An Historical Review of Fish Culture, Stocking and Fish ...Fish culture, stocking and fish transfers have a long history in Ontario dating back before Confederation. Over the years,

An Historical Review of Fish Culture, Stocking and Fish Transfers in Ontario, 1865-2004

An Historical Review of Fish Culture, Stocking and Fish Transfers in Ontario, 1865-2004 October 2006 S. J. Kerr Fish and Wildlife Branch Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources

This technical report should be cited as follows: Kerr, S. J. 2006. An historical review of fish culture, stocking and fish transfers in Ontario, 1865-2004. Fish and Wildlife Branch. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 154 p. + appendices.

Printed in Ontario, Canada (MNR 52002)

(ISBN 1-4249-0210-X)

Single copies of this publication are available from:

Fisheries Section Fish and Wildlife Branch

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 300 Water Street, Peterborough

Ontario. K9J 8M5

Cover design by Jenna L. Kerr

Cette publication hautement spécialisée n’est disponible qu’en anglais en vertu du Règlement 411/97, qui en exempte l’application de la Loi sur les services en français. Pour obtenir de l’aide en français, veuillex communiquer avec le ministére des richesses naturelles au 705-755-1907

Table of Contents

Page Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... (i) Preface ................. ..................................................................................................................... (iii) Ontario’s Fish Culture Program..................................................................................................... 1 Early Fish Culture Activities.............................................................................................. 1

Advances in Culture Techniques...................................................................................... 4 Stocking Techniques ........................................................................................................ 5 Trends in Fish Stocking Activities..................................................................................... 8 Stocking Assessment ....................................................................................................... 8 Public Fishing Areas......................................................................................................... 9 Stocking Policies and Guidelines ..................................................................................... 9 Importation of Fish............................................................................................................ 9 Cage Culture .................................................................................................................. 10 Private Aquaculture Industry .......................................................................................... 11 Current and Future Stocking Activities ........................................................................... 11

Historical Review of Fish Stocking and Transfers ....................................................................... 22

Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) .................................................................................... 22 Arctic Grayling (Thymallus arcticus) ............................................................................... 24 Atlantic Salmon and Ouananiche (Salmo salar)............................................................. 26

Aurora Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis timagamiensis) ........................................................ 33 Bass (Micropterus dolomieu and M. salmoides) ............................................................ 37

Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).................................................................................. 46 Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) ............................................................................................. 57 Carp (Cyprinus carpio) ................................................................................................... 63 Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).............................................................. 65 Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) .............................................................................. 70 Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)........................................................................... 72

Crappies (Pomoxis nigromaculatus and P. annularis) ................................................... 76 Kamloops Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ....................................................................... 79 Kokanee Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) ....................................................................... 82

Lake Herring (Coregonus artedii) ................................................................................... 86 Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) ............................................................................... 90

Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) ................................................................... 102 Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) ............................................................................... 108 Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)..................................................................... 114 Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ....................................................................... 117 Splake (Salvelinus namaycush x S. fontinalis) and Lake Trout Backcross.................. 124 Walleye (Sander vitreus) .............................................................................................. 130 Other Species............................................................................................................... 142 Community Fisheries and Wildlife Involvement Program (CFWIP) Stocking Projects.............. 148 Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................... 154 Appendix 1. Atlantic salmon stocking in Ontario, 1867-2004. Appendix 2. Aurora trout stocking in Ontario, 1950-2004.

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Appendix 3. Introductions and transfers of black crappies in Ontario. Appendix 4. Brook trout stocking in Ontario, 1867-2004. Appendix 5. Brown trout stocking in Ontario, 1900-2004. Appendix 6. Chinook salmon stocking in Ontario, 1960-2004. Appendix 7. Coho salmon stocking in Ontario, 1960-2004. Appendix 8. Lake herring stocking in Ontario, 1900-1970. Appendix 9. Lake trout stocking in Ontario, 1867-2004. Appendix 10. Lake whitefish stocking in Ontario, 1867-2004. Appendix 11. Largemouth bass stocking and transfers in Ontario, 1930-2004. Appendix 12. Muskellunge stocking in Ontario, 1900-2004. Appendix 13. Rainbow trout (including steelhead) stocking in Ontario, 1900-2004. Appendix 14. Smallmouth bass stocking and transfers in Ontario, 1884-2004. Appendix 15. Splake (including backcross) stocking in Ontario, 1950-2004. Appendix 16. Walleye stocking in Ontario, 1867-2004.

