An introduction to M2M / IoT technologies

M2M / IoT / devices

An introduction

15-Mar-2014V1.0

https://creativecommons.org/

https://creativecommons.org/

15-Mar-2014 V1.0 M2M / IoT / devices 2/141

Contents

Definitions

A few examples

Functional view

Physical architecture

Networks

Connected devices

Middleware

Application layer

Ecosystem

Standardization

Want to play?

Conclusion

functional

technical

business


About the author

Pascal Bodin

2004 - today: Orange● M2M Senior Software Developer

● Orange Expert – software

● domain: M2M systems and services

● co-founder of a company building home computing systems

(1990)1993 – 2004: ● co-founder of a company building real-time M2M systems – mostly for connected vehicles

● manager of a France Telecom R&D Unit

1983 – 1993:● software development (developer + project leader)

1982 – 1983: French Navy Reserve Officer, onboard oceanographic ship “D'Entrecasteaux”

1982: Master of Engineering from Telecom Bretagne, a French Graduate Engineering School – Telecommunications and Computer Science

Contact:● personal web site: http://www.monblocnotes.com

● Twitter: @PascalBod06

● LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/pascalbodin

http://www.monblocnotes.com/

https://www.linkedin.com/in/pascalbodin


Definitions – 1/2

M2M● Wikipedia: Machine to machine (M2M) refers to

technologies that allow both wireless and wired systems to communicate with other devices of the same type. [Def1]

● Digi: Machine-to-Machine (M2M) technology allows organizations to gather data from the edge of the enterprise and apply it in ways that positively impact the business. [Def2]

● Orange: Exchange of information between machines that is established between the central control system (server) and any type of equipment, through one or several communication networks. [Def3]


IoT● Wikipedia: The Internet of Things (or IoT for short)

refers to uniquely identifiable objects and their virtual representations in an Internet-like structure. [Def4]

● Cisco: The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects accessed through the Internet, as defined by technology analysts and visionaries. These objects contain embedded technology to interact with internal states or the external environment. In other words, when objects can sense and communicate, it changes how and where decisions are made, and who makes them. [Def5]

Definitions – 2/2


M2M, IoT are acronyms invented by people trying to create new trends without trying to really understand user needs.

M2M, IoT do not exist. Only user needs and systems trying to fulfill those needs exist.

M2M, IoT may have very different meanings

Always ask the person in front of you what (s)he means with those acronyms.

Definitions – summary


Examples - container tracking

[Exa1]


Examples - environmental monitoring

[Exa2]


Examples - transport of persons

[Exa3]


Examples - SCADA

[Exa4]

SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition


Examples - logistics

[Exa5]


Examples – home automation

[Exa8]


Examples – smart grid

[Exa9]


Examples – remote monitoring of copy machines

[Exa6]


Examples – taxi dispatch

[Exa7]


Myriads of different requirements

Consequently, myriads of different systems

Mix of three main technology domains:● electronics + embedded computing

● communications

● application software

• embedded• back office / front office

Examples - summary


Two examples: copy machines maintenance, taxi dispatch

Requirements

Functional proposals

Vocabulary is mine!

Vocabulary will be consistent throughout the slides

Functional view - table of contents


Domain:● multifunction copy machines (copy, print, scan, fax)

● machines are rented by companies

● in large premises, it happens that machines are moved

Requirements:● inform about required maintenance operation (toner, internal disk, etc.)

● inform about new location in renting company premises

● do not use renting company network facilities

Functional view - copy machines maintenance - requirements


Functional view - copy machines maintenance - architecture 1

machine

remote system

communication network


central systementerprise

information system

useradministrator

remote side

central side


Functional view - copy machines maintenance - architecture 2

gateway



central system

enterprise information

system

useradministrator



Functional view - copy machines maintenance - remote side

application

communication with central side / gateway

communication with machine

events archiving

positioning

mandatory

optional

management

misc.


Functional view - copy machines maintenance - central side

application

communication with remote side / gateway

communication with user

events archiving

management

communication with EIS

misc.: GIS, etc.

positioning

GIS: Geographic Information SystemEIS: Enterprise Information System


how to get information from the copy machine?

which type(s) of network(s)?

how to locate copy machines?

is some local, dedicated storage required?

which functions will be required for next version?

etc.

answers impact physical architecture...

Functional view - copy machines maintenance - questions


Copy machine example is very simple, at an application-level point of view

Taxi dispatch system is much more fun

Functional view - taxi dispatch example


Taxi request dispatch● customer request allocated to the best taxi

Taxi request follow-up● to anticipate request dispatch, when heavy traffic

Credit card payments

General messages (e.g. « speed camera at... »)

Personal messages (e.g. « call your wife back »)

Security alarm, with audio monitoring

Taxi locating

Information about distribution of taxis over the city

Information about distribution of customer requests

Etc.

Functional view - taxi dispatch - requirements - 1/3



Taxis waiting at taxi stand

Cruising taxi

Central dispatch office

Simplified dispatch algorithm

· city is divided in sectors

· one taxi stand at most per sector

· taxis can be waiting at a stand, or cruising

· taxi request dispatch:• sector is selected (depending on customer

address)• if taxis waiting at stand, first taxi complying with

services requirements is selected• if stand is empty, a cruising taxi is selected

(usually the nearest one)• if no cruising taxi in sector, search is broadened

to neighbouring sectors• etc.

· selected taxi driver must acknowledge the request

Sector 1

Sector 2



To taxi: are you really here? If yes, here is a request for your driver

From taxi to dispatch office: yes, I'm here

Displayed to driver:Services

requirements.Do you accept them?

Displayed to driver:Address.

Do you accept the request?

From driver to dispatch office: yes, I accept the request

Request allocated to taxi 1

Taxi 1

To other taxis at same stand: request allocated to taxi 1


Functional view - taxi dispatch - remote side

application


same questions than for copy machines (interface with taximeter, type(s) of network(s), taxi positioning, etc.)

additionally:● how to send “asynchronous” downlink messages?

● optimized way to “broadcast” messages to groups of taxis?

● how to mix data and voice (for alarms)?

● how to ensure that taxis can still receive missions if network is shared with some other users?

● etc.

Functional view - taxi dispatch - questions


Application on remote side and on central side● example of a dispatch system for taxis. On remote side (in taxi):

• list previous missions• check number of taxis waiting in each station• etc.

Application depends on end-user:● maintenance of copy machines

● taxi dispatch

● container tracking

● environmental monitoring

● transport of persons

● SCADA

● logistics

● etc.

Functional view - application - 1/2


Application is distributed over remote side and central side● Back to mission dispatch - on central side:

• central side selects taxi• it checks it is still available • it transmits mission• it checks that taxi driver accepted it• etc.

