And the Role of And the Role of

StakeholdersStakeholders

Integrated Coastal Integrated Coastal Management and the Role of Management and the Role of

StakeholdersStakeholders

by: Lyn Buchananby: Lyn Buchanan

““The rich biodiversity of The rich biodiversity of coastal regions can be coastal regions can be protected without protected without chasing away tourism chasing away tourism and other activities on and other activities on one condition: that one condition: that local people play the local people play the lead role in steering lead role in steering conservation projects.”conservation projects.”

Stephen B. Olsen, head Stephen B. Olsen, head of the Coastal of the Coastal Resources Center, Resources Center, Rhode Island Rhode Island UniversityUniversity

Integrated Coastal Management Integrated Coastal Management (ICM)(ICM)

1997 – United Nations defined ICM as:1997 – United Nations defined ICM as:

““A continuous and dynamic process that unites A continuous and dynamic process that unites government and the community, science and government and the community, science and management, sectoral and public management, sectoral and public interestsinterests in in preparing and implementing an integrated plan preparing and implementing an integrated plan for the protection and development of coastal for the protection and development of coastal ecosystems.”ecosystems.”

ICM

DevelopmentNeeds

Conservation ofNatural Resources

Livelihood of LocalResidents

PROBLEMPROBLEM

2003 – There were over 300 such 2003 – There were over 300 such programs operating in 95 countriesprograms operating in 95 countries

Despite advancements in ICM Despite advancements in ICM approaches situations in coastal approaches situations in coastal areas continue to decline.areas continue to decline.

Effective implementation is lacking.Effective implementation is lacking.

One Possible SolutionOne Possible Solution

One theory expressed by One theory expressed by coastal managers is the need coastal managers is the need to include all stakeholders in to include all stakeholders in every part of plan every part of plan developmentdevelopment..

That means involving That means involving conflicting groups.conflicting groups.

Coastal managers’ job has Coastal managers’ job has shifted from a mostly scientific shifted from a mostly scientific nature to include social and nature to include social and community dynamics. community dynamics.

Behaviors need to change.Behaviors need to change.

Assessing Progress in ICM Assessing Progress in ICM InitiativesInitiatives

Dr. Stephen Olsen developed a framework for Dr. Stephen Olsen developed a framework for grouping and accessing progress or grouping and accessing progress or “outcomes”“outcomes”

First OrderFirst Order outcomes - societal actions that outcomes - societal actions that occur when it commits to a plan designed to occur when it commits to a plan designed to alter a current situation in a coastal ecosystemalter a current situation in a coastal ecosystem- - building the constituencies building the constituencies - - funding for planfunding for plan- - setting goalssetting goals

Second and Third Order Second and Third Order outcomesoutcomes

Second OrderSecond Order outcomes - evidence of outcomes - evidence of successful implementation of an ICM successful implementation of an ICM programprogram- - evidence of new forms of collaborative evidence of new forms of collaborative action among stakeholders action among stakeholders

Third OrderThird Order outcomes – see physical outcomes – see physical evidence of progress towards success or evidence of progress towards success or failure of planfailure of plan- - improvement in water qualityimprovement in water quality

UK “Coastal Forum” ModelUK “Coastal Forum” Model

Severn Estuary StrategySevern Estuary Strategy – independent partnership – independent partnership

Stakeholder Decision AnalysisStakeholder Decision Analysis (SDA) - provides a (SDA) - provides a mechanism to prioritize management issuesmechanism to prioritize management issues- - stakeholders develop criteria that reflects their ownstakeholders develop criteria that reflects their own concernsconcerns- - each environmental issue is weighted according to how each environmental issue is weighted according to how many votes it getsmany votes it gets

Canada’s Atlantic Coastal Action Canada’s Atlantic Coastal Action Program (ACAP)Program (ACAP)

Community-based program using a multi-stakeholder Community-based program using a multi-stakeholder approach and consensus decision makingapproach and consensus decision making

Community members develop priorities for their Community members develop priorities for their communities and pursue their own vision of sustainability.communities and pursue their own vision of sustainability.

Environment Canada acts as facilitatorEnvironment Canada acts as facilitator

1996 survey – showed most ACAP participants accept 1996 survey – showed most ACAP participants accept stakeholder approach because stakeholders are:stakeholder approach because stakeholders are: - - the most knowledgeable of local conditionsthe most knowledgeable of local conditions

- - the most directly affectedthe most directly affected - - most likely to bring about change to address issuesmost likely to bring about change to address issues

Tanzania’s ICM ProgramTanzania’s ICM Program

Mariculture rapidly Mariculture rapidly becoming a coastal becoming a coastal industryindustry

Water quality affectedWater quality affected

USAID and Tanzania USAID and Tanzania government government implemented implemented Tanzania Coastal Tanzania Coastal Management Management Partnership (TCMP)Partnership (TCMP)

Self Assessment – Mariculture Self Assessment – Mariculture Working GroupWorking Group

Mariculture Working GroupMariculture Working Group (MWG) was formed to (MWG) was formed to test and demonstrate how ICM can make tangible test and demonstrate how ICM can make tangible progress in an important coastal issue progress in an important coastal issue

Lessons learned:Lessons learned:

1. Representation by all stakeholders is critical1. Representation by all stakeholders is critical

2. Visible incentives for stakeholders are 2. Visible incentives for stakeholders are importantimportant

3. Mariculture development plans must by flexible3. Mariculture development plans must by flexible

4. Continual outreach and public education are 4. Continual outreach and public education are criticalcritical

Implementation GapImplementation Gap

Wide gap between policy and action Wide gap between policy and action

Some theorists believe that most ICM’s are stuck in Olsen’s Some theorists believe that most ICM’s are stuck in Olsen’s First Order outcomesFirst Order outcomes

Behaviors are not changingBehaviors are not changing

ConclusionConclusion

Challenge of ICM teams lies in Challenge of ICM teams lies in learning how to effectively and learning how to effectively and efficiently instigate behavior efficiently instigate behavior changeschanges

Stakeholder Theory - behavior will Stakeholder Theory - behavior will change when all stakeholders feel change when all stakeholders feel that they have equal influence in that they have equal influence in regulating their own, local issuesregulating their own, local issues

Monitoring success/failure is Monitoring success/failure is necessary in stakeholder ICM plansnecessary in stakeholder ICM plans

Ultimate indicator: Ultimate indicator: Healthy Healthy ecosystemecosystem

Viable Viable socioeconomic socioeconomic

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