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Preface Fish culture, stocking and fish transfers have a long history in Ontario dating back before Confederation. Over the years, programs have involved the federal and provincial governments, private facilities, and public interest groups. This report provides a history of fish culture activities and summarizes records of fish stocking and transfers in the province of Ontario. Information has been derived from a number of sources including annual reports of the Department of Marine and Fisheries, Ontario Department of Game and Fisheries, Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) as well as provincial databases FISHNET and FSIS. Community Fisheries and Wildlife Involvement Program (CFWIP) stocking information is based on reports from individual proponents. An extensive search was conducted at the MNR library in Peterborough for historic fish culture and stocking information. Finally, MNR staff, too numerous to mention, provided valuable information on local stocking activities. Several limitations in the stocking data should be noted. Numbers of fish stocked, from two or more different sources of information, were not always consistent. When stocking values from different sources conflicted, the larger number was accepted. In a number of instances, records could not be found or were incomplete. Stocking records reported by CWFIP proponents, particularly from projects involving fry, may be inaccurate as the result of poor inventory procedures. Stocking and fish transfers have played an important role in fisheries management in the province of Ontario. Hopefully this document will provide a useful reference, from an Ontario perspective, of activities and experiences from the past 140 years.

Steven J. Kerr Fisheries Section Fish and Wildlife Branch October 2006

(iii)

Fish Culture and Stocking ______________________________________________________________________________________ Ontario’s Fish Culture and Stocking Program Early Fish Culture Activities The earliest fish culture efforts in Ontario are attributed to Samuel Wilmot who commenced rearing Atlantic salmon, at a small private facility on Wilmot Creek near Newcastle, in 1865. Although Wilmot’s operation originally involved only Atlantic salmon, his activities quickly spread to rearing other species including lake whitefish, lake trout, walleye, and bass. In 1868, the federal government provided funding to construct a permanent hatchery and initiate full scale production. A fish culture branch was formed under the federal Department of Marine and Fisheries. In 1869, the federal government appointed a special commission to investigate and report on fish culture operations at Newcastle. After a rigorous inspection the commission produced a favourable report (Whitcher and Venning 1870). Wilmot may be considered one of the founders of the federal government’s hatchery system. Early research and experiments by Wilmot lead to the development of many trout and salmon culture techniques. These included methods of fish spawning and fertilization, incubation and rearing techniques, and different stocking procedures (Prince 1906). By 1876, Wilmot had been appointed the Superintendent for fish culture in Canada. The advances in early fish culture technology developed at Newcastle was evidenced in 1883 when a display nursery was entered in the Great International Fisheries Exhibition in London, England. Over the six month period of the exhibition, young salmon were hatched and grown to the parr stage using techniques developed in Ontario. This entry won several medals including the gold medal for the best fish breeding establishment at the exhibition (Department of Fisheries 1885). Several other federal fish culture facilities were developed in subsequent years (Table 1). The Sandwich facility, which commenced operation in 1876, was built primarily for the artificial propagation of lake whitefish. Originally, steam power was used to pump water into the hatchery from the Detroit River. A windmill was erected in 1886 and used to pump water into the hatchery. A fish culture facility in Ottawa opened in 1890. The Sarnia hatchery, constructed in 1908, was the first walleye hatchery in Canada. All of these hatcheries produced large quantities of fry. Early fish culture efforts were directed primarily at species with the greatest commercial importance (e.g., lake whitefish, walleye, lake herring, and lake trout). For this reason, brook trout culture was discontinued in 1892 even though it had been a successful program. A number of private hatcheries also commenced operation before the turn of the century. These facilities were located at Galt, Redickville, Alton, and Hillsburg (MacCrimmon et al. 1974) and were primarily devoted to the culture of brook trout. There was great public interest in early fish culture efforts. Samuel Wilmot reported that ______________________________________________________________________

1.

Table 1. Federal and provincial fish culture stations in the Province of Ontario, 1865-2004. Facility Years of Operation Agency Species Propagated Newcastle 1865-1867 Private • Atlantic salmon 1868-1914 Federal • Lake trout, lake whitefish, brook trout,

rainbow trout, walleye, bass, carp Sandwich 1876-1916 Federal • Lake whitefish, walleye Ottawa 1890-1911 Federal • Atlantic salmon, lake trout, brook trout, rainbow

trout, walleye Belleville 1901-1913 Federal • Smallmouth bass Wiarton 1908-19261. Federal • Lake trout, brook trout 1926-1980 Provincial • Lake trout, rainbow trout, brook trout, Atlantic

salmon, Kokanee salmon Sarnia 1908-19261. Federal • Walleye, lake whitefish, lake herring Port Arthur 1912-19261. Federal • Lake trout, lake whitefish, rainbow trout, brook

trout, Atlantic salmon, lake herring 1926-1971 Provincial • Brook trout, lake trout, lake whitefish Southampton 1912-19261. Federal • Lake trout Collingwood 1912-19261. Federal • Lake whitefish, walleye Belleville (Thurlow) 1915-19261. Federal • Lake whitefish, lake herring, walleye, lake trout Kenora 1915-19261. Federal • Lake whitefish, walleye 1926-1962 Provincial • Lake whitefish, walleye Kingsville 1917-19261. Federal • Lake whitefish 1926-? Provincial • Lake whitefish, lake herring, walleye, yellow perch Mount Pleasant 1909-1965 Provincial • Brook trout, lake trout, bass Normandale 1917-Present Provincial • Lake whitefish, lake herring, rainbow trout, brook

trout, Atlantic salmon Port Carling 1918-1938 Provincial • Walleye Sault Ste. Marie (Huron Street)