● On remote side (taxi):

• remote side receives mission and displays it to taxi driver• it updates taxi status and mission status• etc.

Functional view - application - 2/2


Functions on central side

Functions on remote side

High-level functions (application) depends heavily on end-user needs

High-level functions have usually to be distributed over central side and remote side

Functional view - summary


Physical architecture - table of contents

global architecture● copy machines maintenance

● taxi dispatch

software architecture


central side:● well-known technical elements: computers (PC, servers, network

equipments, etc.)

● interface with communication network

remote side:● remote system hidden inside copy machine

● processor + memory (ROM and RAM)

● physical interface(s) with the copy machine

● communication module depending on network type

● location system

● simple user interface (LED, reset button)

● if gateway: 2 x communication modules + processor + memory

+ software

Physical architecture - copy machines maintenance


Physical architecture - copy machines maintenance - remote side

communicationmodule

processor + memory

remote system

interfaces

locationsystem

user interface



Physical architecture - copy machines maintenance - network


see Networks section


central side:● well-known technical elements: computers (PC, servers, network

equipments, etc.)

● interface with communication network (PMR, PLMN)

● Computer Telephony Integration (CTI)

● Geographical Information System (GIS) functions

● etc.

● software

PMR: Private / Professional Mobile Radio

PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network

Physical architecture - taxi dispatch - central side


remote side:● example of remote system:

• hidden on-board device• device on the dashboard (e.g. touch screen) for GUI

● processor + memory (ROM and RAM) – on the two devices

● communication module in on-board device

● location system (usually GNSS)

● alarm button

● physical interface with the taximeter

● software

Physical architecture - taxi dispatch - remote side

GNSS: Global Navigation Satellite System


Physical architecture - taxi dispatch - network


see Networks section


Software architecture - 1/2

Central sideRemote side

OS

remote device

communication services - remote

application software - remote

OS

PC / serverperipheral devices

communication services - central

software components - central

com

pon

ent

com

pon

ent

com

pon

ent

software components - remote

com

pone

nt

com

pon

ent

com

pone

nt

application software - central

OS API

communication services APIcommunication services API

OS API

components APIscomponents APIs

communication protocols

components protocols

application protocols Customer-dedicated integration

Technical components

Communication

Execution platforms


communication layer:● bidirectional messaging

● file transfer

● roaming optimization

● etc.

technical components layer (almost generic)● mission dispatch handling

● alarm with end to end acknowledgement

● software odometer

● etc.

application layer:

● adaptation to end-user needs

This is an ideal view

Software architecture - 2/2


hardware (on remote side):● processing + interfacing + communication + ...

● embedded / on-board devices

● even if very simple, a user interface is a good thing

● can be quite costly – cost of installation to be considered as well

network:● various possible solutions, depending on needs / cost / etc.

software:● as for functions: distributed

● must support loss of connectivity when using wireless connectivity

Physical architecture - summary


Networks - table of contents

Overview

Important characteristics for M2M

Wireless networks● PMR

● low power

● 2.5 G / 3G / 4G

● satellites

● Wi-Fi

● Bluetooth, ZigBee, Z-Wave

● RFId

● NFC

Wired networks● leased lines

● PSTN

● ADSL


central part of M2M systems

wireless or wired

a given system can use several network technologies● to increase connectivity reliability

● to increase connectivity coverage

● to provide specific properties (low power, QoS, etc.)

● to support legacy equipments

● to lower operating costs / capital costs

● etc.

QoS: Quality of Service

Networks - overview - 1/4




communicationmodule

processor + memory

remote system

interface with controlling

equipment

data transmission over network medium

interfaces

locationsystem

user interface



interface with controlling equipment● often over a serial interface (V.24 / RS-232)

• 3 wires minimum: RX / TX / GND

● data is transmitted in frames over the serial interface

● example (Digi XTend RF module):

● data transparency: escape reserved bytes

● data: command or event

• transmit request, transmit status,received data, etc.

0x7E

Start delimiterbyte 1

MSB LSB

Lengthbytes 2, 3

data

Frame databytes 4 - n

CS

Checksumbyte n + 1

[V241][Dig1]



● another example: AT commands

• very common – used for wired and wireless network equipments• human readable• command / response – intermediate result codes – unsolicited result codes• command example: define context for data communication over 3G:

command: AT+CGDCONT=3,”IP”,”orange.m2m.sec”

response: OK

[3GP1]


shared or not

geographic coverage + possibility to adapt it

latency

connectivity setup time

addressability

required power for transmission

terminal cost

communication costthroughput

confidentiality

reliability

availability

etc.

(Wireless) networks - important characteristics for M2M


PMR = Professional Mobile Radio

not accessible to general public

frequency + associated bandwidth allocated to a user for a given period

user: private or public organization (company, city, association, etc.)

cost: annual fee (“license fee”) per terminal● fee = I x bf x c x k4 + n x G

• I: bandwidth, in MHz

• bf: depends on frequency

• c: depends on coverage

• k4: constant

• n: number of mobile users

• G: constant

Wireless networks - PMR - regulation (France)

[ARC1][ANF1]


Frequency (bands):● 40 MHz, 80 MHz, 150 MHz, 400 MHz, etc.

Channel spacing:● 6,25 kHz, 12,5 kHz, 25 kHz, 200 kHz, etc.

Technology:● analog – voice + data (modem) – 6,25 or 12,5 kHz channels – 1200 b/s

● digital:• DMR (Digital Mobile Radio) – 2 slot TDMA over 12,5 kHz channels – 9000 kb/s for 2 slots

• dPMR – FDMA over 6,25 kHz channels – 4800 b/s

• TETRA (TErrestrial Trunk RAdio) – 4 slot TDMA over 25 kHz channels – 7200 b/s per slot – for shared networks

• TETRAPOL – FDMA – for shared networks

• etc.

Coverage:● from 30 km (mono-site) up to wide area coverage (multi-sites / trunk)⋍

Wireless networks - PMR - characteristics


analog:● let's forget about it...

digital:● DMR: status messages (≤ 128 bytes) - short messages (≤ 36 bytes) –

packet data

● dPMR: short messages (≤ 100 bytes) - packet data

● TETRA: short messages (≤140 bytes) – packet data - Peripheral Equipment Interface specified (AT commands)

More information on other slide about integration

Wireless networks - PMR – system integration

[DMR1][dPM1][TET1]


in 2012:● around 26.000 PMR networks in France

users:● taxis, public transports, ambulances, airports, highways, security,

industry, constructions, etc.

● public organizations: cities, hospitals, etc.

