Ancient GreeceAncient GreeceUnit 5Unit 5

The EnvironmentThe Environment

MOUNTAINSMOUNTAINS• Small Small

mountainous mountainous peninsula peninsula about the size about the size of Louisianaof Louisiana

• Mountains Mountains isolated isolated Greek Greek communitiescommunities

SEASEA• Water. Water. Water. Water.

Water.Water.• Aegean SeaAegean Sea• Ionian SeaIonian Sea• MediterraneaMediterranea

n Sean Sea• Sea of CreteSea of Crete

CLIMATECLIMATE•Mild climateMild climate

• Warm and Dry Warm and Dry SummersSummers

•Heavy rain during Heavy rain during winter monthswinter months

•Mountain areas Mountain areas snow.snow.

Ionian SeaIonian Sea

Aegean SeaAegean Sea

Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea

SpartaSparta

AthensAthens

CreteCrete

Mt. Olympus Mt. Olympus TroyTroy

Early WritingsEarly Writings• Epic PoemsEpic Poems• Long poem telling the deeds of a Long poem telling the deeds of a

great hero.great hero.• The Iliad The Iliad • The story of Agamemnon possibly The story of Agamemnon possibly

sacking the city of Troysacking the city of Troy• The OdysseyThe Odyssey• Struggle of husband’s journeyStruggle of husband’s journey• Works by Works by HomerHomer

Early GovernmentEarly Government• MonarchyMonarchy

PeoplePeople• Warrior peopleWarrior people

Major LeaderMajor Leader• King King

AgamemnonAgamemnon

First Greek City-StateFirst Greek City-StateMycenaeMycenae

The Greek Polis

“The Basics”

750 – 500 B.C.Polis- a town or city in

GreeceAcropolis- the upper

fortified part of the city.

• Below the acropolis was the agora.

Agora- open place that usually served as the market.

People in the Polis • Adult males (had

political rights)• Women and Children

(No political rights)

Athens, Athens, GreeceGreece

Military in GreeceMilitary in Greece• Hoplites Hoplites - heavily armed foot - heavily armed foot soldiers who carried round soldiers who carried round shields, a short sword, and a shields, a short sword, and a spear.spear.

• Phalanx Phalanx - the rectangular - the rectangular formation created by the formation created by the hopliteshoplites

• Trireme Trireme - Naval vessels with - Naval vessels with tremendous speed used for tremendous speed used for ramming other ships.ramming other ships.

• Ballista Ballista - Device shooting - Device shooting Projectiles-Crossbows etc.Projectiles-Crossbows etc.

• Greek Fire -Greek Fire - Flame throwing Flame throwingDevice usually used on boatsDevice usually used on boats

• Biological warfare-Biological warfare-Sulfur dioxide gasSulfur dioxide gas

Colonization and Colonization and TyrannyTyranny

ColonizationColonization• Many Greeks Many Greeks

sought better sought better farmland and farmland and avenues of trade.avenues of trade.

• While away, new While away, new colonies traded with colonies traded with mainland Greece.mainland Greece.

• The expansion of The expansion of trade created a new trade created a new rich and powerful rich and powerful group of group of individuals.individuals.

TyrannyTyranny• The newly rich wanted to have The newly rich wanted to have

more political power but couldn’t.more political power but couldn’t.• This group became tyrantsThis group became tyrants• Tyrants seized power and used Tyrants seized power and used

their wealth to maintain it.their wealth to maintain it.• The tyranny didn’t last, but left a The tyranny didn’t last, but left a

major impact on Greece.major impact on Greece.• It opened the door for more It opened the door for more

people to be involved in people to be involved in governmentgovernment

Early AthensEarly AthensEarly GovernmentsEarly Governments• Monarchy

Oligarchy Democracy

Early IssuesEarly Issues• Sharecropping systemSharecropping system• Does it work? • Leads to never-ending

cycle of debt…• Leads to Revolt• Greek leader, SolonSolon,

clears land debt, but didn’t take away land from aristocrats…BIG PROBLEM

• New leader, PisistratusPisistratus took away land from the rich. What happened?

• REVOLT by aristocrats

• Inequalities are recognized by new leader, CleisthenesCleisthenes.

• His idea was to create a council of 500 to have equal representation of the people. What does this sound like?

• CleisthenesCleisthenes had created the early foundation of democracy

1)Solon – Clears land debt for the poor2) Pisistratus –Takes land from rich nobles3) Cleisthenes - Democracy

EARLY ATHENIAN LEADERSEARLY ATHENIAN LEADERS

ATHENSATHENS• DemocracyDemocracy ((Rule Rule

by manyby many))• symbolized the symbolized the

desire of desire of freedomfreedom

SPARTASPARTA• OligarchyOligarchy ((Rule by Rule by

fewfew))• symbolized the symbolized the

desire of desire of orderorder

SPARTASPARTA• Strong military city-

state• Numerous

territories as colonies.

