AD-A246 913

AD__NOTE NO. 92-1

AN INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICSBIBLIOGRAPHY: PREVENTION OF

CUMULATIVE TRAUMA THROUGHWORKPLACE ANALYSIS

U S ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTEOF

ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE

Natick, Massachusetts

OTIC

bMAR 0 4 1992

92-05335

Approv.d fo, pubic rl. ase dstrbuton unlm .d

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Valerie J. Rice and Paula M. Sind (compilers)

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US Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineREOTNMRNatick, MA 01760-5007

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13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

This bibliography was prepared to provide a reference base for individuals whoare new to the industrial ergonomics field. The focus is on prevention ofcumulative trauma injur1.~s through workplace evaluation and intervention.Articles in several subcategories are listed, in addition to basic ergonomics:carpal tunnel syndrome, the back, the office environment and video display

* terminals, seatingand workplace evaluation. While this bibliography is not allinclusive of the Industrial Ergonomics field, it will provide the user withreferences to further explore the profession.

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGESergonomics; human factors; carpal tunnel; cumulative trauma;overuse syndrome; video display terminals; VDT; occupational 16. PRICE CODEinjury

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Technical Note

AN INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS BIBLIOGRAPHY: PREVENTION OFCUMULATIVE TRAUMA THROUGH WORKPLACE ANALYSIS

1Valerie J. Rice

2Paula M. Sind

'Occupational Health & Performance DirectorateUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatick, MA 01760-5007

2School of PsychologyFlorida Institute of TechnologyMelbourne, FL 32901-6988

December 1991

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ERG O NO M ICS ........................................................................................ 1

TH E BAC K ........................................................................................... 10

CARPAL TUNNEL .............................................................................. 13

THE OFFICE AND VDTs .................................................................... 22

SEATING ............................................................................................. 26

WORKPLACE ANALYSIS ................................................................. 29

Acoession For

NTIS GRA& 900"DTIC TAB 0Unannounr ., EJustifi. ,.tio

FyPD strlbution/

Avallabilit7 Codes

Avail and/orDist~ Special

INTRODUCTION

This bibliography was prepared to provide a reference base for individualswho are required to address injury prevention through ergonomic intervention. Asthis is an unfamiliar approach to industrial safety for many industrial hygienists,occupational health practitioners, safety officers, and therapists, we have receivednumerous requests for a bibliography. This bibliography is an interim provision,and an annotated bibliography is anticipated.

Ergonomics is a broad field which includes a great deal more thancumulative trauma injury prevention. As such, the list of articles is not all inclusive,but should provide the user with enough information to further explore theprofession and to begin an ergonomics injury prevention program. Some articlesapply to more than one section and are repeated in each applicable section. It ishoped that users will notify the compilers of additional references they findexceptionally useful for incorporation in this bibliography.

iv

ERGONOMICS

Alexander, D. C. (1986). The Practice and Management of Industrial Ergonomics.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Annis, J. F., and McConville, J. T. (Ed.). (1990). Applications of anthropometricdata in sizing and desian. London: Taylor & Francis.

Armstrong, T. J. (1986). Ergonomics and cumulative trauma disorders. HandCijnic, 2(3), 553-565.

Armstrong, T. J., Fine, L. J., Goldstein, S. A., Lifshitz, Y. R., and Silverstein, B. A.(1987). Ergonomics considerations in hand and wrist tendinitis. TheJournal of Hand Surgery, 12, 830-837.

Ayoub, M. A. (1990). Ergonomic deficiences: 1. Pain at work. Journal ofOccupational Medicine, 32(1), 52-57.

Ayoub, M. A. (1990). Ergonomic deficiences: 1. Probable causes. Joural ofOccupational Medicine, 32(2), 131-136.

Barber, P. J., and Laws, J. V. (1991). Cognitive Ergonomics. Egg.omji, 34 (8),991-994.

Bartlett, F. (1953). Psychological Criteria of Fatigue. In W. F. Floyd & A. T. Welford(Eds.), The Ergonomics Research Society Symposium on Fatigue (pp. 1-5).London: H.K. Lewis & Co.

Bittner, A.C., and Morrissey, S. J. (Eds.). (1990). Integrated performance andworkload modeling for industrial and other system applications. London:Taylor & Francis.

Blair, S. J., and Bear-Lehman, J. (1987). Editorial comment: Prevention of upperextremity occupational disorders. Journal of Hand Surgery, 12(5), 821-822.

Bleecker, M. L. (1987). Medical surveillance for carpal tunnel syndrome inworkers. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 12(5), 845-848.

Bockrath, C., and Halunen, L. (Ed.). (1990). Preplacement testing pilot Program.London: Taylor & Francis.

Boudri, H. C. (1985). Fitness for work: Bridging the gap in ergonomics.Erggnom*, 28M 1179-1184.

Browne, R. C. (1953). Fatigue: Fact or fiction? In W. F. Floyd & A. T. Welford (Eds.),The Ergonomics Research Society Symposium on Fatigue (pp. 137-142).London: H.K. Lewis & Co.

Burnette, J. T. (Ed.). (1990). Assessing cumulative trauma disorder risk.London: Taylor & Francis.

Byblow, W. D. (1990). Effects of redundancy in the comparison of speech andpictorial displays in the cockpit environment. Applied Ergonomics, 21(2),121-128.

Chen, F. F. (Ed.). (1990). Safe industrial robot operations: Robotic laserprocessing systems. London: Taylor & Francis.

Collins, M., Brown, B., Bowman, K., and Carkeet, A. (1990). Workstation variablesand visual discomfort associated with VDTs. Applied Ergonomics, 21(2),157-161.

Conrad, R., and Hull, A. J. (1968). The preferred layout for numeral data-entrykeysets. Ergonomics, 11(2), 165-173.

Cooper, M. B. (1976). The effect of keypad angle of a table keyphone on keyingperformance. Applied Ergonomics, Z(4), 205-211.

Corlett, E. N. (1988). The investigation and evaluation of work and workplaces.Eg. 0noic, 21(5), 727-734.

Corlett, E. N. (1989). Aspects of the evaluation of industrial seating. Ergonommis.32, 257-269.

Corlett, E. N., and Eklund, J. A. E. (1984). How does a backrest work? AppieErgonomics.15 (2), 111-114.

Coury, B. G., and Drury, C. G. (1986). The effects of pacing on complex oecision-making inspection performance. Ergonomic, 2(4), 489-508.