1921-1956 Provincial • Lake whitefish, walleye, brook trout, lake trout

Sault Ste. Marie (Tarentorus)

1932-Present Provincial • Lake trout, brook trout, splake, rainbow trout

Glenora 1923-1955 Provincial • Lake trout, brook trout, lake whitefish, lake herring, walleye, Atlantic salmon, cherry salmon

Omemee 1927-1937 Provincial • Muskellunge Codrington 1930-19912. Provincial • Brook trout, brown trout, rainbow trout Pembroke 1930-1994 Provincial • Brook trout, lake trout Ingersoll ponds 1931-? Provincial • Bass Dorion 1933-Present Provincial • Brook trout, lake trout, rainbow trout, pink

salmon, coho salmon, splake Fort Frances 1933-? Provincial • Lake trout, brook trout, walleye, lake whitefish Midhurst 1934-1972 Provincial • Brook trout White Lake 1934-Present Provincial • Brook trout, lake trout, rainbow trout, bass,

walleye, Atlantic salmon, brown trout, splake, lake whitefish, muskellunge, smallmouth and largemouth bass

Little Current 1935-? Provincial • Lake whitefish, walleye Chatsworth 1936-Present Provincial • Brook trout, lake trout, splake, coho salmon, Chinook

salmon, brown trout, rainbow trout, lake trout backcross, Arctic grayling

1937-Present Provincial • Brook trout, bass, lake trout North Bay 1937-Present Provincial • Lake trout, rainbow trout, brook trout, Atlantic

salmon, splake, Aurora trout Skeleton Lake 1938-1991 Provincial • Brook trout, lake trout, bass, walleye, rainbow trout Waring Creek 1938-1955 Provincial • Brook trout, Atlantic salmon Hill’s Lake 1939-Present Provincial • Brook trout, lake trout, Aurora trout, splake,

rainbow trout, walleye Deer Lake 1940-1991 Provincial • Brook trout, rainbow trout, lake trout,

muskellunge, suckers, minnows Westport 1950-1991 Provincial • Brook trout, lake trout, bass, walleye, splake Swift Current (cage) 1978-1991 Provincial • Lake trout, splake Ringwood 1980-Present Provincial • Chinook salmon, Atlantic salmon, coho salmon,

brown trout, rainbow trout Harwood 1985-Present Provincial • Lake trout, brown trout, brook trout, rainbow trout Blue Jay Creek 1989-Present Provincial • Lake trout, rainbow trout, brown trout

1. Transferred to the provincial government. 2. Recommissioned as a provincial research station in 1996.

Fish Culture and Stocking ______________________________________________________________________ the Newcastle facility was visited by hundreds of people during the summer (Department of Fisheries 1885). In 1908, John Walker, officer in charge of the Ottawa hatchery, reported more than 25,000 visitors at his facility that year. Early fish culture and stocking efforts were based on the assumption that, since hatching rates could be dramatically improved under artificial conditions, stocking would enhance native populations. Stocking was widely viewed as a cure-all for all fisheries problems (Chambers 1971). Fish were transferred among different hatcheries. For example, eggs of various species were routinely transferred to the Ottawa hatchery from facilities in other provinces. Fish from the Newcastle facility were planted in waters of Ontario, Québec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Manitoba. There were also shipments of eggs out of the country. In 1884, a shipment of lake whitefish eggs was sent to the Marquis of Lorne in Scotland. Atlantic salmon eggs were shipped to New Zealand and Ireland in 1908. Early culture efforts were not without mishaps and setbacks. Many fall egg collections for lake trout and lake whitefish were cancelled due to stormy weather conditions. In the spring of 1885, the dam, which provided the water supply for the Newcastle hatchery, failed during a heavy spring freshet and all incubating eggs (approximately 13 million) in the facility had to be transferred to the Magog facility in Québec. Fry were subsequently released in the eastern townships of Québec and dam repairs were completed in the fall of 1885. A similar dam failure occurred again in February 1902. During extremely cold weather in April 1895, all but two of the holding tanks and their lake trout fry at Newcastle were frozen solid. Despite fearing total loss of their fish production, blocks of ice (and fish) were removed from the tanks and allowed to thaw. Miraculously, as the ice melted the young fish were still alive. Overall there was practically no loss of trout (McLeod 1949). Shortly after the opening of the Fort Frances hatchery in 1933, there was a total kill of all incubating walleye eggs. The facility used water from the town supply and hatchery staff had apparently not been advised when the town commenced a chlorination program. The provincial government became involved in fish culture in 1909 (Armstrong 1958) with the experimental culture of bass. In 1912, an agreement was reached between the federal and provincial governments regarding fish culture responsibilities. Under this agreement the province assumed responsibility for culturing fish destined to provide recreational fisheries while federal programs were directed at commercial fisheries. By 1920, there were 35 main hatcheries, 11 subsidiary stations and 6 salmon retaining ponds in Canada. Ontario stocked more fish (387,696,952) than any other province in the country (Department of Fisheries 1921). When the Glenora facility opened in 1923, it had the largest capacity of any facility in Ontario. In 1930, there were 22 fish culture facilities in Ontario (Figure 1). ______________________________________________________________________

3.