• Used the conquered as helotshelots (peasant-slave work force)

• Boys were taken Boys were taken from their mothers from their mothers to serve in the to serve in the militarymilitary

• ““Come home Come home carrying your carrying your shield or be carried shield or be carried on it”on it”

• Government was Government was run by two kings run by two kings and five and five EphorsEphors. .

• The The EphorsEphors were were the advisors to the the advisors to the king.king.

SPARTASPARTA“Nugget“Nugget

s”s”

• When babies were born in ancient Sparta, Spartan soldiers would come by the house and check the baby…If the baby did not appear healthy and strong, the infant was taken away, and left to die on a hillside, or taken away to be trained as a slave (a helot).

• At age 18, if a Sparta girl passed her skills and fitness test, she would be assigned a husband and allowed to return home. If she failed, she would lose her rights as a citizen

• In Sparta, citizen women were free to move around, and enjoyed a great deal of freedom, as their husbands did not live at home.

• Legend has it that a young Sparta boy once stole a live fox, planning to kill it and eat it.

• He noticed some Spartan soldiers approaching, and hid the fox beneath his shirt.

• When confronted, to avoid the punishment he would receive if caught stealing, he allowed the fox to chew into his stomach rather than confess he had stolen a fox, and did not allow his face or body to express his pain… (Feel the Burn!)

ATHENATHENSS

• Educate the CitizensEducate the Citizens• Drama, public speaking, Drama, public speaking,

government, art, reading, writing, government, art, reading, writing, math, and music.math, and music.

• Trade was very important to Trade was very important to Athenians.Athenians.

• Be familiar with Be familiar with Daily life in AthensDaily life in Athens and and Greek DramaGreek Drama

The ParthenonThe Parthenon

ATHENSATHENS“Nuggets“Nuggets

””

• Books were very expensive and rare, so subjects were Books were very expensive and rare, so subjects were read out-loud. Boys had to memorize everything. To read out-loud. Boys had to memorize everything. To help them learn, they used writing tablets and rulers…help them learn, they used writing tablets and rulers…And you think you have it rough! And you think you have it rough!

• An Athenian by the name of Pheidippides, ran from An Athenian by the name of Pheidippides, ran from Marathon to Athens (a distance of 26 miles) to Marathon to Athens (a distance of 26 miles) to announce the Greek victory over Darius. (Persian War) announce the Greek victory over Darius. (Persian War) Today, the marathon race, comes from this story. Today, the marathon race, comes from this story.

Theater of Arts, AthensTheater of Arts, Athens

““Adult” Adult” AthensAthens

The Age of PericlesThe Age of Pericles

• With the Persian threat in the Aegean subsided, many of With the Persian threat in the Aegean subsided, many of the city states wanted to withdraw from the League.the city states wanted to withdraw from the League.

• Since Athens controlled the Delian League, money went to Since Athens controlled the Delian League, money went to the rebuilding of Athensthe rebuilding of Athens

• Athens became, in short, “The Powerhouse” of GreeceAthens became, in short, “The Powerhouse” of Greece• This created jealousy between two of the major city states, This created jealousy between two of the major city states,

AthensAthens, and its rival, , and its rival, SpartaSparta..

DELOSDELOS

•The Feud with Persia (Darius-Xerxes) (*The Feud with Persia (Darius-Xerxes) (*MovieMovie))•The creation of the The creation of the Delian LeagueDelian League (Resemblance?) (Resemblance?)•City-states were forced to pay tributeCity-states were forced to pay tribute•Greek Empire is formedGreek Empire is formed•Key Battles: Key Battles: The Battle of ThermopylaeThe Battle of Thermopylae

PE

RS

IAN

TH

RE

AT

PE

RS

IAN

TH

RE

AT

The Peloponnesian The Peloponnesian WarWar

(431 B.C.)(431 B.C.)QWQW

ATHENS PLANATHENS PLAN• Remain Remain

behind wallsbehind walls• Navy would Navy would

supply Athens supply Athens and ward off and ward off the Spartansthe Spartans

SPARTA PLANSPARTA PLAN• Create a naval Create a naval

blockade to blockade to prevent prevent supplies from supplies from entering the entering the wallswalls