Cushman, W. H. (1984). Data entry performance and operator preferences forvarious keyboard heights. In E. Grandjean (Ed.), Ergonomics and Health inModern Offices (pp. 495-504). Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.

Darcus, H. D. (1953). Some effects of prolonged muscular exertion. In W. F. Floyd& A. T. Welford (Eds.), The Ergonomics Research Society Symposium onFatigue (pp. 59-68). London: H.K. Lewis & Co.

Drury, C. (1987). A biomechanical evaluation of the repetitive motion injurypotential of industrial jobs. Seminars in Occupational Medicine, Z(., 41-50.

Duncan, J., and Ferguson, D. (1974). Keyboard operating posture and symptomsin operating. Ergonmg.i, 17(5), 651-662.

Dwyer, T., and Raftery, A. E. (1991). Industrial accidents are produced by socialrelations of work: A sociological theory of industrial accidents. AppiedEr.ggng.j, 22(3), 167-178.

2

Eagles, J. B., Halliday, A. M., and Redfearn, J. W. T. (1953). The effects of fatigueon tremor. In W. F. Floyd & A. T. Welford (Ed.), The Ergonomics ResearchSociety Symposium on Fatigue (pp. 41-58). London: H.K. Lewis & Co.

Fleishman, E. A. (1978). Relating individual differences to the dimensions ofhuman tasks. E[gonomic, 21(12),1007-1019.

Fransson, C., and Winkel, J. (1991). Hand strength: the influence of grip span andgrip type. Ergolomic, 4(7), 881-892.

Frederick, L., Habes, D., & Schloemer, J. (1984). An introduction to the principlesof occupational ergonomics. Occupational Health Nursing, 12, 643-645.

Freivalds, A. (1987). The Ergonomics of Tools. International Review ofErg.n ,n.m, 1, 43-75.

Galer, I. (1986). Applied Ergonomics Handbook (Second Edition ed.). London:Butterworths.

Garonzik, R. (1989). Hand dominance and implications for left-handed operationof controls. E rgQ.Qi, U(1 0), 1185-1192.

Grandjean, E., Hunting, W., and Nishiyama, K. (1984). Preferred VDT workstationsettings, body posture and physical impairments. Applied Ergonomics,J(2), 99-104.

Greig, J., and Caple, D. (1986). Key activation pressure as a factor in typingtechnique. In L. H. D. Morrison & D. Kemp (Eds.), Trends in the Ergonomicsof Work: Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the ErgonomicsSociety of Australia and New Zealand (pp. 257-265). Perth, WesternAustralia.

Grieco, A. (1986). Sitting Posture: An old problem and a new one. Ergong.mi ,22(3), 345-362.

Grieco, A., Occhipinti, E., Colombini, D., Menoni, 0., Bulgheroni, M., Frigo, C., andBoccardi, S. (1989). Muscular effort and musculo-skeletal disorders inpiano students: Electromyographic, clinical and preventive aspects.E gQoomic,, 32(7), 697-716.

Gustafson-Soderman, U. (1987). The effect of an adjustable sitting angle on theperceived discomfort from the back and neck-shoulder regions in buildingcrane operators. Applied Ergonomics. 18(4), 297-304.

Hamrick, C. A. (1990). A biomechanical interpretation of the psychophysicaldetermination of work capacity. In B. Das (Ed.), Advances in IndustrialErgonomi and Safety (pp. 469-476). London: Taylor & Francis.

3

Hayashi, N., Gray, S., and McKee, P. (1990). Workplace factors contributing tomusculoskeletal disorders during orthotic fabrication. In B. Das (Ed.),Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety I (pp. 251-258). London:Taylor & Francis.

Hemingway, A. (1953). The physiological background of fatigue. In W. F. Floyd &A. T. Welford (Eds.), The Ergonomics Research Society Symposium onFatigue, (pp. 69-75). London: H. K. Lewis & Co.

Hendrick, H. W. (1991). Ergonomics in organizational design and management.Ergog.omics, 24(6), 743-756.

Henning, R. A., Sauter, S. L., Salvendy, G., and Krieg, E. F. Jr. (1989). Microbreaklength, performance, and stress in a data entry task. Ergonomic, U(7), 855-864.

Heuvelmans, A. M. F., Mdlotte, H. E. M., and Neve, J. J. (1990). A typewritingsystem operated by head movements, based on home-computer equipment.Applied Ergonomics, 1(2), 115-120.

Hosein, R. W. (1990). Industrial safety: Job energy demand vs worker limitations.In B. Das (Ed.), Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety II (pp. 939-946). London: Taylor & Francis.

Hunting, W., Grandjean, E., and Maeda, K. (1980). Constrained postures inaccounting machine operators. Applied Ergonomics, 11(3), 145-149.

Isernhagen, S. J. (1987). Functional job descriptions. Seminars in OccupationalMedicine, 2(1), 51-55.

Johnson, S. L., and Childress, L. J. (1988). Powered screwdriver design and use:Tool, task, and operator effects. International Journal of IndustrialErg...mis, 2, 183-191.

Jorgensen, M., Bishu, R. R., Chen, Y., and Riley, M. W. (1990). Handling activitiesin farming - An ergonomic analysis. In B. Das (Ed.), Advances in IndustrialErgonomics and Safety II (pp. 833-840). London: Taylor & Francis.

Joyce, M. (1988). Ergonomics offers solutions to numerous health complaints.Occupational Health and Safety, U, 65-66.

Kant, I., Notermans, J. H. V., and Borm, P. J. A. (1990). Observations of workingpostures in garages using the Ovako Working Posture Analysing System(OWAS) and consequent workload reduction recommendations.Erg.o.n mic, U(2), 209-220.

Karhu, 0., H~rk6nen, R., Sorvali, P., and Veps.l~inen, P. (1981). Observingworking postures in industry: Examples of OWAS application. ApiedEg1onomics, 12(1), 13-17.

4

Karhu, 0., Kansi, P., and Kuorinka, I. (1977). Correcting working postures inindustry: A practical method for analysis. Applied Ergonomics, (4), 199-201.

Karwowski, W., and Yates, J. W (1991). Advances in industrial ergonomics andsaftIll, London: Taylor & Francis.

Keyserling, W. M., Bigelow, A. B., Brouwer, M. L., and Murphy, L. A. (1990).Ergonomic job analysis: Methods to identify, evaluate, and controlexposures to risk factors in the workplace. In B. Das (Ed.), AdvancesinIndustrial Ergonomics and Safety II (pp. 963-970). London: Taylor & Francis.

