ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN PERSEDIAAN BAHAN BAKU SUSU KENTAL MANIS PADA PT INDOMILK

7/31/2019 ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN PERSEDIAAN BAHAN BAKU SUSU KENTAL MANIS PADA PT INDOMILK

1/93

KHK@NVNV _DHLDHAK@NKH _DYVDANKKH IKCKH IKBT

VTVT BDHQK@ MKHNV _KAK _Q NHAEMN@B

VBYN_VN

AN@WKY ANKH \NGK^K


2/93

YNHLBKVKH

AN@WKY ANKH \NGK^K( A?61>>?4>( 9??:( Khk`nvnv _dhldhak`nkh _dyvdankkh

Ikckh Ikbt Vtvt Bdhqk` Mkhnv pkak _Q Nhaemn`b( Vbynpvn( _yelykm Vqtan

Vevnk` Dbehemn _dqdyhkbkh, Jkbt`qkv _dqdyhkbkh, Nhvqnqtq _dyqkhnkh Ieley

_dminminhl Tqkmk 7 Ny( Ityckhtaanh, MM

_dminminhl Khlleqk 7 Ny( \n|ndb Ynhak~khqn, MVn(

_dyvdankkh ikckh ikbt mdytpkbkh kvdq ~khl idyhn`kn qnhlln ikln vtkqt

pdytvkckkh( _kak vtkqt pdytvkckkh mkhtjkbqty, tmtmh~k hn`kn pdyvdankkh ikckhikbt mdhfkpkn 6?$ akyn kvdq qeqk` pdytvkckkh #Itjjk akh Vkynh, ;>>:.( Qnhllnh~k

hn`kn pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt mdh~dikibkh pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt pdy`t

mdhakpkqbkh pdyckqnkh ~khl idvky( _Q Nhaemn`b vdiklkn vk`kc vkqt pdytvkckkh ~khl

idyldykb an inakhl nhatvqyn pdhle`kckh vtvt cdhakbh~k md`kbtbkh pdhldhak`nkh

pdyvdankkh kqkv ikckh ikbt ~khl anmn`nbnh~k klky akpkq mdhnhlbkqbkh djnvndhvn akh

akpkq qdytv idyvknhl( Adhlkh md`kbtbkh pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt

anckykpbkh pdytvkckkh akpkq mdhlkakbkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ak`km gtm`kc,

|kbqt, akh btk`nqkv ~khl qdpkq(Qtgtkh akyn pdhd`nqnkh nhn kak`kc thqtb mdmpd`kgkyn mkhkgdmdh pdyvdankkh

ikckh ikbt ~khl vd`kmk nhn an`kbtbkh e`dc _Q Nhaemn`b vdyqk mdhfeik thqtb

mdytmtvbkh vtkqt k`qdyhkqnj mead` pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ~khl djnvndh

akh vdvtkn adhlkh behanvn pdytvkckkh(

_dhltmpt`kh akqk an`kbvkhkbkh pkak _Q Nhaemn`b ~khl idy`ebkvn an G`( Yk~k

Ieley Bm 9:,: Lkhakynk, Gkbkyqk vd`kmk it`kh Gt`n 9??4( Mkhkgdmdh pdyvdankkh

ikckh ikbt pkak _Q Nhaemn`b ankhk`nvnv akh antyknbkh vdfkyk advbynpqnj( Khk`nvk

~khl an`kbtbkh anikqkvn ckh~k pkak atk gdhnv ikckh ikbt tqkmk, ~knqt Vbnm Mn`b_e|ady #VM_. akh Itqqdy Mn`b _e|ady #IM_.( Mdqead ~khl anlthkbkh pkak

pdhd`nqnkh nhn kak`kc mdqead Mkqdynk` Yd{tnydmdhq _`khhnhl #MY_. adhlkh qnlk

qdbhnb pdhdhqtkh tbtykh `eq ~khl idyidak, ~knqt qdbhnb @eq-Jey-@eq #@J@.,

Dfehemnf Eyady [tkhqnq~ #DE[., akh _kyq-_dynea Qeqk` Fevq Ik`khfnhl #__I.(

_dytvkckkh mdhdykpbkh pdyneanf eyady f~f`d pe`nf~ ak`km pdhldhak`nkh

pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbth~k, anmkhk pdyvdankkh ank|kvn akh pkak vdqnkp pdynead

qdyqdhqt vdgtm`kc ikckh ikbt anqkmikcbkh klky gtm`kc pdyvdankkh qdqkp idykak pkak

qnhlbkq pdyvdankkh ~khl qd`kc anqdhqtbkh( Qnhlbkq pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt pkak _Q

Nhaemn`b ankqty ak`km vqkhakya itjjdy vqefb pe`nf~, anmkhk qkyldqda itjjdy vqefbthqtb ikckh ikbt VM_ akh IM_ kak`kc vdidvky bditqtckh atk mnhllt pyeatbvn(

Vd`kmk pdynead pdhlkmkqkh #Gt`n 9??1 Gthn 9??4., qeqk` btkhqnqkv pdvkhkh thqtb

ikckh ikbt VM_ kak`kc vdidvky :(;>1,


3/93

pdmkveb( Gnbk an`nckq akyn vdln ink~k, mkhkgdmdh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ~khl

vd`kmk nhn an kbtbkh e`dc pdytvkckkh mkvnc btykhl djnvndh( _dhllthkkh mdqead

MY_ adhlkh qdbhnb @J@, DE[, akh __I akpkq mdhlcdmkq ink~k pdyvdankkh ~khl

anbd`tkybkh pdytvkckkh thqtb bdatk gdhnv ikckh ikbt mkvnhl-mkvnhl vdidvky

33,>3$, ,;>$(

Kbkh qdqkpn, mdqead MY_ ~khl anlthkbkh vdiklkn k`qdyhkqnj mead`

pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ak`km pdhd`nqnkh nhn mkvnc id`tm akpkq

anqdykpbkh pkak pdytvkckkh bkydhk kakh~k bdqnakbvdvtknkh khqkyk kvtmvn-kvtmvn

ak`km mdqead MY_ adhlkh vnqtkvn akh behanvn ~khl anckakpn e`dc pdytvkckkh pkak

vkkq nhn( Kvtmvn-kvtmvn ~khl qnakb vdvtkn qdyvditq ankhqkykh~k kak`kc ink~k-ink~k

pdyvdankkh behvqkh akh |kbqt qthllt pdhlkakkh ikckh ikbt anbdqkctn akh behvqkh(Vdid`tm mdqead MY_ akpkq anqdykpbkh e`dc pdytvkckkh, anpdy`tbkh pdhd`nqnkh `dinc

`khgtq adhlkh mdmpdycnqthlbkh jkbqey ydvnbe, ~knqt adhlkh fkyk md`kbtbkh khk`nvnv

pyeikin`nqkv qdyckakp |kbqt qthllt akh pdyvdankkh pdhlkmkh(

Bkqk-bkqk bthfn7 pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh, tbtykh `eq pdmdvkhkh, ink~k pdyvdankkh


4/93

KIVQYKFQ

Khk`~vnv ej Nhzdhqey~ Fehqye` ej V|ddq Fehadhvda Mn`b,v

Yk| Mkqdynk`v kq _Q Nhaemn`b

\ngk~k A(A( Ityckhtaanh kha \( Ynhak~khqn

Nhzdhqey~ fehqye` nv kh nmpeyqkhq epdykqnehv mkhkldmdhq jthfqnehv idfktvd

nhzdhqey~ yd{tnydv k lydkq adk` ej fkpnqk` kha kjjdfqv qcd ad`nzdy~ ej leeav qe

ftvqemdyv( Qcnv ydvdkyfc |kv fehatfqda qe `dkyh qcd yk| mkqdynk`,v nhzdhqey~ fehqye`

kq _Q Nhaemn`b kha qy~nhl qe jnha k`qdyhkqnzd mdqceav qckq fkh lnzd k idqqdy ydvt`q nh

fempkh~,v yk| mkqdynk`,v nhzdhqey~ fehqye`( Nhzdhqey~ fehqye` kq _Q Nhaemn`b nvkhk`~vda kha dsp`knhda advfynpqnzd`~( Qcd akqk |dyd khk`~wda tvnhl Mkqdynk`

Yd{tnydmdhq _`khhnhl #MY_. v~vqdm |nqc qcydd anjjdydhq `eq-vnwnhl mdqceav @eq-

Jey-@eq #@J@. Dfehemnf Eyady [tkhqnq~ #DE[. kha _kyq-_dynea Qeqk` Fevq

Ik`khfnhl #__I.( Kq qcnv memdhq _Q Nhaemn`b kpp`ndv pdyneanf eyady f~f`d pe`nf~

qe fehqye` qcdny nhzdhqey~ nh |cnfc qcd nhzdhqey~ nv fehqye``da kha kaada pdyneanfk``~

qe mknhqknh qcd nhzdhqey~ `dzd`( Qcd nhzdhqey~ `dzd` kq _Q Nhaemn`b nv kyykhlda nh

fempkh~v vqkhaky pe`nf~ ej itjjdy vqefb( _Q Nhaemn`b qkyldqda itjjdy vqefb kq `dkvq

d{tk` qe lyevv yd{tnydmdhq jey q|e |ddb,v pyeatfqneh( Qcd qeqk` nhzdhqey~ fevqdspdhada i~ qcd fempkh~ |kv kv mtfc Yp 6961:4;61(??( Qcd nhzdhqey~ fehqye` kq

_Q Nhaemn`b nv vqn`` heq djjnfndhq nj vddh jyem qcd qeqk` kmethq ej nhzdhqey~ fevq qckq

dspdhada( Ydvdkyfc ydvt`qv vce|v qckq |nqc MY_ v~vqdm qcd fempkh~ fkh vkzdv

nhzdhqey~ fevq qckq dspdhada thqn` 33(>3$( Itq qcd ydvt`qv k`ve vce|v qckq qcd MY_

v~vqdmv nv vqn`` heq ~dq kpp`nfki`d idfktvd qcdyd nv vemd kvvtmpqneh qckq ana heq

kppyepynkqd |nqc qcd fehanqneh jkfda i~ fempkh~ kq qcnv memdhq( Qe idfemd

kpp`nfki`d jtyqcdy ydvdkyfc qckq fk`ft`kqdv qcd ynvb jkfqey nv hddada(

Bd~|eyav7 Nhzdhqey~ Fehqye` Epqnmk` @eq Vnwd Nhzdhqey~ Fevq


5/93



AN@WKY ANKH \NGK^K

A?61>>?4>

Vbynpvn nhn mdytpkbkh vk`kc vkqt v~kykq thqtb

mdmpdye`dc ld`ky Vkygkhk _dqdyhkbkh pkak

Jkbt`qkv _dqdyhkbkh

Nhvqnqtq _dyqkhnkh Ieley


6/93



E`dc

AN@WKY ANKH \NGK^K

A?61>>?4>

Vbynpvn nhn qd`kc anvdqtgtn akh anvnakhlbkh an ckakpkh

Bemnvn Tgnkh @nvkh pkak qkhllk` 9< Gkhtkyn 9??:

_dminminhl Tqkmk _dminminhl Khlleqk

Ny( Ityckhtaanh, MM Ny( \n|ndb Ynhak~khqn, MVn

Adbkh

Jkbt`qkv _dqdyhkbkh

Nhvqnqtq _dyqkhnkh Ieley


7/93

YN\K^KQ CNAT_

_dht`nv an`kcnybkh pkak qkhllk` ;3 Jdiytkyn ;>3; an Ieley, Gk|k Ikykq(

_dht`nv kak`kc khkb bdatk akyn qnlk idyvktakyk akyn pkvkhlkh Ikpkb Bynvhk \ngk~k

akh Nit Dhakc Bynvhk \ngk~k(

_dhananbkh akvky anvd`dvknbkh pkak qkcth ;>>6 an VAH _e`nvn NZ Ieley,

pdhananbkh `khgtqkh mdhdhlkc pdyqkmk anvd`dvknbkh pkak qkcth ;>>: an VM_H 1

Ieley, akh pdhananbkh `khgtqkh mdhdhlkc kqkv anvd`dvknbkh pkak qkcth ;>>> an

VMTH 9 Ieley(

_dht`nv anqdynmk vdiklkn mkckvnv|k pkak Adpkyqdmdh Vevnk` Dbehemn

Nhatvqyn _dqdyhkbkh, Jkbt`qkv _dqdyhkbkh, Nhvqnqtq _dyqkhnkh Ieley md`k`tn gk`ty

Tgnkh Mkvtb _dyltytkh Qnhlln Hdldyn #TM_QH. pkak qkcth ;>>>(

Vd`kmk mdhlnbtqn pdhananbkh, pdht`nv kbqnj an Cnmpthkh Mkckvnv|k Vevnk`

Dbehemn Nhatvqyn _dqdyhkbkh #CNMKVDN_. akh Bepdykvn Mkckvnv|k Nhvqnqtq

_dyqkhnkh Ieley #BE_MK N_I.(


8/93

BKQK _DHLKHQKY


pdytvkckkh( Qnhllnh~k hn`kn pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt mdh~dikibkh pdhldhak`nkh

pdyvdankkh kqkv ikckh ikbt pdy`t mdhakpkqbkh pdyckqnkh ~khl idvky, qdytqkmk ikln

pdytvkckkh mkhtjkbqty ~khl vdiklnkh idvky ikckh ikbth~k mdytpkbkh ckvn` nmpey

vdpdyqn _Q Nhaemn`b( Vd`knh thqtb mdmpd`kgkyn mkhkgdmdh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt

pkak _Q Nhaemn`b, vbynpvn nhn gtlk anvtvth thqtb mdhfeik mdytmtvbkh vtkqt mead`

pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ~khl akpkq angkanbkh k`qdyhkqnj e`dc pdytvkckkh(

_dht`nvkh vbynpvn nhn an`kbtbkh vdqd`kc md`k`tn pyevdv pdhlkmkqkh `khlvthl

an _yeatfqneh _`khhnhl kha Nhzdhqey~ Fehqye` #__NF. Adpkyqmdhq pkak _Q

Nhaemn`b, pdhfkynkh nhjeymkvn akh ptvqkbk an pdyptvqkbkkh, anvbtvn adhlkh aevdh

pdminminhl, akh vdmnhky ckvn` ~khl ankakbkh pkak it`kh Advdmidy 9??4 `k`t(

Mdqead ~khl anlthkbkh ak`km vbynpvn nhn kak`kc Mkqdynk` Yd{tnydmdhq _`khhnhl

#MY_. adhlkh qnlk qdbhnb pdhdhqtkh tbtykh `eq ~khl idyidak, ~knqt qdbhnb@eq-Jey-

@eq #@J@., qdbhnbDfehemnf Eyady [tkhqnq~ #DE[., akh qdbhnb _kyq-_dynea Qeqk`

Fevq Ik`khfnhl #__I.(

Qdykbcny pdht`nv tfkpbkh qdynmk bkvnc ikh~kb bdpkak vdmtk pnckb ~khl qd`kc

mdmidynbkh ikhqtkh vd`kmk pyevdv pdht`nvkh vbynpvn nhn( Vdmelk kmk` iknb ydbkh-

ydbkh mdhakpkq ik`kvkh akyn ^khl Mkck Btkvk(

Ieley, Gkhtkyn 9??:

_dht`nv


9/93

AKJQKY NVN

Ck`kmkh

YNHLBKVKH (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( n

KIVQYKFQ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( nnn

YN\K^KQ CNAT_ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( nz

BKQK _DHLKHQKY ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( z

AKJQKY NVN (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( zn

AKJQKY QKID@ (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( znnn

AKJQKY LKMIKY ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( s

AKJQKY @KM_NYKH (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( sn

_DHAKCT@TKH ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;

@kqky Id`kbkhl ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;

_dytmtvkh Mkvk`kc ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1Qtgtkh (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 4

BDYKHLBK _DMNBNYKH (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( :

QNHGKTKH _TVQKBK (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 3

_dyvdankkh (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 3

_dhldyqnkh _dyvdankkh (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 3

Jthlvn akh _dykhkh _dyvdankkh (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >

Qnpd akh Gdhnv _dyvdankkh (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >Ink~k _dyvdankkh (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;;

_dhldhak`nkh _dyvdankkh(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;6

_dhldyqnkh _dhldhak`nkh _dyvdankkh ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;6

Qtgtkh _dhldhak`nkh _dyvdankkh ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;1

Bdingkbvkhkkh ak`km _dhldhak`nkh _dyvdankkh (((((((((((((((((( ;1

Vnvqdm _dyvdankkh MY_ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;4

MDQEAD ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9?

@ebkvn akh \kbqt (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9?

Advknh (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9?

Akqk akh Nhvqytmdhqkvn (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9?

