2014

110 Ryan Whitwam (November 25 2013) HTC Posts Android 44 Kernel Source And Framework Files For OneGoogle Play Edition OTA Update Cant Be Far Off (httpwwwandroidpolicecom20131125htcshypostsshyandroidshy4shy4shykernelshysourceshyandshyframeworkshyfilesshyforshyoneshygoogleshyplayshyeditionshyotashyupdateshycantshybeshyfarshyoff)androidpolicecom Retrieved December 2 2013

111 Android 442 on a Nexus 5 (screenshot) (httpmobilesyrupcomwpshycontentuploads201312android442nexus5jpg) mobilesyrupcom December 9 2013 Retrieved January 202014

112 Android 442 on a Galaxy Note 3 (screenshot) (httpwwwsammobilecomwpshycontentuploads201401Screenshot_2014shy01shy12shy20shy03shy13png) mobilesyrupcom January 12 2014 Retrieved



contentuploads201401Screenshot_2014shy01shy12shy20shy03shy13png) mobilesyrupcom January 12 2014 RetrievedJanuary 20 2014

113 Androidology ndash Part 1 of 3 ndash Architecture Overview (httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=QBGfUs9mQYY)(Video) YouTube September 6 2008 Retrieved November 7 2007

114 Android Anatomy and Physiology (httpandroidteamgooglecodecomfilesAnatomyshyPhysiologyshyofshyanshyAndroidpdf) (PDF) Google IO May 28 2008 Retrieved May 23 2014

115 Android Kernel Features (httpelinuxorgAndroid_Kernel_Features)116 David Meyer (February 3 2010) Linux developer explains Android kernel code removal

(httpwwwzdnetcomnewslinuxshydevelopershyexplainsshyandroidshykernelshycodeshyremoval389733) ZDNet RetrievedFebruary 20 2012

117 Greg KroahshyHartman (February 2 2010) Android and the Linux kernel community(httpwwwkroahcomloglinuxandroidshykernelshyproblemshtml) Retrieved February 20 2012 Google shows nosign of working to get their code upstream anymore Some companies are trying to strip the Androidshyspecificinterfaces from their codebase and push that upstream but that causes a much larger engineering effort and is apain that just should not be necessary

118 Brian Proffitt (August 10 2010) Garretts LinuxCon Talk Emphasizes Lessons Learned from AndroidKernelSaga (httpswwwlinuxcomnewsembeddedshymobilemobileshylinux344486shygarrettashylinuxconshytalkshyemphasizesshylessonsshylearnedshyfromshyandroidkernelshysaga) Linuxcom Retrieved February 21 2012

119 Brian Proffitt (April 15 2010) DiBona Google will hire two Android coders to work with kernelorg(httpwwwzdnetcomblogopenshysourcedibonashygoogleshywillshyhireshytwoshyandroidshycodersshytoshyworkshywithshykernelorg6274) wwwzdnetcom Retrieved February 20 2012

120 Steven J VaughanshyNichols (September 7 2010) AndroidLinux kernel fight continues(httpblogscomputerworldcom16900android_linux_kernel_fight_continues) Computerworld RetrievedFebruary 20 2012

121 Steven J VaughanshyNichols (August 18 2011) Linus Torvalds on Android the Linux fork(httpwwwzdnetcomblogopenshysourcelinusshytorvaldsshyonshyandroidshytheshylinuxshyfork9426) zdnetcom RetrievedFebruary 15 2012

122 Chris von Eitzen (December 23 2011) Android drivers to be included in Linux 33 kernel(httpwebarchiveorgweb20131208130029httpwwwhshyonlinecomopennewsitemAndroidshydriversshytoshybeshyincludedshyinshyLinuxshy3shy3shykernelshy1400996html) hshyonlinecom Archived from the original (httpwwwhshyonlinecomopennewsitemAndroidshydriversshytoshybeshyincludedshyinshyLinuxshy3shy3shykernelshy1400996html) on December 82013 Retrieved February 15 2012

123 Jonathan Corbet Autosleep and wakelocks (httpslwnnetArticles479841) LWN124 Google Working On Android Based On Linux 38 (httpwwwphoronixcomscanphp

page=news_itemamppx=MTMxMzc) February 28 2013 Retrieved February 28 2013125 Google working on experimental Linux Kernel 310 for Android (httpwwwpocketdroidnetgoogleshyworkingshy

onshyexperimentalshylinuxshykernelshy3shy10shyforshyandroid) Pocketdroidnet Retrieved September 3 2013126 Raja Haroon Q (May 19 2011) Android Partitions Explained boot system recovery data cache amp misc

(httpwwwaddictivetipscommobileandroidshypartitionsshyexplainedshybootshysystemshyrecoveryshydatashycacheshymisc)Addictivetipscom Retrieved September 15 2012

127 See rooting128 Jools Whitehorn Android malware gives itself root access | News (httpwwwtechradarcomnewsphoneshyandshy

communicationsmobileshyphonesandroidshymalwareshygivesshyitselfshyrootshyaccessshy1062294) TechRadar RetrievedSeptember 15 2012

129 McPherson Amanda (December 13 2012) What a Year for Linux Please Join us in Celebration(httpwwwlinuxfoundationorgnewsshymediablogsbrowse201212whatshyyearshylinuxshypleaseshyjoinshyusshycelebration)Linux Foundation Retrieved April 16 2014

130 Proschofsky Andreas (July 10 2011) Google Android is the Linux desktop dream come true (httpderstandardat1308186313932InterviewshyGoogleshyAndroidshyisshytheshyLinuxshydesktopshydreamshycomeshytrue)derStandardat Retrieved March 14 2013

131 Hildenbrand Jerry (November 8 2012) Ask AC Is Android Linux (httpwwwandroidcentralcomaskshyacshyandroidshylinux) Android Central Retrieved March 14 2013

132 Lynch Jim (August 20 2013) Is Android really a Linux distribution (httpwwwitworldcomopenshysource369810androidshyreallyshylinuxshydistribution) ITworld Retrieved April 17 2014

133 Paul Ryan (February 24 2009) Dream(sheep++) A developerrsquos introduction to Google Android



133 Paul Ryan (February 24 2009) Dream(sheep++) A developerrsquos introduction to Google Android(httparstechnicacomgadgets200902anshyintroductionshytoshygoogleshyandroidshyforshydevelopers) Ars TechnicaRetrieved April 3 2013

134 Ben Cheng Bill Buzbee (May 2010) A JIT Compiler for Androids Dalvik VM (httpwwwandroidshyappshydevelopercoukandroidshyappshydevelopmentshydocsandroidshyjitshycompilershyandroidsshydalvikshyvmpdf) (PDF) androidshyappshydevelopercouk Google pp 5ndash14 Retrieved March 18 2015

135 Phil Nickinson (May 26 2010) Google Android developer explains more about Dalvik and the JIT in Froyo(httpwwwandroidcentralcomgoogleshyandroidshydevelopershyexplainsshymoreshyaboutshydalvikshyandshyjitshyfroyo)androidcentralcom Retrieved July 8 2014

136 Burnette Ed (June 4 2008) Patrick Brady dissects Android (httpwwwzdnetcomblogburnettepatrickshybradyshydissectsshyandroid584) ZDNet Retrieved April 27 2014