Kiesler, S., and Finholt, T. (1988). The mystery of RSI. American Psychologist,41(12), 1004-1015.

Kiser, D. M. (1987). Physiologic and biomechanical factors for understandingrepetitive motion injuries. Seminars in Occupational Medicine, 2(1), 11-19.

Klemmer, E. T. (1971). Keyboard entry. Applied Ergonomics, 2(1), 2-6.

Knave, B., Paulsson, H., Floderus, B., Gronkvist, L., Haggstrom, T., Jungeteg, G.,Nilsson, H., Voss, M., and Wennberg, A. (1991). Incidence of work-relateddisorders and absenteeism as tools in the implementation of workenvironment improvements: The Swenden Post strategy. Ergonomics,34(6), 841-848.

Kogi, K. (1991). Work and time. Er onmis, 34(6), 757-774.

Kogi, K., Phoon, W. 0., and Thurman, J. E. (1988). Low-cost ways ofu.r1nworking conditions: 100 examples from Asia. (Available from InternationalLabour Office, Geneva.)

Komoike, Y., and Horiguchi, S. (1971). Fatigue assessment on key punchoperators, typists and others. Ergonomics, 14(1), 101-109.

Konz, S. (1990). Work design: Industrial ergonomics. Worthington, Ohio:Publishing Horizons.

Kroemer, K. H. E. (1974). Horizontal Push and Pull Forces. Applied Ergonomics,5(2), 94-102.

Kroemer, K. H. E. (1988). VDT Workstation Design. In M. Helander (Ed.),Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 521-539). North-Holland:Elsevier.

Kroemer, K. H. E. (1989a). Cumulative trauma disorders: Their recognition andergonomics measures to avoid them. ApjijeLggnmic, 2(4), 274-280.

5

Kroemer, K. H. E. (1989b). Engineering anthropometry. Ergongmic, 3(7), 767-784.

Kumashiro, M., and Megaw, E. D. (1991). Towards human work: Solutions toproblems in occulational health and safety. Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis.

Levine, S. H., and Goodenough-Trepagnier, C. (1990). Customised text entrydevices for motor-impaired users. Applied Ergonomics, 21(1), 55-62.

Lewis, H. B., Imada, A. S., and Robertson, M. M. (1988) Xerox leadership throughquality: Merging human factors and safety through employee participation.In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society - 32nd Annual Meeting,October (pp. 756-759). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.

Lloyd, A. J., Voor, J. H., and Thieman, T. J. (1970). Subjective andelectromnyographic assessment of isometric muscle contractions.Erg.o.noi , 12(6), 685-691.

Long, J. (1975). Effects of randomly delayed visual and auditory feedback onkeying performance. .ErgQ.Qmi, 18(3), 337-347.

Long, J. (1976). Effects of delayed irregular feedback on unskilled and skilledkeying performance. Ergonomics, 19(2), 183-202.

Lovesey, E. J. (Ed.). (1991). Ergonomics: Design for performance. PQ. ejdngaof the 1991 Annual conference of the Ergonomics Society (pp. 1-503).London: Taylor & Francis.

Lutz, G., and Hansiord, T. (1987). Cumulative trauma disorder controls: Theergonomics program at Ethicon, Inc. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 12(5),863-866.

MacKay, C. J. (1989). Work with visual display torminals: Psychosocial aspectsand health, report on a World Health Organization meeting. Journal ofOccupational Medicine, 31(12), 957-968.

Magnusson, M., and Ortengren, R. (1987b). Investigation of optimal table heightand surface angle in meatcutting. Aoplied Ergonomics, 1(2), 146-152.

Magnusson, M., Ortengren, R., Andersson, G., Petersen, I., and Sabel, B. (1987).An ergonomic study of work methods and physical disorders amongprofessional butchers. Applied Ergonomics, 18(1), 43-50.

Mandal, A. C. (1981). The seated man (Homo Sedens): The seated work position- theory and practice. Appl.dErgonomics, 12(1), 19-26.

McDermott, F. T. (1986). Repetition strain injury: A review of currentunderstanding. Medical Journal of Australia. 144.196-200.

6

Megaw, T., Bellamy, L., and Powell, J. (1981). Some recent progress into theapplication of ergonomics for the improvement of visual inspectionperformance. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 25th AnnualMeeting, (pp. 622-626). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.

Meister, D. (1982). The role of human factors in system development. AppieErgoomcs, fl, 119-124.

Millar, J. D. (1988). Summary of "Proposed national strategies for the preventionof leading work-related diseases and injuries, Part 1". American Journal ofIndustrial Medicine, 13, 223-240.

National Institute for Ocupational Safety and Health. (1989). Criiorecommended standard: Occupational exposure to hand-arm vibration.(NIOSH Report No. 89-106). Cincinnati, OH: Author.

National Institute for Ocupational Safety and Health. (1982). The finest tools.(videotape #188/24 minutes). Cincinnati, OH: Author.

Ormond, T. (1983). Latest keyboard improvements stress ergonomicsconsiderations. Engineering Design News, 12, 106-116.

Pollard, D., and Cooper, M. B. (1979). The effect of feedback on keyingperformance. Aoplied Ergonomics, J(4), 194-200.

Pope, M. H., Broman H., and Hansson T. (1989). The dynamic response of asubject seated on various cushions. Ergon. is, U, 1155-1166.

Price, D. L., Fayzmehr, F., Haas, E., and Beaton, R. (1982). Ergonomics ofTy.pJexyrin (Technical Report No. IBM/SPO-1). Blacksburg: VirginiaPolytechnic Institute & State University.

Pustinger, C., Dainoff, M. J., and Smith, M. (1985). VDT workstation adjustability:Effects on worker posture, productivity, and health complaints. In R.E.Eberts, and C. G. Eberts (Eds.), Trends in Ergonomics/Human Factors II,(pp. 445- 451). Elsevier Science.

Queinnec, Y, and Daniellou, F. (Eds.). (1991). Designing for everyone:Proceedings of the 1 1th Congress of the International ErgonomicsAssociation. Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis.

Raniere, T. M. (1989). Prevention of cumulative trauma injuries. AmericanAssociation of Occupational Health Nurses Journal, 2Z(6), 221-225.

Rodgers, S. H. (Ed.) (1983a). Ergonomic design for people at work. Vol.1. NewYork: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Rodgers, S. H. (Ed.). (1983b). Ergonomic design for people at work. Vol.2. NewYork: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

7

Rodrigues, C. C. (Ed.). (1990). Analysis of subjective responses and heart ratesfor a combination manual handling task. In B. Das (Ed.), Advances inIndustrial Ergonomics and Safety !! (pp. 619-626). London: Taylor & Francis.