_dhltmpt`kh Akqk ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9;

Khk`nvnv Akqk (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9;

Khk`nvnv Ink~k _dyvdankkh 99


10/93

Qdhklk Bdygk _dytvkckkh ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9>

CKVN@ AKH _DMIKCKVKH ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 6?B`kvnjnbkvn Ikckh Ikbt ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 6?

Nadhqnjnbkvn Bditqtckh Ikckh Ikbt (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 6?

_yevdv _dhlkakkh akh _dmid`nkh Ikckh Ikbt ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 6;

Vnvqdm _dhfkqkqkh _dyvdankkh (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 69

\kbqt Qthllt _dhlkakkh Ikckh Ikbt (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 66

Ink~k _dyvdankkh (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 66

Vnvqdm _dhldhak`nkh _dyvdankkh _dytvkckkh (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 63

Vnvqdm _dyvdankkh MY_ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 19Mdqead MY_ Qdbhnb@eq-Jey-@eq ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 16

Mdqead MY_ QdbhnbDfehemnf Eyady [tkhqnq~ ((((((((((((((((( 11

Mdqead MY_ Qdbhnb_kyq-_dynea Qeqk` Fevq Ik`khfnhl (((( 14

_dyikhanhlkh Khqkyk Mdqead _dytvkckkh adhlkh Mdqead MY_ ((((( 1:

BDVNM_T@KH AKH VKYKH ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 49

Bdvnmpt`kh (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 49

Vkykh (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 49TFK_KH QDYNMK BKVNC ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 46

AKJQKY _TVQKBK (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 41

@KM_NYKH ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 44


11/93

AKJQKY QKID@

Hemey Ck`kmkh

;( _dybdmikhlkh Behvtmvn Vtvt an Nhaehdvnk Qkcth ;>>>3-9??; ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9

6( _dybdmikhlkh _yeatbvn Vtvt an Nhaehdvnk Qkcth ;>>>:-9??; ((((((((((((((((((((((( 6

4( Fkyk _dhlcnqthlkh Iklnkh _dynead (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ;>

:( Jeymkq _dydhfkhkkh Bditqtckh Ikckh Ikbt (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 91

( Bempehdh Ink~k _dh~nmpkhkh Ikckh Ikbt Vbnm Mn`b _e|ady

akhItqqdy Mn`b_e|ady_Q Nhaemn`b _dynead Gt`n 9??1-Gthn 9??4 (( 63

;?( Ze`tmd _dmkbknkh Ikckh Ikbt Vbnm Mn`b _e|adyakhItqqdy

Mn`b_e|adypkak _Q Nhaemn`b _dynead Gt`n 9??1-Gthn 9??4 ((((((((((( 6>

;;( Gtm`kc _dvkhkh akh Qnhlbkq _dyvdankkh Ikckh Ikbt Vbnm Mn`b

_e|adyIdyakvkybkh Bdingkbkh _Q Nhaemn`b _dynead Gt`n 9??1-

Gthn 9??4 (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1?

;9( Gtm`kc _dvkhkh akh Qnhlbkq _dyvdankkh Ikckh IkbtItqqdy Mn`b

_e|adyIdyakvkybkh Bdingkbkh _Q Nhaemn`b _dynead Gt`n 9??1-

Gthn 9??4 (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1;

;6( Qeqk` Ink~k _dyvdankkh Ikckh Ikbt Vbnm Mn`b _e|adyakhItqqdyMn`b _e|ady_Q Nhaemn`b _dynead Gt`n 9??1-Gthn 9??4 (((((((((((((((((((( 19

;1( Qeqk` Ink~k _dyvdankkh Ikckh Ikbt Vbnm Mn`b _e|adyakhItqqdyMn`b _e|adyadhlkh Mdqead MY_ Qdbhnb@eq-Jey-@eq_dyneadGt`n 9??1-Gthn 9??4 (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 11

;4( Qeqk` Ink~k _dyvdankkh Ikckh Ikbt Vbnm Mn`b _e|adyakhItqqdyMn`b _e|adyadhlkh Mdqead MY_ QdbhnbDfehemnf Eyady

[tkhqnq~ _dynead Gt`n 9??1-Gthn 9??4(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 14


12/93

;3( _dyikhanhlkh Ckvn` _dhldhak`nkh _dyvdankkh khqkyk Mdqead_dytvkckkh adhlkh Mdqead MY_ thqtb Ikckh IkbtItqqdy Mn`b

_e|ady_dynead Gt`n 9??1-Gthn 9??4 ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 13

;>( _dhlcdmkqkh ~khl Anckvn`bkh e`dc Mdqead MY_ Qdyckakp Ink~k_dyvdankkh ~khl Anbd`tkybkh _dytvkckkh _dynead Gt`n 9??1-Gthn

9??4 (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 13

9?( Bdthllt`kh akh Bd`dmkckh akyn Mkvnhl-mkvnhl Qdbhnb _dhdhqtkhTbtykh @eq ak`km Mdqead MY_ (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 4?


13/93

AKJQKY LKMIKY

Hemey Ck`kmkh

;( Iklkh Bdykhlbk _dmnbnykh Khk`nvnv _dhldhak`nkh _dyvdankkh

Ikckh Ikbt Vtvt Bdhqk` Mkhnv pkak _Q Nhaemn`b ((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >< `k`t, |k`ktpth ck` qdyvditq qnakb idy`khlvthl thqtb gkhlbk

|kbqt ~khl `kmk( Vdgkb qkcth ;>>>, pdybdmikhlkh behvtmvn vtvt an Nhaehdvnk

mt`kn mdhthgtbbkh pdhnhlbkqkh ~khl idykyqn akyn qkcth bd qkcth #Qkid` ;.(

Qkid` ;( _dybdmikhlkh Behvtmvn Vtvt an Nhaehdvnk Qkcth ;>>>< ;(;;:,4 -

;>>3 3>>> ;(;;:,? ;>,4>

9??? ;(1??,? 9?,93

9??; ;(9:9,> -;?,34

9??9 ;(9::,1 ?,9>3-9??;

Hkmk _dytvkckkh

_dhgtk`kh

#gtqk ytpnkc._khlvk _kvky

Ykqk-Ykqk

#$.;>>3 ;>>> 9??? 9??;

_Q Jyndvfcd Z`kl ;(9?3(3>: ;(6;4(?(>?? 91,>6

_Q Hdvq`d Nhaehdvnk ;(;9:(3;6 ;(9


17/93

Qkid` 6( _dybdmikhlkh _yeatbvn Vtvt an Nhaehdvnk Qkcth ;>>>< 196,< -

;>>3 6>> 16:,? ;6,>?

9??? 1>4,: ;9,?9

9??; 1,> -6,96,1 9,>:-9??; akpkq an`nckq pkak Qkid` 1(

Qkid` 1( Nmpey Vtvt akh Ikckh Ikbt Vtvt Qkcth ;>>:-9??;

Qkcth

Mn`b kha

fydkm ej jkq

#fkny.

VM_

#ititb.

^elctyq ;.

#bdhqk`.

Mn`b jkq

#mdhqdlk.

Fcddvd

#bdgt.Qeqk`

-------------------------------------------- qeh ---------------------------------------

;>>: 9(


18/93

Ikckh ikbt ikln pdytvkckkh-pdytvkckkh ~khl idyldykb an nhatvqyn

pdhle`kckh ckvn` pdyqkhnkh #klyenhatvqyn. mdytpkbkh vtmidy ak~k ~khl vkhlkqpdhqnhl akh gtlk mdytpkbkh bempehdh ink~k qdyidvky( Adhlkh mdmpdyckqnbkh ck`

qdyvditq an kqkv, pdy`t anpd`kgkyn vnvqdm pdhlkakkh akh pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh

ikckh ikbt akh jkbqey-jkbqey ~khl mdmpdhlkytcnh~k klky akpkq mdmkhjkkqbkhh~k

vdfkyk epqnmk`(

_dytmtvkh Mkvk`kc


pdytvkckkh( _kak vtkqt pdytvkckkh mkhtjkbqty, tmtmh~k hn`kn pdyvdankkh ikckh

ikbt mdhfkpkn 6?$ akyn kvdq qeqk` pdytvkckkh #Itjjk akh Vkynh, ;>>:.( Adhlkh

vdmkbnh bdqkqh~k pdyvknhlkh ak`km mdmpdyditqbkh pkhlvk pkvky, _Q Nhaemn`b

vdhkhqnkvk anqthqtq thqtb mdhnhlbkqbkh djnvndhvnh~k klky akpkq qdytv idyvknhl( Vk`kc

vkqt ck` ~khl akpkq an`kbtbkh pdytvkckkh thqtb mdhnhlbkqbkh djnvndhvn kak`kc

adhlkh md`kbtbkh pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh, bctvtvh~k pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt(

Adhlkh md`kbtbkh pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh kqkv ikckh ikbt ~khl anmn`nbn,

anckykpbkh pdytvkckkh akpkq mdhlkakbkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ak`km gtm`kc,

|kbqt, akh btk`nqkv ~khl qdpkq( Bdbtykhlkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt akpkq

mdhlckmikq pyevdv pyeatbvn, qnakb akpkq mdmdhtcn pdymnhqkkh pd`khllkh adhlkhiknb, akh mdhnhlbkqbkh ink~k pdmdvkhkh vdgk`kh adhlkh mdhnhlbkqh~k jydbtdhvn

pdmid`nkh vdcnhllk mdhlkbnikqbkh bdytlnkh pkak pdytvkckkh( Vdakhlbkh bd`dinckh

pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt kbkh mdhnmit`bkh ink~k dbvqyk vdyqk akpkq mdhlkbnikqbkh

qtythh~k mtqt ikckh ikbt kbnikq mkvk pdh~nmpkhkh ~khl `kmk(

Idyakvkybkh tyknkh an kqkv, mkbk akpkq anytmtvbkh ididykpk pdymkvk`kckh

vdiklkn idynbtq 7

;. Iklknmkhk vnvqdm kqkt bdingkbkh pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ~khlvd`kmk nhn an`kbtbkh e`dc _Q Nhaemn`b5

9. Kpkbkc bdingkbkh pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ~khl anqdykpbkh e`dc


19/93

Qtgtkh

Idyakvkybkh pdymkvk`kckh ~khl qd`kc anytmtvbkh, mkbk qtgtkh akyn

pdhd`nqnkh nhn kak`kc 7

;. Mdhlkhk`nvnv bdingkbkh, pd`kbvkhkkh, akh pdymkvk`kckh ak`km mkhkgdmdhpdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt pkak _Q Nhaemn`b(

9. Mdytmtvbkh vtkqt k`qdyhkqnj mead` pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ~khlakpkq mdhnhlbkqbkh djnvndhvn akh vdvtkn adhlkh behanvn pdytvkckkh pkak vkkq

nhn(


20/93

BDYKHLBK _DMNBNYKH

Ak`km pdhd`nqnkh nhn, ck` ~khl pdyqkmk bk`n an`kbtbkh kak`kc

mdhlnadhqnjnbkvn vnvqdm akh bdingkbkh pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ~khl

vd`kmk nhn an`kbtbkh e`dc _Q Nhaemn`b( Ck`-ck` ~khl pdy`t anbdqkctn md`nptqn

b`kvnjnbkvn ikckh ikbt, pyevdaty-pyevdaty ~khl idybknqkh adhlkh pdhlkakkh,

pdmid`nkh, akh pdhkhlkhkh ikckh ikbt, bdingkbkh ~khl anqdykpbkh pdytvkckkh

ak`km mdhldhak`nbkh akh mdhlkqty qnhlbkq pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbth~k, vdyqk vnvqdm

pdhfkqkqkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ~khl vd`kmk nhn anlthkbkh pdytvkckkh(

_dhdhqtkh ikckh ikbt pebeb pdytvkckkh mdytpkbkh ck` ~khl pdy`t thqtb

anpyneynqkvbkh vdiki adhlkh md`kbtbkh pdhldhak`nkh kqkv ikckh ikbt pebeb idykyqn

md`kbtbkh pdhldhak`nkh kqkv ink~k ~khl ftbtp idvky( Ikckh ikbt pebeb

pdytvkckkh kak`kc ikckh ikbt bynqnv ~khl bdidykakkhh~k kbkh vkhlkq mdmpdhlkytcn

kbqnznqkv pdytvkckkh( Ikckh ikbt ~khl ankhk`nvnv ak`km pdhd`nqnkh nhn kak`kc Vbnm

Mn`b _e|ady#VM_. akhItqqdy Mn`b _e|ady#IM_.( _dmikqkvkh gdhnv ikckh ikbt

~khl anqd`nqn an`kbtbkh idyakvkybkh kqkv idvkyh~k ze`tmd pdmkbknkh akh

bdpdhqnhlkh ikckh ikbt qdyvditq ak`km pyevdv pyeatbvn(

@khlbkc vd`khgtqh~k ~khl an`kbtbkh kak`kc mdhlkhk`nvnv ze`tmd pdmkbknkh

ikckh ikbt, |kbqt qthllt pdhlkakkh ikckh ikbt, vdyqk ink~k pdyvdankkh ~khl

anckvn`bkh( Ze`tmd pdmkbknkh akyn ikckh ikbt pdy`t anbdqkctn bkydhk ze`tmd

pdmkbknkh ikckh ikbt akpkq mdhthgtbbkh idvky pdymnhqkkh ikckh ikbt akh

qdymkvtb vk`kc vkqt zkynkid` pdhqnhl thqtb mdhakpkqbkh btkhqnqkv pdvkhkh ~khl

epqnmk`( Vd`knh nqt, akqk qnmd vdyndv akyn ze`tmd pdmkbknkh ikckh ikbt akpkq gtlk

anlthkbkh ak`km pdykmk`kh pdmkbknkh ikckh ikbt an mkvk ~khl kbkh akqkhl(

\kbqt qthllt pdhlkakkh ikckh ikbt gtlk mdytpkbkh ck` ~khl pdhqnhl thqtb

anbdqkctn( \kbqt qthllt #`dka qnmd. anlthkbkh thqtb akpkq mdhdhqtbkh |kbqt

pd`kbvkhkkh pdvkhkh vdcnhllk pdvkhkh akpkq anqdynmk pkak vkkq anitqtcbkh(

Adhlkh mdhllthkbkh akqk-akqk ~khl anpdye`dc, an`kbtbkh khk`nvnv adhlkh


21/93

pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ~khl djnvndh( Vd`knh akyn idvky ink~k pdyvdankkh

~khl anckvn`bkh, mkvnhl-mkvnhl mead` gtlk kbkh anhn`kn bdvdvtknkhh~k adhlkh

behanvn pdytvkckkh pkak vkkq nhn( Vdfkyk tmtm, iklkh bdykhlbk pdmnbnykh akyn

pdhd`nqnkh nhn akpkq an`nckq pkak Lkmiky ;(

VNVQDM

_DHFKQKQKH

_DYVDANKKH

_YEVDATY _DHLKAKKH,

_DMID@NKH, AKH

_DHKHLKHKH IKCKH

IKBT

B@KVNJNBKVN

IKCKH IKBT

_DHDHQTKH IKCKH IKBT _EBEB

KHK@NVNV _DYVDANKKH IKCKH IKBT

\KBQT QTHLLT_DHLKAKKH IKCKH IKBTZE@TMD _DMKBKNKHIKCKH IKBT INK^K _DYVDANKKHIKCKH IKBT

MDQEAD_DYTVKCKKH

MDQEAD MY_QDBHNB @J@

MDQEAD MY_QDBHNB DE[

MDQEAD MY_QDBHNB __I

_DYIKHANHLKH KHQKY MDQEAD

NADHQNJNBKVN VNVQDM AKH BDINGKBKH _DHLDHAK@NKH

_DYVDANKKH IKCKH IKBT _DYTVKCKKH



22/93

QNHGKTKH _TVQKBK

_dyvdankkh

_dhldyqnkh _dyvdankkh

_dhldyqnkh pdyvdankkh mdhtytq Cdygkhqe #9??6. kak`kc ikckh kqkt ikykhl

~khl anvnmpkh ~khl kbkh anlthkbkh thqtb mdmdhtcn qtgtkh qdyqdhqt, mnvk`h~k

thqtb pyevdv pyeatbvn kqkt pdykbnqkh, thqtb angtk` bdmik`n, akh thqtb vtbt fkakhl

akyn vtkqt pdyk`kqkh kqkt mdvnh( _dyvdankkh akpkq idytpk ikykhl mdhqkc, ikckhpdmikhqt, ikykhl ak`km pyevdv, ikykhl gkan, kqktpth vtbt fkakhl( Invk anbkqkbkh

qnakb kak pdytvkckkh ~khl idyepdykvn qkhpk pdyvdankkh, mdvbnpth vdidhkyh~k

pdyvdankkh ckh~k`kc vtkqt vtmidy ak~k ~khl mdhlkhllty, bkydhk vdid`tm

pdyvdankkh anlthkbkh idykyqn akhk ~khl qdynbkq an ak`kmh~k qnakb akpkq anlthkbkh

thqtb bdpdy`tkh `knh( Idlnqt pdhqnhlh~k pdyvdankkh nhn vdcnhllk pkyk kbthqkh

mdmkvtbbkhh~k bd ak`km hdykfk vdiklkn vk`kc vkqt kbqnzk `khfky(

Mdhtytq Gebe #9??1. pdyvdankkh kak`kc vtmidy ak~k mdhlkhllty #na`d

ydvetyfdv. ~khl mdhthllt pyevdv `dinc `khgtq( _yevdv `dinc `khgtq qdyvditq akpkq

idytpk bdlnkqkh pyeatbvn pkak vnvqdm mkhtjkbqty, bdlnkqkh pdmkvkykh pkak vnvqdm

anvqynitvn, kqktpth bdlnkqkh behvtmvn pkak vnvqdm ytmkc qkhllk(

Mdhtytq Kvvktyn #;>>6. pdyvdankkh kak`kc vtkqt kbqnzk ~khl md`nptqn ikykhl-ikykhl mn`nb pdytvkckkh adhlkh mkbvta thqtb angtk` ak`km vtkqt pdynead tvkck