Fish Culture and Stocking _____________________________________________________________________________

In 1926, the Department of Marine and Fisheries turned over control of its eight federal hatcheries to the Ontario Department of Game and Fisheries. The Department of Game and Fisheries established the Biological and Fish Culture Branch in 1929. In 1946, the Department of Game and Fisheries amalgamated with the Department of Lands and Forests.

Figure 1. Dorion fish culture station circa 1933 (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests photo). Early stocking activities were relatively indiscriminate. “Fry (particularly the young salmon trout) were distributed in almost every county in Ontario where water areas were of sufficient magnitude and of proper adaptation for their future development” (Department of Fisheries 1885). Many of these plantings had little chance of success because most of the factors influencing the survival of stocked fish (e.g., water chemistry, resident fish community, etc.) were not taken into consideration. Incredibly, the first mention of biological surveys in advance of fish plantings was not made until 1926. Advances in Culture Techniques Advances in fish culture techniques during the 1930s included developing a feed substitute for beef liver and ensuring better control of disease and parasites of artificially reared fish (MacKay 1939). Between 1935 and 1940, production shifted to rearing larger numbers of trout to older (e.g., yearling) life stages (Anonymous 1940). Feeding regimes were standardized based on prescribed rates (Armstrong 1958, Figure 2). Other experimentation in provincial facilities included water temperature control (Weir et al. 1967) and techniques for rearing walleye (Steele 1967a, 1967b, 1969, 1970, Cheshire ______________________________________________________________________ 4.

Fish Culture and Stocking

______________________________________________________________________________________ and Steele 1972). Hatchery infrastructure and equipment also progressed in the 1950s and 1960s (Weir 1958, 1964). In 1961, an experimental study was initiated at two fish culture stations (Hills Lake and Tarentorus) to evaluate the effect of water hardness on the incubation and culture of lake trout (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests 1962). Another two year study evaluated the effects of light and water temperatures on lake trout incubation and early rearing (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests 1965).

Figure 2. Feeding beef liver to brook trout fingerlings at the Midhurst rearing pond, 1962 (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests photo). By the 1970s, when new formulated pelleted feeds had been developed, fish health management was improved and more emphasis was placed on genetic considerations of individual fish stocks (Hynes et al. 1981, Ferguson 1982, Ferguson et al. 1991). Between 1970 and 1990, Ontario’s fish culture facilities were consolidated into several larger, modernized stations which had reliable water supplies. Currently there are ten provincial fish culture stations in Ontario (Table 2). Stocking Techniques Stocking techniques have varied over the years. In early years, steel cans were routinely used to transfer fry from the hatchery to the stocking site (Figure 3). An aircraft was first used to transport fish for stocking in 1930 (Figure 4). Free-fall release of fish from a fixed wing aircraft was first conducted in 1952 (Whitfield 1953, Loftus 1956). While early results were favourable, it was subsequently found that air-dropped fish had a lower survival than those released by hand (Fraser 1968a, 1968b, Cheshire 1969, Cheshire and Day 1969). _____________________________________________________________________________

5.

Fish Culture and Stocking ______________________________________________________________________________________ Table 2. Characteristics of Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources fish culture stations.

Facility

Water Source

Volume (l/min)

Water

Temperature (ºC)

pH

Alkalinity

(mg/l CaCO3)

Hardness

(mg/l CaCO3) Blue Jay Creek

Groundwater 4,500 8.4 (5.0-12.0)

7.7-8.0 139-153 138-160

Chatsworth Groundwater 11,800 7.4 (6.7-8.1)

7.5-7.9 250-260 256-280

Dorion Groundwater 20,000-25,000

7.3 (4.0-11.5)

7.9-8.0 169 161

Harwood Groundwater 5,000 8.6 (3.2-13.9)

7.5-8.0 180 200

Hill’s Lake Groundwater 20,000 5.8 (2.0-9.0)

8.0 110 -

Normandale Groundwater 3,000 8.9 (1.4-17.5)

7.9-8.1 140-176 -

North Bay Groundwater 1,800-2,100

7.6 (5.6-11.4)

6.7-7.0 17-20 -

Ringwood Artesian Wells

3,000 7.7 (6.4-8.9)

7.8-8.0 220 230

Tarentorus Groundwater 10,500 7.5 (4.0-12.1)

6.9-7.0 19-26 35-40

White Lake Surface Water and

Hypolimnetic

9,000 5.7-10.8 (1.0-25.0)

7.9-8.0 100-200 -

Figure 3. Normandale fish culture station staff loading fish (date unknown) (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests photo). _____________________________________________________________________________ 6.