Ryan, T. A. (1953). Muscular potentials as indicators of effort in visual tasks. In W.F. Floyd & A. T. Welford (Eds.), The Ergonomics Research SocietySymposium on Fatigue (pp. 109-116). London: H.K. Lewis & Co.

Sauter, S., Schliefer, L., and Knutson, S. (1991). Work posture, work-stationdesign and musculoskeletal discomfort in a VDT data entry task. HumanFactors, 33 (2), 151-167.

Schatz, W. (1988). Suffolk law, new studies reinvigorate VDT Debate. D..amation,August, 39-41.

Schenck, R. R. (1988). Keep in touch with pain. Safety and Health, 1?, 39-42.

Sen, P. K. (Ed.). (1990). Workers compensation statutes, cost sharing andincentives for providing safety care. In B. Das (Ed.), Advances in IndustrialErgonomics and Safety II, (pp. 971-974). London: Taylor & Francis.

Shoenmarklin, R. W., and Marras, W. S. (1991). Quantification of wrist motion inhighly repetitive, hand-intensive industrial jobs. (Available from Dr. Marras,Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Department, BiodynamicsLaboratory, Ohio State University).

Silverstein, B., Fine, L., Armstrong, T., Joseph, B., Bucholz, B., and Robertson, M.(1985). Cumulative trauma disorders of the hand and wrist in industry. In N.Corlett, J. Wilson, & I. Manenica (Eds.), Proceedings of the First InternationalOccupational Ergonomics Symposium, (pp. 31-38). Zader, Yugoslavia:Taylor & Francis.

Steele, S., Hamel, R., Muller, J., and Wick, J.L. (1990). Wrist injury prevention infirearms manufacture: A case study. In B. Das (Ed.), Advances in IndustrialErgonomics and Safety II (pp. 273-276). London: Taylor & Francis.

Taptagaporn, S., and Saito, S. (1990). How display polarity and lightingconditions affect the pupil size of VDT operators. Ergo.msj, 33(2), 201-208.

Taylor, M. W. (1990). Managing an ergonomics program. Professional Safety. 4,27-30.

Tichauer, E. R. (1978). The biomechanical basis of ergonomics: Anatomy aopliedto the design of work situations. New York: Wiley.

8

Troup, J. D. G. (1978). Driver's back pain and its prevention. A review of thepostural, vibratory and muscular factors, together with the problem oftransmitted road-shock. Applied Ergonomics, q(4), 207-214.

VanNes, F. L. (1976). Analysis of keying errors. Ergonomics, J(2), 165-174.

Waikar, A., Lee, K., Sanyal, S., Parks, C. and Aghazadeh, F. (1990). Evaluation ofworkplaces for the risk of carpal tunnel syndrome. In B. Das (Ed.), Advancesin Industrial Ergonomics and Safety II (pp. 207-213). London: Taylor &Francis.

Weisman, G., Baumhauer, J., and Pope, M. (1990). Isokinetic strength testing: Fullbody lifts vs. segmented lifts. In B. Das (Ed.), Advances in IndustrialErgonomics and Safety II (pp. 503-510). London: Taylor & Francis.

Welford, A. T. (1953). The psychologist's problem in measuring fatigue. In W. F.Floyd & A. T. Welford (Eds.), The Ergonomics Research Society Symposiumon Faigue (pp. 183-191). London: H. K. Lewis & Co.

Weston, H. C. (1953). Visual fatigue with special reference to lighting. In W. F.Floyd & A. T. Welford (Eds.), The Ergonomics Research Society Symposiumon Fatigue (pp. 117-135). London: H.K. Lewis & Co.

Wick, J. L., Hoss, D. A., Lee, J. A., Potter, R., and Wilson, C. A. (1990).Improvement in a shipping container used in the automotive industry: A casestudy. In B. Das (Ed.), Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety !1 (pp.335-338). London: Taylor & Francis.

Wick, J. L., Morency, R., Waite, J., and Schwanda, V. (1990). Ergonomicimprovement in a barr-tack sewing job: A case study. In B. Das (Ed.),Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety II (pp. 285-288). London:Taylor & Francis.

Wisdom, G., and Parasuraman, R. (1985). Effects of cognitive factors on subjectivefatigue and performance. In R.E. Eberts, & C. G. Eberts (Eds.), Trends inErgonomics/Human Factors II (pp. 133-138). Elsevier Science.

Wise, J. A., Baumgartner, D., and Forghan, K. (1984). On being the right sex:Discrimination by design in the built and product environment. InProceedings of the Human Factors Society 28th Annual Meeting (pp. 576-580). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.

Yu, C. Y., Keyserling W. M. (1989). Evaluation of a new work seat for industrialsewing operations. Applied Ergonomics, 2&, 17-25.

Zipp, P., Haider, E., Halpern, N., and Rohmert, W. (1983). Keyboard designthrough physiological strain measurements. Agolied Ergonomics, 14(2),117-122.

9

THE BACK

Abdel-Moty, E. (1991). Ergonomics issues in low back pain: Interventionstrategies. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting,(pp. 834-836). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.

Alavosius, M. P., and Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (1986). The effects of performancefeedback on the safety of client lifting and transfer. Journal of AppliedBehavioral Analysis, jj(3), 261-267.

Anderson, B. J., Ortengren R., (1974). Lumbar disc pressure and myoelectric backmuscle activity during sitting, Part II. Studies on an office chair.Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 6, 115-121.

Anderson, B. J., Ortengren, R., Nachemson, A., and Elfstrom, G. (1974a). Lumbardisc pressure and myoelectric back muscle activity during sitting. Part I.Studies on an experimental chair. Scandinavian Journal of RehabilitationM dicie,6, 104-114.

Anderson, B. J., Ortengren, R., Nachemson, A., and Elfstrom, G. (1974b). Lumbardisc pressure and myoelectric back muscle activity during sitting, Part Ill.Studies on a car driver's seat. Scandanavian Journal of RehabilitationM , 6, 128-133.

Anderson, B. J., Ortengren, R., Nachemson, A., and Elfstrom, G. (1974c). Lumbardisc pressure and myoelectric back muscle activity during sitting, Part IV.Studies on a car driver's seat. Scandanavian Journal of RehabilitationMedicine,.