137 Toombs Cody (November 6 2013) Meet ART Part 1 The New SupershyFast Android Runtime Google HasBeen Working On In Secret For Over 2 Years Debuts In KitKat(httpwwwandroidpolicecom20131106meetshyartshypartshy1shytheshynewshysupershyfastshyandroidshyruntimeshygoogleshyhasshybeenshyworkingshyonshyinshysecretshyforshyovershy2shyyearsshydebutsshyinshykitkat) Android Police Retrieved April 27 2014

138 Returning BlueZ to Android (httpslwnnetArticles597293) LWNnet May 6 2014139 Pruett Chris (January 11 2011) Gingerbread NDK Awesomeness (httpandroidshy

developersblogspotcom201101gingerbreadshyndkshyawesomenesshtml) Android Developers Blog Google IncRetrieved April 22 2014

140 Simple DirectMedia Layer for Android(httpwaybackarchiveorgweb20120604080429httpwwwlibsdlorgtmpSDLREADMEandroid) SDLAugust 12 2012 Archived from the original (httpwwwlibsdlorgtmpSDLREADMEandroid) on June 42012

141 McFerran Damien (April 17 2012) Best custom ROMs for the Samsung Galaxy S2 | Reviews | CNET UK(httpreviewscnetcoukmobileshyappsbestshycustomshyromsshyforshytheshysamsungshygalaxyshys2shy50007658)Reviewscnetcouk Retrieved September 15 2012

142 Isaac Mike (April 11 2011) Android OS Hack Gives Virtual Early Upgrade | Gadget Lab(httpwwwwiredcomgadgetlab201104cyanogenmodshyandroid) Wiredcom Retrieved September 15 2012

143 CyanogenMod Has Now Been Installed On Over 2 Million Devices Doubles Install Numbers Since January(httpwwwandroidpolicecom20120528cyanogenmodshyhasshybeenshyinstalledshyovershy2shymillionshytimesshydoublesshyinstallshynumbersshysinceshyjanuary) Androidpolicecom May 28 2012 Retrieved September 15 2012

144 Main Page (httpidroidprojectorg) idroidprojectorg Retrieved August 1 2015145 Unlock Bootloader (httphtcdevcombootloader) Retrieved October 30 2011146 Sadun Erica (July 26 2010) LoC rules in favor of jailbreaking (httpwwwtuawcom20100726libraryshyofshy

congressshyrulesshyinshyfavorshyofshyjailbreaking) Tuawcom Retrieved September 15 2012147 Crook Jordan (October 24 2011) Motorola Offers Unlocked Bootloader Tool

(httptechcrunchcom20111024motorolashyoffersshyunlockedshybootloadershytoolshyforshydroidshyrazrshyverizonshyremovesshyit)Techcrunchcom Retrieved September 15 2012

148 CyanogenMod 7 for Samsung Galaxy S2 (II) Development Already Started(httpwwwinspiredgeekcom20110608cyanogenmodshy7shyforshysamsungshygalaxyshys2shyiishydevelopmentshyalreadyshystarted) Inspired Geek June 8 2011

149 CyanogenMod coming to the Galaxy S 2 thanks to Samsung (httpwwwandroidcentralcomcyanogenmodshycomingshygalaxyshysiishythanksshysamsung) Android Central June 6 2011

150 Forian Daniel Sony Ericsson supports independent developers ndash Developer World(httpdevelopersonyericssoncomwp20110928sonyshyericssonshysupportsshyindependentshydevelopers)Developersonyericssoncom Retrieved September 15 2012

151 Kopstein Joshua (November 20 2012) Access Denied why Androids broken promise of unlocked bootloadersneeds to be fixed (httpwwwthevergecom201211203666668accessshydeniedshyandroidshyunlockedshybootloaders)The Verge Retrieved November 24 2012

152 Android Security Overview (httpsourceandroidcomtechsecurityindexhtml) Android Open Source ProjectRetrieved February 20 2012

153 Felt Adrienne Porte Chin Erika Hanna Steve Song Dawn Wagner David Android PermissionsDemystified (httpwwwcsberkeleyedu~afeltandroid_permissionspdf) (PDF) Retrieved February 20 2012

154 Ojas Kulkarni (April 10 2014) Google goes hard on Malware for Android platform(httpwwwgadgetclustercom201404googleshygoesshyhardshyonshymalwareshyforshyandroidshyplatform) Gadgetclustercom



(httpwwwgadgetclustercom201404googleshygoesshyhardshyonshymalwareshyforshyandroidshyplatform) GadgetclustercomRetrieved April 15 2014

155 FranceschishyBicchierai Lorenzo Goodbye Android (httpmotherboardvicecomreadgoodbyeshyandroid)Motherboard Vice Retrieved 2 August 2015

156 KingsleyshyHughes Adrian The toxic hellstew survival guide (httpwwwzdnetcomarticletheshyandroidshytoxicshyhellstewshysurvivalshyguide) ZDnet Retrieved 2 August 2015

157 Tung Liam (December 16 2013) Google removes awesome but unintended privacy controls in Android 442(httpwwwzdnetcomgoogleshyremovesshyawesomeshybutshyunintendedshyprivacyshycontrolsshyinshyandroidshy4shy4shy2shy7000024329) ZDNet Retrieved February 19 2014

158 Arthur Charles (December 20 2013) Androids permissions gap why has it fallen so far behind Apples iOS(httpwwwtheguardiancomtechnology2013dec20androidshyappsshypermissionshyappshyops) The GuardianRetrieved February 19 2014

159 Danny Holyoake shy Google+ shy Well darn Its confirmed Android 44 KitKat is missinghellip(httpsplusgooglecom+DannyHolyoakepostsFkfBxA5i3iG) Plusgooglecom November 11 2013 RetrievedFebruary 19 2014

160 Rosenblatt Seth (December 19 2013) Why Android wont be getting App Ops anytime soon | Mobile shy CNETNews (httpnewscnetcom8301shy1035_3shy57616076shy94whyshyandroidshywontshybeshygettingshyappshyopsshyanytimeshysoon)Newscnetcom Retrieved February 19 2014

161 John Freml Tip Get App Ops back on Android 44 KitKat (httpwwwpocketablescom201311tipshygetshyappshyopsshybackshyandroidshy4shy4shykitkathtml) Pocketables Retrieved February 19 2014

162 [New App] XPrivacy Gives You Massive Control Over What Your Installed Apps Are Allowed To Do(httpwwwandroidpolicecom20130623xprivacyshygivesshyyoushymassiveshycontrolshyovershywhatshyyourshyinstalledshyappsshyareshyallowedshytoshydo) Androidpolicecom June 23 2013 Retrieved February 19 2014

163 Protalinski Emil (July 17 2012) Android malware numbers explode to 25000 in June 2012(httpwwwzdnetcomandroidshymalwareshynumbersshyexplodeshytoshy25000shyinshyjuneshy2012shy7000001046) ZDNetRetrieved November 9 2012

164 Mobile malware exaggerated by charlatan vendors says Google engineer(httpwwwpcadvisorcouknewsnetworkshywifi3320818mobileshymalwareshyexaggeratedshybyshycharlatanshyvendorsshysaysshygoogleshyengineer) PC Advisor November 24 2011 Retrieved November 9 2012

165 Android 42 brings new security features to scan sideloaded apps (httpwwwandroidcentralcomandroidshy42shybringsshynewshysecurityshyfeaturesshyscanshysideloadedshyapps) Android Central Retrieved November 9 2012