~khl heymk`, kqkt pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ~khl mdhthllt pdhllthkkhh~k ak`km

vtkqt pyevdv pyeatbvn( Vdakhlbkh vnvqdm pdyvdankkh kak`kc vdykhlbknkh

bdingkbvkhkkh pdhldhak`nkh ~khl mdmehnqey qnhlbkq pdyvdankkh akh mdhdhqtbkh

qnhlbkq pdyvdankkh(

_dyvdankkh mdmpth~kn kyqn akh pdykhkh pdhqnhl pkak vtkqt pdytvkckkh( _kak

akvkyh~k pdyvdankkh anpdy`tbkh thqtb mdmpdymtakc kqkt mdmpdy`khfky gk`khh~k

epdykvn pdytvkckkh ~khl ckytv an`kbtbkh vdfkyk idyqtytq-qtytq thqtb mdmpyeatbvn

ikykhl vdyqk vd`khgtqh~k mdh~kmpknbkhh~k pkak behvtmdh( Qkhpk kakh~k


23/93

Jthlvn akh _dykhkh _dyvdankkh

Djnvndhvn epdykvnehk` vtkqt eylkhnvkvn akpkq anqnhlbkqbkh bkydhk idyiklkn

jthlvn pdhqnhl pdyvdankkh #Ckhaebe, ;>>;.( Jthlvn-jthlvn pdyvdankkh ~khl

anmkbvta kak`kc 7

;. Jthlvn Adfetp`nhl( Md`k`tn pdh~nmpkhkh pdyvdankkh, pdytvkckkh akpkqmdmdhtcn pdymnhqkkh pd`khllkh qkhpk qdylkhqthl pkak pdmkveb( _dyvdankkh

ikckh ikbt ankakbkh klky pdytvkckkh qnakb kbkh vdpdhtch~k qdylkhqthl pkak

pdhlkakkhh~k ak`km ck` btkhqnqkv akh |kbqt pdhlnynmkh(

9. Jthlvn Dfehemnf @eq Vnwnhl( Md`k`tn pdh~nmpkhkh pdyvdankkh, pdytvkckkhakpkq mdmpyeatbvn akh mdmid`n vtmidy ak~k ak`km btkhqnqkv ~khl akpkq

mdhltykhln ink~k pdy thnq(

6. Jthlvn Khqnvnpkvn( _dyvdankkh mtvnmkh anqtgtbkh thqtb mdhlckakpn j`tbqtkvnpdymnhqkkh ~khl akpkq anpdybnykbkh akh anykmk`bkh idyakvkybkh akqk mkvk `k`t,

~knqt pdymnhqkkh mtvnmkh( _dyvdankkh khqnvnpkvn nhn pdhqnhl klky bd`khfkykh

pyevdv pyeatbvn qnakb qdylkhllt(

Mdhtytq Cdygkhqe #9??6. ankakbkhh~k pdyvdankkh mt`kn akyn ~khl idyidhqtb

ikckh mdhqkc vkmpkn mdhgkan ikykhl gkan khqkyk `knh idylthk thqtb akpkq 7

;. Mdhlcn`khlbkh ydvnbe bdqdy`kmikqkh pdhlnynmkh ikckh ikbt kqkt ikykhl ~khlanitqtcbkh pdytvkckkh(

9. Mdhlcn`khlbkh ydvnbe gnbk mkqdynk` ~khl anpdvkh qnakb iknb vdcnhllk ckytvanbdmik`nbkh(

6. Mdhlcn`khlbkh ydvnbe qdyckakp bdhknbkh ckylk ikykhl kqkt nhj`kvn(1. Thqtb mdh~nmpkh ikckh ikbt ~khl anckvn`bkh vdfkyk mtvnmkh vdcnhllk

pdytvkckkh qnakb kbkh bdvt`nqkh gnbk ikckh nqt qnakb qdyvdank an pkvkykh(4. Mdhakpkqbkh bdthqthlkh akyn pdmid`nkh idyakvkybkh peqehlkh btkhqnqkv

#{tkhqnq~ anvfethqv.(

:. Mdmidynbkh pd`k~khkh bdpkak pd`khllkh adhlkh qdyvdankh~k ikykhl ~khl


24/93

;. _dyvdankkh ikckh mdhqkc #yk| mkqdynk`v., ~knqt pdyvdankkh ikykhl-ikykhlidy|tgta ~khl anlthkbkh ak`km pyevdv pyeatbvn(

9. _dyvdankkh bempehdh ykbnqkh #ptyfckvda pkyqv., ~knqt pdyvdankkh ikykhl ~khlqdyanyn akyn bempehdh ~khl anpdye`dc akyn pdytvkckkh `knh(

6. _dyvdankkh ikckh pdhe`ehl #vtpp`ndv., ~knqt pdyvdankkh ikykhl ~khl anpdy`tbkhak`km pyevdv pyeatbvn akh qnakb mdytpkbkh iklnkh akyn ikykhl gkan(

1. _dyvdankkh ikykhl ak`km pyevdv #|eyb nh pyefdvv., ~knqt pdyvdankkh ikykhl ~khlmdytpkbkh bd`tkykh akyn qnkp-qnkp iklnkh ak`km pyevdv pyeatbvn qdqkpn mkvnc

mdmdy`tbkh pyevdv vd`khgtqh~k(

4. _dyvdankkh ikykhl gkan #jnhnvcda leeav., ~knqt pdyvdankkh ikykhl ~khl qd`kcvd`dvkn ane`kc ak`km pkiynb akh vnkp angtk` kqkt anbnynm bd behvtmdh(

Vdakhlbkh mdhtytq Cdygkhqe #9??6. pdyvdankkh akpkq anbd`empebbkh bd

ak`km dmpkq gdhnv, ~knqt 7

;. J`tfqtkqneh vqefb, mdytpkbkh pdyvdankkh thqtb mdhgklk qdygkanh~k j`tbqtkvnpdymnhqkkh ~khl qnakb anpdybnykbkh vdid`tmh~k, akh thqtb mdhlkqkvn gnbk

qdygkan bdvk`kckh%pdh~nmpkhlkh ak`km pykbnykkh pdhgtk`kh, |kbqt pyeatbvn,

kqkt pdhlnynmkh ikykhl(

9. Khqnfnpkqneh vqefb, mdytpkbkh gdhnv pdyvdankkh thqtb mdhlckakpn pdymnhqkkh~khl akpkq anykmk`bkh, mnvk`h~k pkak mtvnm pdymnhqkkh qnhlln, qdqkpn bkpkvnqkv

pyeatbvn pkak vkkq nqt qnakb mkmpt mdmdhtcn pdymnhqkkh( _dyvdankkh nhn gtlk

anmkbvtabkh thqtb mdhgklk bdmthlbnhkh vtbkyh~k anpdye`dc ikckh ikbt

vdcnhllk qnakb mdhlkbnikqbkh qdycdhqnh~k pyevdv pyeatbvn(

6. @eq-vnwd nhzdhqey~, mdytpkbkh pdyvdankkh ~khl ankakbkh ak`km gtm`kc ~khl`dinc idvky akynpkak bditqtckh vkkq nqt( Fkyk nhn an`kbtbkh thqtb mdhakpkqbkh

bdthqthlkh akyn ckylk ikykhl #peqehlkh btkhqnqkv. bkydhk pdmid`nkh ak`km

gtm`kc ~khl idvky, kqkt thqtb mdhakpkqbkh pdhlcdmkqkh akyn ink~k

pdhlkhlbtqkh pdy thnq ~khl `dinc ydhakc(

1. _npd`nhd nhzdhqey~ mdytpkbkh pdyvdankkh ~khl vdakhl ak`km pyevdv pdhlnynmkh


25/93

Ink~k _dyvdankkh

Vdfkyk tmtm akpkq anbkqkbkh ikc|k ink~k pdyvdankkh kak`kc vdmtk

pdhld`tkykh akh bdytlnkh ~khl qnmit` vdiklkn kbnikq kakh~k pdyvdankkh( Mdhtytq

Gebe #9??1. ink~k-ink~k pdyvdankkh qdyanyn akyn 7

;. Ink~k pdmid`nkh #ptyfckvnhl fevq.Ink~k pdmid`nkh kak`kc ink~k ~khl anbd`tkybkh thqtb mdmid`n ikykhl(

Idvkyh~k ink~k pdmid`nkh nhn vkhlkq qdylkhqthl pkak gtm`kc ikykhl ~khl anid`n

akh ckylk vkqtkh ikykhl( Ink~k pdmid`nkh mdytpkbkh jkbqey pdhqnhl bdqnbk

ckylk ikykhl ~khl anid`n qdylkhqthl pkak tbtykh pdmid`nkh( Vnqtkvn nhn

annvqn`kcbkh vdiklkn {tkhqnq~ anvfethqkqktpynfd iydkbanmkhk ckylk ikykhl pdy

thnq kbkh qtyth in`k gtm`kc ikykhl ~khl anid`n mdhnhlbkq( Ak`km ikh~kb qdeyn

pdyvdankkh, bempehdh ink~k pdmid`nkh qnakb anmkvtbbkh bd ak`km ink~k

pdyvdankkh bkydhk ankvtmvnbkh ckylk ikykhl pdy thnq qnakb anpdhlkytcn e`dc

gtm`kc ikykhl ~khl anid`n vdcnhllk bempehdh ink~k pdmid`nkh thqtb vtkqt

pdynead qdyqdhqt #mnvk`h~k vkqt qkcth. ankhllkp behvqkh akh ck` nhn qnakb kbkh

mdmpdhlkytcn gk|kikh epqnmk` qdhqkhl idykpk ikh~kb ikykhl ~khl ckytv

anpdvkh(

9. Ink~k pdhlkakkh #pyeftydmdhq fevq.Ink~k pdhlkakkh akpkq anidakbkh mdhgkan 9 gdhnv vdvtkn adhlkh kvk` ikykhl,

~knqt ink~k pdmdvkhkh #eyadynhl fevq. in`k ikykhl ~khl anpdy`tbkh anpdye`dc

akyn pnckb `tky #vtpp`ndy. akh ink~k pdmitkqkh #vdq tp fevq. in`k ikykhl

anpdye`dc adhlkh fkyk mdmitkqh~k vdhanyn(

k. Ink~k pdmdvkhkh #eyadynhl fevq. kak`kc vdmtk pdhld`tkykh ~khl qnmit`thqtb mdhakqkhlbkh ikykhl akyn `tky( Ink~k nhn md`nptqn ink~k thqtb

mdhdhqtbkh pdmkveb #vtpp`ndy., pdmitkqkh pdvkhkh, pdhlnynmkh pdvkhkh,

ink~k pdhlkhlbtqkh, ink~k pdhdynmkkh, akh vdqdytvh~k( Ink~k nhn

ankvtmvnbkh behvqkh vdqnkp bk`n pdvkh(

i. Ink~k pdmitkqkh #vdq tp fevq. kak`kc vdmtk pdhld`tkykh ~khl qnmit` ak`km


26/93

6. Ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh #ce`anhl fevq%fkyy~nhl fevq.Ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh kak`kc vdmtk pdhld`tkykh ~khl qnmit` kbnikq mdh~nmpkh

ikykhl( Ink~k nhn md`nptqn 7

k. Ink~k mdmn`nbn pdyvdankkh #ink~k meak`._dhtmptbkh ikykhl an ltakhl idykyqn pdhtmptbkh meak`, anmkhk meak`

pdytvkckkh mdmpth~kn ehlbev ~khl akpkq antbty adhlkh vtbt ithlk ikhb(

E`dc bkydhk nqt ink~k ~khl qnmit` bkydhk mdmn`nbn pdyvdankkh ckytv

anpdycnqthlbkh ak`km ink~k vnvqdm pdyvdankkh( Ink~k mdmn`nbn pdyvdankkh

antbty vdiklkn pdyvdhqkvd hn`kn pdyvdankkh thqtb pdynead |kbqt qdyqdhqt(

i. Ink~k ltakhlIkykhl ~khl anvnmpkh mdmdy`tbkh qdmpkq pdh~nmpkhkh vdcnhllk qnmit`

ink~k ltakhl( In`k ltakhl akh pdyk`kqkhh~k anvd|k mkbk ink~k ltakhl

mdytpkbkh ink~k vd|k, vdakhlbkh in`k pdytvkckkh mdmpth~kn ltakhl

vdhanyn, mkbk ink~k ltakhl mdytpkbkh ink~k adpydvnkvn(

f. Ink~k bdytvkbkh akh pdh~tvtqkhIkykhl ~khl anvnmpkh akpkq mdhlk`kmn bdytvkbkh kqkt pdh~tvtqkh bkydhk

idykqh~k kqkt gtm`kch~k idybtykhl #bkydhk cn`khl.( Ink~k bdytvkbkh kqkt

pdh~tvtqkh inkvkh~k antbty akyn pdhlk`kmkh vdvtkn adhlkh pdyvdhqkvdh~k(

a. Ink~k bkak`tkyvk #eive`dhfd.Ikykhl ~khl anvnmpkh akpkq mdhlk`kmn pdhtythkh hn`kn bkydhk pdytikckh

qdbhe`eln akh mead`( Ink~k bkak`tkyvk inkvkh~k antbty adhlkh idvkyh~k

pdhtythkh hn`kn gtk` ikykhl qdyvditq(

d. Ink~k kvtykhvnIkykhl ~khl anvnmpkh ankvtykhvnbkh thqtb mdhgklk akyn ck`-ck` ~khl qnakb

annhlnhbkh vdpdyqn bdikbkykh akh vdiklknh~k( Ink~k kvtykhvn vkhlkq

qdylkhqthl akyn gdhnv ikykhl ~khl ankvtykhvnbkh akh pdygkhgnkhh~k adhlkh

pdytvkckkh kvtykhvn(

j. Ink~k kamnhnvqykvn akh pdmnhakckh


27/93

1. Ink~k bdbtykhlkh pdyvdankkh #vceyqkld fevq.In`k pdytvkckkh bdckinvkh pdyvdankkh ikykhl pkak vkkq kak pdymnhqkkh, mkbk

kbkh qdygkan bdbtykhlkh pdyvdankkh( Bdkakkh nhn kbkh mdhnmit`bkh bdytlnkh

bkydhk pyevdv pyeatbvn kbkh qdylkhllt akh pdytvkckkh bdcn`khlkh bdvdmpkqkh

thqtb mdhakpkqbkh bdthqthlkh kqkt ikcbkh bdcn`khlkh pd`khllkh( Ink~k

bdbtykhlkh pdyvdankkh akpkq idytpk ink~k ~khl anbd`tkybkh pdytvkckkh kbnikq 7

k. Btkhqnqkv ~khl qnakb akpkq anpdhtcnInkvkh~k antbty akyn `kik ~khl cn`khl bkydhk qnakb akpkq mdmdhtcn

pdymnhqkkh kqkt bdytlnkh kbnikq qdycdhqnh~k pyevdv pyeatbvn(

i. \kbqt pdmdhtckh@kmkh~k ltakhl bevehl idykyqn `kmkh~k pyevdv pyeatbvn qdycdhqn kqkt

`kmkh~k pdytvkckkh qnakb mdhakpkqbkh bdthqthlkh, vdcnhllk |kbqt

mdhlkhllty qdyvditq akpkq ankyqnbkh vdiklkn tkhl ~khl cn`khl( Ink~k

|kbqt pdmdhtckh antbty idyakvkybkh |kbqt ~khl anpdy`tbkh thqtb

mdmdhtcn ltakhl adhlkh vkqtkh Ytpnkc pdy vkqtkh |kbqt(

f. Ink~k pdhlkakkh akytykqVtpk~k pd`khllkh qnakb bdfd|k, mkbk akpkq an`kbtbkh pdhlkakkh akytykq