Ayoub, M. M. (1991). Determining permissible lifting loads: An approach.Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 25th Annual Meeting, (pp. 825-829). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.

Bendix, T., Jessen F., and Krohn L. (1988). Biomechanics of forward-reachingmovements while sitting on fixed forward-or backward- inclining or tiltableseats. SQine, 1a, 193-196.

Bendix, T., Winkel J., and Jessen F. (1985). Comparison of office chairs with fixedforward, backward inclining, or tiltable seats. European Journal of AppliedPhysQI.olgy, 54, 378-385.

Bongers, P. and Boshuizen, H. (1990). Back disorders and whole-body vibrationat work. (Available from TNO Institute of Preventive Health Care, PO Box124, 2300 AC, Leiden, The Netherlands.)

Corlett, E. N., and Eklund, J. A. E. (1984). How does a backrest work? &Er.go..mics, 15(2), 111-114.

1 0

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Genaidy, A. M. (1991). Truncal flexibility exercise effects on musculoskeletalcapability for manual handling operations. Apl0ied Eronomics, 22(3), 155-162.

Grieco, A. (1986). Sitting Posture: An old problem and a new one. E.nomics,22(3), 345-362.

Grieve, D. W. (1987). Demands on the back during maximal exertion. Clinicalmom. anic, 2, 34-42.

Gustafson-Soderman, U. (1987). The effect of an adjustable sitting angle on theperceived discomfort from the back and neck-shoulder regions in buildingcrane operators. Applied Ergonomics, 18(4), 297-304.

Hyytiainen, K., and Saarela, L. L. (1990). Comparison of methods to identifiy riskfactors for low back injuries at work. Journal of Occupational Accidents,11(3), 157-170.

Khalil, T. M. (1991). Ergonomics issues in low back pain: Origin and magnitude ofthe problem. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th AnnualMeeing (pp. 820-824). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.

Komaki, J., Heinzmann, A. T., and Lawson, L. (1980). Effect of training andfeedback: Component analysis of a behavioral safety program. Journal ofApplied Psychology, f&(3), 261-270.

Lee, K. S., Chaffin, D. B., Herrin, G. D., and Waikar, A. M. (1991). Effect of handleheight on lower-back loading in cart pushing and pulling. AppliedEggomiQs, 22(2), 117-123.

Linton, S. J. (1990). Risk factors for neck and back pain in a working population inSweden. Work and Stress, 4(1), 41-49.

Nordin, M., and Frankel, V. H. (1987). Evaluation of the workplace: Anintroduction. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 221, 85-88.

Nosse, L. J. (1985). Measurement system for low back contour: Suggestion fromthe field. Physical Theragy, a, 1212.

Ridyard, D. T. (1990). A successful appied ergonomics program for preventingoccupational back injuries. In B. Das (Ed.), Advances in industrialergonomics and safety - II (pp. 25-132). London: Taylor & Francis.

Rodgers, S. H. (1985). Working with backache. Fairport, NY: Perinton Press.

Rowe, M. L. (1983). Backache at work. Fairport, NY: Perinton Press.

11

Snook, S. H. (1991). Low back disorders in industry. Proceedings of the HumanFactors Society 25th Annual Meeting (pp. 830-833). Santa Monica, CA:Human Factors Society.

Sokas, R. K., Spiegelman, D., and Wegman, D. H. (1989). Self-reportedmusculoskeletal complaints among garment workers. American Journal ofIndustrial Medicine, J5, 197-206.

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Sulzer-Azaroff, B., and deSantamaria, C. (1980). Industrial safety hazardreduction through performance feedback. Journal of Aoolied BehavioralAnalysis, 13(2), 287-295.

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Troup, J. D. G., Davies, J. C., and Manning, D. P. (1988). A model for theinvestigation of back injuries and manual handling problems at work.Journal of Occupational Accidents, 10, 107-119.

Vollowitz, E. (1988). Furniture prescription for the conservative management oflow back pain. Top Acute Care Trauma Rehabilitation, ?.(4), 18-37.

12

CARPAL TUNNEL

Amadio, P. C. (1987). Carpal tunnel syndrome, pyridoxine, and the workplace.Journal of Hand Surger, 12(2), 875-880.

Armstrong, T. J., and Chaffin, D. B. (1979). Carpal tunnel syndrome and selectedpersonal attributes. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 21(7), 481-486.

Armstrong, T. J., Castelli, W. A., Evans, F. G., and Diaz-Perez, R. (1984). Somehistological changes in carpal tunnel contents and their biomechanicalimplications. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 2&(3), 197-201.

Baker, E. L., Ehrenberg, R. L. (1990). Preventing the work-related carpal tunnelsyndrome: Physician reporting and diagnostic criteria. Annals of InternalMedicine j2(5), 317-319.

Bauer, M. E. (1985). Carpal tunnel syndrome: An occupational risk to the dentalhygienist. Dental Hygin, a, 218-221.

Beckenbaugh, R. D. (1986, Summer). Carpal tunnel syndrome. Physician'sClinical and Financial World, 1-5.

Bernard, M. L. (1979). Carpal tunnel syndrome: Identification and control.Occupational Health Nursing, 2Z(6), 15-17.

Bevin, A. G. (1986). The carpal tunnel syndrome. Seminars in OccupationalMedicine, 1(2), 131-139.

Bleecker, M. L., Bohlman, M., Moreland, R., and Tipton, A. (1985). Carpal tunnelsyndrome: Role of carpal canal size. Neurology, U, 1599-1604.

Bleecker, M. L. (1986). Recent developments in the diagnosis of carpal tunnelsyndrome and other common nerve entrapment disorders. SminarsinOccuoational Medicine, _, 205-211.

Bleecker, M. L. (1987). Medical surveillance for carpal tunnel syndrome inworkers. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 12(5), 845-848.

Bleecker, M. L., and Agnew, J. (1987). New techniques for the diagnosis of carpaltunnel syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health,la, 385-388.

Bostrom, L. (1991). Vibration induced carpal tunnel syndrome. Lancet,33(8743), 744-745.

Braun, R. M., Davidson, K., and Doehr, S. (1989). Provocative testing in thediagnosis of dynamic carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Hand Surgery,J4A, 195-197.

13

Bravaccio, F. (1991). Carpal tunnel syndrome: A clinical electrophysiologicalstudy of 84 cases. Neurophysiol Clin, 20(4), 269-281.

Brown, D. E., and Lichtman, D. M. (1984). Symposium on the wrist: Theevaluation of chronic wrist pain. Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 15(4),183-192.