166 Android malware perspective only 05 comes from the Play Store(httpwwwphonearenacomnewsAndroidshymalwareshyperspectiveshyonlyshy05shycomesshyfromshytheshyPlayshyStore_id36696)Phonearenacom Retrieved March 14 2013

167 Chirgwin Richard Google Bouncer flaw (httpwwwtheregistercouk20120604breaking_google_bouncer)Tech news site and blog The Register Retrieved November 20 2012

168 Whittaker Zack (October 15 2012) Google building malware scanner for Google Play report(httpwwwzdnetcomgoogleshybuildingshymalwareshyscannershyforshygoogleshyplayshyreportshy7000005780) ZDNet RetrievedNovember 9 2012

169 Exclusive Inside Android 42s powerful new security system | Computerworld Blogs(httpblogscomputerworldcomandroid21259androidshy42shysecurity) Blogscomputerworldcom November 12012 Retrieved November 9 2012

170 Lookout Mobile Security (httpwwwmylookoutcom) Lookout Retrieved July 5 2012171 Antivirus for Android Smartphones (httpwwwavgcomusshyenantivirusshyforshyandroid) AVG Retrieved

February 16 2012172 McAfee Mobile Security for Android (httpswwwmcafeemobilesecuritycomproductsandroidaspx)

Mcafeemobilesecuritycom Retrieved February 16 2012173 Android antivirus apps are useless heres what to do instead (httpwwwextremetechcomcomputing104827shy

androidshyantivirusshyappsshyareshyuselessshyheresshywhatshytoshydoshyinstead2) Retrieved April 10 2012174 Jason Nova (September 14 2014) The State of Antivirus for Android (httpwwwandroidauthoritycomstateshy

antivirusshyandroidshy523684) androidauthoritycom Retrieved November 18 2014175 Steve Lohr (May 8 2011) Suit Opens a Window Into Google

(httpwwwnytimescom20110509technology09googlehtmlscp=1ampsq=Skyhook20Wireless20v20Google20Case20Yields20EshyMail20Insightampst=cse) TheNew York Times ISSN 0362shy4331 (httpswwwworldcatorgissn0362shy4331) Retrieved February 16 2012



New York Times ISSN 0362shy4331 (httpswwwworldcatorgissn0362shy4331) Retrieved February 16 2012176 AppAnalysisorg Real Time Privacy Monitoring on Smartphones (httpappanalysisorgfaqhtml) Retrieved

February 21 2012177 Ganapati Priya (September 30 2010) Study Shows Some Android Apps Leak User Data Without Clear

Notifications | Gadget Lab (httpwwwwiredcomgadgetlab201009datashycollectionshyandroid) WiredcomRetrieved January 30 2012

178 Google announces tool to track lost Android phones (httpwwwthevergecom2013824582892androidshylostshydeviceshyrecoveryshytoolsshydeviceshymanager) The Verge Retrieved September 3 2013

179 Android Device Manager Now Available in Play Store (httpwwwandromintcomdownloadshyapkshyandroidshydeviceshymanagershyavailableshyplayshystore) andromintcom December 12 2013 Retrieved December 16 2013

180 Android Device Manager now available for downloading on Google Play(httpwwwengadgetcom20131211androidshydeviceshymanager) engadgetcom December 11 2013 RetrievedDecember 16 2013

181 Airshytoshyground rocket men flog topshysecret mobeshycrypto to Brad in accounts(httpwwwtheregistercouk20130228general_dynamics) The Register February 28 2013 RetrievedAugust 8 2013

182 Samsung Armors Android to Take On BlackBerry (httpwwwnytimescom20130228technologysamsungshyarmorsshyandroidshytoshytakeshyonshyblackberryhtml)

183 Staff (September 7 2013) Privacy Scandal NSA Can Spy on Smart Phone Data(httpwwwspiegeldeinternationalworldashy920971html) Retrieved September 7 2013

184 James Ball Angry Birds and leaky phone apps targeted by NSA and GCHQ for user data | World news(httpwwwtheguardiancomworld2014jan27nsashygchqshysmartphoneshyappshyangryshybirdsshypersonalshydata)theguardiancom Retrieved February 2 2014

185 James Ball (January 28 2014) Angry Birds firm calls for industry to respond to NSA spying revelations |World news (httpwwwtheguardiancomworld2014jan28angryshybirdsshyrovioshyrespondshynsashyspyingshyrevelations)theguardiancom Retrieved February 2 2014

186 Boulton Clint (October 21 2008) Google OpenshySources Android on Eve of G1 Launch(httpwwweweekcomcaMobileshyandshyWirelessGoogleshyOpenshySourcesshyAndroidshyonshyEveshyofshyG1shyLaunch) eWeekRetrieved February 17 2012

187 Ryan Paul (November 6 2007) Why Google chose the Apache Software License over GPLv2 for Android(httparstechnicacomoldcontent200711whyshygoogleshychoseshytheshyapacheshysoftwareshylicenseshyovershygplv2ars) ArsTechnica Retrieved February 16 2012

188 Frequently Asked Questions What is involved in releasing the source code for a new Android version(httpsourceandroidcomfaqshtmlwhatshyisshyinvolvedshyinshyreleasingshytheshysourceshycodeshyforshyashynewshyandroidshyversion)Android Open Source Project Retrieved February 16 2012

189 Bray Tim (April 6 2011) Android Developers Blog I think Im having a Gene Amdahl moment(httpandroidshydevelopersblogspotcom201104ishythinkshyimshyhavingshygeneshyamdahlshymomenthtml) Androidshydevelopersblogspotcom Retrieved February 16 2012

190 Jerry Hildenbrand (March 24 2011) Honeycomb wont be openshysourced Say it aint so(httpwwwandroidcentralcomgoogleshynotshyopenshysourcingshyhoneycombshysaysshybloomberg) AndroidcentralcomRetrieved February 16 2012

191 Amadeo Ron (February 26 2014) Google Now Launcher hits Play Store brings Google homescreen to GPEamp Nexus devices (httparstechnicacomgadgets201402googleshynowshylaunchershyhitsshyplayshystoreshybringsshygoogleshyhomescreenshytoshygpeshynexusshydevices) Ars Technica Retrieved February 27 2014

192 Brian Klug (November 14 2013) Android 44 Factory Images Now Available for Nexus 4 7 (2012 and 2013)and 10 (httpwwwanandtechcomshow7516androidshy44shyfactoryshyimagesshynowshyavailableshyforshynexusshy4shy7shy2012shyandshy2013shyandshy10) AnandTech Retrieved November 19 2013

193 The Nexus 5rsquos exclusive launcher suspiciously receives support for other devices(httparstechnicacomgadgets201311theshynexusshy5sshyexclusiveshylaunchershysuspiciouslyshyreceivesshysupportshyforshyothershydevices) Ars Technica Retrieved November 19 2013

194 Stallman Richard (September 19 2011) Is Android really free software(httpwwwguardiancouktechnology2011sep19androidshyfreeshysoftwareshystallman) London The GuardianRetrieved September 9 2012

195 Stallman Richard (August 5 2012) Android and Users Freedom ndash Support the Free Your Android campaign(httpswwwgnuorgphilosophyandroidshyandshyusersshyfreedomhtml) GNUorg Free Software Foundation