~khl inkvkh~k kbkh mdhlkbnikqbkh pdhld`tkykh ink~k ~khl `dinc idvky

akynpkak pdhlkakkh heymk`(

_dhldhak`nkh _dyvdankkh

_dhldyqnkh _dhldhak`nkh _dyvdankkh

Mdhtytq Kvvktyn #;>>6. pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh mdytpkbkh vtkqt bdlnkqkh

thqtb mdhdhqtbkh qnhlbkq akh bempevnvn pdyvdankkh bempehdh ykbnqkh, ikckh ikbt

akh ikykhl ckvn` #pyeatb. vdcnhllk pdytvkckkh akpkq md`nhathln bd`khfkykh

pyeatbvn akh pdhgtk`kh vdyqk bditqtckh-bditqtckh pdmid`khgkkh pdytvkckkh adhlkh

djdbqnj akh djnvndh(

Bd`dinckh mktpth bdbtykhlkh pdyvdankkh kbkh mdhnmit`bkh bdytlnkh


28/93

adhlkh iknb, akh mdhnhlbkqh~k ink~k pdmdvkhkh vdgk`kh adhlkh mdhnhlbkqh~k

jydbtdhvn pdmid`nkh pdyvdankkh(

Qtgtkh _dhldhak`nkh _dyvdankkh

Mdhtytq Kvvktyn #;>>6. qtgtkh pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh anh~kqkbkh vdiklkn

tvkck thqtb 7

;. Mdhgklk gkhlkh vkmpkn pdytvkckkh bdckinvkh pdyvdankkh vdcnhllk akpkqmdhlkbnikqbkh qdycdhqnh~k bdlnkqkh pyeatbvn(

9. Mdhgklk vtpk~k pdmidhqtbkh pdyvdankkh e`dc pdytvkckkh qnakb qdy`k`t idvkykqkt idy`dinckh vdcnhllk ink~k-ink~k ~khl qnmit` akyn pdyvdankkh qnakb qdy`k`t

idvky(

6. Mdhgklk klky pdmid`nkh vdfkyk bdfn`-bdfn`kh akpkq ancnhakyn bkydhk kbkhidykbnikq pkak ink~k pdmdvkhkh ~khl mdhgkan idvky(

Mdhtytq Vqdzdhveh #;>3:. pdyv~kykqkh thqtb mdhfkpkn pdhldhak`nkhpdyvdankkh ~khl djdbqnj kak`kc vdiklkn idynbtq 7

;. Mdmpth~kn vnvqdm kbthqkhvn pdyvdankkh, vnvqdm kbthqkhvn nhn invk idytpk vnvqdmkbthqkhvn pdyneanb kqkt vnvqdm kbthqkhvn pdypdqtk ( Thqtb akpkq mdhatbthl

pdytvkckkh ak`km mdmitkq bdptqtvkh qdhqkhl idvky pdvkhkh, pdhgka|k`kh vdyqk

pdhlkhlbtqkh anpdy`tbkh vtkqt vnvqdm kbthqkhvn ~khl kbtykq(

9. Mdmn`nbn ykmk`kh pdymnhqkkh ~khl akpkq anpdyfk~k anmkhk anak`kmh~k qdyakpkqykmk`kh bdmthlbnhkh bdvk`kckh(

6. Mdhldqkctn gkhlbk |kbqt khqkyk pdvkhkh an`kbtbkh akh pdvkhkh anqdynmk, vdyqkzkynkhv akyn gkhlbk |kbqt qdyvditq(

1. Dvqnmkvn ink~k-ink~k pdyvdankkh #ce`anhl fevq, eyadynhl fevq, vceyqkld fevq.(4.

Vnvqdm b`kvnjnbkvn thqtb gdhnv-gdhnv pdyvdankkh(

Bdingkbvkhkkh ak`km _dhldhak`nkh _dyvdankkh

Bdingkbvkhkkh ak`km pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh pdy`t anqdqkpbkh ak`km ykhlbk

pdhlkqtykh pdyvdankkh ikckh, iknb mdhldhkn pdmdvkhkhh~k, mktpth mdhldhkn


29/93

idvkyh~k pdyvdankkh pkak |kbqt pdmdvkhkh bdmik`n an`kbtbkh, akh idvkyh~k

pdyvdankkh mkbvnmtm #Kvvktyn, ;>>6.(

_dyvdankkh pdhlkmkh mdytpkbkh ikqkv gtm`kc pdyvdankkh qdydhakc ~khl

ckytv kak thqtb vtkqt gdhnv ikckh( _dmdvkhkh vqkhaky mdytpkbkh ikh~kbh~k ikckh

ikbt ~khl anpdvkh ak`km gtm`kc qdqkp thqtb vtkqt pdynead ~khl qd`kc anqdhqtbkh(

_dmdvkhkh nhn idyakvkybkh kqkv pdyqnmikhlkh djnvndhvn ink~k pdyvdankkh ~khl

mnhnmtm(

Vnvqdm _dyvdankkh MY_

_dh~dankkh ikckh ikbt akpkq an`kbtbkh adhlkh ikhqtkh ididykpk mead`

khk`nvnv ~khl bdvdmtkh~k nqt idyqtgtkh thqtb mdmpdye`dc btk`nqkv akh btkhqnqkv

~khl qdpkq akyn ikckh-ikckh ~khl qdyvdank pkak |kbqt anitqtcbkh adhlkh ink~k-

ink~k ~khl mnhnmtm thqtb mdmpdye`dc bdthqthlkh kqkt thqtb bdpdhqnhlkh

pdytvkckkh #Kvvktyn, ;>>6.( Mead` pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ~khl

anlthkbkh qdylkhqthl pkak gdhnv pdymnhqkkh akyn ikckh ikbt nqt vdhanyn(

Qdyakpkq atk gdhnv pdmnhqkkh ikckh kqkt ikykhl, ~knqt 7

;. _dymnhqkkh idikv #nhadpdhadhq., mdytpkbkh gdhnv pdymnhqkkh anmkhkpdymnhqkkh behvtmdh qdyckakp ikykhl qdyvditq qnakb anpdhlkytcn kqkt qnakb

idyctithlkh adhlkh pdymnhqkkh behvtmdh kbkh ikykhl `knh(

9. _dymnhqkkh qdynbkq #adpdhadhq., mdytpkbkh gdhnv pdymnhqkkh anmkhk pdymnhqkkhbehvtmdh qdyckakp ikykhl qdyvditq idyctithlkh adhlkh pdymnhqkkh behvtmdh

kbkh ikykhl `knh( Vdmtk pdymnhqkkh qdynbkq akpkq anqtythbkh akh ancnqthl akyn

bditqtckh pyeatb ~khl anidhqtbh~k( Vdmtk bempehdh ~khl mdmidhqtb

pyeatb kbcny mdmn`nbn gdhnv pdymnhqkkh qdynbkq(

Mead` khk`nvnv pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh ~khl pk`nhl vdvtkn thqtb ikckh ikbt,

bempehdh, kqkt vtibempehdh ~khl mdmn`nbn gdhnv pdymnhqkkh qdynbkq kak`kc mead`

khk`nvnv adqdymnhnvqnb ~khl vk`kc vkqt ankhqkykh~k kak`kc vnvqdm MY_ #Mkqdynk`

Yd{tnydmdhq _`khhnhl.( Vnvqdm nhn qnakb mdhfeik thqtb mdmitkq pdyvdankkh ikckh


30/93

Vnvqdm MY_ kak`kc vtkqt vnvqdm pdydhfkhkkh akh pdhgka|k`kh bditqtckh

mkqdynk` ~khl mdmdy`tbkh ididykpk qkckpkh pyevdv( Ydhfkhk pyeatbvn thqtb

pyeatb kbcny anqdygdmkcbkh bd bditqtckh ikckh ikbt adhlkh mdmpdycnqthlbkh

|kbqt qthllt vdcnhllk akpkq anqdhqtbkh bkpkh akh idykpk ikh~kb ikckh ikbt ~khl

ckytv anpdvkh thqtb pyeatb ~khl kbkh anitkq( Vnvqdm MY_ mdmn`nbn ikh~kb

bd`dinckh ak`km mdhkhlkhn ikykhl-ikykhl adhlkh pdymnhqkkh qdynbkq, ~knqt 7

;. Mdhnhlbkqbkh pd`k~khkh akh bdptkvkh pd`khllkh(9. Mdhnhlbkqbkh bdlthkkh jkvn`nqkv akh qdhklk bdygk(6. _dydhfkhkkh akh pdhgka|k`kh pdyvdankkh ~khl iknb(1. Ydvpeh `dinc fdpkq qdyckakp pdytikckh pkvky(4. Mdhltykhln qnhlbkq pdyvdankkh qkhpk mdhltykhln pd`k~khkh bdpkak pd`khllkh(

Kak idyiklkn mkfkm qdbhnb ~khl akpkq anlthkbkh ak`km mdhdhqtbkh tbtykh

`eq pkak vnvqdm MY_, ididykpk ankhqkykh~k kak`kc qdbhnb @eq-Jey-@eq #@J@.,

Dfehemnf Eyady [tkhqnq~ #DE[., akh _kyq-_dynea Qeqk` Fevq Ik`khfnhl #__I.(

Qdbhnb @eq-Jey-@eq( Ak`km qdbhnb nhn, pdytvkckkh mdmdvkh qdpkq vdidvky ~khl

anitqtcbkh qkhpk pdyvdankkh pdhlkmkh akh khqnvnpkvn kqkv pdvkhkh `dinc `khgtq(

_dvkhkh an`kbtbkh vdidvky bditqtckh idyvnc, ~knqt bditqtckh beqey anbtykhln

pdyvdankkh ~khl kak an qkhlkh pkak pdynead-pdynead k|k` akh anckykpbkh pdvkhkh

kbkh anqdynmk pkak vkkq ikykhl qdyvditq anitqtcbkh( Bkydhk mead` nhn ckh~k

mdmdvkh vdidvky ~khl anitqtcbkh, mkbk pdynead-pdynead idynbtqh~k vdqd`kc

pdyvdankkh k|k` anckinvbkh qnakb qdyakpkq pdyvdankkh ~khl kak an qkhlkh, vdcnhllk

bditqtckh beqey kak`kc vkmk adhlkh bditqtckh idyvnc ~khl bdmtankh anpdvkh

adhlkh ckykpkh kbkh anqdynmk qdpkq pkak |kbqth~k #Itjjk akh Vkynh, ;>>:.(

Qdbhnb nhn idytvkck mdhlcn`khlbkh ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh pdyvdankkh ~khlanpdlkhl md`d|kqn vtkqt pdyvdankkh( Qdqkpn qdbhnb nhn qnakb akpkq mdhlkmin`

bdthqthlkh dbehemnv ~khl idyctithlkh adhlkh tbtykh pdvkhkh qdqkp vdpdyqn tbtykh

behqknhdy qdqkp akh pyevdaty-pyevdaty vqkhaky `knhh~k #vdpdyqn peqehlkh pdmid`nkh


31/93

gtlk anlthkbkh vdiklkn qdbhnb pdhdhqtkh tbtykh `eq ak`km mdqead MY_( Ak`km

qdbhnb DE[, pdmdvkhkh an`kbtbkh vdidvky btkhqnqkv pdmdvkhkh ~khl dbehemnv(

Kpkin`k ak`km vtkqt pdynead bditqtckh idyvnch~k `dinc idvky akynpkak gtm`kc DE[,

mkbk gtm`kc ~khl anpdvkh kak`kc vdidvky bd`npkqkh akyn DE[ ~khl qdyadbkq, ~knqt

atk kqkt qnlk bk`n DE[( Mdhtytq Ckhaebe #;>>;. qdbhnb nhn yd`kqnj mtakc

anlthkbkh, qdqkpn mdmn`nbn vdgtm`kc kvtmvn, ididykpk ankhqkykh~k kak`kc 7

;. _dymnhqkkh kbkh pyeatb kak`kc behvqkh, vdyklkm, akh anbdqkctn #adqdymnhnvqnb.(9. Ckylk pdy thnq pyeatb kak`kc behvqkh(6. Ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh pdy thnq pdy qkcth kak`kc behvqkh(1. Ink~k pdmdvkhkh pdy pdvkhkh kak`kc behvqkh(4. \kbqt khqkyk pdvkhkh an`kbtbkh akh ikykhl-ikykhl anqdynmk kak`kc behvqkh(:. Qnakb qdygkan bdbtykhlkh ikykhl(

Ink~k ~khl mdmpdhlkytcn btkhqnqkv pdmdvkhkh ~khl epqnmk` #DE[.

mdhtytq Kvvktyn #;>>6. kak`kc ink~k pdmdvkhkh akh ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh( Ink~k

pdyvdankkh `knhh~k vdpdyqn ink~k vqefb etqakh ink~k pdyqkmikckh pdyvdankkh qnakb

anpdycnqthlbkh bkydhk adhlkh kvtmvn pdymnhqkkh ikckh ikbt behvqkh, mkbk bdatk

ink~k qdyvditq qnakb qnmit`( Ctithlkh khqkyk ink~k pdmdvkhkh akh ink~k

pdh~nmpkhkh akpkq an`nckq pkak #Lkmiky 9., anmkhk [? kak`kc btkhqnqkv ~khl

mdmnhnmtmbkh qeqk` ink~k( Btkhqnqkv pdvkhkh qdqkp ~khl mdmnhnmtmbkh ink~k

qdyvditq qdygkan pkak vkkq btyzk ink~k pdmdvkhkh akh btyzk ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh

idypeqehlkh, ~knqt pkak vkkq ink~k pdmdvkhkh vkmk adhlkh ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh(

[C%9 = Ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh

QF = Ink~k qeqk`

Ink~k


32/93

_dhdhqtkh btkhqnqkv pdvkhkh ~khl epqnmk` adhlkh mdhllthkbkh mead` DE[

kak`kc vdiklkn idynbtq 7

Ink~k qkcthkh qeqk` = Ink~k pdmdvkhkh " Ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh

QF = #AV%[. " #[C%9.

Mdhtytq Ckhaebe #;>>;., tbtykh `eq adhlkh ink~k mnhnmtm anpdye`dc pkak

vkkq qtythkh pdyqkmk akyn ink~k qeqk` qkcthkh vkmk adhlkh he`, vdcnhllk anpdye`dc

ytmtv vdiklkn idynbtq 7

# . C9AV[? =

Anmkhk 7 [? = btkhqnqkv pdmdvkhkh dbehemnv

A = pdhllthkkh kqkt pdymnhqkkh ~khl anpdybnykbkh pdy qkcth

V = ink~k pdmdvkhkh pdy pdvkhkh

C = ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh pdy thnq pdy qkcth

Qdbhnb_kyq-_dynea Qeqk` Fevq Ik`khfnhl( Qdbhnb __I nhn kak`kc vtkqt pdhadbkqkh

~khl `dinc anhkmnv thqtb mdh~dnmikhlbkh ink~k pdmdvkhkh akh ink~k

pdh~nmpkhkh( Ak`km qdbhnb _kyq-_dynea Qeqk` Fevq Ik`khfnhl #__I., idvkyh~k

pdvkhkh an`kbtbkh vdidvky bditqtckh idyvnc btmt`kqnj ak`km vtkqt pdynead ~khl

anlkithlbkh( _dhllkithlkh pdynead an`kbtbkh thqtb lkithlkh pdynead idytytqkh

~khl mdmn`nbn hn`kn btmt`kqnj iklnkh khqky pdynead mdhadbkqn hn`kn Dfehemnf _kyq

_dynead #D__.( Hn`kn D__ kak`kc btkhqnqkv pdmid`nkh ~khl akpkq mdh~dnmikhlbkh

ink~k pdmdvkhkh akh ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh idyakvkybkh bditqtckh idyvnc btmt`kqnj

akyn ididykpk pdynead ~khl anlkithlbkh( Hn`kn D__ akpkq ancnqthl adhlkh

mdhllthkbkh ytmtv 7

CVD__ =

Anmkhk 7 V = ink~k pdmdvkhkh pdy bk`n pdvkh

C = ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh pdy thnq pdy mnhllt

Qdbhnb __I mdmn`nbn pynhvnp mdhllkithlbkh vtkqt pdynead bd pdynead

idynbtqh~k( Vdqd`kc nqt an`kbtbkh pdhlcnqthlkh bditqtckh idyvnc btmt`kqnj akyn


33/93

Qkid` 4( Fkyk _dhlcnqthlkh Iklnkh _dynead

_dynead ~khl anlkithlbkh Bditqtckh idyvnc btmt`kqnj Btmt`kqnj iklnkh pdynead

; k k s #;-;. = ?

;,9 k " i i s #9-;.

;,9,6 k " i " f i s #9-;. " f s #6-;.

Bdqdykhlkh 7 k, i, akh f kak`kc idvky bditqtckh idyvnc akyn vdqnkp pdynead

Vtmidy 7 Vqdzdhveh #;>3:.