Brown, D. E., and Lichtman, David M. (1984). The evaluation of chronic wrist pain.Orthopedic Clinics of North America, 15, 183-192.

Cannon, L. J., Bernacki, E. J., and Walter, S. D. (1981). Personal and occupationalfactors associated with carpal tunnel syndrome. Thejornal oOccupational Medicine, 2a(4), 255-258.

Carroll, R. E., and Hurst, L. C. (1982). The relationship of thoracic outlet syndromeand carpal tunnel syndrome. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research,164, 149-153.

Corwin, H. M. (1989). Neurological evaluation of occupational hand pain.Occupational Medicine, 4(3), 393-403.

De Krom, M., Knipschild, P., Kesier, A., and Spaans, F. (1990). Efficacy ofprovocative tests for diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Tl Lanc., t,393-395.

Dieck, G. S., and Kelsey, J. L. (1985). An epidemiologic study of the carpal tunnelsyndrome in an adult female population. Preventive Medicine, 14, 63-69.

Dionne, E. D. (1984). Carpal tunnel syndrome - part I: The problem. NatiS, 5, 42-45.

Dionne, E. D. (1984). Carpal tunnel syndrome - Part I1: Some answers. NationalSafety News. 4, 53-57.

Ditmars, D. M., and Houin, H. P. (1986). Carpal tunnel syndrome. Jand.inics,2(3), 525-532.

Duncan, K. H., Lewis, R. C., Foreman, K. A., and Nordyke, M. D. (1987). Treatmentof carpal tunnel syndrome by members of the American Society for Surgeryof the Hand: Results of a questionnaire. Journal of Hand Surgery, 12A(3),384-391.

Dunnan, J. B. (1991). Wrist flexion as an adjunct to the diagnosis of CTS.Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 72(3), 211-213.

Durkan, J. (1991). A new diagnostic test for carpal tunnel syndrome. J l oBone and Joint Surger, 73(4), 535-538.

14

Eason, S. Y., Belsole, R. J., and Greene, T. L. (1985). Carpal tunnel release:analysis of suboptimal results. The Journal of Hand Surgery, J2, 365-369.

Feldman, R. G., and Jabre, J. F. (1987). Electrodiagnostic aspects of the carpaltunnel syndrome. In N. M. Hadler (Ed.), Clinical Concepts in RegionalMusculoskeletal Illness (pp. 217-225). New York: Harcort, BraceJovanovich.

Feldman, R. G., Travers, P. H., Chirico-Post, J., and Keyserling, W. M. (1987). Riskassessment in electronic assembly workers: Carpal tunnel syndrome. IbJournal of Hand Surgery, 12(5), 849-855.

Fuhr, J. E., Farrow, A., and Nelson, H. S., (1989). Vitamin B6 levels in patients withcarpal tunnel syndrome. Archives of Surgery, 12A4, 1329-1330.

Gellman, H., Gelberman, R. H., Tan, A. M., and Botte, M. J. (1986). Carpal tunnelsyndrome: An evaluation of the provocative diagnostic tests. The Joural ofHand,, S.urg=, 68(5), 735-737.

Gibson, C. T., and Manske, P. R. (1987). Carpal tunnel syndrome in theadolescent. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 12, 279-281.

Golding, D. N., Rose, D. M., and Selvarajah, K. (1986). Clinical tests for carpaltunnel syndrome: An evaluation. British Journal of Rheumatology, , 388-390.

Goldstein, S. A., Armstrong, T. J., Chaffin, D. B., and Matthews, L. S. (1987).Analysis of cumulative strain in tendons and tendon sheaths. JournalQoBimchnc, 20(1), 1-6.

Gordon, C., Johnson, E. W., Gatens, P. F., and Ashton, J. J. (1988). Wrist ratiocorrelation with carpal tunnel syndrome in industry. American Journal ofPhysical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 270-272.

Green, D. P. (1984). Diagnostic and therapeutic value of carpal tunnel injection.The Journal of Hand Surgery, 9(6), 850-854.

Hadler, N. M. (1987). Is carpal tunnel syndrome an injury that qualifies for workers'compensation insurance? In N. M. Hadler (Ed.), Clinical Concepts inRegional Musculoskeletal Illnesa (pp. 355-360). New York: Harcort, BraceJovanovich.

Hadler, N. M. (1989). Work-related disorders of the upper extremity part II: Canshoulder periarthritis, thoracic outlet syndrome, or carpal tunnel syndromebe ascribed to repetitive usage. Occupational Problems in Medical Practice,4(3), 43-50.

15

Heller, L., Ring, H., Cossteff, H., and Solzi, P. (1986). Evaluation of Tinel's andPhalen's signs in diagnosis of the carpal tunnel syndrome. upanNeuroo, g , 40-42.

Hennies, C. A. (1990). "Newsletter". Peg=, 1(1), 1-10.

Herrick, R. T., and Herrick, S. K. (1987). Thermography in the detection of carpaltunnel syndrome and other compressive neuropathies. The Journal of HandS , 12(5), 943-949.

Hirsh, L. F. a. T., A. (1985). Carpal tunnel syndrome: Avoiding poor treatmentresults. Postgraduate Medicine, ZZ(1), 185-192.

Huntley, D., and Shannon, S. (1988). Carpal tunnel syndrome: A review of theliterature. Dental Hygiene, 4, 316-320.

Inglis, A. E., Straub, L. R., and Williams, C. S. (1972). Median nerve neuropathy atthe wrist. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, .a, 48-54.

Jensen, R. C., Klein, B. P., and Sanderson, L. M. (1983, September). Motion-related wrist disorders traced to industries, occupational groups. MonthlyLabr Y.ew, p. 13-16.

Johnson, B. L. (1984). Congressional testimony on carpal tunnel syndrome givenbefore the subcommittee on postal personnel and modernization committeeon post office and civil service U.S. House of Representatives. Thesubcommittee on postal personnel and modernization committee on postoffice and civil service U.S. House of Representatives. (Available in Carpaltunnel syndrome selected references, U.S. Department of Health andHuman Services.)

Kaplan, S. J., Glickel, S. Z., and Eaton, R. G. (1990). Predictive factors in the non-surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. The Journal of Hand Surgery,Britsh 15(1), 106-108.

Karwowski, W., and Yates, J. W. (1991). Advances in industrial ergonomics andsafey 111. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis.