(httpswwwgnuorgphilosophyandroidshyandshyusersshyfreedomhtml) GNUorg Free Software FoundationRetrieved September 9 2012

196 Android Compatibility Definition Document(httpstaticgoogleusercontentcommediasourceandroidcomenuscompatibilityandroidshycddpdf) (PDF) (50ed) Google January 11 2015 Retrieved 2015shy03shy03

197 This is Nokia X Android and Windows Phone collide (httpwwwthevergecom20142245440498nokiashyxshyandroidshyphoneshyhandsshyon) The Verge Retrieved March 28 2014

198 Yun Qing Liau Phonemakers make Android Chinashyfriendly (httpwwwzdnetcomcnphonemakersshymakeshyandroidshychinashyfriendlyshy7000005679) ZDNet October 15 2012

199 Android Open Source Project Frequently Asked Questions Compatibility(httpsourceandroidcomfaqshtmlcompatibility) sourceandroidcom Retrieved March 13 2011

200 Alibaba Google just plan wrong about our OS (httpwwwcnetcomnewsalibabashygoogleshyjustshyplainshywrongshyaboutshyourshyos) CNET Retrieved March 28 2014

201 Brodkin Jon Google blocked Acerrsquos rival phone to prevent Android fragmentation (httparstechnicacomgadgets201209googleshyblockedshyacersshyrivalshyphoneshytoshypreventshyandroidshyfragmentation)Ars Technica Retrieved March 28 2014

202 Jon Brodkin (September 17 2012) Pirated Android apps featured prominently on Aliyun app store(httparstechnicacomgadgets201209piratedshyandroidshyappsshyfeaturedshyprominentlyshyonshyaliyunshyappshystore) ArsTechnica Retrieved March 28 2014

203 Technology | QampA Googles Android (httpnewsbbccouk1hi7080758stm) BBC News November 62007 Retrieved November 9 2012

204 Reardon Marguerite (February 11 2008) Google Android prototypes debut at MWC | Crave ndash CNET(httpnewscnetcom8301shy17938_105shy9869123shy1html) Newscnetcom Retrieved November 9 2012

205 Androids outing at Barcelona ndash BizTech ndash Technology (httpwwwsmhcomaunewsbiztechandroidsshyoutingshyatshybarcelona200802121202760277773htmlpage=2) Sydney Morning Herald February 12 2008 RetrievedNovember 9 2012

206 Symbian Nokia Microsoft and Apple downplay Android relevance(httpwwwengadgetcom20071105symbianshynokiashymicrosoftshyandshyappleshydownplayshyandroidshyrelevance)Engadget Retrieved November 9 2012

207 Reisinger Don (January 16 2015) Driverless Cars and Green Tech What Google Is Doing Outside of Search(httpwwweweekcommobileslideshowsdriverlessshycarsshyandshygreenshytechshywhatshygoogleshyisshydoingshyoutsideshyofshysearchhtml) eWeek slide 2

208 On its fifth birthday Android is closer to our actual vision for mobile supremacy(httpmobilesyrupcom20121105onshyitsshyfifthshybirthdayshyandroidshyisshyclosershytoshyourshyactualshyvisionshyforshymobileshysupremacy) MobileSyrupcom Retrieved November 9 2012

209 Microsoft Selling Nokia X Android Phones (httpwwwbusinessinsidercommicrosoftshysellingshynokiashyxshyandroidshyphonesshy2014shy4) Business Insider April 28 2014 Retrieved May 26 2014

210 Best Android apps for personalizing and customizing your phone (httpwwwandroidauthoritycombestshyappsshycustomizingshypersonalizingshyandroidshyphonesshy100685) Androidauthoritycom July 13 2012 RetrievedNovember 9 2012

211 Adrianne Jeffries (March 19 2013) Disconnect why Andy Rubin and Android called it quits(httpwwwthevergecom20133194120208whyshyandyshyrubinshyandroidshycalledshyitshyquits) The Verge RetrievedApril 3 2013

212 Steve Kovach (July 30 2013) Android Fragmentation Report (httpwwwbusinessinsidercomandroidshyfragmentationshyreportshy2013shy7) Business Insider Retrieved October 19 2013

213 Arthur Charles (July 30 2013) Android fragmentation worse than ever ndash but OpenSignal says thats good(httpwwwtheguardiancomtechnology2013jul30androidshyfragmentationshyvisualisedshyopensignal) TheGuardian Retrieved August 1 2013

214 Eran Daniel Strong demand of Apples iPhone 5 series driving an antishyfragmentation of iOS(httpappleinsidercomarticles131016strongshydemandshyofshyapplesshyiphoneshy5shyseriesshydrivingshyanshyantishyfragmentationshyofshyios) Appleinsidercom Retrieved October 19 2013

215 McLean Prince (August 21 2009) Canalys iPhone outsold all Windows Mobile phones in Q2 2009(httpwwwappleinsidercomarticles090821canalys_iphone_outsold_all_windows_mobile_phones_in_q2_2009html) AppleInsider Retrieved February 16 2012

216 Googles Android becomes the worlds leading smart phone platform



216 Googles Android becomes the worlds leading smart phone platform(httpwwwcanalyscomnewsroomgoogleE28099sshyandroidshybecomesshyworldE28099sshyleadingshysmartshyphoneshyplatform) Canalys January 31 2011 Retrieved February 15 2012

217 Android steals Symbians top smartphone OS crown (httpwwwphonearenacomnewsAndroidshystealsshySymbiansshyTopshySmartphoneshyOSshycrown_id16332) Phone arena Retrieved May 14 2013

218 Gartner Says Sales of Mobile Devices Grew 56 Percent in Third Quarter of 2011 Smartphone Sales Increased42 Percent (httpwwwgartnercomitpagejspid=1848514) November 15 2011 Retrieved February 16 2012

219 Android Marks Fourth Anniversary Since Launch with 750 Market Share in Third Quarter According to IDCndash prUS23771812 (httpwwwidccomgetdocjspcontainerId=prUS23771812) Idccom Retrieved November 32012

220 Kumparak Greg (July 14 2011) Android Now Seeing 550000 Activations Per Day(httptechcrunchcom20110714androidshynowshyseeingshy550000shyactivationsshypershyday) Techcrunch RetrievedFebruary 16 2012

221 Van Camp Jeffrey (June 28 2011) Google activates 500000 Android devices a day may reach 1 million inOctober (httpnewsyahoocomgoogleshyactivatesshy500shy000shyandroidshydevicesshydayshymayshy145858294html) YahooNews Retrieved February 16 2012

222 Barra Hugo (May 10 2011) Android momentum mobile and more at Google IO(httpgoogleblogblogspotcom201105androidshymomentumshymobileshyandshymoreshyathtml) The Official GoogleBlog Retrieved February 16 2012

223 500 million devices activated globally and over 13 million added every single day(httpsplusgooglecomu0110023707389740934545postsR5YdRRyeTHM) official Android Engineeringteams September 12 2012

224 Google now at 15 million Android activations per day (httpwwwengadgetcom20130416ericshyschmidtshygoogleshynowshyatshy1shy5shymillionshyandroidshyactivationsshyper) Engadget April 16 2013

225 Google 900 million Android activations to date 48 billion app installs(httpwwwthevergecom20135154333584totalshyandroidshyactivationsshy900shymillion) The Verge May 15 2013