Wireless networks - PMR - France


AFP = Appareils de Faible Puissance et de Faible Portée

freely accessible6.8 MHz, 13.6 MHz, 27.0 MHz, 40.7 MHz, 433.0 MHz, 434.0 MHz, 863-868... MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.7-5.9 GHz, 24... GHz, 61 GHz, 122-123 GHz, 244-246 GHz

ERP: depends on frequency - from 1 mW to 500 mW

some restrictions on duty cycle, on channel spacing, etc.

some other frequencies, for specific equipments

usual range: up to a few kilometers, unobstructed LoS

[ANF2]

ERP: Effective Radiated Power LoS: Line of Sight

Wireless networks - unlicensed - France


Radio modem

Proprietary protocols:● over network medium (radio):

• transmitted packets format (preamble, address, payload, error detection code, error correction code) - open or not

• data exchanges between a transmitter and a receiver (ack'ed or not, timed wakeup periods, etc.) - open or not

● with controlling equipment:

• interface with a controlling equipment (serial cable + messages, USB cable + messages, etc.) - usually open (see previous slide)

Throughput: several 1000s of b/s

Examples:● Digi, Wavenis, SATEL, etc.

Wireless networks - unlicensed – system integration


For a given radiated power and a given bit error rate, range can be increased:

● use lower bit rate for traditional modulation technologies. But this narrows spectrum => precise frequency reference is required to decode received modulation.

● use spread spectrum modulation. But processing is complex.

Examples:● SIGFOX (choice 1) - technology + network operator

• range: documented as up to 40 km LoS

● LoRa (Semtech) (choice 2) - technology (chipsets)

• range: documented as up to 15 km LoS

[SIG1] [LoR1]

Wireless networks - unlicensed - long range


PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)

“public” networks: shared between anybody who subscribes

broad coverage but target is population, not territory

global (worldwide) standardization

Wireless networks - 2.5G / 3G / 4G



Data services:● CSD (Circuit Switched Data): obsolete

● SMS (Short Message Service)

• 140 to 160 characters / bytes

● USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data)

• usually reserved to the operator

● packet data - IP compatible

• throughputs (beware: uplink downlink):≪• 2.5G: 8 to 40 kb/s (GPRS) – EDGE = GPRS x 3• 3G: 2 Mb/s non-moving, 384 kb/s moving • 3.5G: 14.4 Mb/s (HSDPA)• 4G: 100 Mb/s and more (LTE)...

GPRS: General Packet Radio ServiceEDGE: Enhanced Data rates for GSM EvolutionHSDPA: High-Speed Downlink Packet AccessLTE: Long Term Evolution



APN (Access Point Name):● name of gateway between 2.5G / 3G / 4G network and another network

(usually the Internet)

● defined by the operator

● for the Internet, defines following gateway characteristics:

• static or dynamic IP address• public or private IP address• allowed protocols (TCP, UDP, etc.)• allowed ports


Wireless networks - 2.5G / 3G / 4G – PPP session

mobile network the Internet

APN (GGSN)

1 - register

2 – define and activate context

=> comm. module known to network

=> IP address assigned to comm. module

3 – start a PPP session

=> IP address assigned to remote system

communicationmodule

remotesystem

AT commands

GGSN: Gateway GPRS Serving Node


Wireless networks - 2.5G / 3G / 4G – wireless router

mobile network the Internet

APN (GGSN)

1 - register

2 – define and activate context

=> comm. module known to network

=> IP address assigned to comm. module

communicationmodule

remotesystem

AT commands

3 – define NAT / PAT rule

=> comm. module performs NAT / PAT


Wireless networks - satellites - 1/2

geostationary orbits● characteristics:

• 36.000 km above the Earth• satellite seen from Earth as stationary• coverage restricted to known zone• minimum end-to-end latency: 2 x 36.000 km / 300.000 km/s => 240 ms

● Inmarsat:

• BGAN M2M: IP at up to 448 kb/s – latency from 800 ms – global coverage except polar regions

• IsatM2M: messages of 25 (U) / 100 (D) bytes – latency 30 to 60 s – global coverage except polar regions

• IsatData Pro: messages of 6.4 (U) / 10 (D) kB – latency 15 to 60 s – global coverage except polar regions

● Thuraya

BGAN: Broadband Global Area Network[Inm1] [Thu1]


Wireless networks - satellites - 2/2

low earth orbit (LEO)● characteristics:

• satellites constantly in motion around the Earth• altitude: 170 – 2000 km => period: 90 – 130 min.• low power• higher latency !

● Orbcomm:

• messages of 6 to 30 bytes• average latency: 6 min.• global coverage

● Globalstar

● Iridium

● Argos

[Orb1] [Glo1] [Iri1] [Arg1]


Wireless networks – short distance - 1/3

Wi-Fi● wireless local area network (WLAN) technology based on IEEE802.11

standards

● Wi-Fi Alliance owns the brand (not an abbreviation...)

● range: usually up to 100 m outdoors

Bluetooth● originally designed to replace serial cables – personal area network

(PAN)

● managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group

● range: less than 100 m

● many profiles

● Bluetooth Low Energy (part of V4.0)

[WiF1] [Blu1]



ZigBee● managed by ZigBee Alliance

● low-power

● range: up to 100 m

● mesh network => long distance by retransmitting data

Z-Wave● managed by Z-Wave Alliance - for home automation

● low-power

● range: around 30 m

● mesh network

[Zig1] [Zig2] [ZWa1] [ZWa2]



RFId:● Radio-Frequency Identification

NFC:● Near Field Communication

That's more an identification technology than a network technology

● => see Devices section


Fixed networks - 1/2

Leased lines● permanent connection between two locations

● analog or digital – symmetric throughput (unlike ADSL)

● example for France:

• Orange Transfix: up to 2048 Kb/s

● for M2M: more or less obsolete

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)● requires a modem (modulator – demodulator)

● up to 56 Kb/s

● cost proportional to duration

● long setup time (up to 20 or 30 s)

● for M2M: more or less

[Tra1] [Lea1]


Fixed networks - 2/2

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)● pseudo permanent connection

● think about connection ownership. For instance, when used for home automation services, the connection owner is the home owner, not the service provider...


Networks - summary - 1/3

Techno Shared Range Latency Setup time

PMR no from 30 km up to wide area depends on architecture

0

low power yes up to 10 (40) km depends on architecture

0

2.5G/3G yes wide area from 100 ms up to 1 s

from 2 s to 5 s

4G yes wide area 50 ms 1 s

satellites geo

yes global 800 ms to 60 s

satellites LEO

yes global min

Wi-Fi yes local ms s



Techno Addressability TX power Equipment cost Comm. cost

PMR full W 100s € 0 €

low power full mW 10s € 0 €

2.5G/3G restricted W 100s € flat rate

4G restricted W 100s € --> 10s € flat rate

satellites geo

restriced W 1000s € high

satellites LEO

restricted W 100s € high

Wi-Fi full mW 10s € 0 €



Many different technologies

Understanding real user needs is important, to choose the right network technology

● example of a fixed network technology used for a mobile application!

