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Peanuts and Getting the Business Model Right for Northern Australia Graeme Wright and Lionel Wieck

and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

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Page 1: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

Peanuts and Getting the Business Model Right for Northern 

AustraliaGraeme Wright and Lionel Wieck

Page 2: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

Presentation Outline

Overview of PCA and Australian  Peanut Industry

PCA Katherine NT Peanut Project 2002‐2009 Diversification of Peanut Production Base

Lessons Learnt from NT Peanut Project

Research and Development Peanut and Maize Variety Development Optimal Cropping Systems and Rotations Update on PCA Peanut Breeding Program

Summary

Page 3: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

Overview

• Established in 1924, PCA is Australia’s leading processor and supplier of Hi Oleic peanuts

• Located in key Australian peanut growing regions with operating facilities at Kingaroy and Tolga in Queensland

• PCA’s assets include a valuable gene pool and cultivar breeding program, and water licences in the Bundaberg region

• Focused strategy on value adding peanut products and marketing into high value niche markets

Kingaroy

Tolga

Snapshot of PCAPrimary services Growing services, peanut drying, shelling,

blanching, roasting, and peanut marketing

Average peanut tonnages

Approximately 25,000 tonnes intake

Facilities Kingaroy, Tolga, Gayndah

Number of FTE & casuals

Up to 250

Corporate structure

Public unlisted company, 877 shareholders

Page 4: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

Leading Australian supplier and processor of Hi Oleic peanuts..........

• Hi Oleic peanuts have an oleic acid ratio that more closely resembles that of olive oil. This naturally bred characteristic makes Hi Oleic peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts 

• PCA’s processing throughput averages 25,000 tonnes of peanuts per annum, or approximately 60% ‐ 70% of average Australian peanut production (dependant on dryland production)

PCA supplies the following peanut products:

• Peanuts in‐shell

• Peanut kernels (raw, blanched, splits, gourmet)

• Granulated

• Peanut paste

• Roast peanut fines

• Peanut oil

Page 5: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

5

Operating in key areas of the value chain

SEED GROWING INTAKE PROCESSING SELLING

Selecting Characteristics Preparing Soil Weighing Blanching Flavouring

Cross Breeding Planting of Seed Drying Roasting Packaging

Testing ‐ Glass house Fertilizing Sample Grading Separation of Splits Marketing

Field Testing Spraying for weeds Aflatoxin Testing Xray Sorting Warehousing

Propagation of Seed Spraying for insects Cleaning Colour Sorting Distribution

Release of Commercial Qty Spraying for diseases Foreign Material removal Salting

Turning the bushes Storing Flavouring

Threshing the peanuts Shelling Packaging

Cleaning Grading by size Transporation

Drying

PCAFarmer

D i r e c t i o n o f v a l u e c h a i n

Page 6: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

Blanched Product

• Approx 85% of raw kernels are blanched• Approx 60% Peanut Butter and 40% Snack and Confectionary

Page 7: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

New Snack Food under PCA’s own brand  “Kingaroy Gold”

www.kingaroygold.com.au/

Page 8: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

8

PCA Katherine NT Peanut Project 2002‐2009

Page 9: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

B

NQ NQ

B

Pre‐1980’s

Regional Change in Peanut Production 

Late 1980’s ‐ 2005

• Peanut farming commenced in Burnett and N. Qld in early 1900’s

• Mainly based on rainfed production, with large variability in production

• This created significant difficulties with sustainable marketing of product domestically and overseas

Page 10: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

Reasons for Change in Production  Base?

Burnett Region SEQ – Getting drier?

Climate Variability/Change

Page 11: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

Katherine Region NT

Getting wetter!

Reasons for Change in Production  Base?

Climate Variability/Change

Page 12: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

NT Development

Florina Road  – 500ha Pilot Farm ( Purchased 2002)

Page 13: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

Produced (in year‐2008) up to: 4,000mt  Peanuts2,500mt  Corn12,000mt  Fodder

NT Development

Taylors Park  ‐ 12,000ha  Farm     ( Purchased 2007 )

Page 14: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

14

Lessons Learnt from NT Peanut Project

“VISION WAS RIGHT...