Fish Culture and Stocking

_____________________________________________________________________________

Figure 4. Members of the North Bay Fish and Game Protection Association assist in loading trout onboard a Department of Lands and Forests aircraft at Trout Mills Harbour, Trout Lake, on June 18, 1950 (S. Lewis photo). In 1959 and 1960, experiments were carried out at the Hill’s Lake and Petawawa hatcheries to examine fish behaviour at various densities in water-filled plastic bags. This technique was first used in 1963 to transfer 106,700 lake trout yearlings from Charlevoix, Michigan, to Glenora, Ontario (Christie 1963). For remote stocking sites oxygenated, water-filled plastic bags are still frequently used to transport fish (Hooper 1966). The use of helicopters to stock small remote lakes commenced in the late 1960s. Hughson (1969) and von Rosen (1970) reported a substantial savings in time and cost using helicopters. Techniques for transporting live fish without water were reported by Martin and Scott (1959). This involved using tricaine methane sulphonate (MS222) to anaesthetize the fish which were packed on ice in steel containers. This technique was used to transfer 50 splake from Algonquin Park to Sault Ste. Marie (an elapsed time of 4-4.5 hours) via aircraft in 1958. Over the years there have been many improvements in transport techniques including more efficient aeration systems, better holding tanks, improved fish handling procedures, and increased attention to the quality of holding water. Today, depending on the location and size of the waterbody being stocked, any combination of several techniques may be used. ______________________________________________________________________

7.

Fish Culture and Stocking ______________________________________________________________________________________ Trends in Fish Stocking Activities For many decades, fish stocking involved large releases of early life stages of fish including walleye, lake herring, lake whitefish, muskellunge and bass (Figure 5).

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

1,000,000,000

1867 1882 1897 1912 1927 1942 1957 1972 1987 2002

Year

Num

ber o

f Fis

h St

ocke

d

Number of Fish Stocked(Excluding Eggs and Fry)Total Number of Fish Stocked

Figure 5. Life stages of fish released during provincial fish stocking programs, 1867-2004. The first significant increase in the number of older life stages stocked occurred in the 1920s and 1930s. With increasing realization that very early life stages of stocked fish did not have much success, culture efforts were redirected to rearing a larger, older hatchery product. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, older fish (fingerlings and yearlings) composed the majority of fish released in provincial stocking programs. Today, stocking involving eggs and fry are very limited. Yearlings and fingerlings, respectively, are the most common life stage of fish currently stocked. Stocking Assessment Very little stocking assessment was conducted during the first few decades of government fish culture programs. One of the first studies was carried out on two small streams (Gunstone Creek and Buck Creek) in southwestern Ontario where White (1924) quantified losses of brook trout after they were released. In the 1940s, fisheries managers began to investigate the success of fish stocking programs. By the midpoint of the twentieth century, there was increasing disillusionment with artificial propagation ______________________________________________________________________ 8.

Fish Culture and Stocking ______________________________________________________________________________________ as the means to address all fisheries problems (Regier and Applegate 1972). By the 1950s, awareness of the many factors influencing stocking success had increased (MacKay 1954). There was a lack of any evidence to show that many plantings were making a significant contribution to the fishery. In fact, several commercial fish species continued to decline despite massive stocking programs. Dymond (1957) concluded that “far too much confidence has been placed in the planting of hatchery-reared fish as a means of maintaining or increasing fish populations.” By the late 1950s and early 1960s, large scale stocking programs for several species, including Atlantic salmon, lake herring, lake whitefish, and brown trout, had been discontinued. Public Fishing Areas In the 1960s, the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests implemented a program to stock fish in public fishing areas. The program was intended to provide fishing opportunities primarily in or around urban areas. Some of the sites developed initially included St. Williams, Mount Pleasant, Pine River (near Orangeville), Normandale, and Cornwall (Persall 1963, Johnson 1965, Raine 1969) as well as several parks (Earl Rowe, Pinery, Wheatley, Inverhuron and Holiday Beach). These ponds were usually stocked with catchable-sized brook trout or rainbow trout. Prior to the opening of the Mount Pleasant area in 1962, the ponds were stocked with more than 1800 kg of perch, bullheads, panfish, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass and rock bass (Persall 1963). Most of these public fishing areas were heavily utilized by anglers and a significant proportion of stocked fish were harvested. As a result of increased maintenance and liability costs, few, if any, of these public fishing areas are still managed by MNR today. Stocking Policies and Guidelines Some of the earliest fish stocking guidelines were prepared by MacKay (undated). Formal fish culture and stocking policies were developed between 1970 and 1985. Among the first provincial policies to be developed were those pertaining to the private sector (e.g., licencing to propagate and sell, transfer of fish among hatcheries, etc.). The first general policy for stocking fish in Ontario was formulated in 1982. More recent policies have involved splake stocking, fish health protection standards, Pacific salmon management guidelines and procedures for stocking fish beyond their current range in Ontario. Most recently (2002), Ontario has updated provincial stocking guidelines for inland waters (MNR 2002). Importation of Fish One noteworthy period of time from an Ontario fish stocking perspective was the 1960s. By this point, many of the Great Lakes fisheries were in decline or had collapsed. This prompted large scale efforts to culture lake trout to help restore resident populations. It also resulted in efforts to find “new” species or strains which could be introduced to re-establish a top predator as well as provide replacement sport fisheries. Several of these

