kL5LN1LD 8Anl88An AL LMLC?LL nC102380ASPlSP CPAuuPA8?LMLC?LL nC102692 PA8MlnuA8 SlnCP LMLC?LL nC102728SOURCES OF WATERORAIN WATEROSURFACE WATER(RIVER,STREAMS,PONDS,LAKE,SEA)OGROUND WATER (SPRINGS/ WELLS) COMPOSITIONO COMPOSITION OF RAW WATER DIFFER FROM SOURCE TO SOURCE.O MAINLYTHREE TYPES OF !%$ AVILABLE IN WATERA. GASES CO2,O2, H2S, etcB. SUSPENDEDSOLIDS TURBIDITY,ORGANIC MATTERSC. DISSOLVEDSOLIDS SALTS OF Ca,Na,Mg,Al,Fe, etcEFFECTOF IMPURITIES IN BOILERO SCALE FORMATIONO CORROSIONO CARRY OVEROFORCE OUTAGE OF BOILER :NO. ONE CAUSE TUBE FAILURE:70OCAUSES OF TUBE FAILURE : CAN BE MANY . DUE TO WATER CHEMISTRY : 70OPROPER CARE OF WATER CHEMISTRY CAN REDUCE FORCE OUTAGE.OBJECTIVE OF WATER CHEMSITRY PRACTICES:O REDUCE CORROSION OF METALSO PREVENT DEPOSITION OF SCALEO PRODUCE GOOD QUALITY STEAM(WITHOUTCARRY OVEROW TESE IMPURIIES ARE REMOVED ?OPRETREATMENT PLANTODEMINERALISATIONOCONDITIONING OF WATERWATER TREATMENTCLARIFLOCCULATORGRAVITY FILTER] PRESSURE FILTERACF CATION EXCHANGERDEGASSERANION EXCHANGERMIXED BED DM WATERPRETREATMENT PLANTDEMINERALISATIONPLANTA!um Ch!ovin Lim ,,RAW WATERAERATORPRE- TREATMENT OF WATERO MIXING OF CHEMICALS WITH RAW WATERO COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATIONO SEDIMENTATIONO FILTRATIONAERATORO IN AERATOR WE REMOVE DISSOLVE GASES LIKE CO22,H2SETC. O SOME DISSOLVED ION LIKE Fe, Mn OXIDISED TO Fe, Mn.O TO KILL THE ORGANIC MATTERS CHLORINE IS MIXED IN WATER. Cl2 ALSO INCREASEOF WATER.O LIME IS USED TO REDUCED THE HARDNESS OF WATER--REMOVES CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM SALTS FROM WATER. Ca(HCO3)2 Ca(OH)22 CaCO3 2H2OMgCO3 Ca(OH)2CaCO3 Mg(OH)2 CALCIUM CARBONATE & MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE BEING SPARINGILYSOLUBLE, PRECIPITATE-OUT.\HCOAGULATION & FLOCULATIONO NORMAL TURBID WATER CONTAIN SUSPENDED MATTER .O THESE CLAY SIZE PARTICLESNOT SETTLE DOWN EASILY .O SUSPENDED PARTICLES CARRIES NEGATIVE ELECTRICAL CHARGE ON THEIR SURFACE.O COAGULATION IS THE PROCESS WHICH NEUTRALISES CHARGES & HELPS TO FORM FLOCKS.O FLOCK SETTLES DOWN AND REMOVED AS SLUDGE.O MAIN COAGULANTS IN WATER TREATMENT ARE :1. ALUMINUM SULPHATE.2. IRON SULPHATE.3. POLY ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE ( PAC )Al+++Al+++Al+++Al+++MICRO FLOCKMACRO -FLOCKALUMPAC

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