EXECUTION WAS POOR”

Page 15: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

Major Lessons Learnt: Wrong Business Model

o In situation where Peanuts had to “pay all the bills”

o Hay market then not as viable as now with improved cattle market

o Return side of ‘non‐peanut’ business was not viable

o Project needed large capital investment (bores, 46x pivots, elec) and was ultimately under‐capitalised, with company taking on too much debt

o Project proved we could grow high yielding, excellent quality peanuts, and built on R&D in NT and Qld over 10+ years

Page 16: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

Major Lessons Learnt: Peanut Needs to be Part of Cattle Prodution System

o We see Peanut as being a rotational legume in Fodder Production System for Cattle in the NT

o Peanut hay has very high nutritional value (12% protein, high digestibility. Lucerne equivalent)

o Cleanings from peanut (LSK, small pods) contain very high protein (~40%), high oil and excellent cattle feed.

o Peanut meal, a by‐product of oil extraction, also has very high nutritive vale ( 42% protein)

o Project proved we could grow high yielding, excellent quality peanuts, and built on R&D in NT and Qld over 10+ years

Page 17: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

Major Lessons Learnt: Peanut as a Winter Crop

o Winter Irrigated Production shown to produce highest yield and best quality

o Out of season intake attractive for PCA for optimal plant utilisation, with potential price premiums for winter product

o Minimal foliar disease pressure and good quality hay productiono Need to plant peanuts by early‐late March – Key Priority, as pod load set 

prior to cool weather, then pod filling occurs in warmer Aug‐Sept, with harvest in mid‐ Sept (good drying conditions; no rain)

o Wet season cropping for hay/fodder/silage production using millet/forage sorghum/cavalcade (Nov – Feb) 

o Wet season hay crops very easy to establish after peanut hay baling

Page 18: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

Major Lessons Learnt: Wet Season Peanuts Are Too Riskyo Climatic variability for planting and harvesting is too great o Foliar disease pressure is intense due to high humidity, with very high 

level of fungicide management requiredo Aflatoxin risk is very high, especially with end of season drought, high 

temps and wet harvesto Weed control is difficult and timing has to be perfecto Greater erosion potential

Page 19: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

Major Lessons Learnt: Winter Rotational Optionso Research from other regions shows peanut responds to rotational crop 

break (eg sugar – peanut system)o Maize is a good option, and excellent yields have been achieved in the NT 

with normal, gritting, waxy and popcorn typeso Maize can be utilised locally for cattle fattening, or for specialty maize 

markets in S Aust, especially when MIA lacks watero Window for maize is June – Oct. Any later and Aflatoxin risk is very high 

(high temperatures)

1 in 1 1 in 2 1 in 3 1 in 4 1 in 5

Pod Yield (t/ha)

Page 20: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

NT Peanut and Corn Variety Testing + Farming System R&D

NT Govt, Qld DAF and PCA have successfully conducted a number of peanut and maize variety 2000 ‐ 2015 , identifying adapted varieties for NT 

conditions

Chifley

Fadden Middleton

D107-5-p

5-2

Wheeler Deakin

Conder

D117-6-p

4-1

D117-1-p

1-4Holt

D57-1-p

2-10

NC 7 McM

ahon

D48-4-p

4-3

Forde

Menzies

Streeton SO95 Lyo

ns

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Yiel

d in

t/ha

Varie ty

Jum bo O ther kerne l Shell

Page 21: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

Example:  Peanut‐maize production simulations for Katherine

Peanut Crop Simulation Models

DAFFQ/PCA have developed models to test various cropping system scenarios for Northern Australian conditions

• Grain yield of peanut and maize Irrigation requirements 

Page 22: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

FULL SEASON MATURITY FDR VARIETIES

Better Foliar Disease Tolerance (Leaf Spot, Rust, Net Blotch)

cv. Sutherlandcv. Holt

A major aim of the FS breeding program is to combinefoliar disease tolerance of Sutherland with high yield 

potential of Introductions

Page 23: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

“D281‐p40‐236A” – NEW FULL SEASON RELEASE 

• Better Kernel Yield/ha and Gross Returns/ha(~9% higher than Holt) across a broad range of sites and years• Processing characters are acceptable for broad range of markets

Cross Site/Year AnalysisGenotype Pod Yld Kernel Yld Rel K Yld (HO) Grade Value $/t Gr Returns/ha Rel G Returns (HO) Blanch % Oil Content % Oleic %D281-p40-236 A 5841 a 4098 a 109% 792 b 3271 a 108% 85.6 b 51.9 b 79.5 aHolt 5422 b 3763 b 100% 804 ab 3023 b 100% 89.0 a 53.7 a 77.7 bcMiddleton 4722 c 3250 c 86% 813 a 2711 c 90% 80.7 c 52.1 b 78.5 ab

lsd 5% (G) 286.1 204.0 19.0 189.8 2.1 0.65 1.14lsd 5% (GxE) 904.9 645.2 60.2 600.2 6.63 2.0 n.s.Letters denote significant differences