226 Fingas Jon (September 4 2012) ComScore Android tops 52 percent of US smartphone share iPhone cracksthe 33 percent mark (httpwwwengadgetcom20120904comscoreshyandroidshytopsshy52shypercentshyofshyusshysmartphoneshyshare) Engadgetcom Retrieved November 24 2012

227 Report Android Rises to 90 of Smartphone Market in China (httpwwwtechinasiacomandroidshymarketshyshareshychinashy2012) Techinasiacom Retrieved November 24 2012

228 Vic Gundotra shy Google+ shy Just back from a whirlwind trip to Asia visiting ourhellip(httpplusgooglecom+VicGundotraposts8CVJ79nPQwN) Plusgooglecom Retrieved September 3 2013

229 Whitney Lance (January 6 2014) iPhone market share shrinks as Android Windows Phone grow(httpnewscnetcom8301shy13579_3shy57616679shy37iphoneshymarketshyshareshyshrinksshyasshyandroidshywindowsshyphoneshygrow) Retrieved January 27 2014

230 bull Smartphones sales by operating system worldwide 2009shy2013 shy Statistic(httpwwwstatistacomstatistics266219globalshysmartphoneshysalesshysinceshy1stshyquartershy2009shybyshyoperatingshysystem)Statista

231 Gartner Says Annual Smartphone Sales Surpassed Sales of Feature Phones for the First Time in 2013(httpwwwgartnercomnewsroomid2665715)

232 Gartner Says Worldwide Traditional PC Tablet Ultramobile and Mobile Phone Shipments On Pace to Grow 76Percent in 2014 (httpwwwgartnercomnewsroomid2645115)

233 Gartner Says Sales of Tablets Will Represent Less Than 10 Percent of All Devices in 2014 Smartphones toRepresent 71 Percent of the Global Mobile Phone Market in 2014 Android Device Shipments to Reach OneBillion in Emerging Markets in 2015 (httpwwwgartnercomnewsroomid2875017) (Press release) GartnerOctober 15 2014 Retrieved October 19 2014

234 Tablet Sales Growth Plummets In 2014 As Android Smartphones Continue To Soar Gartner(httptechcrunchcom20141015tabletshysalesshygrowthshyplummetsshyinshy2014shyasshyandroidshysmartphonesshycontinueshytoshysoarshygartner) TechCrunch October 15 2014

235 Global PC Shipments Exceed Forecast with Mild Improvement in Consumer Demand While Apple Moves to5 Spot According to IDC (httpwwwidccomgetdocjspcontainerId=prUS25187214) wwwidccom

236 MobileTablet Operating System Market Share (httpmarketsharehitslinkcomoperatingshysystemshymarketshyshareaspxqprid=8ampqpcustomd=1ampqpsp=186ampqpnp=7ampqptimeframe=M) Hits link Retrieved January 222015



2015237 Mobile internet usage soars by 67 (httpgsstatcountercompressmobileshyinternetshyusageshysoarsshybyshy67shyperc)

Retrieved October 21 2014238 Global Stats shy Browser OS Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share (httpgsstatcountercomallshy

comparisonshyKEshymonthlyshy201408shy201410) StatCounter239 Grush Andrew (October 21 2014) Google hoping to lure smaller manufacturers to Googlersquos Android over

AOSP (httpwwwandroidauthoritycomgoogleshycertificationshyovershyaospshy541700) Android Authority RetrievedOctober 22 2014

240 Tablet Sales Continue to Be Slow in 2015 Tablet Sales to Reach 8 Percent Growth in 2015 While PC Market toGrow 1 Percent (httpwwwgartnercomnewsroomid2954317) Gartner January 5 2015 RetrievedJanuary 23 2015

241 Smartphone OS worldwide by installed base in 2014 (in millions)(httpwwwstatistacomstatistics385001smartphoneshyworldwideshyinstalledshybaseshyoperatingshysystems) StatisticaRetrieved February 18 2015

242 Market share of smartphone OS of total smartphone installed base in 2013 and 2014(httpwwwstatistacomstatistics385022smartphoneshyworldwideshyinstalledshybaseshyoperatingshysystemsshyshare)Statistica Retrieved February 18 2015

243 Replacement Demand to Boost PC Sales in 2015 says Strategy Analytics More than 70 percent of DevelopedMarket Households Will Continue to Own PCs through 2018 (httpswwwstrategyanalyticscomdefaultaspxmod=pressreleaseviewerampa0=5608) Strategy Analytics Retrieved February 18 2015

244 Mahapatra Lisa (November 11 2013) Android Vs iOS Whatrsquos The Most Popular Mobile Operating SystemIn Your Country (httpwwwibtimescomandroidshyvsshyiosshywhatsshymostshypopularshymobileshyoperatingshysystemshyyourshycountryshy1464892) Retrieved January 30 2014

245 ElmershyDeWitt Philip (January 10 2014) Dont mistake Apples market share for its installed base(httptechfortunecnncom20140110appleshyandroidshykantarshycomscore) CNN Retrieved January 30 2014

246 Yarow Jay (March 28 2014) This Chart Shows Googles Incredible Domination Of The Worlds ComputingPlatforms (httpwwwbusinessinsidercomandroidsshyshareshyofshytheshycomputingshymarketshy2014shy3) RetrievedApril 23 2014

247 Samsung sells more smartphones than all major manufacturers combined in Q1(httpwwwsammobilecom20140501samsungshysellsshymoreshysmartphonesshythanshyallshymajorshymanufacturersshycombinedshyinshyq1) Retrieved May 12 2014

248 Global mobile statistics 2014 Part A Mobile subscribers handset market share mobile operators(httpmobithinkingcommobileshymarketingshytoolslatestshymobileshystatsa) mobiThinking May 2014 RetrievedSeptember 9 2014

249 Rowinski Dan (December 10 2013) The PostshyPC Era Begins In Earnest Next Year In 2014 smartphones willmost likely eclipse PCs in terms of the number of devices in use around the world(httpreadwritecom20131210smartphoneshypcsshyinstallshybaseshy2014) readwrite Retrieved September 9 2014

250 Android tops 81 percent of smartphone market share in Q3 (httpwwwengadgetcom20131031strategyshyanalyticsshyq3shy2013shyphoneshyshare) Retrieved November 4 2013

251 Android Tops 80 Global Smartphone Market Share ndash Windows Phone up 156 Year on Year(httpwwwhighlightpresscomandroidshytopsshy80shyglobalshysmartphoneshymarketshyshareshywindowsshyphoneshyupshy156shyyearshyonshyyear6708tharper)

252 Lunden Ingrid (July 1 2013) Android Led By Samsung Continues To Storm The Smartphone MarketPushing A Global 70 Market Share (httptechcrunchcom20130701androidshyledshybyshysamsungshycontinuesshytoshystormshytheshysmartphoneshymarketshypushingshyashyglobalshy70shymarketshysharencid=tcdaily) TechCrunch AOL IncRetrieved July 2 2013

253 Wilson Rothman (October 24 2012) Why iPad is stomping Android tabs 24 to 1 ndash Technology on(httpwwwnbcnewscomtechnologytechnologwhyshyipadshystompingshyandroidshytabsshy24shy1shy121875) NbcnewscomRetrieved November 9 2012