Perhaps the most important part of an M2M system, as it transmits data between the two sides of a system

Perhaps the most difficult part of an M2M system, at a technical point of view


Connected devices - contents

Introduction

Processor + memory

Interfaces with machine

Communication with central side

Storage

Positioning

Identification

Typology

Software


Connected devices - introduction - 1/2

What we saw in previous sections:

communicationmodule

processor + memory

remote system

interfaces

locationsystem

user interface

communication networkConnectivity is usually intermittent


Connected devices - introduction - 2/2

processor + memory

communicationmodule

locationsystem

analog inputs

digital I/O

Example:

[COO1]


Connected devices - processor + memory - 1/3

usually: microcontroller

legacy microcontroller - example: Freescale 68HC11E1● 8 bits

● 3 MHz

● RAM: 512 bytes - EEPROM: 512 bytes

● 38 General Purpose I/O (GPIO)

● 1 x Asynchronous Serial Communications Interface (SCI)

● 1 x Synchronous Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

● 8 x 8-Bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)

● 16-bit Timer System

● address / data bus for external memory

● bootstrap mode

● price: US$7 (10.000)⋍



recent microcontroller - example: Microchip PIC16F1705● 8 bits

● 32 MHz

● RAM: 1 KB - Flash: 14 KB

● 2 x Capture / Compare / Pulse Width Modulation

● 1 x Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART)

● 1 x SCI - 1 x Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C)

● 8 x 10-bit ADC

● timers: 4 x 8-bit, 1 x 16-bit

● price: US$0.73 (10.000)⋍



recent microcontroller - example: NXP LPC1837JET256● 32 bits - ARM Cortex-M3 core

● 3-stage pipeline, modified Harvard architecture

● 180 MHz

● RAM: 136 KB - Flash: 1024 KB

● 6 x PWM

● 4 x UART - 2 x I2C - 2 x SPI

● 2 x CAN - 2 x USB - 1 x Ethernet

● 8 x 10-bit ADC

● 4 x 32-bit timers

● price: ⋍ US$8.30 (unit)

CAN: Controller Area NetworkUSB: Universal Serial Bus


Connected devices - interfaces with machine - digital input

Hardware:● two main types:

• read a voltage (high / low)• check open / closed circuit

● use GPIO

● an optocoupler may be required

Software:● configure chosen pin

● use interrupt routine

● debounce may be required (a hardware debouncer is sometimes provided by the microcontroller)


Connected devices - interfaces with machine - digital output

Hardware:● two main types:

• set a voltage (high / low)• close / open a circuit

● use GPIO

● an optocoupler may be required

● a relay may be required



Connected devices - interfaces with machine - analog input

Hardware:● use ADC

● signal conditioning may be required

● some microcontrollers provide integrated Op Amp (e.g. PIC16F527)

● important parameters: resolution and sampling rate


● use interrupt routine (end of conversion)

ADC: Analog-to-Digital Conversion


Connected devices - interfaces with machine - serial buses - long distance - V.24

Serial interface - V.24 (+ V.28 + ISO/IEC 2110)● for every direction, bytes are serialized and transmitted over one wire

● minimum 3 wires: transmitted data, received data, signal ground

● additional wires for control signals (request to send, ready for sending, data set ready, calling indicator, etc.)

● bit to 1: -15 V < voltage < -3 V

● bit to 0: +3 V > voltage > +15 V

Max. length: usually < 15 m

Connection between DTE (PC) and DCE (modem). For other configurations, you usually have to think twice

Connectors: DB-25, DB-9

USA: RS-232 (TIA-232)

[V241] [FAR1] DTE: Data Terminal Equipment[TIA1] DCE: Data Circuit-terminating Equipment


Connected devices - interfaces with machine - serial buses - short distance - serial - 1/2

For a V.24 link: ● 1. bytes are serialized using an UART

● 2. voltage levels are shifted from TTL/CMOS to V.28

UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter

UART

Address bus

Control bus

RX TTL

TX TTL

GND

level shifter

TX V.24

RX V.24

GND

CPU

For short distances, level shifting may be omitted


Connected devices - interfaces with machine - serial buses - short distance - SPI - 1/2

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)

MOSI: Master Output, Slave Input SCLK: Serial Clock [SPI1]MISO: Master Input, Slave Output SS: Slave Select [SPI2]


Connected devices - interfaces with machine - serial buses - short distance - SPI - 2/2

Defined by Motorola (now Freescale)

Full duplex, clock up to a few MHz

One master, one chip select per slave

4 wires

Applications:● short distance communication (in main board vicinity)

● exemples:

• sensors (temperature, pressure, etc.)• memory (EEPROM, etc.)• LCD• etc.


Connected devices - interfaces with machine - serial buses - short distance - I2C - 1/2

I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)

[I2C1]


Connected devices - interfaces with machine - serial buses - short distance - I2C - 2/2

Defined by Philips (now NXP)

Multi-master

Clock up to a few MHz

2 wires

Applications:● same than SPI


Connected devices - communication with central side

See Networks section


Connected devices - storage

Flash memory:● important parameters:

• max number of Program / Erase cycles (e.g. 3 000, 100 000)• write time (e.g. page erase - word / page write)

● soldered IC:

• 512 Kb (<=> 64 KB) - 8 pins - SPI - 0,50 €• 16 Gb (<=> 2 GB) - 48 pins - multiplexed A/D buses - 13 €

● memory card:

• MMC, SD, miniSD, microSD, etc.• ex.: microSD 1 GB 39 €


Connected devices – outdoor positioning - GNSS - 1

Global Navigation Satellite System● mostly for outdoor use

● working principles:

• constellation of satellites• every satellite sends messages: satellite position, message time• satellite time is very accurate (atomic clock)• listening to 3 satellites, the GNSS receiver estimates its location on earth

(distance = difference of time x speed of light)• that's only an estimate (the receiver does not have an atomic clock)• using a 4th satellite, the receiver synchronizes its clock• => real location can be computed

● satellite orbits: MEO (20 000 km), GEO (36 000 km)

● speed of light (approx.) : 3 x 108 m / s : 10 m <=> 33 ns

● fix: position


Connected devices – outdoor positioning – GPS – 1/2

GPS: USA system

31 operational satellites (24-Dec-2013)

MEO orbit: 20 200 km

at any time, any point on Earth can see 4 satellites

accuracy:● depends on receiver quality, on satellites being used, etc.