Bdmtankh an`nckq iklnkh lkithlkh pdynead ~khl mdhadbkqn hn`kn D__, ~knqt

pn`nckh lkithlkh pdynead ~khl anpn`nc( Idvky pdvkhkh kak`kc vdidvky bditqtckh

idyvnc btmt`kqnj, an`kbtbkh vdid`tm bditqtckh qdygkan adhlkh ckykpkh anqdynmk qdpkq

pkak k|k` pdynead lkithlkh qdyvditq akh anlthkbkh vd`kmk pdynead lkithlkh(


34/93

MDQEAD

@ebkvn akh \kbqt

_dhd`nqnkh nhn an`kbvkhkbkh an _Q Nhaemn`b ~khl idy`ebkvn an G`( Yk~k Ieley

Bm 9:,: Lkhakynk, Gkbkyqk( _dhd`nqnkh nhn an`kbtbkh pkak it`kh Gt`n 9??4(

Advknh

_dhd`nqnkh nhn mdytpkbkh vqtan bkvtv ~khl an`kbvkhkbkh pkak _Q Nhaemn`b(

_dhd`nqnkh nhn mdmpd`kgkyn mkhkgdmdh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ~khl vd`kmk nhn

an`kbtbkh e`dc _Q Nhaemn`b vdyqk mdhfeik thqtb mdytmtvbkh k`qdyhkqnj mead`

pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ~khl djnvndh akh vdvtkn adhlkh behanvn

pdytvkckkh(

Akqk akh Nhvqytmdhqkvn

Akqk ~khl anlthkbkh ak`km pdhd`nqnkh nhn md`nptqn akqk pynmdy akh akqk

vdbthady( Akqk pynmdy anpdye`dc md`k`tn pdhlkmkqkh `khlvthl an `kpkhlkh akh

|k|khfkyk adhlkh pnckb pdytvkckkh( Akqk pynmdy ~khl anpdy`tbkh kak`kc lkmikykh

pdytvkckkh vdyqk bdingkbkh-bdingkbkh pdytvkckkh ak`km pdhlkakkh akh pdhldhak`nkh

pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbth~k( Akqk pynmdy qdyvditq anlthkbkh thqtb mdhlkhk`nvnv

bdingkbkh pdhlkakkh akh pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ~khl vd`kmk nhn

an`kbtbkh e`dc pdytvkckkh(

Akqk vdbthady anpdye`dc akyn `kpeykh qkcthkh pdytvkckkh, ~knqt akqk idytpk

bditqtckh ikckh ikbt, akqk pdmdvkhkh ~khl mdhfkbtp jydbtdhvn akh qdhllkhl

|kbqt pdmdvkhkh, vdyqk kpeykh pyeatbvn qkcthkh( Akqk vdbthady gtlk anpdye`dc akyn

`nqdykqty-`nqdykqty ~khl yd`dzkh adhlkh mkvk`kc pdhd`nqnkh ~khl idykvk` akyn nhvqkhvn-

nhqkhvn qdybknq, vdpdyqn Ikakh _tvkq Vqkqnvqnb, Adpkyqdmdh _dynhatvqynkh akh

_dyaklkhlkh, Anydbqeykq Gdhadyk` Inhk _yeatbvn _dqdyhkbkh, vdyqk ckvn`-ckvn`

pdhd`nqnkh ~khl yd`dzkh(

Akqk ~khl anpdy`tbkh ak`km pdhd`nqnkh nhn idytpk akqk btk`nqkqnj akh


35/93

;. Akqk pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt mkvk `k`t ~khl idytpk akqk btkhqnqkqnj pdyvdankkhk|k`, pdmkvtbkh #pdmid`nkh. akh pdmkbknkh ikckh ikbt, pdyvdankkh kbcny ~khl

qdyakpkq an ltakhl, bkpkvnqkv ltakhl, akh gka|k` pyeatbvn(

9. Ink~k pdmid`nkh #ptyfckvnhl fevq.( Ink~k-ink~k ~khl anbd`tkybkh thqtbmdmid`n ikykhl( Ink~k pdmid`nkh ankhqkykh~k qdyanyn akyn ckylk ikckh ikbt,

_kgkb _dyqkmikckh Hn`kn #__H., a``(

6. Ink~k pdmdvkhkh #eyadynhl fevq.( Ink~k nhn qdyanyn akyn akqk ink~k-ink~k ~khlidybknqkh adhlkh pdmdvkhkh ikckh ikbt ak`km vkqt bk`n pdvkh( Ink~k

pdmdvkhkh ankhqkykh~k qdyanyn akyn ink~k kamnhnvqykvn, ink~k qd`dpeh, a``(

1. Ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh #ce`anhl%fkyy~nhl fevq.( Ink~k ~khl qdygkan bkydhk kakh~kpdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt an ltakhl( Ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh ankhqkykh~k qdyanyn akyn

ink~k meak` #eppeyqthnq~ fevq., ink~k pdhkhlkhkh pdyvdankkh #ckha`nhl., a``(

4. \kbqt qthllt #`dka qnmd.( @kmk |kbqt khqkyk mt`kn an`kbtbkhh~k pdmdvkhkhikckh ikbt vkmpkn adhlkh bdakqkhlkh ikckh ikbt qdyvditq an ltakhl(

_dhltmpt`kh Akqk

_dhltmpt`kh akqk tqkmkh~k an`kbvkhkbkh an _yeatfqneh _`khhnhl kha

Nhzdhqey~ Fehqye` #__NF. Adpkyqmdhq, _Q Nhaemn`b( _dhltmpt`kh akqk

an`kbvkhkbkh vd`kmk vkqt it`kh( Ydvpehadh ~khl an`nikqbkh ak`km pdhltmpt`kh

akqk qdyanyn akyn __NF Mkhkldy vdyqk vqkj-vqkj qdybknq akyn __NF, _yeatfqneh, akh

\kydcetvd Adpkyqmdhq(

Khk`nvnv Akqk

Bdingkbkh, pd`kbvkhkkh, akh pdymkvk`kckh ak`km mkhkgdmdh pdyvdankkh

ikckh ikbt ~khl vd`kmk nhn an`kbtbkh e`dc _Q Nhaemn`b ankhk`nvnv akh antyknbkh

vdfkyk advbynpqnj( _kak pdhd`nqnkh nhn, khk`nvk ~khl an`kbtbkh anikqkvn ckh~k pkak

atk ikckh ikbt vkgk, ~knqt Vbnm Mn`b _e|ady #VM_. akh Itqqdy Mn`b _e|ady

#IM_.( Vd`knh bkydhk mdytpkbkh ikckh ikbt tqkmk, pdmn`nckh bdatk gdhnv ikckh


36/93

Ik`khfnhl #__I.( Mead` pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh ~khl pk nhl djnvndh anakpkq

adhlkh fkyk mdmikhanhlbkh bdqnlk mead` qdvditq adhlkh mdqead pdytvkckkh ak`km

ck` idvky ink~k pdyvdankkh(

Akqk akh nhjeymkvn ~khl qdybtmpt` ane`kc akh ankhk`nvnv vdfkyk btkhqnqkqnj

akh btk`nqkqnj( Akqk btkhqnqkqnj ane`kc adhlkh mdhllthkbkh k`kq ikhqt vejq|kyd

Mnfyevejq Dsfd` akh bk`bt`kqey, anmkhk vdiklnkh idvky ckvn`h~k anqkmpn`bkh ak`km

idhqtb qkid`( Bdmtankh akqk btkhqnqkqnj ckvn` khk`nvk qdyvditq anikhanhlbkh thqtb

mdhakpkqbkh k`qdyhkqnj mead` pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh ~khl pk`nhl djnvndh(

Qkckpkh-qkckpkh pdhle`kckh akh khk`nvnv akqk ~khl an`kbtbkh kak`kc vdiklkn

idynbtq 7

;. Nadhqnjnbkvn vnvqdm akh bdingkbkh pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ~khlvd`kmk nhn an`kbtbkh e`dc pdytvkckkh

9. _dhdhqtkh ikckh ikbt pebeb pdytvkckkh6. Khk`nvnv |kbqt qthllt pdhlkakkh akh ze`tmd pdmkbknkh ikckh ikbt1. Khk`nvnv bempehdh-bempehdh ink~k pdyvdankkh4. Khk`nvnv btkhqnqkqnj pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh adhlkh mdqead MY_:. Khk`nvnv ckvn` akh pdyikhanhlkh khqky mdqeadKhk`nvnv Ink~k _dyvdankkh

Ink~k-ink~k pdyvdankkh ~khl kbkh ankhk`nvnv md`nptqn ink~k pdyvdankkh ~khl

qdyanyn akyn ink~k pdmdvkhkh akh ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh ikckh ikbt( _dhdhqtkh

bempehdh ink~k pdyvdankkh nhn idylthk akh vk`nhl qdybknq ak`km mdhdhqtbkh

btkhqnqkv epqnmk` pdvkhkh pkak khk`nvnv idynbtqh~k(

Ink~k pdmdvkhkh kak`kc ink~k-ink~k ~khl anbd`tkybkh e`dc pdytvkckkh ~khl

idybknqkh adhlkh pdmdvkhkh akh pdhdynmkkh ikckh ikbt akyn pdmkveb( Ink~k nhn

idyctithlkh adhlkh jydbtdhvn pdvkhkh, qdqkpn qnakb qdylkhqthl akyn btkhqnqkv

pdvkhkh( Bempehdh ink~k nhn md`nptqn ink~k kamnhnvqykvn, ink~k qd`dpeh, ink~k jks,

ink~k qykhvjdy ikhb, avi( Idvkyh~k ink~k pdmdvkhkh vd`kmk vkqt qkcth akpkq


37/93

Ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh kak`kc ink~k-ink~k ~khl anbd`tkybkh e`dc pdytvkckkh

~khl idybknqkh adhlkh kakh~k pdyvdankkh an ltakhl( Ink~k nhn idyctithlkh adhlkh

qnhlbkq ykqk-ykqk pdyvdankkh ~khl qdyakpkq an ltakhl( Bempehdh ink~k nhn md`nptqn

ink~k pdhkhlkhkh pdyvdankkh, ink~k kvtykhvn, vdyqk ink~k meak` #eppeyqthnq~ fevq.

akyn nhzdvqkvn ak`km idhqtb pdyvdankkh( Idvkyh~k ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh vd`kmk vkqt

qkcth akpkq ancnqthl adhlkh mdhllthkbkh ytmtv 7

=

6:4

;nCnC qQ

c[q ynCn =

# . 9[yn [[ kbnk|n "=

Anmkhk 7 QC = Ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh pdy qkcth

qCn = Ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh pdy ckyn

[yn = Qnhlbkq pdyvdankkh ykqk-ykqk qkhllk` n

[k|n = Qnhlbkq pdyvdankkh k|k` ykqk-ykqk qkhllk` n

[kbn = Qnhlbkq pdyvdankkh kbcny ykqk-ykqk qkhllk` n

c = Ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh pdy thnq pdy ckyn

Idvky akyn eppeyqthnq~ fevq anpdhlkytcn e`dc ckylk pdy thnq akh idvkyh~k

qnhlbkq vtbt ithlk ~khl idy`kbt pkak vkqt pdynead ~khl idyvkhlbtqkh( Ink~k nhn

ancnqthl bkydhk adhlkh mdhlkakbkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt, pdytvkckkh kbkhbdcn`khlkh bdvdmpkqkh thqtb mdmpdye`dc bdthqthlkh gnbk akhk thqtb mdhlkakbkh

pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt qdyvditq anvnmpkh an ikhb( Idvky akyn eppeyqthnq~ fevqakpkq

ancnqthl adhlkh fkyk vdiklkn idynbtq 7

Eppeyqthnq~ fevq= _ s y

Anmkhk 7 _ = Ckylk pdmid`nkh ikckh ikbt pdy thnq

y = Qnhlbkq vtbt ithlk nhzdvqkvn

Khk`nvnv Btkhqnqkqnj _dhldhak`nkh _dyvdankkh

Ck` tqkmk ~khl anfkyn akyn vtkqt mead` pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh kak`kc

b n a b n ` i n c A ` `n n n n


38/93

Qkid` :( Jeymkq _dydhfkhkkh Bditqtckh Ikckh Ikbt

Bdqdykhlkh Mnhllt bd-

; 9 6 1 4 : < 3

Bditqtckh beqey

_ye~dbvn pdyvdankkh an qkhlkh

Bditqtckh idyvnc

Ydhfkhk pdhdynmkkh pdvkhkh

Ydhfkhk pd`kbvkhkkh pdvkhkh

Vtmidy 7 Itjjk akh Vkynh, ;>>:

@khlbkc pdyqkmk kak`kc mdhdhqtbkh bditqtckh beqey pdytvkckkh(

Bditqtckh beqey mdytpkbkh ydhfkhk pdmkbknkh pdyvdankkh pdytvkckkh ~khl qd`kc

anqdhqtbkh vdid`tmh~k pkak vkkq pdhgka|k`kh pyeatbvn(

_ye~dbvn pdyvdankkh an qkhlkh kak`kc pdybnykkh pdyvdankkh k|k` ~khl kak an

qkhlkh thqtb vtkqt pdynead( Kpkin`k qnakb qdyakpkq pdhdynmkkh qdygka|k`, qnakb

qdyakpkq bditqtckh idyvnc akh qnakb qdyakpkq ydhfkhk pdhdynmkkh pdvkhkh pkak

pdynead vdid`tmh~k, mkbk idvky pye~dbvn pdyvdankkh an qkhlkh thqtb vtkqt pdynead

kak`kc pye~dbvn pdyvdankkh an qkhlkh pkak pdynead vdid`tmh~k anbtykhln bditqtckh

beqey pkak pdynead vdid`tmh~k( Kpkin`k qdyakpkq pdhdynmkkh qdygka|k` pkak pdynead

vdid`tmh~k, qdqkpn qnakb qdyakpkq bditqtckh idyvnc akh ydhfkhk pdhdynmkkh pdvkhkh

pkak pdynead vdid`tmh~k, mkbk pye~dbvn pdyvdankkh an qkhlkh kak`kc vdidvky

pdhdynmkkh qdygka|k` pkak pdynead vdid`tmh~k anbtykhln adhlkh bditqtckh beqey

pkak pdynead vdid`tmh~k( Kpkin`k qdyakpkq bditqtckh idyvnc akh ydhfkhk

pdhdynmkkh pdvkhkh pkak pdynead vdid`tmh~k, mkbk pye~dbvn pdyvdankkh an qkhlkh

kak`kc vdidvky ydhfkhk pdhdynmkkh pdvkhkh pkak pdynead vdid`tmh~k anbtykhlnadhlkh bditqtckh idyvnc pkak pdynead vdid`tmh~k(

_dhdynmkkh qdygka|k` kak`kc pdyvdankkh ~khl kbkh anqdynmk pkak pdynead

qdyqdhqt ak`km pdynead pdhlkmkqkh idyakvkybkh pdmdvkhkh ~khl an`kbtbkh vdid`tm


39/93

mkbk bditqtckh idyvnc thqtb pdynead qdyvditq kak`kc vdidvky bditqtckh beqey

anbtykhln adhlkh pye~dbvn pdyvdankkh an qkhlkh pkak pdynead qdyvditq(

Ydhfkhk pdhdynmkkh pdvkhkh kak`kc idvky pdvkhkh ~khl anydhfkhkbkh kbkh

anqdynmk thqtb vtkqt pdynead( Idvky ydhfkhk pdhdynmkkh pdvkhkh anqdhqtbkh

idyakvkybkh qdbhnb pdhdhqtkh tbtykh `eq ~khl anlthkbkh(

Ydhfkhk pd`kbvkhkkh pdvkhkh kak`kc idvky pdvkhkh ~khl anydhfkhkbkh kbkh

anqdynmk pkak vtkqt pdynead, adhlkh ckykpkh kbkh anqdynmk pdytvkckkh qdpkq pkak

vkkq ~khl anitqtcbkh( _dvkhkh pkak vkkq ydhfkhk pd`kbvkhkkh pdvkhkh idvkyh~k

vkmk adhlkh vkkq ydhfkhk pdhdynmkkh pdvkhkh, vdakhlbkh pdynead pd`kbvkhkkhh~k

vdidvky |kbqt qthllt vdid`tm ydhfkhk pdhdynmkkh pdvkhkh(

Adjnhnvn Nvqn`kc

_dyvdankkh kak`kc ikckh kqkt ikykhl ~khl anvnmpkh ~khl kbkh anlthkbkh thqtb

mdmdhtcn qtgtkh qdyqdhqt, mnvk`h~k thqtb pyevdv pyeatbvn kqkt pdykbnqkh(

Ikckh ikbt kak`kc ikckh ~khl mdmidhqtb iklnkh mdh~d`tytc akyn vtkqt pyeatb

gkan(

Ink~k pdmdvkhkh kak`kc ink~k-ink~k ~khl qdybknq `khlvthl adhlkh bdlnkqkh

pdmdvkhkh kqkt pdmid`nkh ikckh ikbt ~khl an`kbtbkh e`dc pdytvkckkh( Ink~k nhn

ankvtmvnbkh behvqkh vdqnkp bk`n pdvkh(

Ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh kak`kc ink~k-ink~k ~khl anbd`tkybkh e`dc pdytvkckkh ~khl

idybknqkh adhlkh kakh~k pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt an ltakhl pdytvkckkh(