______________________________________________________________________ 9.

Fish Culture and Stocking ______________________________________________________________________________________ involved the importation of eggs from other jurisdictions. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, lake trout eggs were obtained from Clearwater Lake, Manitoba, to be used in the Lake Superior lake trout rehabilitation program. Brook trout eggs and muskellunge fry were transferred to Manitoba in exchange. Kokanee salmon were imported from British Columbia and Colorado in exchange for brook trout eyed eggs and splake eyed eggs, respectively (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests 1969). Coho salmon eggs were also imported from the State of Michigan. There are numerous other examples of transfers of fish from the provincial fish culture system. In 1934, lake trout eyed eggs were exchanged for Kamloops trout from British Columbia and for brook trout from several northeastern United States. In 1956, 100,000 Kamloops trout eggs were imported from British Columbia in return for 500,000 walleye eyed eggs from the Kenora hatchery. During the 1960s, walleye eyed eggs were sent to Colorado and Montana in exchange for Kokanee salmon eggs. Muskellunge fry were also provided to the Province of Quebec in the early 1960s. In 1970, at the request of the Canadian Embassy, 50,000 brook trout eyed eggs were shipped from the Dorion hatchery to Ecuador. Cage Culture In 1984, a project was initiated in the North Channel of Lake Huron to evaluate the feasibility of cage culture to rear production numbers of lake trout or lake trout backcross (Grant and Robbins 1984, Robertson et al. 1987). Initially, net pens were set up in MacGregor Bay (Figure 6). They were eventually moved to more sheltered conditions in Swift Current Bay, LaCloche Channel, approximately 30 km south of Espanola. MNR cage culture operations were discontinued in the spring of 1992 as a result of expenditure reductions and the availability of off-setting production capacity in land-based facilities.

Figure 6. MNR experimented with cage culture in the North Channel of Lake Huron between 1984 and 1992 (MNR photo). _____________________________________________________________________________ 10.

Fish Culture and Stocking ______________________________________________________________________________________ Private Aquaculture Industry The private aquaculture industry in Ontario has grown considerably in the past fifty years. The number of licenced private facilities has increased from four in 1938 to 16 in 1963 (MacCrimmon and Berst 1963) to over 200 today. Rainbow trout accounts for 95% of industry production. In 2002, rainbow trout production was 4,500 metric tonnes and the estimated farm gate value of production exceeded 16 million dollars (Moccia and Bevan 2003). Current and Future Stocking Activities Today, stocking projects, particularly those which are introductions or involve non-native species, are closely scrutinized. The National Code for Introductions and Transfers of Aquatic Organisms (DFO 2002) provides a consistent risk assessment mechanism to evaluate proposals to move aquatic organisms from one waterbody to another anywhere in Canada. Some fish stocking projects, including introductions, are subject to the provincial environmental assessment process which involves screening and risk assessment as well as public consultation. Currently, Ontario’s fish culture program involves the production and release of approximately 8 million fish, comprised of eleven different species, on an annual basis. Literature Cited Anonymous. 1940. Fish culture. Monthly Bulletin of the Ontario Department of Game and

Fisheries 5(2) : 7-11. Armstrong, G. C. 1958. The case for fish hatcheries in Ontario. Fish and Wildlife Management

Report No. 41. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. Chambers, K. J. 1971. Fish culture – from art to science. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review

10(3-4) : 15-21. Cheshire, W. F. 1969. Use of scuba divers for underwater observations on aerial fish drops.

Resource Management Report No. 102. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Tweed, Ontario. 10 p.

Cheshire, W. F. and F. S. Day. 1969. Underwater observations on aircraft planting of large brook

trout in the Tweed District. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Tweed, Ontario. 6 p.

Cheshire, W. F. and K. L. Steele. 1972. Hatchery rearing of walleyes using artificial food.

Progressive Fish Culturist 34 : 96-99. _____________________________________________________________________________

11.

Fish Culture and Stocking ______________________________________________________________________________________ Christie, W. J. 1963. Lake Ontario trout study – 1963 trout transfer. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Glenora, Ontario. Department of Fisheries. 1885. Report of fish breeding in the Dominion of Canada, 1884.

MacLean, Roger and Company. Ottawa, Ontario. Department of Fisheries. 1921. Report of fish culture in the Dominion of Canada, 1920. Sessional

Paper No. 40. Ottawa, Ontario. Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 2002. National code on introductions and transfers of aquatic organisms. Queen’s Printer for Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. 54 p.