● documented as better than 8 m with 95% confidence level

● usual accuracy: 20 m – see next slide for real-life example

Dilution of Precision (DOP – PDOP/HDOP/VDOP):● how error in measures impact error in computed location

● good when < 6

[GPS1]


Connected devices – outdoor positioning – GPS – 2/2

example of accuracy: ● GPS receiver indoor, not far from a window => lower reception quality

● one location every 2 s, for 15 minutes

● several locations are more than 60 m far from the real location


Connected devices – outdoor positioning – other GNSS

GLONASS: Russia (formerly USSR) system● 23 operational satellites (22-Feb-2014)

● MEO: 19 100 km

Galileo: Europe● target: 30 satellites – MEO: 23 200 km

● currently: 4 satellites (12-Dec-2013: first airborne tracking)

BeiDou ( 北斗 ): China● target: 5 GEO satellites + 30 MEO satellites

● currently: 10 satellites – operational over China

Japan (QZSS), India (IRNSS)

[GLO1] [Bei1][Gal1] [GNS1]


Connected devices – outdoor positioning – augmentation systems – 1/2

To increase accuracy (and integrity):● differential GPS

• a GPS receiver placed at a location known with very good accuracy is used to generate corrections send to other GPS receivers

• another receiver is required

• => ⋍ 3 – 5 m accuracy

● SBAS (Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems)

• additional satellites broadcast corrections• no other receiver required

• => ⋍ 1 – 3 m accuracy

• USA: WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System)• Europe: EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service)• India: GAGAN (GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation• Japan: MSAS (Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System)


Connected devices – outdoor positioning – augmentation systems – 2/2

A-GPS (Assisted GPS)● mainly for PLMN terminals (your mobile phone...)

● almanac (coarse orbit and status information for all satellites) and ephemeris (precise orbit for one satellite) data are sent to the GPS receiver using the mobile network

● this reduces TTFF (Time To First Fix)

● data generated by mobile operators, or by OTT players (Google, etc.)

RTK (Real-Time Kinematic)● signal phase is used, to get an accuracy up to a few centimeters

● fix computation can be quite long

OTT: Over The Top


Connected devices – outdoor positioning – GNSS integration – 1/2

communicationmodule

processor + memory

remote system

interfaces

locationsystem

user interface

controllinginterface



interface:● usually: serial (V.28 or TTL / CMOS)

● usually: implements subset of NMEA 0183 standard

NMEA: National Marine Electronics Association [NME1] [NME2]

$GPGGA,123519,4807.038,N,01131.000,E,1,08,0.9,545.4,M,46.9,M,,*47

Where: GGA Global Positioning System Fix Data 123519 Fix taken at 12:35:19 UTC 4807.038,N Latitude 48 deg 07.038' N 01131.000,E Longitude 11 deg 31.000' E 1 Fix quality: 0 = invalid 1 = GPS fix (SPS) 2 = DGPS fix 3 = PPS fix 4 = Real Time Kinematic 5 = Float RTK 6 = estimated (dead reckoning) (2.3 feature) 7 = Manual input mode 8 = Simulation mode 08 Number of satellites being tracked 0.9 Horizontal dilution of position 545.4,M Altitude, Meters, above mean sea level 46.9,M Height of geoid (mean sea level) above WGS84 ellipsoid (empty field) time in seconds since last DGPS update



Interface (cont'd):● most manufacturers provide their own protocol:

• SiRF (then CSR, now Samsung) – u-blox - SkyTraq [on-going Indiegogo crowdfunded project] – ST – Broadcom – etc.

• most receivers are multi-constellations (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou)

Important: antenna placement

May be important: tamper protection● antenna cable short circuit and antenna removal events

[SiR1] [Sky1] [ubl1] [Ind1]


Connected devices – outdoor positioning – misc.

Devices can be positioned by the network:● trilateration (several time measures)

● triangulation (several angle measures)

● cell identification

● “fingerprinting”

● dead reckoning (inertial sensor fusion: accelerometer + magnetometer and filtering)

● more ?

Position may be computed by / available at● device side

● network side


Connected devices – indoor positioning

All previously listed technologies may be used for indoor positioning, depending on constraints

But no easy-to-integrate, generic system exists today

Domain still waiting for more innovation


Connected devices – identification – 1/3

Some systems have to identify external objects:● truck trailers

● shipping containers

● bottles of perfumes

● etc.



RFID (Radio Frequency Identification):● tag / label with (almost) unique identity

• passive (no battery) or active (battery)

• read-only or read/write

● reader: transmits (=> data over energy)

● a passive tag uses incoming energy to transmit back its data

● as usual, distance depends on power, antenna and frequency

● from a few tens of centimeters up to a few meters (more is possible)

NFC (Near-Field Communication):● purposely short distances only (a few centimeters)

● for secure applications (e.g., contactless payment)



Questions: how to identify objects on a global basis, and let every organization exchange object data?

Part of the answer: GS1● international not-for-profit organization

● delivers standards, services and solutions

● standards:

• barcodes• EPCglobal: tag data, tag protocols, reader protocols, ONS (Object Name

Service), discovery services, etc.• etc.

A world unto itself...

[GS11]


Connected devices – typology – 1/4

How two classify devices?

One possible taxonomy: level of freedom for the integrator● 1/ fully programmable device

• write your own program and install it into the device

● 2/ customizable device

• define, activate and combine several rules• ex.: if (input 10 is 1) and (distance to pos1 > 100) then send an alarm

● 3/ parameterizable device

• define values for available parameters• ex.: address of server, period between two value transmissions



Another taxonomy: application software hosting● 1/ microcontroller board with communication module

• application software is run by the microcontroller• communication module is seen as a peripheral device



Application software hosting:● 2/ programmable communication module

• application software is run by the communication module• some additional interfaces may be required

[Sie1]



Application software hosting:● 3/ any other configuration

• e.g., programmable GPS receiver

[Ind1]


Connected devices – software

What we saw in a previous section:

OS

remote device



peripheral devices


communication services API

OS API

components APIs

● application layer

● component layer

● communication layer

● OS layer

● hardware layer


Connected devices – software – OS layer – 1/4

Three possibilities:● 1/ no OS

• ISRs (Interrupt Service Routines) / interrupt handlers + background task• ISRs called on external events: byte received on serial input, byte sent on

serial output, input goes from low to high, etc.• ISRs called on internal events: timer(s), end of A/D conversion, watchdog

timeout, etc.• ISRs and background task communicates using flags and buffers• no software overhead, you know what you do• you must know what you do (synchronization, interrupt priorities, etc.)