Ink~k pdyvdankkh kak`kc vdmtk pdhld`tkykh akh bdytlnkh ~khl qnmit` vdiklkn

kbnikq kakh~k pdyvdankkh( Ink~k pdyvdankkh ~khl anikhanhlbkh ak km pdhd`nqnkh nhn

qdyanyn akyn ink~k pdmdvkhkh akh ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh(

\kbqt qthllt kak`kc qdhllkhl |kbqt khqkyk pdmdvkhkh ikckh ikbt vkmpkn ikckh

ikbt qdyvditq anqdynmk pdytvkckkh(

Tbtykh `eqpdmdvkhkh ~khl epqnmk` kak`kc gtm`kc akyn ikckh ikbt ~khl anpdvkh

ak`km vkqt bk`n pdvkh thqtb mdmdhtcn bditqtckh beqey pdytvkckkh, anmkhk


40/93

BDKAKKH TMTM @EBKVN

Vdgkykc akh _dybdmikhlkh _dytvkckkh

_kak k|k` idyanynh~k, _Q Ktvqyk`nk Nhaehdvnkh Mn`b Nhatvqyndv mdytpkbkh

pkiynb pdhle`kckh vtvt ~khl mdytpkbkh ckvn` bdygkvkmk khqkyk pdmdynhqkc

Nhaehdvnk akh Ktvqyk`nk #Ktvqyk`nkh Akny~ _yeatfd Iekya. ~khl anakvkybkh pkak

Thakhl-Thakhl _dhkhkmkh Meak` Kvnhl Hemey ; Qkcth ;>:< akh Vtykq _ydvnadh

YN Hemey I66%_ydvv%NN%;>:< qkhllk` 6 Hezdmidy ;>:::>(

_Q Ktvqyk`nk Nhaehdvnkh Mn`b Nhatvqyndv mt`kn idypyeatbvn pkak qkhllk` 6

Gt`n ;>:> akh mdhlckvn`bkh pyeatb vtvt bdhqk` mkhnv #VBM. adhlkh mdydb

NHAEMN@B( _yeatb-pyeatb VBM ~khl anckvn`bkh _Q Ktvqyk nk Nhaehdvnkh Mn`b

Nhatvqyndv cnhllk vkkq nhn ankhqkykh~k kak`kc VBM NHAEMN@B #_`knh akh Fcefe.,

VBM Fkp Dhkkb #_`knh akh Feb`kq., akh Bynmdy Bdhqk` Mkhnv Bydmdy( An vkmpnhl

nqt, _Q Ktvqyk`nk Nhaehdvnkh Mn`b Nhatvqyndv gtlk mdmpyeatbvn VBM thqtb

bdpdy`tkh dbvpey ~khl anpyeatbvn vdvtkn adhlkh pdymnhqkkh(

_kak qkcth ;>


41/93

idhqtb akyn _dhkhkmkh Meak` Kvnhl #_MK. mdhgkan _dhkhkmkh Meak` Ak`km

Hdldyn #_MAH. ~khl vdiklnkh idvky vkckmh~k anmn`nbn e`dc Lytp Vk`nm #:?$.,

IIN%Vnhky Mkv Nhqn #9?$., akh vnvkh~k anmn`nbn e`dc _(A(*N Meynveh(

_kak qkcth ;>>1, _Q Nhaemn`b mdhgkan pdytvkckkh vtvt pdyqkmk an Nhaehdvnk

~khl mdmpdye`dc ydbemdhakvn thqtb mdhfkhqtmbkh `kid` ck`k` pkak vdmtk

pyeatbh~k vdqd`kc mdmdhtcn pdyv~kykqkh bdqkq ~khl anqdykpbkh e`dc Adpkyqdmdh

Bdvdckqkh akh Adpkyqdmdh Klkmk Ydpti`nb Nhaehdvnk ak`km ikckh ikbt,

jeymt`kvn, pdhle`kckh, pdyk`kqkh, tgn feik behqkmnhkvn akh ykankvn, bdidyvnckh vkykhk

bdygk, behqye` mtqt akh bdmkvkh vdyqk pdhkhlkhkh `nmikc( _kak qkcth 9??;, _Q

Nhaemn`b mdhakpkq vdyqnjnbkq NVE >??9 an inakhl nhatvqyn pdhle`kckh vtvt akyn

@dmiklk Vdyqnjnbkq Nhqdyhkqnehk` VLV akh TBKV [tk`nq~ Mkhkldmdhq adhlkh

hemey vdyqnjnbkq [46:;:(

@ebkvn _dytvkckkh

Bkhqey ptvkq akh pkiynb _Q Nhaemn`b qdy`dqkb an Gk`kh Yk~k Ieley Bm 9:,:

Lkhakynk, Bd`tykckh _dbk~eh, Bdfkmkqkh _kvky Ydie, Gkbkyqk Qnmty( Kydk pkiynb

mdhdmpkqn èbkvn ~khl vkhlkq vqykqdlnv bkydhk gkykb akh vkykhk qykhvpeyqkvn akyn

vtmidy ikckh mdhqkc bd èbkvn pkiynb adbkq, gtlk adbkq adhlkh qdymnhk` ikykhl

#pd`kitckh akh vqkvnth., ptvkq-ptvkq bdlnkqkh pdydbehemnkh vdpdyqn pdybkhqeykh,

pdyqebekh, pdyaklkhlkh, pdyikhbkh, cnitykh, akh `knh-`knh( _dmn`nckh èbkvn nhn

akpkq mdmtakcbkh ak`km pdhlkakkh qdhklk bdygk, ikckh ikbt, bdmtakckh

qykhvpeyqkvn vdcnhllk mdmthlbnhbkh anvqynitvn idygk`kh adhlkh iknb akh fdpkq, vdyqk

adbkq adhlkh akdykc pdmkvkykh(

Vkkq nhn _Q Nhaemn`b mdmpth~kn `tkv `kckh 6 cdbqky adhlkh `tkv ikhlthkh

btykhl `dinc ;?(


42/93

Nhaemn`b qdyakpkq pdytvkckkh pdhle`kckh vtvt `knhh~k ~khl mdmn`nbn ctithlkh dykq,

~knqt _Q Akny~zn``d akh _Q T`qynhae(

Vqytbqty Eylkhnvkvn _dytvkckkh

_nmpnhkh epdykvnehk` qdyqnhlln an _Q Nhaemn`b kak`kc Vqddynhl Femmnqqdd

~khl idyqtlkv mdmnmpnh pdytvkckkh vdfkyk bdvd`tytckh akh idyqkhllthl gk|ki

bdpkak pkyk pdmdlkhl vkckm qdyckakp bdmkgtkh pdytvkckkh( Ak`km mdhgk`khbkh

qtlkvh~k Vqddynhl Femmnqqdd anikhqt e`dc Mkhkldmdhq Ydpydvdhqkqnzd, [tk`nq~

Kvvtykhfd, Feypeykqd Kaznvey, akh Dsdftqnzd _k~ye``( Vqddynhl Femmnqqdd

mdmik|kcn vdmin`kh anznvn, ~khl qdyanyn akyn _yeatfq Adzdèpmdhq kha [tk`nq~

Fehqye` #_A[F. Anznvneh, Mkybdqnhl kha Vk`dv Anznvneh, Ctmkh Ydvetyfdv

Adzdèpmdhq kha Ldhdyk` Kjjkny #CYA*LK. Anznvneh, Vtpp`~ Fcknh Anznvneh,

_yeatfqneh Anznvneh, Fdhqyk` _tyfckvnhl Anznvneh, Dhlnhddynhl Anznvneh, Jnhkhfd

kha Kffethqnhl Anznvneh, akh BTA Vdyznfd Anznvneh( Mkvnhlmkvnhl anznvn qdyvditq

anbdpk`kn e`dc vdeykhl bdpk`k anznvn( Anznvnanznvn nhn qdyikln `kln mdhgkan ididykpk

adpkyqdmdh ~khl anbdpk`kn e`dc vdeykhl mkhkgdy ~khl anikhqt e`dc ididykpk

vtpdyznvey ~khl mdmnmpnh ididykpk vqkj(

_yeatfq Adzdèpmdhq kha [tk`nq~ Fehqye` Anznvneh idyqtlkv thqtb mdhgklk

btk`nqkv mtqt ikckh ikbt vkmpkn mdhgkan pyeatb gkan akh md`kbtbkh pdhd`nqnkh

thqtb pdhldmikhlkh akh pdhfnpqkkh pyeatb ikyt( Mkybdqnhl kha Vk`dv Anznvneh

idyqkhllthl gk|ki ak`km ck` pdmkvkykh akh pdhgtk`kh pyeatb ~khl anckvn`bkh

pdytvkckkh, akh gtlk md`kbtbkh ynvdq pkvky thqtb mdhakpkqbkh pd`tkhl pkvky ~khl

`dinc `tkv akh mdhgklk bd`khlvthlkh cnatp pkvky ~khl qd`kc anakpkqbkh(

Ctmkh Ydvetyfdv Adzdèpmdhq kha Ldhdyk` Kjjkny Anznvneh idyqkhllthl

gk|ki ak`km pdydhfkhkkh, pdhleylkhnvkvnkh, pdhlkykckh, akh pdhldhak`nkh kqkv

pdhlkakkh qdhklk bdygk, pdhldmikhlkh, bempdhvkvn, nhqdlykvn pdmd`nckykkh, akh

pdmtqtvkh ctithlkh bdygk( Vd`knh nqt, anznvn nhn gtlk idyqkhllthl gk|ki ak`km

pdminhkkh ctithlkh adhlkh pnckb `tky mktpth ctithlkh an ak`km pdytvkckkh nqt


43/93

Vk`dv Anznvneh, vdakhlbkh thqtb pdmid`nkh ikykhl-ikykhl bditqtckh pdytvkckkh

an`kbtbkh e`dc Fdhqyk` _tyfckvnhl Anznvneh(

_yeatfqneh Anznvneh idyqkhllthl gk|ki ak`km bd`khfkykh pyevdv pyeatbvn

klky pyeatb ~khl anckvn`bkh vdvtkn adhlkh vpdvnjnbkvn ~khl qd`kc anqdhqtbkh(

Dhlnhddynhl Anznvneh idyqkhllthl gk|ki ak`km pdhkhlkhkh akh pdyk|kqkh pdyk`kqkh

mdvnh-mdvnh pyeatbvn vdyqk vkykhk akh pykvkykhk `knhh~k, gtlk pdhkhlkhkh

bdytvkbkh ~khl qdymkvtb pdhlkakkh vtbt fkakhl thqtb pdmd`nckykkh pdyk`kqkh admn

mdhthgkhl `khfkyh~k bdlnkqkh pdytvkckkh(Jnhkhfd kha Kffethqnhl Anznvneh idyqkhllthl gk|ki kqkv pdhld`e`kkh

bdtkhlkh pdytvkckkh akh idyqtlkv mdh~tvth khllkykh-khllkykh id`khgk

pdytvkckkh( Anznvn nhn idy|dhkhl ak`km mdhlkqty pdhllkgnkh bky~k|kh, ink~k

pdhld`tkykh pkiynb akh mdhlcnqthl kvdq pdytvkckkh(

BTA Vdyznfd Anznvneh idyqtlkv thqtb akpkq mdhgkmnh bdqdyvdankkh ikckh

ikbt vtvt vdlky ~khl vdvtkn adhlkh vpdvnjnbkvn mtqt ~khl anqdqkpbkh pdytvkckkh(

Anznvn nhn idbdygk vkmk adhlkh pkyk pdqdyhkb ~khl qdylkithl ak`km LBVN

#Lkithlkh Bepdykvn Vd`tytc Nhaehdvnk., vdyqk md`kbtbkh pdminhkkh bdpkak

pdqdyhkb lthk mdhakpkqbkh ikckh ikbt ~khl vdvtkn adhlkh mtqt ~khl anckykpbkh(

Qdhklk Bdygk _dytvkckkh

Idyakvkybkh |kbqt bdygkh~k, _Q Nhaemn`b mdmikln bky~k|khh~k mdhgkan

atk le`ehlkh ~knqt bky~k|kh qdqkp akh bky~k|kh behqykb( Bky~k|kh qdqkp kak`kc

bky~k|kh ~khl qdynbkq ctithlkh bdygk thqtb |kbqt ~khl qnakb anqdhqtbkh, vdakhlbkh

bky~k|kh behqykb kak`kc bky~k|kh ~khl mdmn`nbn ctithlkh bdygk ak`km ikqkv

|kbqt ~khl anqdhqtbkh #behqykb.( Gtm`kc bky~k|kh pdytvkckkh btykhl `dinc

mdhfkpkn >;6 eykhl, ~khl qdyanyn kqkv 34? eykhl bky~k|kh qdqkp akh :6 eykhl

bky~k|kh behqykb( Thqtb bky~k|kh kamnhnvqykqnj #bkhqey., |kbqt bdygk kak kc `nmk

ckyn vdmnhllt ~knqt ckyn Vdhnh vkmpkn Gtmkq ptbt` ?3(??-;:(6? \NI, vdakhlbkh

thqtb bky~k|kh pkiynb idbdygk < ckyn ak`km vkqt mnhllt mdhtytq vcnjq idynbtq 7


44/93

CKVN@ AKH _DMIKCKVKH

B`kvnjnbkvn Ikckh Ikbt

Ikckh ikbt ~khl anpdy`tbkh ak`km pyevdv pyeatbvn vtvt bdhqk` mkhnv #VBM.

pkak _Q Nhaemn`b qdyanyn akyn kny, Vbnm Mn`b _e|ady #VM_., Itqqdy Mn`b _e|ady

#IM_., \cd~ _e|ady, lt`k, _k`m En`, akh ikckh-ikckh `knh ak`km gtm`kc ~khl

vdanbnq, vdpdyqn znqkmnh, `kbqevk, j`kzety, akh Itq~` Cnayebvn Khnve`( Thqtb `dinc

mdmtakcbkh pdhldhak`nkhh~k, ikckh ikbt qdyvditq anidakbkh mdhgkan ikckh ikbt

tqkmk akh ikckh ikbt qkmikckh idyakvkybkh kqkv hn`kn nhzdvqkvn akh bdpdhqnhlkhh~k

ak`km pyevdv pyeatbvn( Ikckh ikbt tqkmk ~khl anlthkbkh e`dc _Q Nhaemn`b qdyanyn

akyn VM_, IM_, akh lt`k(

Vbnm Mn`b _e|ady anlthkbkh vdiklkn vtmidy pyeqdnh vtvt( Vbnm Mn`b

_e|ady ~khl anlthkbkh e`dc _Q Nhaemn`b mdytpkbkh ckvn` nmpey akyn ididykpk

hdlkyk, khqkyk `knh Ktvqyk`nk, Vd`khank Ikyt, Gdymkh, Id`khak, akh Kmdynbk Vdynbkq(

_Q Nhaemn`b mdhllthkbkh VM_ bkydhk pkvebkh vtvt vdlky akyn ak`km hdldyn mkvnc

id`tm akpkq mdmdhtcn bditqtckh pdytvkckkh iknb akyn vdln gtm`kc, btkhqnqkv,

mktpth ckylk( Vd`knh nqt pdytvkckkh gtlk `dinc vtbk mdhllthkbkh VM_ bkydhk

bdmtakckh ak`km mdhakpkqbkhh~k akh ak~k vnmpkhh~k ~khl ftbtp `kmk

anikhanhlbkh adhlkh vtvt vdlky(

Itqqdy Mn`b _e|ady anlthkbkh thqtb mdhnhlbkqbkh kyemk, bkhathlkh

pyeqdnh vdyqk vdiklkn vtmidy `dmkb cd|khn pkak pyeatb vtvt bdhqk` mkhnv _Q

Nhaemn`b( Itqqdy Mn`b _e|ady~khl anlthkbkh e`dc _Q Nhaemn`b mdytpkbkh ckvn`

nmpey akyn Ktvqyk`nk, Vd`khank Ikyt, Kmdynbk Vdynbkq, Gdymkh, akh Adhmkyb( Itqqdy