Genotype Means Over (10) Environments (Full Season Regional Variety Trials)

Page 24: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

D281‐p40‐236A is showing excellent Foliar Disease Tolerance (leaf rust + leaf spot + net blotch)

Enhanced Foliar Disease Tolerance

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

2011/12 ‐Kernel Yield With No Sprays (kg/ha)

2012/13 ‐ Kernel Yield With No Sprays (kg/ha)

KERN

EL YIELD

 (kg/ha)

Relative Kernel Yield Performance Under High Disease Pressure

D281‐p40‐236 AHolt

Page 25: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

P32‐115‐p229‐60

D304‐17‐p148‐12

P70‐2‐p283‐84

D281‐p50‐251

UF 49

P58‐p48‐6

D304‐23‐p191‐37

P69‐p251‐50

P32‐115‐p229‐61

P69‐p251‐44

Southern Runner

P33‐142‐p258‐69

UF 55

P39‐p468‐109

P69‐p251‐43

D281‐p52‐461

P28‐88‐p85‐7

P29‐p142‐33

P28‐88‐p87‐17

P68‐p181‐21

P28‐88‐p87‐13

UF 40

D281‐p36‐224

P28‐88‐p87‐9

D281‐p50‐253

D283‐p31/35‐75

P69‐p235‐31

P65‐p131‐17

P28‐88‐p87‐10

P69‐p251‐42

P11‐p377‐169

P11‐p378‐173

N10095olCTL

P69‐p281‐80

P58‐p48‐7

D281‐p40‐236 A

Florida Fancy

P32‐115‐p232‐65

WT09‐0754

D281‐p52‐259B

P69‐p251‐48

P31‐109‐p216‐46

P28‐80‐p50‐1

P69‐p266‐61

P69‐p281‐78

Sutherland

D304‐29‐p221‐47

P28‐88‐p87‐12

P32‐115‐p232‐63

P58‐p48‐8

P11‐p375‐162

P70‐2‐p283‐85

P60‐p65‐13

P31‐109‐p216‐41

P69‐p266‐62

P31‐109‐p216‐42

P31‐109‐p222‐55

D304‐29‐p227‐61

P69‐p251‐49

P69‐p268‐67

D283‐p3‐5B

Fisher

P97‐154‐123

P70‐2‐p283‐83

P64‐p93‐16

P70‐16‐p299‐89

WT09‐0400

N10080olJCL

D304‐23‐p190‐31

P29‐p127‐24

N10094olCSm

P69‐p278‐72

P69‐p257‐56

M08‐0240

P33‐142‐p258‐67

P36‐192‐p406‐97

UF 43

P32‐115‐p232‐64

P65‐p155‐18

P32‐110‐p223‐58

P31‐109‐p222‐56

WT08‐0757

UF 50

P69‐p251‐45

P65‐p155‐20

M08‐0088

P65‐p155‐19

P60‐p75‐15

N10083olC

P12‐p379‐183

P39‐p476‐111

UF 48

P70‐2‐p283‐86

P11‐p376‐167

N10093olCLSm

Holt

P38‐219‐p446‐101

N09024oIJ

P29‐p127‐27

UF 47

UF 62

NC 7

UF 57

P36‐192‐p406‐98

NC3033

N09032ol

WT09‐0760

P35‐166‐p323‐72

P38‐219‐p446‐100

UF 61

Menzies

P35‐166‐p323‐73

UF 52 (McCloud)

UF 51

Middleton

P70‐16‐p299‐90

UF 60

UF 46

UF 56

N09019olJ

POD YIELD (kg/ha)

LINE

Pod Yield of Breeding  FS Lines Under Severe Foliar Disease (No Sprays) at Kairi RS NQld

Enhanced Foliar Disease Tolerance –FS Breeding Pipeline…

MENZIESHOLT

SUTHERLANDD281‐p40‐236A

P32 (FLORIDA 7 x SU)

P70 (GA05E x SU)

Page 26: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

New Ultra Early Lines

New UE var’s (“P” lines ) are showing up to 50% pod/kernel yield increases above Walter, with larger kernel size

CROSS SITE ANALYSIS ‐ Ultra Early Trials in 2012/13 ‐ Genetic Improvement over the Past 6 years (2007‐2013)VARIETY Pod Yield (kg/ha) % Gain v's Walter Kernel Yield (kg/ha) % Gain v's Walter % Jumbo's (over Runner Screen) % Gain v's Walter