● 2/ RTOS

• an RTOS has deterministic timing behavior• FreeRTOS

• free, open source• minimum memory: 10 KB Flash (without libraries), a few KB RAM

• ThreadX• open source, one license, royalty free• minimum memory: 2 KB Flash (without libraries), a few KB RAM

• eCos• free, open source• minimum memory: ?

• VxWorks• let's talk about business• minimum memory: ?

• many, many other RTOS...

[eCo1] [Fre1] [Thr1] [VxW1] [RTO1]



● How to select an RTOS:

• supported target microcontrollers• minimum requirements for Flash and RAM• technical requirements: interrupt latency, scheduling policy, synchronization

facilities, inter-thread communication, etc. • development environment (IDE)• IP stack (TCP, UDP, SMTP, FTP, etc.)• file system (Flash)• source code availability• support• existing community• licensing scheme• etc.

IDE: Integrated Development Environment



● 2/ OS

• if you have “lot of” memory and processing power, you can consider a standard OS.

• example: Linux• patches can transform Linux kernel into a real-time kernel• minimum memory: 256 KB Flash, 512 KB RAM• Free Electrons web site: lot of information

• example: Android• Android is based on Linux• provides high level services (GUI, APIs for audio, video, GPS, file

system, etc.)• Java language• BEWARE: Android can choose to kill your running application

[Fre1]


Connected devices – software – programming languages

Available languages● depends on (RT)OS

● if you want to have fun: assembly language(s)

● very common: C / C++

● Java (Android...)

● Python

● Lua

● etc.


Middleware - contents

Introduction

Communication

Device management

Platforms


Middleware – definition – 1/2

Wikipedia:Middleware is computer software that provides services to software applications beyond those available from the operating system.

OS

remote device



peripheral devices


communication services API

OS API

components APIs

middleware


Middleware – definition – 2/2

We will focus on ● communication

● device management

● platforms


Middleware – communication - requirements

Exchange data from one side to the other one● reliably

● securely

● easily

● at low cost

Applying web technologies to M2M / IoT communications is often not the right choice

● HTTP: request / response (=> polling), ASCII, complex parsing

● XML: verbose

● JSON: still too verbose

[JSO1]


Middleware – communication - frames

device generated data: binary data

data sent to devices: binary as well

data structures must be exchanged

it should be possible to transmit new data structures to devices not yet configured to decode them

it should be possible to exchange data between computers coding data in different ways (little endian, big endian)

=> ASN.1: defined 30 years ago by CCITT (now ITU-T) – not so used in M2M/IoT...

Google re-invented a solution in 2008: Protocol Buffers – not so used either in M2M/IoT...

libraries in various languages to encode / decode frames

ASN.1: Abstract Syntax Notation One CCITT: Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique ITU-T: International Telecommunication Union [End1] [ASN1] [Pro1]


Middleware – communication - protocols - MQTT

MQTT acronym comes from Message Queue (not present in MQTT!) and Telemetry Transport (but MQTT is not restricted to telemetry)

message transport

publish / subscribe (one to many - application decoupling)

based on TCP/IP (MQTT-SN for non TCP/IP networks)

small transport overhead

abnormal disconnection notification

free open source implementations:● Eclipse Mosquitto (server)

● Eclipse Paho (clients in various languages)

[MQT1][MQT2]


Middleware – communication - protocols - CoAP

CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol

protocol maintained by the IETF

request / response – designed to easily interface with HTTP

based on UDP or equivalent

low transport overhead

low parsing complexity

resource discovery (a client queries a server)

several free open source implementations of CoAP (client, server)

IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force [CoA1] [CoA2]


Middleware – communication - protocols - proprietary

Many device manufacturers developed their own protocols● that's not difficult to do, for (really) experienced developers

● resulting protocol is often very well adapted to target use case

● there are many such proprietary protocols

Question:● will those solutions be migrated to standards?


Middleware – device management – OMA DM

OMA DM: specified by Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)

OMA DM Supports:● device provisioning (device initialization and configuration)

● software updates (application and system software)

● fault management (reporting faults, querying status)

For M2M: OMA Lightweight M2M (LWM2M)● based on CoAP

● open source implementation: Eclipse Wakaama project proposal

[OMA1] [OMA3][OMA2]


Middleware – device management – proprietary

Serious device manufacturers developed their own DM solutions, without waiting for standardization:

● Sierra Wireless

● Digi

● Mobile Devices

● etc.

Question:● proprietary solutions are often very efficient

● will manufacturers switch to standardized solutions?

[PDM1] [PDM2]


Middleware – platforms – 1/5

What is an M2M / IoT platform?● let's try a definition:

• a platform provides a set of low level services, allowing rapid deployment of new applications.

• provided low level services:• device connectivity• device management• application connectivity

• should provide as well:• more reliability• scalability



Central sideRemote side

OS

remote device



OS

PC / serverperipheral devices

communication services - central

software components - centralsoftware components - remote

application software - central

OS API

communication services APIcommunication services API

OS API

components APIscomponents APIs

communication protocols

components protocols

application protocols

Customer-dedicated integration

Technical components

Communication

Execution platforms



Many, many, many platforms● Sierra Wireless AirVantage M2M Cloud

● Mobile Devices CloudConnect

● Digi Etherios Device Cloud

● Axeda Machine Cloud

● Xively Cloud Services

● ThingWorx

● Eurotech Everywhere Cloud

● etc., etc., etc.

[PLA1] [PLA2] [PLA3] [PLA4] [PLA5] [PLA6] [PLA7]



Where is value as perceived by customer?

comm. layer

remote system central system

comm. layerDM layer

DM layer

Layers solvingcustomer problem

Layers solvingcustomer problem

customerpays for this

relative sizes of software layers,for a complex

system



System value as perceived by customer is outside of platform realm

Additionally:● a platform may prevent from using some devices (which do not

implement a supported protocol)

● a platform creates a protocol break

● when updating the platform, ALL users are impacted

● developing a communication layer + minimum device management is not complex for an experienced team

=> Think twice before deciding on using a platform

Anyway, using a platform may be very nice, for some (simple) applications, or to test a new service.


Application layer

So many points here...● hosting (dedicated hosting, virtual machines, cloud, etc.)

● databases (SQL-type, NoSQL, Big Data, etc.)

● communication between various pieces of running code (concurrency, messaging systems, Remote Procedure Call, publish / subscribe, etc.)

● Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

● Graphical User Interface (GUI) – web technologies, rich clients, etc.

● etc.

... that we won't talk about it.