• Force Force Athenians in Athenians in open field open field battlesbattles

• Pericles’ gift of oration was put to Pericles’ gift of oration was put to the test during the epic battles of the test during the epic battles of the Peloponnesian War, a civil war the Peloponnesian War, a civil war between Athens and Sparta. His between Athens and Sparta. His speeches inspired Athenians to fight speeches inspired Athenians to fight to become the number one power in to become the number one power in Greece. In February of 431 B.C., Greece. In February of 431 B.C., Athens had their annual public Athens had their annual public funeral to honor all those who died funeral to honor all those who died in war. Pericles was asked to give the in war. Pericles was asked to give the traditional funeral oration. Rather traditional funeral oration. Rather than focus his speech on than focus his speech on enumerating the conquests of enumerating the conquests of Athens’ fallen heroes, Pericles Athens’ fallen heroes, Pericles instead used his funeral oration to instead used his funeral oration to laud the glory of Athens itself and laud the glory of Athens itself and inspire the living to make sure the inspire the living to make sure the soldiers had not died in vain.soldiers had not died in vain.

• Over 2,000 years later, Pericles’ Over 2,000 years later, Pericles’ funeral oration inspired Abraham funeral oration inspired Abraham Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address.” Like Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address.” Like Pericles, Lincoln was a leader during Pericles, Lincoln was a leader during a time of civil war. Like Pericles, a time of civil war. Like Pericles, Lincoln focused on exhorting the Lincoln focused on exhorting the living to live their lives in a way that living to live their lives in a way that would make the sacrifice of fallen would make the sacrifice of fallen warriors worthwhile.warriors worthwhile.

““So died these men as became So died these men as became Athenians. You, their survivors, must Athenians. You, their survivors, must determine to have as unfaltering a determine to have as unfaltering a resolution in the field, though you may resolution in the field, though you may pray that it may have a happier issue. pray that it may have a happier issue. And not contented with ideas derived And not contented with ideas derived only from words of the advantages only from words of the advantages which are bound up with the defense which are bound up with the defense of your country, though these would of your country, though these would furnish a valuable text to a speaker furnish a valuable text to a speaker even before an audience so alive to even before an audience so alive to them as the present, you must them as the present, you must yourselves realize the power of Athens, yourselves realize the power of Athens, and feed your eyes upon her from day and feed your eyes upon her from day to day, till love of her fills your hearts; to day, till love of her fills your hearts; and then, when all her greatness shall and then, when all her greatness shall break upon you, you must reflect that break upon you, you must reflect that it was by courage, sense of duty, and a it was by courage, sense of duty, and a keen feeling of honor in action that keen feeling of honor in action that men were enabled to win all this, and men were enabled to win all this, and that no personal failure in an that no personal failure in an enterprise could make them consent to enterprise could make them consent to deprive their country of their valor, deprive their country of their valor, but they laid it at her feet as the most but they laid it at her feet as the most glorious contribution that they could glorious contribution that they could offer.”offer.”

THE FUNERAL ORATIONTHE FUNERAL ORATION

•Democracy flourished Democracy flourished under Pericles.under Pericles.

• SpartaSparta attackedattacked AthensAthens in 431B.C. in 431B.C. • 1/3 of the 1/3 of the AtheniansAthenians died shortly after the war began, died shortly after the war began,

but not because they were defeated in battle! (but not because they were defeated in battle! (??) ) • When When Sparta Sparta attacked, the attacked, the AthenianAthenian people crowded people crowded

behind the walls of the city. The cramped and dirty behind the walls of the city. The cramped and dirty living conditions were an easy target for disease. living conditions were an easy target for disease.

• A A plagueplague, or great sickness, spread through the city. , or great sickness, spread through the city. Sickness claimed the life of Pericles as well. Once Sickness claimed the life of Pericles as well. Once PericlesPericles died, the people began to listen to died, the people began to listen to demagoguesdemagogues. .

• DemagoguesDemagogues were primarily “bad” or inept, leaders were primarily “bad” or inept, leaders who appealed to people’s emotions rather than logic. who appealed to people’s emotions rather than logic.

• SpartaSparta eventually defeated eventually defeated AthensAthens by building by building blockade around the walls of the city. This is called a blockade around the walls of the city. This is called a siegesiege. .

• The people of The people of Athens Athens could not leave to get supplies or could not leave to get supplies or food from the countryside. food from the countryside.

• Faced with starvation, Faced with starvation, AthensAthens surrendered to surrendered to SpartaSparta in 404B.C. thus ending the brutal 27-year-long in 404B.C. thus ending the brutal 27-year-long Peloponnesian War. Peloponnesian War.

The Peloponnesian War The Peloponnesian War (431 B.C.)(431 B.C.)

The Peloponnesian

War Lasting Effects

• Great thinkers and teachers lived in Athens during and after the war. However, the era of support for new ideas and the spirit of democracy had passed.