Dymond, J. R. 1957. Artificial propagation in the management of Great Lakes fisheries.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 86 : 384-392. Ferguson, M. M. 1982. A broodstock management plan for Ontario salmonids. Report prepared

for Fish Culture Section. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. Ferguson, M. M., P. E. Ihssen, and J. D. Hynes. 1991. Are cultured stocks of brown trout (Salmo

trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) genetically similar to their source populations? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48(Supplement 1) : 118-123.

Fraser, J. M. 1968a. Differential recovery of brook trout planted by hand and air drop.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 97 : 32-36. Fraser, J. M. 1968b. Effect of air planting on domestic brook trout. Progressive Fish Culturist 30 :

141-143. Grant, J. A. and N. J. Robbins. 1984. Rainbow trout cage farming for northern Lake Huron: A pilot

project. Northern Ontario Rural Development Agreement report. 73 p. + appendices. Hooper, W. A. 1966. Cheaper by the bag. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 5(2) : 19-21. Hughson, D. R. 1969. Brook trout planting by helicopter. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 8(2) :

9-10. Hynes, J. D., E. H. Brown, J. H. Helle, N. Ryman, and D. A. Webster. 1981. Guidelines for the

culture of fish stocks for resource management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38 : 1867-1876.

Johnson, D. R. 1965. Public fishing ponds for trout. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 4(1) : 18-25. Loftus, K. H. 1956. Equipment for dropping fish. Progressive Fish Culturist 18(4) : 181-184. MacCrimmon, H. R. and A. H. Berst. 1963. A survey of licensed commercial trout hatcheries in

Ontario. Progressive Fish Culturist 25(4) : 187-192. MacCrimmon, H. R., J. E. Stewart, and J. R. Brett. 1974. Aquaculture in Canada: The practice

and the promise. Bulletin 188. Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. 84 p.

_____________________________________________________________________________ 12.

Fish Culture and Stocking _____________________________________________________________________________ MacKay, H. H. 1939. Report of the division of fish culture. Paper presented to the American

Fisheries Society, June 26-27, 1939. San Francisco, California. 9 p. MacKay, H. H. 1954. Fish management in Ontario with special reference to the role of hatcheries.

Paper presented at the 1954 Convention of Tourist Outfitters. 6 p. MacKay, H. H. undated. Departmental stocking and fish culture program. File Report. Ontario

Department of Game and Fisheries. Toronto, Ontario. 3 p. Martin, N. V. and D. C. Scott. 1959. Use of tricaine methane sulfonate (MS222) in the transport of

live fish without water. Progressive Fish Culturist 21(4) : 183-184. McLeod, A. W. 1949. Fifty years of fish culture in Ontario. File Report. Ontario Department of

Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 12 p. Moccia, R. D. and D. J. Bevan. 2003. Ontario aquaculture production in 2001. Aquastats 2001.

University of Guelph. Guelph, Ontario. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1962. Game fish and hatcheries. p. 118-130 In 1962

Annual Report of the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 354 p. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1965. Game fish and hatcheries. p. 98-107 In 1965

Annual Report of the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 350 p. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1969. Annual report of the Ontario Department of

Lands and Forests for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1969. Queen’s Printer for Ontario. Toronto, Ontario. 134 p.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 2002. Guidelines for stocking fish in inland waters of

Ontario. Fish and Wildlife Branch. Peterborough, Ontario. 44 p. Persall, E. E. 1963. Mount Pleasant public fishing area, Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review

2(1) : 2-5. Prince, E. E. 1906. The progress of fish culture in Canada. Sessional Paper No. 22. Department

of Marine and Fisheries. Ottawa, Ontario. 19 p. Raine, G. E. 1969. Cornwall Recreation Area proves popular. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review

8(4) : 13-14. Regier, H. A. and V. C. Applegate. 1972. Historical review of the management approach to

exploitation and introduction in SCOL lakes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29 : 683-692.

Robertson, W. D., G. C. Chapman, and A. J. Sippel. 1987. Analysis of the freshwater cage

culture project, 1984-87. Fish Culture Section. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 34 p.

Steele, K. L. 1967a. Blackout of walleye eggs during incubation at the White Lake rearing station.

File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sharbot Lake, Ontario. 4 p.

13.

Fish Culture and Stocking _____________________________________________________________________________ Steele, K. L. 1967b. Treatment of walleye fingerlings with Malachite Green at the White Lake

rearing station. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sharbot Lake, Ontario. 9 p.

Steele, K. L. 1969. Automatic fish feeders for yellow pickerel rearing. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Sharbot Lake, Ontario. 2 p. Steele, K. L. 1970. Automatic fish feeders for yellow pickerel rearing. File Report. Ontario Ministry

of Natural Resources. Sharbot Lake, Ontario. 7 p. von Rosen, H. K. 1970. Experimental fish stocking by helicopter. File Report. Ontario Department

of Lands and Forests. Tweed, Ontario. 10 p. Weir, R. A. 1958. Developments in the mechanics of hatchery operation. Fish and Wildlife

Management Report No. 41. Ontario Department of Land and Forests. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

Weir, R. A. 1964. Investigation and development of fish hatcheries. Technical Bulletin. Fish and

Wildlife Series No. 11. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 28 p. Weir, R. A., G. Kellner, and J. W. Anderson. 1967. The heating of hatchery waters at the

Normandale fish culture station. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Normandale, Ontario. 22 p. + appendices.