Ecosystem - 1/2

Software editor Middleware editor

Application software

component editor

Embedded equipment

manufacturer

Positioning technology provider

Radio terminal manufacturer

Network operator Integrator Installer Geocoded data provider

Customer Service provider

Embedded OS editor

Customer's customers

delivers to


Ecosystem - 2/2

Complex ecosystem!

Not fully mature yet● at user requirements level

● at business models level

Most of current actors run several different activities

The integrator is the unique interface with the client: tough job!

An important actor: the installer


Standardization – 1/4

Some “old” standards:● V.24

● SPI, I2C

● etc.

But that's really far from being enough

Let's dream:● any remote system should be able to communicate with any central

system

● any central system should be able to communicate with any central system

● any system receiving a new type of data should be able to know whether it has to process this data, and what it means (semantics, ontology)

● etc.[STA1]



in Europe: ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)

● M2M communications



Most of ETSI standardization work has been transferred to oneM2M (starting on 2012)

oneM2M is a global partnership project (China, Japan, Europe, North America, etc.)

OMA (Open Mobile Alliance) is member of oneM2M

goal: develop technical specifications which address the need for a common M2M Service Layer that can be readily embedded within various hardware and software

[STA2]



Many additional organizations:● 3GPP

● IETF

● OASIS

● ISO

● IEEE

● CEN

● IEC

● CENELEC

● SGIP

● HGI

● OSGi

● dlna

● uPnP

● etc.


Want to play?

Arduino: http://arduino.cc/

Raspberry Pi: http://www.raspberrypi.org/

Embedded Artists: http://www.embeddedartists.com/

cooking hacks: http://www.cooking-hacks.com/

GROVE System: http://www.seeedstudio.com/wiki/GROVE_System

OpenMote: http://www.openmote.com/

Eclipse IoT: http://iot.eclipse.org/

and many, many other ones...

http://arduino.cc/

http://www.raspberrypi.org/

http://www.embeddedartists.com/

http://www.cooking-hacks.com/

http://www.seeedstudio.com/wiki/GROVE_System

http://www.openmote.com/

http://iot.eclipse.org/


Conclusion

M2M, IoT: buzzwords.● understand end user needs

● get experienced in technologies

• telecommunications and electronics are important• software is important

● get the global view

● monitor technology evolutions

This is a fun domain!


[3GP1] http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/27007.htm[ANF1] http://www.anfr.fr/fr/autorisations-certificats/reseaux-independants/les-reseaux-mobiles-professionnels-pmr/definition-et-contexte.html

[ANF2] http://www.anfr.fr/fr/planification-international/tnrbf.html[ARC1] http://www.arcep.fr/?id=8082#c8077[Arg1] http://www.argos-system.org/[ASN1] http://www.oss.com/asn1/resources/books-whitepapers-pubs/asn1-books.html#dubuisson[Bei1] http://en.beidou.gov.cn/[Blu1] http://www.bluetooth.com/[CoA1] http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-core-coap-18[CoA2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrained_Application_Protocol[COO1] http://www.cooking-hacks.com/blog/tutorial_arduino_quadband_mobile_navigator_pack[Def1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-to-Machine[Def2] http://www.digi.com/business/[Def3] http://www.orange.com/en/glossary/M[Def4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things[Def5] http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/trends/iot/overview.html[Def6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city[Def7] http://www2.schneider-electric.com/sites/corporate/en/solutions/sustainable_solutions/smart-cities.page[Dig1] http://ftp1.digi.com/support/documentation/90000958_D.pdf[DMR1] http://dmrassociation.org/

References - 1/5

http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/27007.htm

http://www.anfr.fr/fr/autorisations-certificats/reseaux-independants/les-reseaux-mobiles-professionnels-pmr/definition-et-contexte.html

http://www.anfr.fr/fr/planification-international/tnrbf.html

http://www.arcep.fr/?id=8082#c8077

http://www.argos-system.org/

http://www.oss.com/asn1/resources/books-whitepapers-pubs/asn1-books.html#dubuisson

http://en.beidou.gov.cn/

http://www.bluetooth.com/

http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-core-coap-18

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrained_Application_Protocol

http://www.cooking-hacks.com/blog/tutorial_arduino_quadband_mobile_navigator_pack

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-to-Machine

http://www.digi.com/business/

http://www.orange.com/en/glossary/M

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things

http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/trends/iot/overview.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city

http://www2.schneider-electric.com/sites/corporate/en/solutions/sustainable_solutions/smart-cities.page

http://ftp1.digi.com/support/documentation/90000958_D.pdf

http://dmrassociation.org/


[dPM1] http://www.dpmr-mou.org/index.htm[eCo1] http://ecos.sourceware.org/[End1] http://www.cs.umd.edu/class/sum2003/cmsc311/Notes/Data/endian.html[Exa1] http://www.logisticsarena.eu/real-time-container-tracking-is-ready-to-take-off/[Exa1] http://www.shippingcontainers24.com/tracking/nyk-tracking/[Exa1] http://www.profittools.net/products/order-management/trackandtrace/[Exa2] http://www.environment.ucla.edu/reportcard/article.asp?parentid=1506[Exa3] http://www.mobitex.com/pdf/PT_brochure_2004.pdf[Exa4] http://broadwin.com/SCADA.htm[Exa5] http://hammer.net/template.asp?nav_id=110[Exa6] http://m2mworldnews.com/2011/11/15/83994-cinterion-enables-remote-monitoring-of-100000-konica-minolta-office-machines-worldwide/

[Exa7] http://globaltelematicsltd.com/taxi-tracking.htm[Exa8] http://blog.nxp.com/home-automation-smart-lighting-gets-you-in-the-door/[Exa9] http://gridpocket.com/Welcome.html[FAR1] http://fr.farnell.com/jsp/search/browse.jsp?N=2014+203438&Ntk=gensearch&Ntt=db-9&Ntx=mode+matchallpartial[Fre1] http://www.freertos.org/[Fre1] http://free-electrons.com/[Gal1] http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Navigation/The_future_-_Galileo/What_is_Galileo[GLO1] http://glonass-iac.ru/en/[Glo1] http://eu.globalstar.com/en/

