Anatomical Concepts Related to Human

Movement

Course Content

I. Introduction to the Course

II. Biomechanical Concepts Related to Human Movement

III. Anatomical Concepts Related to Human Movement

IV. Applications in Human Movement

V. Functional Anatomy of Selected Joint Complexes

Anatomical Concepts Related to Human Movement

A. The Skeletal System

B. The Muscular System

The Skeletal System

Levels of Structural Organization

Chem ical

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

Chemicals & Cells

Chemical

Cell nucleus organelles cytosol cell membrane

Tissues & Organs

Tissue epithelial muscle nerve connective

Organ

Organ Systems

integumentary skeletal muscular nervous endocrine

cardiovascular lymphatic respiratory digestive urinary reproductive

Function of Musculoskeletal System

General function is to cause or control movement, more specifically: Support

maintain upright posture Allow movement

body transport manipulate objects

Protect

Overview of Musculoskeletal System

Musculoskeletal system operates like a machine Skeletal system provides structure Muscular system provides force

The Skeletal System

1. General Structure & Function

2. Tissue Level Structure & Function

3. Organ Level Structure & Function

4. System Level Structure & Function

5. Injury to the Skeletal System

The Skeletal System

1. General Structure & Function

2. Tissue Level Structure & Function

3. Organ Level Structure & Function

4. System Level Structure & Function

5. Injury to the Skeletal System

General Structure

~206 bones>200 joints12-15% BWConnective tissueStructure varies

Bones &

Joints

Axial Skeleton

~80 boneshead (29)thorax (51)

Bones singular, paired, & multiple

Appendicular Skeleton

~126 bonesupper (32)lower (31)girdles

Bones multiple & paired

General Function

1. Shape & supporting framework for other systems

2. Protection

3. Storage & production of minerals & RBCs

4. System of machines for transmission of forces

The Skeletal System

1. General Structure & Function

2. Tissue Level Structure & Function

3. Organ Level Structure & Function

4. System Level Structure & Function

5. Injury to the Skeletal System

What is the primary type of tissue found in the skeletal system?

Tissue Level of Skeletal System

Properties of connective tissue Structure & function of connective tissue Types of connective tissue

Properties of Connective Tissue

Strength Load w/o damage

Stiffness Resistance to deformation

Extensibility Ability to stretch & deform

Elasticity Ability to regain original shape after deformation

Tissue Properties - strengthL

oad

(N

)

Deformation (cm)

1

5

10

15

20

25

A

B C

Tissue Properties - stiffnessL

oad

(N

)

Deformation (cm)

1

5

10

15

20

25

A

B C

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tissue Properties - extensibilityL

oad

(N

)

Deformation (cm)

1

5

10

15

20

25

A

B C

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tissue Level of Skeletal System

Properties of connective tissue Structure & function of connective tissue Types of connective tissue

General Function of Connective Tissue

1. Mechanical support Bind cells together in tissues, organs, systems Support and hold organs in place Provide stability and shock absorption for joints Provide flexible links between bones Provide smooth articulating surfaces between bones Transmit muscle force

2. Intercellular exchange

General Structure of Connective Tissue

Cellular Component Extracellular Matrix

Protein Fibers

collagen, elastin

Ground Substance

(Fluid)

Resident Cells

fibroblasts, osteocytes,

chondroblasts, etc.

Circulating Cells

lymphocytes, macrophages, etc.

synthesis &maintenance

defense &clean up

determines the functional

characteristics of the connective tissue

Distinguishes CT from other tissues

…blast – produce matrix…clast – resorb matrix…cyte – mature cell

Elastin

random arrangement extensible – ultimate ~ 200% low tensile strength yellow fibers EX: rubber band

Collagen

parallel (regular) arrangement ultimate ~ 10% high tensile strength white fibers EX: shoelace

Tissue Level of Skeletal System

Properties of connective tissue Structure & function of connective tissue Types of connective tissue

Types of Connective Tissue

Types of Connective Tissue

OrdinaryOrdinary SpecialSpecial

Irregular OrdinaryIrregular Ordinary Regular OrdinaryRegular Ordinary CartilageCartilage BoneBone

Regular CollagenousRegular Collagenous

Regular ElasticRegular Elastic

LooseLoose

AdiposeAdipose

Irregular CollagenousIrregular Collagenous

Irregular ElasticIrregular Elastic

•Number & type of cells•Proportion of collagen, elastin, & ground substance•Arrangement of protein fibers

•Bind cells•Mechanical links•Resist tensile loads

Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue

Structure: Elastin & collagen in

large GS Moderate strength &

elasticity

Function: Binds cells into tissues

and tissues into organs Provides supporting

framework for nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels

1) Loose

Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue

Structure: Random network of collagen & elastin with little GS Moderate elasticity & strength

Function: Padding around organs and joints Continuous layer beneath skin for insulation

2) Adipose

Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue

3) Irregular Collagenous

Structure: Few elastin fibers &

little GS Resists stretch in any

direction Function:

Forms epimysium, epineurium, perichondrium, periosteum, & capsule around kidneys, liver, & spleen

Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue

4) Irregular Elastic

Structure: Few collagen fibers &

moderate GS Stretches in many

directions Moderate strength

Function: Forms walls of arteries,

larger arterioles, trachea, bronchial tubes

Regular Ordinary Connective Tissue

1) Regular elastic Elastin fiber bundles arranged parallel Moderate strength and extensibility in single

direction Elastic ligaments of the spine:

Ligamentum flavum, ligamentum nuchae

Regular Ordinary Connective Tissue

2) Regular Collagenous

Collagen fiber bundles arranged parallel

Strong & inextensible Tendons, aponeuroses,

ligaments, joint capsules, retinacula

Other Terminology

Fibrous tissue Elastic tissue

Special Types of Connective Tissue

Cartilage Bone

Cartilage Tissue General Structure

Highly specialized GS (proteoglycans + H20 = gel) General Mechanical Properties

Anisotropic Strong; resists all load conditions Moderate stiffness Good extensibility & elasticity

Types of Cartilage Tissue Hyaline (articular) joints, costal cartilage, trachea,

bronchial tubes, larynx, external nose Fibrocartilage articular discs, labrum, lining of grooves Elastic larynx, ear lobe, eustachian tube

Bone Tissue

General Structure Collagen in hard, solid GS (bone salt)

General Mechanical Properties Anisotropic Strongest & stiffest Little elasticity & extensibility

Types of Bone Tissue Compact (cortical) bone more dense Trabecular (cancellous, spongy) bone

Summary

The skeletal system forms one part of the musculoskeletal machine which makes movement of the human body possible.

To best understand human movement, the skeletal system should be studied at the cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism level.

We have examined the tissue level of the skeletal system and better understand how the tissue level contributes to the overall function of the organism with regard to human movement.

Summary

Connective tissue is the primary tissue of the skeletal system. It is the strongest and most elastic tissue in the body, which makes it most suitable for the functions performed by the skeletal system.

There are 8 types of connective tissue in the human body.

The unique function of the various types of connective tissue is determined by the structure of the tissue.