Katz, J. N., Larson, M. G., Sabra, A., Krarup, C., Stirrat, C. R., Sethi, R., Eaton, H. M.,Fossel, A. H., and Liang, M. H. (1990). The carpal tunnel syndrome:Diagnostic utility of the history and physical examination findings. Annal oInternal Medicine, 112(5), 321-326.

Kessler, F. B. (1986). Complications of the management of carpal tunnelsyndrome. Hand Clinics, 2(2), 401-406.

Kolata, G. (1988, December 8, 1988). As complaints grow, doctors seek data onrepetitive motion injuries. The New York Times Health. p. B27.

16

Koris, M., Gelberman, R. H., Duncan, K., Boublick, M., and Smith, B. (1990).Carpal tunnel syndrome: Evaluation of a quantitative provocationaldiagnostic test. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 2J 157-161.

Kucera, J., and Robins, R. (1989). Relationship of cumulative trauma disorders ofthe upper extremity to degree of hand preference. Journal of OccupationalMeiine, 31(1), 17-22.

Kulick, M. I., Gordillo, G., Javidi, T., Kilgore, E. S., and Newmeyer, W. L. (1986).Long term analysis of patients having surgical treatment for carpal tunnelsyndrome. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 11A, 59-66.

LaBan, M. M., MacKenzie, J. R., and Zemenick, G. A. (1989). Anatomicobservations in carpal tunnel syndrome as they relate to the tetheredmedian nerve stress test. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,Z(1), 44-46.

Lahey, J. W. (1984, March). Bearing down on musculoskeletal disorders. NionalSaftyNews, p. 37-39.

Langloh, N. D., and Linscheid, R. L. (1972). Recurrent and unrelieved carpaltunnel syndrome. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 83, 41-47.

Lavey, E. B., and Pearl, R. M. (1981, May). Patent median artery as a cause ofcarpal tunnel syndrome. Orthopaedic Review.

Lecea, J. (1987). Reducing repetitive motions injuries in small press work.Seminars in Occupational Medicine, 2(1), 69-70.

Louis, D. S. (1987). Cumulative trauma disorders. The Journal of Hand Surgery,12(5), 823-825.

Macdonald, G., Robertson, M., and Erickson, J. (1988). Carpal tunnel syndromeamong California dental hygienists. Dental Hygiene, 4, 322-328.

Margolis, W., and Kraus, J.F. (1987). The prevalence of carpal tunnel syndromesymptoms in female supermarket checkers. Journal of OccupationalMeiine, 22(12), 953-956.

Masear, V. R., Hayes, J. M., and Hyde, A. G. (1986). An industrial cause of carpaltunnel syndrome. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 11(2), 222-227.

McCarroll, H. R. (1984). Symposium on the wrist: Nerve injuries associated withwrist trauma. Orthooedic Clinics of North America, 15(2), 279-287.

McKenzie, F., Storment, J., Van Hook, P., and Armstrong, T. J. (1985). A programfor control of repetitive trauma disorders associated with hand tooloperations in a telecommunications manufacturing facility. AmericanIndustrial Hygiene Association Journal, 46(1 1), 674-678.

17

Millar, J. D. (1988). Summary of "Proposed national strategies for the preventionof leading work-related diseases and injuries, Part 1". American Journal ofIndustrial Medicine, a 223-240.

Molitor, P. J. A. (1988). A diagnostic test for carpal tunnel syndrome usingultrasound. Journal of Hand Surgery, 13(1), 40-41.

Montante, W. M. (1984, March). Cumulative trauma disorders. National SaftNews, p. 46.

Nathan, P. A., Meadows, K. D., and Doyle, L. S. (1988). Occupation as a risk factorfor impaired sensory conduction of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel.Journal of Hand Surgery, 13(2), 167-170.

Nitz, A. J., and Dobner, J. J. (1989). Upper extremity tourniquet effects in carpaltunnel release. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 1.4, 499-504.

Nygaard, I. E., Saltzman, C. L., Whitehouse, M. B., and Hankin, F. M. (1989). Handproblems in pregnancy. American Family Physician, U(6), 123-126.

Park, D., Yun, M. H., and Freivalds, A. (1991). Knife replacement studies at anautomobile carpet manufacturing plant. Proceedings of the Human FactorsSociety 25th Annual Meeting, (pp. 848-852). Santa Monica, CA: HumanFactors Society.

Payan, J. (1988). Editorial: The carpal tunnel syndrome: Can we do better?Journal of Hand Surgery, 1(4), 365-367.

Pease, W. S., Cannell, C. D., and Johnson, E. W. (1989). Median to radial latencydifference test in mild carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle and Nerve(12), 905-909.

Pfeffer, G. B., and Gelberman, R. H. (1987). The carpal tunnel syndrome. In N. M.Hadler (Ed.), Clinical Concepts in Regional Musculoskeletal Illness (pp.201-215). New York: Harcort, Brace Jovanovich.

Pfeffer, G. B., Gelberman, R. H., Boyes, J. H., and Rydevik, B. (1988). The history ofcarpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Hand Surgery, 1(1), 28-34.

Phalen, G. S. (1972). The carpal-tunnel syndrome: Clinical evaluation of 598hands. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, In, 29-40.

Putz-Anderson, V. (Ed.). (1988). Cumulative trauma disorders: A manual formusculoskeletal diseases of the upper limbs. Philadelphia: Taylor &Francis.

Redmond, M. D., and Rivner, M. H. (1988). False positive electrodiagnostic tests incarpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle and Nerve, 11, 511-517.

18

Reinstein, L. (1980). Hand dominance in carpal tunnel syndrome. Arive oPhysical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 62, 202-203.

Richman, J. A., Gelberman, R. H., Rydevik, B. L., Hajek, P. C., Braun, R. M., Gylys-Morin, V. M., and Berthoty, D. (1989). Carpal tunnel syndrome: Morphologicchanges after release of the transverse carpal ligament. TheJorLnal.oHand Surg=, 14, 852-857.

Rowe, M. L. (1987). The diagnosis of tendon and tendon sheath injuries.Seminars in Occupational Medicine, 2(1), 1-6.

Sandzdn, S. C. (1981). Carpal tunnel syndrome. American Family Physician24(5), 190-204.

Schenck, R. R. (1988). Keep in touch with pain. Safety and Health, 12, 39-42.

Schenck, R. R. (1989). Carpal tunnel syndrome: the new "industrial epidemic".Official Journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses,3E(6), 226-230.

Schlim, C. (1990, October). It's in your hands. Dental Economics, 25-31.