254 Kevin C Tofel (March 19 2012) What devs say about iPad (but not Android tablets)(httpgigaomcommobilewhatshydevsshysayshyaboutshyipadshybutshynotshyandroidshytablets) Gigaomcom RetrievedNovember 9 2012

255 Why there arent more Android tablet apps by the numbers (httpwwwzdnetcomblogmobileshynewswhyshythereshyarentshymoreshyandroidshytabletshyappsshybyshytheshynumbers7218) ZDNet March 21 2012 Retrieved November 92012



2012256 Poeter Damon (December 7 2012) Goldman Highlights Microsofts Shrinking Market Share

(httpwwwpcmagcomarticle202817241299700asp) PC Magazine Retrieved December 10 2012Damon Poeter (December 27 2012) NonshyApple Tablets Making Small Gains on iPad PC Magazine(httpwwwpcmagcomarticle202817241360500asp)Matt Hartley (December 24 2011) Massacre of the Tablets Financial Post(httpbusinessfinancialpostcom20111224massacreshyofshytheshytablets)

257 Gruman Galen (April 5 2011) Why Googles tighter control over Android is a good thing | MobileTechnology (httpwwwinfoworldcomdmobileshytechnologygooglesshytightershycontrolshyovershyandroidshygoodshythingshy845) InfoWorld Retrieved March 14 2013

258 Gruman Galen Anatomy of failure Mobile flops from RIM Microsoft and Nokia(httpwwwmacworldcomarticle1159578anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokiahtml) MacworldRetrieved May 14 2013

259 Hiner Jason (January 5 2012) Why Android tablets failed A postmortem(httpwwwtechrepubliccombloghinerwhyshyandroidshytabletsshyfailedshyashypostmortem10011) TechRepublicRetrieved November 9 2012

260 Cunningham Andrew (October 8 2012) Google to Android devs make nicer tablet apps pretty please(httparstechnicacomgadgets201210googleshytoshyandroidshydevsshymakeshynicershytabletshyappsshyprettyshyplease) ArsTechnica Retrieved November 9 2012

261 Kovach Steve Android Now Ahead Of Apples iOS In Tablet Market Share(httpwwwbusinessinsidercomandroidshyaheadshyofshyiosshytabletshymarketshyshareshy2013shy5) Business Insider

262 Gartner Says Worldwide Tablet Sales Grew 68 Percent in 2013 With Android Capturing 62 Percent of theMarket (httpwwwgartnercomnewsroomid2674215)

263 Gartner Says Worldwide Media Tablets Sales to Reach 119 Million Units in 2012(httpwwwgartnercomnewsroomid1980115)

264 Android Ecosystem Takes the Baton from Apple iPad in the Tablet Race(httpswwwabiresearchcompressandroidshyecosystemshytakesshytheshybatonshyfromshyappleshyipadshy) ABIresearchSeptember 27 2013 Retrieved September 10 2014

265 StatCounter Global Stats shy Browser OS Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share(httpgsstatcountercomtabletshyosshysashymonthlyshy201504shy201507) statcountercom Retrieved August 1 2015

266 Top 7 Tablet OSs in Africa from Mar 2014 to Jun 2015 (httpgsstatcountercomtabletshyosshyafshymonthlyshy201403shy201506) Retrieved March 19 2015

267 StatCounter Global Stats shy Browser OS Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share(httpgsstatcountercomtabletshyosshynashymonthlyshy201506shy201506shymap) statcountercom Retrieved August 12015

268 StatCounter Global Stats shy Browser OS Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share(httpgsstatcountercomtabletshyosshyasshymonthlyshy201407shy201507) statcountercom Retrieved August 1 2015

269 Top 7 Tablet OSs in India from Mar 2014 to Jun 2015 (httpgsstatcountercomtabletshyosshyINshymonthlyshy201403shy201506) statcountercom

270 Top 7 Tablet OSs in Indonesia from Mar 2014 to Jun 2015 (httpgsstatcountercomtabletshyosshyIDshymonthlyshy201403shy201506) statcountercom

271 StatCounter Global Stats shy Browser OS Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share(httpgsstatcountercomtabletshyosshyasshymonthlyshy201506shy201506shymap) statcountercom Retrieved August 12015

272 StatCounter Global Stats shy Browser OS Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share(httpgsstatcountercomtabletshyosshyeushymonthlyshy201506shy201506shymap) statcountercom Retrieved August 12015

273 Android Developers Dashboards (httpdeveloperandroidcomaboutdashboardsindexhtml) androidcomAugust 3 2015 Retrieved August 4 2015

274 Wired UK (May 3 2012) OpshyEd Android Piracy Is Huge Problem for Game Devs | Game|Life(httpwwwwiredcomgamelife201205wiredshyukshyandroidshygameshypiracy) Wiredcom Retrieved September 152012

275 Yin Wesley (April 24 2012) Football Manager dev hopes to stick with Android despite 91 piracy rate(httpwwweurogamernetarticles2012shy04shy24shyfootballshymanagershydevshyhopesshytoshystickshywithshyandroidshydespiteshy9shy1shypiracyshyrate) Eurogamernet Retrieved September 15 2012



piracyshyrate) Eurogamernet Retrieved September 15 2012276 Armasu Lucian (July 30 2012) Windshyup Kinght developer Piracy rates on iOS and Android are comparable

China is the main source (httpwwwandroidauthoritycompiracyshyratesshyareshyhighershyiosshyandroidshywindshyupshyknightshydevelopershy104305) Androidauthoritycom Retrieved October 6 2012

277 Paul Ryan (August 25 2010) Android antipiracy cracked Google says devs used it wrong(httparstechnicacomgadgets201008googleshycrackedshyandroidshyantishypiracyshysystemshyusedshywrongshybyshydevs) ArsTechnica Retrieved September 15 2012

278 McAllister Neil (August 8 2012) Android app DRM quietly disabled due to bug(httpwwwtheregistercouk20120808android_drm_disabled) The Register Retrieved June 10 2012

279 Niccolai James (August 12 2010) Update Oracle sues Google over Java use in Android(httpwwwcomputerworldcomsarticle9180678Update_Oracle_sues_Google_over_Java_use_in_Android)Computerworld International Data Group Inc Retrieved February 16 2012

280 Oracle seeks up to $61 billion in Google lawsuit (httpwwwreuterscomarticle20110618usshyoracleshygoogleshylawsuitshyidUSTRE75H0FP20110618) Reuters June 18 2011 Retrieved September 7 2011

281 Judge tosses Oracles $61 billion damage estimate in claim against Google(httpwwwmercurynewscomnewsci_18532705) MercuryNewscom July 22 2011 Retrieved September 72011

282 Singel Ryan (October 5 2010) Calling Oracle Hypocritical Google Denies Patent Infringement(httpwwwwiredcomepicenter201010googleshyoracleshyandroid) Wired Retrieved February 16 2012

283 Josh Lowensohn (May 23 2012) Jury clears Google of infringing on Oracles patents(httpwwwzdnetcomblogbtljuryshyclearsshygoogleshyofshyinfringingshyonshyoracleshypatents77897) ZDNet RetrievedMay 25 2012

284 Joe Mullin (May 31 2012) Google wins crucial API ruling Oracles case decimated(httparstechnicacomtechshypolicy201205googleshywinsshycrucialshyapishyrulingshyoraclesshycaseshydecimated) ArsTechnica Retrieved June 1 2012