References - 2/5

http://www.dpmr-mou.org/index.htm

http://ecos.sourceware.org/

http://www.cs.umd.edu/class/sum2003/cmsc311/Notes/Data/endian.html

http://www.logisticsarena.eu/real-time-container-tracking-is-ready-to-take-off/

http://www.shippingcontainers24.com/tracking/nyk-tracking/

http://www.profittools.net/products/order-management/trackandtrace/

http://www.environment.ucla.edu/reportcard/article.asp?parentid=1506

http://www.mobitex.com/pdf/PT_brochure_2004.pdf

http://broadwin.com/SCADA.htm

http://hammer.net/template.asp?nav_id=110

http://m2mworldnews.com/2011/11/15/83994-cinterion-enables-remote-monitoring-of-100000-konica-minolta-office-machines-worldwide/

http://globaltelematicsltd.com/taxi-tracking.htm

http://blog.nxp.com/home-automation-smart-lighting-gets-you-in-the-door/

http://gridpocket.com/Welcome.html

http://fr.farnell.com/jsp/search/browse.jsp?N=2014+203438&Ntk=gensearch&Ntt=db-9&Ntx=mode+matchallpartial

http://www.freertos.org/

http://free-electrons.com/

http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Navigation/The_future_-_Galileo/What_is_Galileo

http://glonass-iac.ru/en/

http://eu.globalstar.com/en/


[GNS1] http://www.gnss.asia/[GPS1] http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/space/[GS11] http://www.gs1.org/[I2C1] http://www.nxp.com/documents/other/UM10204_v5.pdf[Ind1] http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/navspark-arduino-compatible-with-gps-gnss-receiver[Inm1] http://www.inmarsat.com/service-group/m2m/[Iri1] http://www.iridium.com/default.aspx[JSO1] http://json.org/[Lea1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_line[LoR1] http://semtech.com/wireless-rf/lora.html[MQT1] http://mosquitto.org/[MQT2] http://www.eclipse.org/paho/[NME1] http://www.nmea.org/[NME2] http://www.gpsinformation.org/dale/nmea.htm[OMA1] http://openmobilealliance.org/[OMA2] http://openmobilealliance.org/about-oma/work-program/device-management/[OMA3] http://www.eclipse.org/proposals/technology.liblwm2m/[Orb1] http://www.orbcomm.com/[PDM1] http://www.sierrawireless.com/en/productsandservices/AirLink_Gateways_Modems/Programmable_modems/Device_Management.aspx

[PDM2] http://www.mobile-devices.com/our-services/#cloudConnect

References - 3/5

http://www.gnss.asia/

http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/space/

http://www.gs1.org/

http://www.nxp.com/documents/other/UM10204_v5.pdf

http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/navspark-arduino-compatible-with-gps-gnss-receiver

http://www.inmarsat.com/service-group/m2m/

http://www.iridium.com/default.aspx

http://json.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_line

http://semtech.com/wireless-rf/lora.html

http://mosquitto.org/

http://www.eclipse.org/paho/

http://www.nmea.org/

http://www.gpsinformation.org/dale/nmea.htm

http://openmobilealliance.org/

http://openmobilealliance.org/about-oma/work-program/device-management/

http://www.eclipse.org/proposals/technology.liblwm2m/

http://www.orbcomm.com/

http://www.sierrawireless.com/en/productsandservices/AirLink_Gateways_Modems/Programmable_modems/Device_Management.aspx

http://www.mobile-devices.com/our-services/#cloudConnect


[PLA1] http://www.sierrawireless.com/en/productsandservices/AirVantage_M2M_Cloud.aspx[PLA2] http://www.mobile-devices.com/our-services/#cloudConnect[PLA3] http://www.axeda.com/node/811[PLA4] http://www.etherios.com/products/devicecloud/[PLA5] https://xively.com/whats_xively/[PLA6] http://www.thingworx.com/platform/[PLA7] http://www.eurotech.com/en/products/software+services/everyware+cloud+m2m+platform[Pro1] https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/overview?hl=fr[RTO1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_real-time_operating_systems[Sie1] http://www.sierrawireless.com/en/productsandservices/AirLink_Gateways_Modems/Programmable_modems/FX_Series.aspx

[SIG1] http://sigfox.com/#!/technology[SiR1] http://www.element14.com/community/docs/DOC-13409/l/sirf-binary-protocol-reference-manual[Sky1] http://www.skytraq.com.tw/index.html[SPI1] http://cache.freescale.com/files/microcontrollers/doc/data_sheet/MC68HC08AB16A.pdf[SPI2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus[STA1] http://www.etsi.org/technologies-clusters/technologies/m2m[STA2] http://www.onem2m.org/[TET1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_Trunked_Radio[Thr1] http://rtos.com/products/threadx/[Thu1] http://www.thuraya.com/

References - 4/5

http://www.sierrawireless.com/en/productsandservices/AirVantage_M2M_Cloud.aspx

http://www.mobile-devices.com/our-services/#cloudConnect

http://www.axeda.com/node/811

http://www.etherios.com/products/devicecloud/

https://xively.com/whats_xively/

http://www.thingworx.com/platform/

http://www.eurotech.com/en/products/software+services/everyware+cloud+m2m+platform

https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/overview?hl=fr

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_real-time_operating_systems

http://www.sierrawireless.com/en/productsandservices/AirLink_Gateways_Modems/Programmable_modems/FX_Series.aspx

http://sigfox.com/#!/technology

http://www.element14.com/community/docs/DOC-13409/l/sirf-binary-protocol-reference-manual

http://www.skytraq.com.tw/index.html

http://cache.freescale.com/files/microcontrollers/doc/data_sheet/MC68HC08AB16A.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus

http://www.etsi.org/technologies-clusters/technologies/m2m

http://www.onem2m.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_Trunked_Radio

http://rtos.com/products/threadx/

http://www.thuraya.com/


[TIA1] http://www.tiaonline.org/standards/buy-tia-standards[Tra1] http://www.orange-business.com/fr/produits/transfix[ubl1] http://www.u-blox.com/images/downloads/Product_Docs/u-blox7-V14_ReceiverDescriptionProtocolSpec_Public_%28GPS.G7-SW-12001%29.pdf

[V241] http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-V.24-200002-I/en[V241] http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-V.24-200002-I/en[VxW1] http://www.windriver.com/products/vxworks.html[WiF1] http://www.wi-fi.org/[Zig1] https://www.zigbee.org/[Zig2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigbee[ZWa1] http://www.z-wavealliance.org/[ZWa2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-wave

cliparts: https://openclipart.org/

References - 5/5

http://www.tiaonline.org/standards/buy-tia-standards

http://www.orange-business.com/fr/produits/transfix

http://www.u-blox.com/images/downloads/Product_Docs/u-blox7-V14_ReceiverDescriptionProtocolSpec_Public_%28GPS.G7-SW-12001%29.pdf

http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-V.24-200002-I/en

http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-V.24-200002-I/en

http://www.windriver.com/products/vxworks.html

http://www.wi-fi.org/

https://www.zigbee.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigbee

http://www.z-wavealliance.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-wave

https://openclipart.org/


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