• The war weakened the major Greek states.

• Eventually, All Greek citizens’ freedom will be compromised.

Alexander the Alexander the GreatGreat

The Hellenistic KingdomThe Hellenistic KingdomHOW GREAT WAS ALEXANDER HOW GREAT WAS ALEXANDER

THE GREAT? THE GREAT? *DBQ PROJECT*DBQ PROJECT

ALEXANDER THE GREAT

““GREAT” GREAT” AdvancementsAdvancements

Alexander Alexander the Greatthe Great

ImpactsImpacts

• The Spread of The Spread of Hellenistic CultureHellenistic Culture is a byproduct of is a byproduct of Alexander’s Alexander’s conquestsconquests

• Greek language, Greek language, art, architecture, art, architecture, and literature and literature spread throughout spread throughout the Middle Eastthe Middle East

• Created the New Created the New Age- Age- Hellenistic Hellenistic Era-Era- To imitate To imitate GreeksGreeks

• Unlike the rest of Unlike the rest of the world the world however… however…

• He He envisioned a envisioned a world in world in which mixed which mixed cultures cultures could live could live together. together.

• He married He married two Persian two Persian Princesses.Princesses.

• Many could Many could not handle not handle the “mixing.” the “mixing.”

• Racism and Racism and ethnic ethnic differences differences created vast created vast hostilitieshostilities

The Greek The Greek Love of Love of

WisdomWisdom

SophistsSophists• One cannot understand One cannot understand

the universe.the universe.• Time must be spent on Time must be spent on

improving themselvesimproving themselves• Stressed the Stressed the

importance swaying an importance swaying an audience in debate.audience in debate.

• No absolute right or No absolute right or wrongswrongs

• Many believed the Many believed the sophists could be sophists could be troublesome to Greek troublesome to Greek societysociety

SocratesSocrates• Education is to improve Education is to improve

the lives of individualsthe lives of individuals• Socratic Method- Socratic Method-

Question and Answer Question and Answer format to see things for format to see things for themselves by using their themselves by using their own reason.own reason.

• Taught individuals to Taught individuals to challenge ideas by challenge ideas by thinking critically.thinking critically.

• He later will be tried and He later will be tried and killed for his actionskilled for his actions

*None of the Beatles knew how to read music.

(Paul McCartney eventually taught

himself.)

SocratesSocrates PlatoPlato AristotleAristotle

Developed the Developed the Socratic Socratic Method: Method:

learning about learning about beliefs and beliefs and

ideas by ideas by asking asking

questionsquestions

The RepublicThe Republic

The Allegory of The Allegory of the Cavethe Cave

Believed one Believed one strong and good strong and good

leader should leader should rulerule

Author of the Author of the book,book,

PoliticsPolitics

Government Government put him to put him to

deathdeath

Believed people Believed people learned through learned through

reasonreason

“True knowledge exists in knowing that you know nothing.” –Socrates

Philosophy Philosophy continuedcontinued

Hellenistic KingdomHellenistic Kingdom

Epicureanism• Belief that human Belief that human

beings were free beings were free to follow self to follow self interest as a basic interest as a basic motivating force.motivating force.

• Happiness was the Happiness was the goal of lifegoal of life

• Freedom from Freedom from emotional turmoil emotional turmoil and worryand worry

• Life was complete Life was complete when it was when it was centered on ideals centered on ideals of friendshipof friendship

Stoicism• Life’s problems Life’s problems

could not disturb could not disturb a stoic. a stoic.

• A stoic believes A stoic believes that people that people gained inner gained inner peace by living in peace by living in harmony despite harmony despite hardships.hardships.

• Stoics were Stoics were considered to be considered to be good citizens good citizens because of their because of their high toleration.high toleration.

• Which do you Which do you think makes the think makes the most sense? most sense?

The Power of Positive• The Story of Usman

• Student’s Personal Account Handout

Hellenistic Hellenistic Culture & ScienceCulture & Science

AstronomyAstronomy• AristarchusAristarchus--

Theory that the Theory that the sun is the sun is the center of the center of the universe.universe.

• EratosthenesEratosthenes- - determined determined that Earth was that Earth was round. round. Estimated Estimated 24,675 miles… 24,675 miles… an estimate an estimate within 200 within 200 miles of the miles of the actual figure!actual figure!

MathematicsMathematics• ArchimedesArchimedes- -

geometry, geometry, spheres, spheres, cylinders, pi, cylinders, pi, and buoyancy.and buoyancy.

• His His intelligence intelligence struck fear in struck fear in rival rival civilizations!civilizations!

Greek Timeline