Seror, P. (1987). Tinel's Sign in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. JhJournal of Hand Surgery, 12M, 364-365.

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Seror, P. (1988). Phalen's Test in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome.Journal of Hand Surgery, 13(4), 383-385.

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Silverstein, B., Fine, L., and Stetson, D. (1987). Hand-wrist disorders amonginvestment casting plant workers. Journal of Hand Surgery, 12(2), 838-844.

Silverstein, B. A., Fine, L. J., and Armstrong, T. J. (1986). Carpal tunnel syndrome:Causes and a preventive strategy. Seminars in Occuoational Medicine,1(3), 213-221.

Silverstein, B. A., Fine, L. J., and Armstrong, T. J. (1987). Occupational factors andcarpal tunnel syndrome. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 11, 343-358.

19

Skie, M., Zeiss, J., Ebraheim, N. A., and Jackson, W. T. (1990). Carpal tunnelchanges and median nerve compression during wrist flexion and extensionseen by magnetic resonance imaging. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 15(6),934-939.

Smith, B. L. (1987). An inside look: Hand injury-prevention program. Thijunal..of Hand Surgery, 12(j), 940-943.

Stedt, J. D. (1989). Carpal tunnel syndrome: The risk to educational interpreters.American ennals of the deaf, 8, 223-226.

Steele, S., Hamel, R., Muller, J., and Wick, J. L. (1990). Wrist injury prevention infirearms manufacture: A case study. In B. Das (Eds.), Advances in IndustrialErgonomics and Safety II (pp.273-276). London: Taylor and Francis.

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Szabo, R. M., and Chidgey, L. K. (1989). Stress carpal tunnel pressures inpat;ents with carpal tunnel syndrome and normal patients. Journal of HandS.rgZ, 14, 624-627.

Tountas, C. P., MacDonald, C. J., Meyerhoff, J. D., and Binrle, D. M. (1983, August).Carpal tunnel syndrome: a review of 507 patients. Minnesota Medicine,479-482.

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20

Wick, J. L., Morency, R., Waite, J., and Schwanda, V. (1990). Ergonomicimprovement in a barr-tack sewing job: A case study. In B. Das (Ed.),Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety II (pp. 285-288). Taylor &Francis.

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21

The OFFICE and VDTs

Adding machines and calculating machines-Numeric section of ten-keykeyboards. (1974). (ISO Standard No. ISO 1092 -1974 (E)). InternationalOrganization for Standardization.

Ambry, M. (1988). At home in the office. American Demographics, 12, 30-33, 61.

Anderson, B. J., Ortengren R., (1974). Lumbar disc pressure and myoelectric backmuscle activity during sitting, Part II. Studies on an office chair.Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 6, 115-121.

Anstadt, G. (1991). VDT exposures and pregnant workers. JoIurnaloOccupational Medicine, U(6), 675-676.

Bammer, G. (1987). How technologic change can increase the risk of repetitivemotion injuries. Seminars in Occupational Medicine, 2(1), 25-30.

Bendix, T., Winkel J., and Jessen F. (1985). Comparison of office chairs with fixedforward, backward inclining, or tiltable seats. European Journal of AppliedPhysiology, 54, 378-385.

Bergqvist, U. (1989). Editorial: Possible health effects of working with VDUs.British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 46, 217-221.

Bergqvist, U. (1989). Possible health effects of working with VDU's. Biisurnalof Industrial Medicine, 4k, 217-221.

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Branscum, D. (1991, August). Toward healthier computing. M, 67-76.

Brunner, H., Marken, R., and Bggs, A. (1984). Effects of key action desian onkeyboard preference and throughput performance (Technical Report No.25998). Honeywell, Inc. Technology Strategy Center.

Bryant, F. (1991, May). VDT debate centers on direct vs. indirect lighting. EUser News, 26-27.

Collins, M., Brown, B., Bowman, K., and Carkeet, A. (1990). Workstation variablesand visual discomfort associated with VDTs. Applied Ergonomics, 21(2),157-161.

Cushman, W. H. (1984). Data entry performance and operator preferences forvarious keyboard heights. In E. Grandjean (Ed.), Ergonomics and Health inModern Offices (pp. 495-504). Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.

22

Deininger, R. L. (1960). Human factors engineering studies of the design and useof pushbutton telephone sets. Bell System Technical Journal. a 995-1012.

Fickel, L. (1991, 13 May). Don't look now, but...: A new crop of network products isforcing a debate over workplace monitoring. Infowold, 50-55.

Freudenthal, A., vanRiel, M. P., Molenbroek, J. F., and Snijders, C. J. (1991). Theeffect on sitting posture of a desk with a ten-degree inclination using anadjustable chair and table. ADplied Ergonomics, 22(5), 329-336.

Glass, B. (1991, June 10). Your wrists can rest comfortably, without spending adime. Infoword.

Grandjean, E., Hunting, W., and Nishiyama, K. (1984). Preferred VDT workstationsettings, body posture and physical impairments. Applied Ergonomics,J(2), 99-104.

Grandjean, E., Hunting, W., and Pidermann, M. (1983). VDT workstation design:Preferred sittings and their effects. Human Factors, 25(2), 161-175.

Green, R. A., Briggs, C. A., and Wrigley, T. V. (1991). Factors related to workingposture and its assessment among keyboard operators. Apiedjgonomics, 22(1), 29-35.

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Henning, R. A., Sauter, S. L., Salvendy, G., and Krieg, E. F. (1989). Microbreaklength, performance, and stress in a data entry task. Ergonomic, 32(7), 855-864.

Horak, W. (1985). Office document architecture and office document interchangeformats: Current status of international standardization. IEEE Com=,utr,18(10), 50-60.

Johnson, B. L. (1984). Congressional testimony on carpal tunnel syndrome givenbefore the subcommittee on postal personnel and modernization committeeon post office and civil service U.S. House of Representatives. Thesubcommittee on postal personnel and modernization committee on postoffice and civil service U.S. House of Representatives.

Kiesler, S., and Finholt, T. (1988). The mystery of RSI. Amedcan Psychologist,41(12), 1004-1015.

Kogi, K., Phoon, W. 0., and Thurman, J. E. (1988). Low-cost ways of improvingworking conditions: 100 examples from Asia. Ergonomic, 34(6), 757-774.

Komoike, Y., and Horiguchi, S. (1971). Fatigue assessment on key punchoperators, typists and others. Ergo.nomic, 14(1), 101-109.

23

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