285 Niccolai James (June 20 2012) Oracle agrees to zero damages in Google lawsuit eyes appeal(httpwwwcomputerworldcomsarticle9228298Oracle_agrees_to_zero_damages_in_Google_lawsuit_eyes_appeal) Retrieved June 23 2012

286 Rosenblatt Seth (May 9 2014) Court sides with Oracle over Android in Java patent appeal(httpwwwcnetcomnewscourtshysidesshywithshyoracleshyovershyandroidshyinshyjavashypatentshyappeal) CNET RetrievedMay 10 2014

287 ORACLE AMERICA INC Plaintiff ndash Appellant v GOOGLE INC Defendant ndash Cross ndash Appellant(httpwwwcafcuscourtsgovimagesstoriesopinionsshyorders13shy1021Opinion5shy7shy20141PDF) (PDF) Court ofAppeals for the Federal Circuit May 9 2014 Retrieved May 10 2014

288 Newman Jared (September 28 2011) MicrosoftshySamsung Patent Deal Great News for Windows Phones(httpwwwpcworldcomarticle240783microsoftsamsung_patent_deal_great_news_for_windows_phoneshtml)PCWorld Retrieved September 15 2012

289 Microsoft collects license fees on 50 of Android devices tells Google to wake up (httparstechnicacommicrosoftnews201110microsoftshycollectsshylicenseshyfeesshyonshy50shyofshyandroidshydevicesshytellsshygoogleshytoshywakeshyupars) Ars Technica Retrieved February 16 2012

290 Mikael Ricknaumls (September 28 2011) Microsoft signs Android licensing deal with Samsung(httpwwwcomputerworldcomsarticle9220357Microsoft_signs_Android_licensing_deal_with_Samsung)Computerworld Retrieved February 16 2012

291 Jacqui Cheng (August 3 2011) Google publicly accuses Apple Microsoft Oracle of patent bullying(httparstechnicacomtechshypolicynews201108googleshypubliclyshyaccusesshyappleshymicrosoftshyoracleshyofshypatentshybullyingars) Retrieved February 16 2012

292 Casey Johnston (August 15 2011) Google needing patents buys Motorola wireless for $125 billion(httparstechnicacomgadgetsnews201108googleshytoshybuyshymotorolashyinshyeffortshytoshydefendshyitselfshyfromshypatentshybulliesars) Retrieved February 16 2012

293 Paul Ryan (January 4 2012) Google buys another round of IBM patents as its Oracle trial nears(httparstechnicacomgadgetsnews201201googleshybuysshyanothershyroundshyofshyibmshypatentsshyasshyoracleshytrialshynearsars) Ars Technica (httparstechnicacom) Retrieved February 16 2012

294 FSFE objects to claims of predatory pricing in Free Software(httpfsfeorgactivitiespolicyeu20130729ECFairsearchletterenhtml) Free Software Foundation EuropeRetrieved September 28 2013



Retrieved September 28 2013295 Laura June (September 6 2010) Toshiba AC100 Android smartbook hits the United Kingdom

(httpwwwengadgetcom20100906toshibashyac100shyandroidshysmartbookshyhitsshytheshyunitedshykingdom) EngadgetRetrieved February 20 2012

296 Samsung (August 29 2012) Samsung Galaxy Camera(httpwwwsamsungcominpromotionsgalaxycamerapid=in_home_thelatest_left1_galaxycamera_20120830)Samsungcom Retrieved August 30 2012

297 Hollister Sean (January 10 2012) Sony Smart Watch (aka Sony Ericsson LiveView 2) handsshyon(httpwwwthevergecom20121102695959sonyshysmartshywatchshyakashysonyshyericssonshyliveviewshy2shyhandsshyon) TheVerge Retrieved February 16 2012

298 Rik Myslewski (January 12 2011) Androidshypowered touchscreen WishyFi headphones(httpwwwtheregistercouk20110112now_audio_admiral_touch) theregistercouk Retrieved January 162012

299 Car Player AndroidshyCar Player Android Manufacturers Suppliers and Exporters on(httpwwwalibabacomshowroomcarshyplayershyandroidhtml) Alibabacom Retrieved February 20 2012

300 Android Everywhere 10 Types of Devices That Android Is Making Better(httpwwwandroidauthoritycomandroidshyeverywhereshy10shytypesshyofshydevicesshythatshyandroidshyisshymakingshybettershy57012) Androidauthoritycom February 26 2012 Retrieved September 15 2012

301 Will G (December 1 2011) Top Android MP3 Players for 2011 (httpwwwandroidauthoritycomtopshyandroidshymp3shyplayersshyforshy2011shy36523) Androidauthoritycom Retrieved February 16 2012

302 Archos Smart Home Phone (httpwwwandroidcentralcomarchosshysmartshyhomeshyphoneshynowshyavailableshygetshyandroidshyyourshylandline) Android Central January 19 2012 Retrieved January 30 2012

303 Grandstream Announces Android IP Phone (httpwwwsmallnetbuildercommultimediashyvoipmultimediashyvoipshynews31893shygrandstreamshyannouncesshyandroidshyipshyphone)

304 OUYA interview Julie Uhrman tackles consoles amp critics (httpwwwdestructoidcomouyashyinterviewshyjulieshyuhrmanshytacklesshyconsolesshycriticsshy231474phtml) Destructoid Retrieved November 2 2012

305 Erik Kain (April 18 2012) An Interview With Ouya Founder Julie Uhrman On A New Breed Of Video GameConsole (httpwwwforbescomsiteserikkain20120716anshyinterviewshywithshyouyashyfoundershyjulieshyuhrmanshyonshyashynewshybreedshyofshyvideoshygameshyconsole) Forbes Retrieved November 2 2012

306 NVIDIA Shield ships July 31st barely meets delayed launch window(httpwwwengadgetcom20130721nvidiashyshieldshyshipsshyjulyshy31st) Engadget July 21 2013 RetrievedJuly 21 2013

307 Editorial AndroidHome is the best worst thing that could happen to home automation(httpwwwengadgetcom20110511editorialshyandroidshyhomeshyisshytheshybestshyworstshythingshythatshycouldshyhappe)Engadget Retrieved November 2 2012

308 Nilay Patel (February 27 2012) Home in the clouds Googles home automation platform to have major servicesintegration (httpwwwthevergecom20122272827615androidshyhomeshyautomationshycloudshyservicesshyandyshyrubin)The Verge Retrieved November 2 2012

309 Why the time has come for Android Home to finally make a splash by Janko Roettgers(httpgigaomcom20130507whyshytheshytimeshyhasshycomeshyforshyandroidshyhomeshytoshyfinallyshymakeshyashysplash)

310 Parrot Asteroid car receiver packs Android and apps into your dash(httpwwwengadgetcom20110104parrotshyasteroidshycarshyreceivershypacksshyandroidshyandshyappsshyintoshyyourshyda)Engadget Retrieved January 24 2014

311 Parrot unveils Asteroid Smart Tablet and Mini car infotainment systems we go handsshyon(httpwwwengadgetcom20121004parrotshyasteroidshysmartshytabletshyandshyminishycarshyinfotainmentshysystem)Engadget Retrieved January 24 2014

312 Low Aloysius (September 13 2013) Clarion launches new Androidshybased AX1 car stereo(httpasiacnetcomclarionshylaunchesshynewshyandroidshybasedshyax1shycarshystereoshy62222376htm) CNET Asia CBSInteractive Retrieved November 12 2013