Mn`b _e|adyakh VM_ annmpey ak`km bdmkvkh vkb adhlkh idykq akyn qnkp bdmkvkh

kak`kc vdidvky 94 bl(

Nadhqnjnbkvn Bditqtckh Ikckh Ikbt

_yevdv nadhqnjnbkvn bditqtckh ikckh ikbt pkak _Q Nhaemn`b an`kbtbkh e`dc


45/93

Ydhfkhk pyeatbvn anitkq e`dc Mkybdqnhl Vdyznfdv Adpkyqmdhqidyakvkybkh

kqkv ykmk`kh pdhgtk`kh, bkpkvnqkv pyeatbvn, akh bdqdyvdankkh pyeatb kbcny #jnhnvcda

leeav. ~khl qdyakpkq an ltakhl pdytvkckkh( Ididykpk jkbqey `knh ~khl pdy`t

anpdyqnmikhlbkh ak`km mdh~tvth ydhfkhk pyeatbvn kak`kc behanvn mdvnh pyeatbvn,

gtm`kc ckyn bdygk, akh qdhklk bdygk ~khl qdyvdank(

_yevdv pdydhfkhkkh pyeatbvn anmt`kn adhlkh anqdyinqbkhh~k Vtpp`~ Eyady

#VE.( Vtpp`~ Eyady mdytpkbkh pdymnhqkkh pyeatb akyn Mkybdqnhl Vdyznfdv

Adpkyqmdhq~khl nvnh~k qdyanyn akyn gdhnv akh gtm`kc pyeatb ~khl anmnhqk( Vtpp`~Eyadyanqdyinqbkh e`dc vdeykhl Mkybdqnhl Vdyznfd Mkhkldythqtb vdqnkp it`khh~k(

Idyakvkybkh kqkv VE ~khl anqdyinqbkh, bkpkvnqkv pyeatbvn, gtm`kc ckyn bdygk, akh

vqkhakya itjjdy vqefb pe`nf~, __NF Adpkyqmdhq bdmtankh mdmitkq Fehjnymda

Vtpp`~ Eyady#FVE.( Vd`knh idyakvkybkh kqkv ydhfkhk pyeatbvn, pyevdv nadhqnjnbkvn

bditqtckh ikckh ikbt gtlk an`kbtbkh adhlkh mdmpdyqnmikhlbkh In`` ej Mkqdynk`

~khl anbd`tkybkh e`dc _yeatfq Adzd`epmdhq kha [tk`nq~ Fehqye` #_A[F. Anznvneh

akh `kpeykh vqefb mkqdynk` akyn \kydcetvd Adpkyqmdhq(

_yevdv _dhlkakkh akh _dmid`nkh Ikckh Ikbt

_yevdv pdhlkakkh ikckh ikbt anmt`kn adhlkh anqdyinqbkhh~k _tyfckvd

Yd{tnvnqneh #_Y. e`dc vdeykhl __NF Mkhkldy( _tyfckvd Yd{tnvnqneh anitkq vkkq

pdytvkckkh pdy`t md`kbtbkh pdmdvkhkh ikckh ikbt( _tyfckvd Yd{tnvnqneh idynvn

qdhqkhl gdhnv ikykhl, gtm`kc ikykhl ~khl kbkh anpdvkh, akh gka|k` pdhlnynmkh( In`k

_Y qd`kc anqkhakqkhlkhn e`dc __NF Mkhkldy, mkbk `dmiky _Y kbkh anvdykcbkh bd

_tyfckvnhl Adpkyqmdhq( Gnbk ikykhl ~khl cdhakb anid`n qdyvditq mdytpkbkh ikykhl

nmpey, mkbk kbkh an`kbtbkh beeyanhkvn adhlkhNmpeyq Adpkyqmdhq(

Akvky akyn pdhdqkpkh pdmkveb kak`kc fkhzkv vcddq( Fkhzkv vcddqanitkq e`dc_tyfckvnhl Adpkyqmdhq idyakvkybkh vtykq pdhk|kykh ~khl anqdynmk akyn idyiklkn

pdmkveb( Bynqdynk-bynqdynk ~khl anlthkbkh ak`km mdhdhqtbkh pdmkveb ankhqkykh~k

kak`kc ckylk ~khl anqk|kybkh, bdqdyvdankkh ikykhl, btk`nqkv ckytv vdvtkn adhlkh


46/93

Adpkyqmdhq bdmtankh kbkh mdmnhqk pyejeymk nhzenfd akyn pdmkveb ~khl

idybdpdhqnhlkh( An ak`kmpyejeymk nhzenfd, |kbqt pdmik~kykh kbkh anvditqbkh(

_dmik~kykh an`kbtbkh adhlkh mdhllthkbkh nyydzefki`d @%F kq vnlcq, ~knqt

@dqqdy ej Fydanq#@%F. ~khl qnakb akpkq anikqk`bkh akh akpkq `khlvthl anik~ky vdqd`kc

qdyakpkq bdvdpkbkqkh khqkyk pdmkveb akh pdmid`n |k`ktpth ikykhl id`tm anqdynmk

e`dc pdmid`n( _yevdatyh~k kak`kc _tyfckvnhl Adpkyqmdhqmdhlkgtbkh pdmitbkkh

@%F bd Ikhb Adznvk( Ikhb vd`khgtqh~k mdhdyinqbkh @%F akh mdhlnynmbkh adqkn`

@%F bdpkak _tyfckvnhl Adpkyqmdhq( Vdqd`kc mdhdynmk adqkn` @%F, _tyfckvnhlAdpkyqmdhqbdmtankh mdmitkq _tyfckvnhl Eyady #_E. thqtb anbnynmbkh bdpkak

pdmkveb( _tyfckvnhl Eyady anitkq idyakvkybkh _Y, adqkn` @%F, akh |eybnhl

nhvqytfqneh pdmitkqkh _E(

_dmkveb bdmtankh kbkh mdhlnynmbkh In`` ej @kanhl #I%@. akh aebtmdh-

aebtmdh nmpey `knhh~k #nhzenfd akh pkfbnhl `nvq. bdpkak _tyfckvnhl Adpkqmdhq

md`k`tn Ikhb Adznvk( Vdqd`kc mdhdynmk aebtmdh-aebtmdh qdyvditq pdytvkckkh

kbkh mdhltytv aebtmdh bdpkidkhkh, mdh~d`dvknbkh pdmik~kykh idk mkvtb, vdyqk

md`thkvn ink~k nmpey `knhh~k pkak pkak Ikhb Adznvk(

Bdqnbk ikykhl qnik, pdytvkckkh md`k`tn kldh dbvpdanvn kbkh mdhld`tkybkh

ikykhl akyn pd`kitckh adhlkh mdhthgtbbkh I%@, ad`nzdy~ eyady, akh itbqn pd`thkvkh

idk mkvtb idvdyqk aebtmdh-aebtmdh nmpey `knhh~k( Vdqd`kc anidynbkh nwnh bd`tky,kldh dbvpdanvn bdmtankh kbkh mdhlkhqkybkh ikykhl vkmpkn bd ltakhl pdytvkckkh(

Vnvqdm _dhfkqkqkh _dyvdankkh

Vnvqdm pdhfkqkqkh pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt an _Q Nhaemn`b an`kbtbkh e`dc

\kydcetvd Adpkyqmdhq~khl mdhdhqtbkh gtm`kc pdyvdankkh adhlkhpdyneanf v~vqdm

akh pdypdfqtk` v~vqdm( _dyneanf v~vqdm ~knqt pdycnqthlkh ikckh ikbt vdfkyk jnvnb~khl an`kbtbkh vdqnkp kbcny it`kh, vdakhlbkh pdypdfqtk` v~vqdm kak`kc vnvqdm

pdhlcnqthlkh pdyvdankkh ~khl idytpk fkqkqkh kamnhnvqykvn pdyvdankkh ~khl mdhfkqkq

vdqnkp qdygkanh~k mtqkvn ikckh ikbt( Thqtb mdhlcnhakyn bdvk`kckh pdhfkqkqkh,


47/93

_yeatfqneh Mkhkldy idyakvkybkh gdhnv, gtm`kc, mktpth qnhlbkq bdytvkbkh pkak

ikckh ikbt ~khl anvnmpkh( Akqk-akqk qdyvditq bdmtankh anmkvtbbkh bd bemptqdy

thqtb mdmpdymtakc pyevdv pdmdynbvkkh gtm`kc pdyvdankkh ~khl anvnmpkh(

Mdqead ~khl anlthkbkh e`dc pdytvkckkh thqtb mdhn`kn pdyvdankkhh~k kak`kc

mdqead Jnyvq Nh Jnyvq Etq #JNJE. anmkhk ikckh ikbt ~khl `dinc akct`t anpkbkn

kak`kc ikckh ikbt ~khl dinc at`t mkvtb( Mdqead nhn anakvkybkh kqkv kvtmvn ikc|k

ckylk pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt ~khl `dinc akct`t anpkbkn anhn`kn mdhtytq ckylk

pdmid`nkh ikckh ikbt ~khl `dinc akct`t mkvtb( Adhlkh admnbnkh, pdyvdankkh kbcnyanhn`kn mdhtytq ckylk pdmid`nkh ikckh ikbt ~khl qdykbcny mkvtb(

\kbqt Qthllt _dhlkakkh Ikckh Ikbt

\kbqt qthllt #`dka qnmd. kak`kc `kmk |kbqt khqkyk mt`kn an`kbtbkhh~k

pdmdvkhkh ikckh ikbt vkmpkn adhlkh bdakqkhlkh ikckh ikbt qdyvditq an ltakhl

pdytvkckkh( \kbqt qthllt vkhlkq anpdhlkytcn e`dc bdqdyvdankkh akyn ikckh ikbt nqtvdhanyn akh gkykb khqkyk pdmid`n adhlkh pdmkveb( Ikln pdytvkckkh ~khl

mdhllthkbkh ikckh ikbt nmpey, |kbqt qthllt mdytpkbkh ck` ~khl vkhlkq pdhqnhl(

Kpkin`k |kbqt qthllt anbdqkctn, pdytvkckkh kbkh akpkq md`kbtbkh qnhakbkh-

qnhakbkh thqtb mdhltykhln jkbqey bdqnakbpkvqnkh pkvebkh ikckh ikbt(

Vbnm Mn`b _e|adyakhItqqdy Mn`b _e|ady~khl anlthkbkh e`dc _Q Nhaemn`b

mdytpkbkh ikckh ikbt nmpey vdcnhllk pdhlkakkhh~k mdmdy`tbkh |kbqt ~khl

ftbtp `kmk( \kbqt qthllt pdhlkakkh ikckh ikbt VM_ akh IM_ pkak _Q Nhaemn`b

ykqk-ykqk kak`kc ad`kpkh mnhllt(

Ink~k _dyvdankkh

Vdfkyk tmtm akpkq anbkqkbkh ikc|k ink~k pdyvdankkh kak`kc vdmtk

pdhld`tkykh akh bdytlnkh ~khl qnmit` vdiklkn kbnikq kakh~k pdyvdankkh( Ink~k-

ink~k pdyvdankkh qdyvditq qdyanyn akyn ink~k pdmid`nkh #ptyfckvnhl fevq., ink~k

pdmdvkhkh #eyadynhl fevq., ink~k pdh~nkpkh #vdq tp fevq., ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh


48/93

Vdakhlbkh ink~k bdbtykhlkh pdyvdankkh qnakb anmkvtbbkh bkydhk vd`kmk pdynead

pdhd`nqnkh pdytvkckkh qnakb pdyhkc mdhlk`kmn bdckinvkh ikckh #vqefb etq.(

Ink~k pdmid`nkh kak`kc ink~k ~khl anbd`tkybkh thqtb mdmid`n ikckh ikbt(

Idvkyh~k ink~k pdmid`nkh nhn vkhlkq qdylkhqthl pkak gtm`kc ikckh ikbt ~khl anid`n

akh ckylk vkqtkh akyn ikckh ikbt qdyvditq(

Vd`knh akyn ckylk ikckh ikbt nqt vdhanyn, bempehdh ink~k pdmid`nkh pkak _Q

Nhaemn`b qdyanyn akyn ink~k kvtykhvn, pkgkb, ink~k qykhvpeyqkvn akh `knh-`knh #Qkid` (


49/93

Hn`kn akyn kvtykhvn ikckh ikbt kak`kc vdidvky ?,4$ akyn ckylk F*J, vdcnhllk

ckylk Fevq Nhvtykhfd kha Jydnlcq #FNJ. ~khl anakpkq kak`kc vdidvky Yp

63;(61


50/93

Qkid` 3( Bempehdh Ink~k _dmdvkhkh _dy _dvkhkh Ikckh Ikbt Vbnm Mn`b_e|ady akh Itqqdy Mn`b _e|ady_Q Nhaemn`b _dynead Gt`n 9??1-Gthn 9??4

Gdhnv Ink~k Yp $

Ink~k Kamnhnvqykvn 9?(???,?? 6,>,>;

Ink~k Jks :?(???,?? ;;,3>

Ink~k Qd`dlykpcnf Qykhvjdy 911(1??,?? 13,14

Ink~k [tk`nq~ Fehqye` 9?(???,?? 6,>3

Ink~k _NI ;??(???,?? ;>,36

Qeqk` 4?1(1??,?? ;??,??

Vtmidy 7 _Q Nhaemn`b, 9??4

Ink~k kamnhnvqykvn mdytpkbkh ink~k ~khl anbd`tkybkh thqtb pdmitkqkh

aebtmdh-aebtmdh pdmdvkhkh akh pdhdynmkkh ikckh ikbt( Ink~k qd`dpeh

mdytpkbkh ink~k ~khl anbd`tkybkh adhlkh kakh~k pdhllthkkh qd`peh pkak vkkq

pdmdvkhkh akh mdmehnqey gka|k` pdhdynmkkh ikckh ikbt ~khl anpdvkh( Ink~k jks

anbd`tkybkh bdqnbk pdytvkckkh mdhlnynmbkh _tyfckvnhl Eyady #_E. akh behqykb

bdpkak pdmkveb(

Ink~k qd`dlykpcnf qykhvjdy mdytpkbkh ink~k ~khl anbd`tkybkh thqtb

pdmik~kykh md`k`tn ikhb kqkv pdmdvkhkh ikckh ikbt ~khl anid`n pdytvkckkh( Ink~k

{tk`nq~ fehqye` mdytpkbkh ink~k ~khl anbd`tkybkh thqtb pdmdynbvkkh `kieykqeyntm

ikckh ikbt ~khl anqdynmk(

Ink~k ad`nzdy~ eyady mdytpkbkh ink~k ~khl anbd`tkybkh pdytvkckkh thqtb

mdhakpkqbkh Vtykq _dynhqkc _dhld`tkykh Ikykhl #V__I.( Vtykq nhn anbd`tkybkh e`dc

pdytvkckkh pd`k~kykh kqkt kldhh~k vdqd`kc pdhltytvkh aebtmdh bdpkidkhkh akh

pd`thkvkh ink~k nmpey pkak ikhb adznvk anvd`dvknbkh( Ink~k _dmidynqkctkh Nmpey

Ikykhl #_NI. mdytpkbkh ink~k ~khl anbd`tkybkh thqtb mdhltytv _NI akh aebtmdh-


51/93

pkak _Q Nhaemn`b qdyanyn akyn eppeyqthnq~ fevq, ink~k pdhkhlkhkh ikckh ikbt,

kvtykhvn, akh ink~kpk``dqv(

Eppeyqthnq~ fevq mdytpkbkh ink~k ~khl anbeyikhbkh bkydhk kakh~k

pdyvdankkh, ~kbhn kpkin`k akhk thqtb mdhlkakbkh pdyvdankkh qdyvditq anvnmpkh an

ikhb( Idvky akyn eppeyqthnq~ fevq anpdhlkytcn e`dc ckylk pdy thnq akh idvkyh~k

qnhlbkq vtbt ithlk ~khl idy`kbt pkak vkqt pdynead ~khl idyvkhlbtqkh( Idvky akyn

ckylk pdy thnq kqkt ink~k pdmid`nkh pdy bl ikckh ikbt thqtb ikckh ikbt VM_

kak`kc vdidvky Yp ;3(;::,1:( Vdakhlbkh thqtb ikckh ikbt IM_, ckylk pdy thnqh~kkak`kc vdidvky Yp ;4(?9?,>;( Qnhlbkq vtbt ithlk ~khl anlthkbkh ak`km pdhd`nqnkh

nhn mdytpkbkh ykqk-ykqk akyn qnhlbkq vtbt ithlk ~khl idy`kbt vd`kmk pdynead

pdhlkmkqkh #Gt`n 9??1Gthn 9??4., ~knqt vdidvky


52/93

Qkid` >( Bempehdh Ink~k _dh~nmpkhkh Ikckh Ikbt Vbnm Mn`b _e|adyakhItqqdy Mn`b_e|ady_Q Nhaemn`b _dynead Gt`n 9??1-Gthn 9??4

Ikckh Ikbt Bempehdh Ink~k Yp%vkb'.%qkcth Yp%vkb'.%mnhllt $

VM_

Eppeyqthnq~ fevq 61(463,>: ::1,9; 3>,36,>? ;,3? ?,6?

Ckha`nhl ,94

Qeqk` 69(166,;< :96,


53/93

ikbt, pyevdv pyeatbvn akpkq an`kbtbkh vdfkyk behqnh~t vdcnhllk vqeb akyn jnhnvcda

leeav akpkq angklk(

_dmkbknkh ikckh ikbt VM_ akh IM_ pkak _Q Nhaemn`b anvdvtknbkh adhlkh

gka|k` pyeatbvn mnhlltkh ~khl qd`kc anvdqtgtn( Gka|k` pyeatbvn mnhlltkh anitkq

adhlkh mdmpdyqnmikhlbkh pdybnykkh pdhgtk`kh akh gtm`kc pdyvdankkh jnhnvcda

leeav ~khl qdyakpkq an ltakhl pdytvkckkh( Ze`tmd pdmkbknkh ikckh ikbt VM_

akh IM_ pkak _Q Nhaemn`b vd`kmk pdynead pdhlkmkqkh #Gt`n 9??1-Gthn 9??4. akpkq

an`nckq pkak Qkid` ;?(

Qkid` ;?( Ze`tmd _dmkbknkh Ikckh Ikbt Vbnm Mn`b _e|adyakhItqqdy Mn`b_e|adypkak _Q Nhaemn`b _dynead Gt`n 9??1-Gthn 9??4

It`kh Ckyn Bdygk VM_%it`kh IM_%it`kh VM_%ckyn IM_%ckyn

----------------------------- vkb'. ---------------------------

Gt`n 9??1 6? ;3(;:? 3(1:4 :?4,66 939,;>3,>; 19>,39

Advdmidy 9??1 93 9?(??


54/93

ikbt VM_ kak`kc vdidvky Yp ;;9(46:(:;;,??( Gtm`kc pdvkhkh akh qnhlbkq

pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt VM_ vd`kmk pdynead pdhlkmkqkh #Gt`n 9??1-Gthn 9??4. pkak

_Q Nhaemn`b akpkq an`nckq pkak Qkid` ;;(

Qkid` ;;( Gtm`kc _dvkhkh akh Qnhlbkq _dyvdankkh Ikckh Ikbt Vbnm Mn`b_e|adypkak _Q Nhaemn`b _dynead Gt`n 9??1-Gthn 9??4

_dyneadJydbtdhvn

_dmdvkhkhQeqk` Btkhqnqkv

_dvkhkh_dyvdankkh

K|k`_dyvdankkh

Kbcny_dyvdankkhYkqk-Ykqk

-------------------------------- vkb'. ------------------------------

Gt`n 9??1 9 9;(; 6(?4; 4((4:: 4(


55/93

Qkid` ;9( Gtm`kc _dvkhkh akh Qnhlbkq _dyvdankkh Ikckh IkbtItqqdy Mn`b_e|adypkak _Q Nhaemn`b _dynead Gt`n 9??1-Gthn 9??4

_dynead Jydbtdhvn_dmdvkhkh

Qeqk` Btkhqnqkv_dvkhkh

_dyvdankkhK|k`

_dyvdankkhKbcny

_dyvdankkhYkqk-Ykqk

-------------------------------- vkb'. ------------------------------

Gt`n 9??1 9 ;?(< ;(41;,??

Kltvqtv 9??1 ; 3(?;: 9(:>< 9(3:4 9((399 9(3:4 9(? 9(39(;6> 9(? 9(:16 9((39< 9(:16 9(3>1 9((1 6(4(>11 6(4 1(449,??

Jdiytkyn 9??4 ; (919 4(44? 4(143 4(16 ;(1?< >;< ;(;:9,??

Gthn 9??4 9 >(61> >;< 6:(


56/93

ikckh ikbt IM_( Qeqk` ink~k pdyvdankkh ~khl anbd`tkybkh e`dc pdytvkckkh thqtb

ikckh ikbt VM_ akh IM_ vd`kmk pdynead pdhlkmkqkh akpkq an`nckq pkak Qkid` ;6(

Qkid` ;6( Qeqk` Ink~k _dyvdankkh Ikckh Ikbt Vbnm Mn`b _e|adyakhItqqdyMn`b _e|ady_Q Nhaemn`b _dynead Gt`n 9??1Gthn 9??4

Ikckh Ikbt Qeqk` Ink~k _dmdvkhkh Qeqk` Ink~k _dh~nmpkhkh Qeqk` Ink~k _dyvdankkh

--------------------------------------- Yp -------------------------------------------

VM_ ;1(;96(9??,?? 6?(3?9,6; 69;(946(??9,6;

IM_ ;?(?33(???,?? ;19(6:1(4?1,44 ;49(149(4?1,44

Qeqk` 91(9;;(9??,?? 11>(1>1(6?:,3: 1


57/93

pdhlkakkh ikckh ikbt ankvtmvnbkh anbdqkctn akh behvqkh( Kvtmvn-kvtmvn an kqkv

idy`kbt thqtb bdqnlk qdbhnb pdhdhqtkh tbtykh `eq ~khl anlthkbkh ak`km pdhd`nqnkh

nhn( Thqtb qdbhnbDfehemnf Eyady [tkhqnq~ #DE[. akh _kyq-_dynea Qeqk` Fevq

Ik`khfnhl #__I. idy`kbt vkqt `kln kvtmvn qkmikckh, ~knqt ink~k-ink~k pdyvdankkh

~khl qdyanyn akyn ink~k pdmdvkhkh akh ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh ankvtmvnbkh behvqkh(

Mdqead MY_ Qdbhnb@eq-Jey-@eq

Ak`km mdqead MY_ qdbhnb@eq-Jey-@eq #@J@., pdytvkckkh mdmdvkh qdpkq

vdidvky bditqtckh idyvnc thqtb vkqt pdynead qthllk` vdcnhllk qnakb qdyakpkq

pdyvdankkh an qkhlkh pkak pdynead vd`khgtqh~k vdqd`kc pdyvdankkh k|k` anckinvbkh(

Ck` nhn idykyqn idvky bditqtckh idyvnc vkmk adhlkh idvky bditqtckh beqeyh~k akh

idvky pdvkhkh vkmk idvkyh~k adhlkh bditqtckh beqey ikckh ikbt qdyvditq(

_dyvdankkh ikckh ikbt VM_ akh IM_ ~khl qdyakpkq an ltakhl pdytvkckkh

pkak k|k` mnhllt pdyqkmk it`kh Gt`n 9??1 kak`kc vdidvky 6(?4; akh 634 vkb(

Adhlkh bditqtckh beqey vdidvky 6(:69 akh ;(:>6 vkb thqtb mkvnhl-mkvnhl ikckh

ikbt pkak pdynead ~khl vkmk, mkbk pdyvdankkh qdyvditq kbkh `khlvthl ckinv

anlthkbkh vdid`tm pdynead qdyvditq idykbcny( Ck` nhn mdhlkbnikqbkh pkak mdqead

MY_ qdbhnb @J@ qnakb qdyakpkq ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh bkydhk vkmk vdbk`n qnakb qdyakpkq

pdyvdankkh ~khl anvnmpkh(

Adhlkh mdhllthkbkh mdqead MY_ qdbhnb @J@, btkhqnqkv ikckh ikbt VM_~khl anpdvkh vd`kmk pdynead Gt`n 9??1-Gthn 9??4 kak`kc vdidvky 961(4;< vkb adhlkh

qeqk` ink~k pdmid`nkh vdidvky Yp ;?:(4?3(43>,??( Thqtb ikckh ikbt IM_,

btkhqnqkv ikckh ikbt ~khl anpdvkh thqtb pdynead ~khl vkmk kak`kc vdidvky ;?9(49>

vkb adhlkh qeqk` ink~k pdmid`nkh vdidvky Yp 63(4?;(>:1(


58/93

Qkid` ;1( Qeqk` Ink~k _dyvdankkh Ikckh Ikbt Vbnm Mn`b _e|adyakhItqqdyMn`b _e|adyadhlkh Mdqead MY_ Qdbhnb@eq-Jey-@eq_dynead Gt`n9??1-Gthn 9??4


----------------------------------------- Yp -----------------------------------------

VM_ 9:(993(3??,?? ?,?? 9:(993(3??,??

IM_ 9:(993(3??,?? ?,?? 9:(993(3??,??

Qeqk` 49(14>(331(99:,?? adhlkh btkhqnqkv pdmdvkhkh vdidvky ;?6(:,??(

Vdfkyk `dhlbkp, qeqk` ink~k pdyvdankkh ~khl anbd`tkybkh kpkin`k mdhllthkbkh

mdqead MY_ qdbhnb DE[ akpkq an`nckq pkak Qkid` ;4(

Qkid` ;4 Qeqk` Ink~k _dyvdankkh Ikckh Ikbt Vbnm Mn`b _e|ady akh Itqqdy


59/93

Qkid` ;4( Qeqk` Ink~k _dyvdankkh Ikckh Ikbt Vbnm Mn`b _e|adyakhItqqdyMn`b _e|ady adhlkh Mdqead MY_ Qdbhnb Dfehemnf Eyady[tkhqnq~ _dynead Gt`n 9??1-Gthn 9??4


----------------------------------------- Yp -----------------------------------------

VM_ 9:(993(3??,?? 19(:,?? ;9;(4:3(6>:,??

Mdqead MY_ Qdbhnb_kyq-_dynea Qeqk` Fevq Ik`khfnhl

Idvkyh~k tbtykh `eq thqtb pdmdvkhkh ak`km mdqead MY_ qdbhnb __I kak`kc

vdidvky bditqtckh idyvnc pkak vtkqt pdynead ~khl anlkithlbkh( _dhllkithlkh

pdynead an`kbtbkh qdyckakp pdynead idytytqkh ~khl mdmn`nbn hn`kn btmt`kqnj

bditqtckh idyvnc mdhadbkqn hn`kn Dfehemnf _kyq _dynea #D__.( Dfehemnf _kyq

_dyneaakpkq ancnqthl adhlkh mdhllthkbkh ytmtv 7

D__ = Ink~k _dmdvkhkh % Ink~k _dh~nmpkhkh

Ink~k pdmdvkhkh thqtb bdatk gdhnv ikckh ikbt vkmk idvkyh~k ~knqt Yp

4?1(1??,??( Adhlkh ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh vdidvky Yp ,?3%vkb%mnhllt thqtb ikckh

ikbt VM_ akh vdidvky Yp :96, vkb( Hn`kn D__ ~khl`dinc bdfn` akyn bditqtckh beqey pdytvkckkh pdy mnhllt mdh~dikibkh pdynead

idytytqkh ~khl anlkithlbkh pkak vkkq pdhdhqtkh tbtykh `eq qnakb pdyhkc `dinc akyn 9

pdynead(

Idyakvkybkh ckvn` pdycnqthlkh ~khl anpdye`dc akpkq anbdqkctn ikc|k qeqk`

ink~k ~khl anbd`tkybkh thqtb mdmid`n ikckh ikbt VM_ kak`kc vdidvky Yp

;?:(4?3(43>,?? adhlkh btkhqnqkv pdmdvkhkh vdidvky 961(4;< vkb( Thqtb ikckh

ikbt IM_, qeqk` ink~k pdmid`nkh ~khl anbd`tkybkh kak`kc vdidvky Yp

63(4?;(>:1( vkb( Adhlkh

`dhlbkp, qeqk` ink~k pdyvdankkh ~khl anbd`tkybkh adhlkh mdhllthkbkh mdqead MY_


60/93

`dhlbkp, qeqk` ink~k pdyvdankkh ~khl anbd`tkybkh adhlkh mdhllthkbkh mdqead MY_

qdbhnb __I akpkq an`nckq pkak Qkid` ;:(

Qkid` ;:( Qeqk` Ink~k _dyvdankkh Ikckh Ikbt Vbnm Mn`b _e|adyakhItqqdyMn`b _e|adyadhlkh Mdqead MY_ Qdbhnb_kyq-_dynea Qeqk` FevqIk`khfnhl _dynead Gt`n 9??1-Gthn 9??4


----------------------------------------- Yp -----------------------------------------

VM_ ;6(;;1(1??,?? 33(9:6(;4;,?? ;?;(6


61/93

p p p p ll l l

ckinv anpkbkn( Ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh ~khl anckvn`bkh e`dc mdqead MY_ `dinc ydhakc

kpkin`k anikhanhlbkh mdqead pdytvkckkh bkydhk mdqead MY_ mdmnhnmk`bkh

qnhlbkq pdyvdankkh ~khl qdyakpkq an ltakhl( Qnhllnh~k ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh ~khl

anckvn`bkh e`dc mdqead pdytvkckkh ankbnikqbkh e`dc kakh~k bdingkbkh thqtb

mdhgklk qnhlbkq pdyvdankkh ikckh ikbt klky akpkq mdmdhtcn bditqtckh 9 mnhllt

pyeatbvn(

Idyakvkybkh ckvn` ~khl anpdye`dc akpkq an`nckq ikc|k adhlkh mdhllthkbkh

mdqead MY_ akpkq mdhlckvn`bkh ink~k pdyvdankkh ~khl `dinc ydhakc akyn mdqead

pdytvkckkh( Qdbhnb @J@ mdhlckvn`bkh ink~k pdyvdankkh ~khl pk`nhl ydhakc bkydhk

pkak qdbhnb @J@ qnakb qdyakpkq ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh ~khl mdytpkbkh bempehdh ink~k

~khl pk`nhl idvky pdyvdhqkvdh~k akyn ink~k pdyvdankkh(

Thqtb ikckh ikbt VM_, qdbhnb DE[ mdhlckvn`bkh ink~k pdyvdankkh `dinc

ydhakc akyn qdbhnb __I( Ck` nhn anbkydhkbkh e`dc ink~k pdh~nmpkhkh adhlkh qdbhnb

DE[ gktc `dinc ydhakc akyn qdbhnb __I, ~knqt Yp 19(


62/93

~ p ~ p ll ~ p

qdbhnb __I mdhgkan `dinc ydhakc akynpkak qdbhnb DE[( Vdfkyk `dhlbkp,

pdyikhanhlkh pdhldhak`nkh pdyvdankkh khqkyk mdqead pdytvkckkh adhlkh mdqead

MY_ thqtb ikckh ikbt IM_ akpkq an`nckq pkak Qkid` ;3(

Qkid` ;3( _dyikhanhlkh Ckvn` _dhldhak`nkh _dyvdankkh khqkyk Mdqead_dytvkckkh adhlkh Mdqead MY_ thqtb Ikckh Ikbt Itqqdy Mn`b_e|ady_dynead Gt`n 9??1Gthn 9??4

TyknkhMdqead

_dytvkckkh

Mdqead MY_

Qdbhnb @J@ Qdbhnb DE[ Qdbhnb __I

Jydbtdhvn _dmdvkhkh 9? bk`n 49 bk`n 4; bk`n 9: bk`n

Btkhqnqkv _dmdvkhkh ;?3(9?> vkb ;?9(49> vkb ;?6( vkb

Ink~k _dmdvkhkh Yp ;?(?33(???,?? Yp 9:(993(3??,?? Yp 94(4(93;,?? Yp ?,?? Yp 9>(3;>(4( _dhlcdmkqkh ~khl Anckvn`bkh e`dc Mdqead MY_ Qdyckakp Ink~k_dyvdankkh ~khl Anbd`tkybkh _dytvkckkh _dynead Gt`n 9??1-Gthn9??4

IkckhIkbt

Mdqead MY_ Qdbhnb @J@ Mdqead MY_ Qdbhnb DE[ Mdqead MY_ Qdbhnb __I

Yp $ Yp $ Yp $

VM_ 9>;,3> 94?(


63/93

adhlkh mdqead pdytvkckkh(

Akyn bdqnlk qdbhnb MY_, qdbhnb __I mdhlckvn`bkh pdhlcdmkqkh ink~k

pdyvdankkh pk`nhl bdfn`, ~knqt vdidvky Yp 69>(6>1(343,?? kqkt :>,;>$ akyn mdqead

pdytvkckkh( Qdbhnb __I mdhlckvn`bkh qnhlbkq pdyvdankkh ykqk-ykqk ~khl `dinc qnhlln

anikhanhlbkh adhlkh qdbhnb-qdbhnb MY_ `knhh~k( Ck` qdyvditq mdhlkbnikqbkh ink~k

pdh~nmpkhkh adhlkh mdhllthkbkh qdbhnb __I mdhgkan `dinc qnhlln anikhanhlbkh

qdbhnb-qdbhnb MY_ `knhh~k(

Gnbk an`nckq ckh~k akyn pdhlcdmkqkh ink~k pdyvdankkh ~khl anckvn`bkh, mkbk

k`qdyh

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ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN PERSEDIAAN BAHAN BAKU SUSU KENTAL MANIS PADA PT INDOMILK