 P23‐p153‐63  5026 42.3% 3679 50.2% 51.1 87.1%Redvale 4250 20.3% 2975 21.4% 39.5 44.5% Tingoora 4046 14.6% 2802 14.4% 35.4 29.6% Walter 3531 0.0% 2450 0.0% 27.3 0.0%

Page 27: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

P54

‐42‐p251‐122

P23

‐p171‐83

P54

‐52‐p268‐145

P54

‐45‐p255‐127

P52

‐p194‐71

P49

‐7‐p55

‐31

P23

‐p171‐85

P54

‐39‐p236‐99

P23

‐p157‐65

P49

‐7‐p53

‐27

P50

‐p104‐43

P24

‐p187/205‐98

P20

‐25‐p69

‐34

P52

‐p206‐87

P20

‐25‐p69

‐29

P19

‐4‐p19

‐18

P51

‐p160 ‐56

P48

‐p27

‐16

P13

‐p45

‐235

P49

‐4‐p43

‐23

P23

‐p153‐63

P19

‐1‐p2‐1

P52

‐p206‐89

P20

‐25‐p69

‐33

P19

‐4‐p9‐8

P49

‐7‐p53

‐25

P52

‐p194‐69

D291‐p137‐109

P23

‐p157‐68

P13

‐p23

‐233

P53

‐28‐p225‐95

P52

‐p205‐85

P52

‐p206‐88

Red

vale

P49

‐7‐p55

‐ 32

P19

‐1‐p2‐3

P19

‐4‐p19

‐17

P20

‐25‐p69

‐31

P23

‐p165‐74

P49

‐7‐p55

‐29

P49

‐15‐p66

‐39

P13

‐p07

‐221

P19

‐4‐p13

‐14

P52

‐p206‐90

P51

‐p168‐58

P49

‐15‐p66

‐36

P52

‐p197‐76

P52

‐p179‐64

D291‐p186‐191

P49

‐15‐p66

‐41

P24

‐p185‐91

P22

‐63‐p126‐48

P52

‐p216‐92

P49

‐15‐p66

‐34

P52

‐p216‐91

P49

‐15‐p66

‐35

P24

‐p187/205‐97

Tingo

ora

P52

‐p197‐75

P49

‐4‐p43

‐20

P49

‐15‐p66

‐40

Walter

P52

‐p197‐77

P52

‐p199‐80

POD YIELD

 (kg/ha)

LINE

Pod Yield of UE Breeding  Lines Under Severe Foliar Disease (No Sprays) at Kairi RS NQld

Enhanced Foliar Disease Tolerance –Ultra Early Breeding Pipeline…

WALTERTINGOORA

REDVALE

P23‐p153‐63

P54 (ICGV x REDVALE x SU)

Page 28: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

Pod Yield Improvement

• Mean Full Season Maturity Pod Yields were 5.1t/ha• EM lines are now highly competitive despite ~ 30 days 

earlier maturity• Some EM lines have pod yield potentials of >6t/ha

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

2007‐08 2008‐09 2009‐10 2010‐11 2011‐12 2012‐13 2013‐14

Ratio

 of U

ltra Early

/Full Season Po

d Yield (%

)

Year of Testing

Progress in Pod Yield Potential of Ultra Early v's Full Season Types (averaged over 5 sites 2008 to 2014) 

Page 29: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

Benefits of Peanut Production in NT

o Already established market for supply of Hi Oleic peanuts

o Little risk of oversupply as ready domestic and international markets for premium quality snackfood (eg Kingaroy Gold)

o PCA has demonstrated peanuts can be successfully grown in the NT, and with current buoyant livestock industry there is good potential for shared benefits

o Cattlemen could readily set up pivot irrigation systems for profitable peanut‐hay operation

o PCA can provide agronomic and logistical support, + training of local agronomists

Page 30: and Getting the Business Model Northern Australia · peanuts a healthier option, increases shelf life and commands a premium to mid‐oleic varieties of peanuts • PCA’s processing

Summary

o Peanuts have been shown to grow well in NT/N Aust, and are an effective legume in rotation with a range of cereal / fodder / cane crops.

o Peanuts grown under centre pivot irrigation during winter can produce sustainable pod yields of > 4.5+t/ha.

o Growing peanuts is not the stand alone operation, it needs to be a part of a broader cropping system.

o Peanut provides a cash crop + quality peanut hay.

o High value cereal (e.g. waxy/gritting corns, rice) options assist cereal rotation profitability.

o Fodder crops (sorghum/millet) provide long rotational benefits for peanuts and have ready markets into the cattle industry.