313 Google launches the Androidshybased Open Automotive Alliance with Audi Honda GM and more(httpwwwthevergecom2014165279116googleshyopenshyautomotiveshyallianceshyandroidshycarshyannouncement) TheVerge Retrieved January 24 2014

314 Android Wear | Android Developers (httpdeveloperandroidcomwearindexhtml) DeveloperandroidcomRetrieved March 20 2014

315 Palladino Valentina (September 30 2013) Google reveals Android Wear an operating system for



Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to Android(operating system)

External linksOfficial website (httpwwwandroidcom)Android Developers YouTube Channel(httpswwwyoutubecomuserandroiddevelopers)Android Demo (httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=1FJHYqE0RDg) on YouTube November 11 2007Android Building a Mobile Platform to Change the Industry(httpwwwstanfordeduclassee380Abstracts071128html) lecture given by Google MobilePlatforms Manager Richard Miner at Stanford University (video archive(httpee380stanfordeducgishybinvideologgerphptarget=071128shyee380shy300asx))Android Internals Fragment of a course detailing the architecture of Android and interaction of itscomponents (httptechnologeekscomCoursesAndroidshyExcerptpdf)

Retrieved from httpsenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=Android_(operating_system)ampoldid=678584622

Categories Android (operating system) 2008 software ARM operating systems Cloud clientsFree mobile software Google acquisitions Google software Mobile Linux Mobile operating systemsSmartphones Software using the Apache license Tablet operating systems Alphabet Inc

This page was last modified on 30 August 2015 at 0916Text is available under the Creative Commons AttributionshyShareAlike License additional terms mayapply By using this site you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy Wikipediareg is aregistered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc a nonshyprofit organization

315 Palladino Valentina (September 30 2013) Google reveals Android Wear an operating system forsmartwatches (httpwwwthevergecom20143185522226googleshyrevealsshyandroidshywearshyanshyoperatingshysystemshydesignedshyfor) The Verge Retrieved March 20 2014

316 Lunduke Bryan (December 1 2014) The Linux desktopshyashyweek review Android as a desktop environment(httpwwwnetworkworldcomarticle2851031opensourceshysubnettheshylinuxshydesktopshyashyweekshyreviewshyandroidshyasshyashydesktopshyenvironmenthtml) Network World Retrieved March 24 2015



devices with proprietarycomponents[3]

Initial release September 23 2008[4]

Latest release 511 Lollipop April 212015

Latest preview 60 Marshmallow(developer preview 3) August 17 2015

Marketing target Smartphones tabletcomputers TVs cars andwearable devices

Available in 70 languages[a]

Package manager Google Play APK

Platforms 32shy and 64shybit ARM

architectures x86[5] x86shy64

MIPS[6] and MIPS64[b]

Kernel type Monolithic (modified Linuxkernel)

Userland Bionic libc[7] mksh shell[8]

native core utilities with a fewfrom NetBSD[9]

Default user interface Graphical (Multishytouch)

License Apache License 20GNU GPL v2 for the Linux

kernel modifications[10]

Official website wwwandroidcom(httpswwwandroidcom)

Android is popular with technology companies whichrequire a readyshymade lowshycost and customizableoperating system for highshytech devices[18] Androidsopen nature has encouraged a large community ofdevelopers and enthusiasts to use the openshysource codeas a foundation for communityshydriven projects whichadd new features for advanced users[19] or bringAndroid to devices which were officially releasedrunning other operating systems The operatingsystems success has made it a target for patentlitigation as part of the soshycalled smartphone warsbetween technology companies[20][21]

Contents

1 History2 Features

21 Interface22 Applications23 Memory management

3 Hardware4 Development

41 Update schedule42 Linux kernel43 Software stack44 Openshysource community

5 Security and privacy6 Licensing

61 Leverage over manufacturers7 Reception

71 Market share72 Adoption on tablets73 Platform usage74 Application piracy

8 Legal issues9 Use outside of smartphones and tablets

91 Desktops and laptops10 See also11 Notes12 References13 External links

History


















Features


Interface









Applications








Memory management





Hardware







Development






Update schedule









Linux kernel










Software stack



























Licensing















Reception







Market share

















Adoption on tablets








Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)


Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage





43xJelly Bean



22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy





Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References

































































































































































































































































































































































































Features


Interface









Applications








Memory management





Hardware







Development






Update schedule









Linux kernel










Software stack



























Licensing















Reception







Market share

















Adoption on tablets








Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)


Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage





43xJelly Bean



22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy





Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References

























































































































































































































































































































































































Features


Interface









Applications








Memory management





Hardware







Development






Update schedule









Linux kernel










Software stack



























Licensing















Reception







Market share

















Adoption on tablets








Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)


Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage





43xJelly Bean



22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy





Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References
























































































































































































































































































































































































Applications








Memory management





Hardware







Development






Update schedule









Linux kernel










Software stack



























Licensing















Reception







Market share

















Adoption on tablets








Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)


Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage





43xJelly Bean



22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy





Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References






















































































































































































































































































































































































Memory management





Hardware







Development






Update schedule









Linux kernel










Software stack



























Licensing















Reception







Market share

















Adoption on tablets








Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)


Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage





43xJelly Bean



22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy





Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References



















































































































































































































































































































































































Hardware







Development






Update schedule









Linux kernel










Software stack



























Licensing















Reception







Market share

















Adoption on tablets








Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)


Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage





43xJelly Bean



22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy





Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References






















































































































































































































































































































































































Update schedule









Linux kernel










Software stack



























Licensing















Reception







Market share

















Adoption on tablets








Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)


Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage





43xJelly Bean



22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy





Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References





















































































































































































































































































































































































Linux kernel










Software stack



























Licensing















Reception







Market share

















Adoption on tablets








Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)


Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage





43xJelly Bean



22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy





Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References






















































































































































































































































































































































































Software stack



























Licensing















Reception







Market share

















Adoption on tablets








Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)


Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage





43xJelly Bean



22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy





Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References







































































































































































































































































































































































































Licensing















Reception







Market share

















Adoption on tablets








Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)


Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage





43xJelly Bean



22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy





Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References






























































































































































































































































































































































































Licensing















Reception







Market share

















Adoption on tablets








Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)


Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage





43xJelly Bean



22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy





Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References























































































































































































































































































































































































Licensing















Reception







Market share

















Adoption on tablets








Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)


Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage





43xJelly Bean



22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy





Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References






























































































































































































































































































































































































Reception







Market share

















Adoption on tablets








Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)


Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage





43xJelly Bean



22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy





Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References






















































































































































































































































































































































































Reception







Market share

















Adoption on tablets








Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)


Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage





43xJelly Bean



22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy





Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References





















































































































































































































































































































































































Market share

















Adoption on tablets








Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)


Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage





43xJelly Bean



22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy





Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References





























































































































































































































































































































































































Adoption on tablets








Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)


Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage





43xJelly Bean



22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy





Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References




















































































































































































































































































































































































Adoption on tablets








Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)


Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage





43xJelly Bean



22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy





Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References



















































































































































































































































































































































































Lollipop (181)

KitKat (393)

Jelly Bean (336)


Gingerbread (46)

Froyo (03)

Platform usage





43xJelly Bean



22 Froyo May 20 2010 8 03

Application piracy





Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References




















































































































































































































































































































































































Legal issues

























See also

Notes







References





































































































































































































































































































































































































See also

Notes







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Documents

Android (Operating System) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia