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Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids. Sierra Boley Katie Pohl Grady Brown 04/20/2012. Definition of AS. Anabolic Steroid – Steroid hormones that increase muscle mass and also have masculinizing, or testosterone-like, properties Not to be confused with corticosteroids – anti-inflammatory. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Anabolic-Androgenic SteroidsSierra Boley
Katie PohlGrady Brown
04/20/2012
DEFINITION OF AS
Anabolic Steroid – Steroid hormones that increase muscle mass and also have masculinizing, or testosterone-like, properties
Not to be confused with corticosteroids – anti-inflammatory
Examples of Anabolic Steroids
Anadrol (oxymetholone) Dianabol (methandrostenolone) Winstrol (stanozolol) Deca-Durabolin (nandrolone) Oxandrin (Oxandrolone) Depot-Testosterone
Uses Occasionally used to help AIDS patients gain weight and to treat some types of severe anemia Used by athletes to boost performance Used by ordinary people to enhance
appearance Since 1996, use in children has increased 39%
among 8th graders, 67% among 10th graders and 84% among seniors in high school
1 out of 16 high school students have used
Forms They come in
various forms:› Pills › Creams› Patches› Tablet or drops
placed under the tongue
› Injectables http://blog.pennlive.com/patriotnewssports/2009/05/central_fla_man_implicates_nat.html$100,000
BACKGROUND AND HISTORY
• All structurally similar to testosterone
• Were developed to help build muscle mass and enhance athletic performance
• Designer Steroids – enhance anabolic, minimize androgenic effects
• Also chemically designed to minimize 1st pass metabolism to retain adequate bioavailability
1954 World Weightlifting Championship
Soviet Union using testosterone Dr. John Ziegler – American Physician
› Didn’t like strong androgenic effects› Ciba – Dianabol – orally active compound
with enhanced anabolic properties› Breakfast of Champions› Ziegler regretted helping to create monster
Regulations Mid 1980s – Steroids were reaching
high school level U.S. Congress (1988 & 1990) – Anabolic
Control Act of 1991› Classified 27 anabolic steroids as Schedule
III› Also, banned by many amateur and pro
sports organizations NFL, MLB, NCAA, & International Olympic
Committee
Specific Patterns and Combinations
Endurance athlete and sprinters – low doses
Bodybuilding and strength athletes – high doses› May take up to 100 times more than
therapeutic dose
Cycling Often used in patterns called cycling Cycles – typically 6-12 weeks in duration
with periods of abstinence between successive cycles
Use cycles (based on anecdotal information):› To minimize development of tolerance› Reduce occurrence of adverse side effects› To maximize performance at an athletic event› To avoid detection of a banned substance
Pyramiding Cycling sometimes combined with
pyramiding Pyramiding – steroid dose is gradually
increased until the midpoint of the cycle, then gradually decreased as the cycle is completed
Thought to reduce possible withdrawal effects resulting from sudden termination
Stacking Simultaneous use of two or more
anabolic steroids Often done by combining a short-acting
oral steroid with a long-acting injectable preparation
They think it enhances effectiveness, but not true
Pharmacology of AS Mechanism of Action not fully
understood Testosterone and other androgens are
agonists at androgen receptor Receptor is located in the cytoplasm of
cell in inactive state Androgen molecules diffuse across cell
membrane, bind and activates receptor
Pharmacology Cont. Activated hormone-receptor complex
translocates into cell nucleus, where it regulates the transcription of specific genes, depending on cell type› Haven’t yet identified specific muscle cell
genes that are turned on by androgens› But overall effect is to increase protein
synthesis and growth of the muscle
Pharmacology Cont. Testosterone converted enzymatically to two other
bioactive hormones In some tissues – 5α reductase converts T to
dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which also has potent androgenic effects› Some synthetic AS were designed to avoid this
metabolic reaction because it decreases ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity
Aromatase converts T to estradiol in a chemical reaction called aromatization› Extremely undesirable – leads to feminizing side effects› Some synthetics modified to resist aromatization
Pharmacology Cont. Recent evidence that AS treatment can induce
androgen receptor expression in muscle Increasing the # of androgen receptors in the tissue
would allow steroids to produce greater anabolic effects than they would in the presence of normal receptor expression
At high levels, androgens act as antagonists to glucocorticoid hormones› In muscle, GCCs are catabolic – produce an overall
decrease in protein synthesis and an increase in protein breakdown
› A 2nd M of A for AS could be their anticatabolic effects via glucocorticoid antagonism
ADVERSE SIDE EFFECTS
Oral Steroids → Liver Toxicity
Which side effects occur depends on:› Sex› Age› Type of Steroid
Used (Oral or Injectable)
› Dose› Pattern and
Duration of Usemuscleenhancers.com
Table of Side Effects For Girls: Facial hair Deep voice Increased body hair Irregular periods Increased appetite Enlarged clitoris For Boys: Breasts Shrunken testicles
For Both: Severe acne Baldness Liver abnormalities and
tumors Angry outbursts (“roid
rage”) or aggressive behavior
Paranoia Hallucinations Psychosis Blood clotshttp://jcem.endojournals.org/content/
89/8/0.1.full.pdf
BEHAVIORAL DEBATE
Do steroids cause increased irritability and aggression?
Do users develop dependence on anabolic steroids?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DiU5-AAjb40
Dependence?
Dependence CriteriaW
ithdrawal Symptom
s
DSM commonly reported signs of dependence› Withdrawal when stopped› Taking more than originally intended› Inability to cut down or control usage despite a
desire to do so› Pre-occupation› Continued Substance use despite problems› Replacement of other activities with substance
abuse
Fatigue Depressed Mood Insomnia Restlessness Anorexia Decrease libido Dissatisfaction with body image Cravings
Dependence Cont. Absence of large-scale controlled studies
hamper the evaluation of AS dependence No published reports of self-administration
by animals of testosterone or any other anabolic steroids
Can produce rewarding effects› Positive Reinforcement – performance
boosting, better body image Cravings are relatively weak
Why care? Dangerous physical and psychological
effects Can stop growth and have voice changes After stopping, people can experience
depression and moodiness Injectable steroids have an AIDS risk by
sharing needles Steroids without prescriptions may be
faulty or not be steroids at all
Steroids Before and After
bodybuilding.elitefitness.comgetmascular.blogspot.com
References http://
jcem.endojournals.org/content/89/8/0.1.full.pdf
bodybuilding.elitefitness.com getmascular.blogspot.com http://blog.pennlive.com/
patriotnewssports/2009/05/central_fla_man_implicates_nat.html