Whitcher, W. F. and W. H. Venning. 1870. Special report on fish breeding at Newcastle, Ontario.

Sessional Paper No. 11. 1869 Annual Report of the Department of Marine and Fisheries. Ottawa, Ontario.

White, H. C. 1924. A quantitative determination of the number of survivors from planting 5,000

trout fry in each of two streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 52 : 137-154.

Whitfield, R. E. 1953. Preliminary report on free fall planting of fish from aircraft, North Bay

District, 1952-53. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. North Bay, Ontario. 10 p.

Additional Fish Culture and General Stocking References Amsbury Marketing and Management Systems. 1997. Ontario fish culture program marketing and

management review. Report prepared for Fish Culture Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Whitney, Ontario. 48 p.

Anonymous. 1948. Ontario’s fish culture program. Hunting and Fishing in Canada 14(6) : 20-21. Anonymous. 1948. Deer Lake hatchery. Rod and Gun in Canada 49(8) : 5-6. Armstrong, G. C. 1949. The removal of undesirable fish from the headwater of Dorion rearing

station in 1948. Canadian Fish Culturist 8 : 7-10. _____________________________________________________________________________ 14.

Fish Culture and Stocking _____________________________________________________________________________

Armstrong, G. C. 1956. Hatchery food and feeding methods. Paper presented at the Fur Advisory

Committee meeting, April 12-14, 1956. Dorset, Ontario. Armstrong, G. C. 1962. Fish distribution from Ontario provincial fish hatcheries, 1962. Annual

Report of the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 57 p. Atkinson, C. J. 1948. Annual (1946-47) report on fish culture. Canada Department of Fisheries.

1946-47 : 42-72. Baldwin, N. S. 1947. Plantings of fish in southern Algonquin Park waters, 1947. File Report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Pembroke, Ontario. 11 p. Berst, A. H. 1953. Fish flake feeding experiment with speckled trout. Fish and Wildlife

Management Report No. 11. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Maple, Ontario. Berst, A. H. and J. W. Anderson. 1954. Aerator for fish hatchery transport. Canadian Fish

Culturist 15 : 18-25. Blanar, C. 1992. Phosphorus monitoring in walleye ponds at White Lake Fish Culture Station with

production results for 1992. File Report No. 05P92. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Sharbot Lake, Ontario. 12 p.

Boraski, J. and C. Brousseau. 1995. Fish stocking: Plague to purists, pragmatic tool to the public.

Ontario Federation of Anglers presentation to the North American Lake Management Society, November 1995. Toronto, Ontario.

Butler, L. 1968. The potential use of selective breeding in the face of a changing environment. p.

54-72 In K. H. Loftus [ed.]. A Symposium on Introductions of Exotic Species. Research Branch. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 111 p.

Charlton, W. H. 1960. 1960 fish plantings and creel census for Esker Lakes Park. File Report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Cochrane, Ontario. 4 p. Devereux, S. C. 1962. Tarentorus hatchery reference manual. Ontario Department of Lands and

Forests. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 31 p. + appendices. Doan, K. H. 1937. Report of a spring site for a small trout rearing pond, Minnesing Road,

Algonquin Park. File Report. Ontario Department of Game and Fisheries. Whitney, Ontario 3 p.

Dodge, D. P. and C. C. Mack. 1996. Direct control of fauna: Role of hatcheries, fish stocking and

fishing regulations. p. 167-181 In G. Petts and P. Calow [eds.]. River Restoration. Blackwell Science Limited. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 231 p.

Douglas, C. 1965. Fish stocking 1965 style. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 4(4) : 18-22. Douglas, N. K. 1948. Merits of hatchery-raised fish and game plantings. News Letter Bulletin

10(2) : 1-3. _____________________________________________________________________________

15.

Fish Culture and Stocking _____________________________________________________________________________ Draves, A. H. 1963. Some observations on the necessity, value, and method of mechanical

grading of fingerling trout stocks employed at Tarentorus hatchery. p. 21-23 In Fish and Wildlife Hatchery Bulletin. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

Durant, G., M. D. Goldstein, G. J. F. Heigenhauser, R. F. Lauff, C. L. Milligan, C. J. A. Mitton, E.

K. Postlewaite, Y. Wang, M. P. Wilkie, C. M. Wood, and D. G. MacDonald. undated. The effects of very low rearing velocities on physiological performance of lake charr (Salvelinus namaycush) and lake charr backcross (S. fontinalis x S. namaycush). File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 38 p.

Ecologistics Ltd. 1990. An assessment of the use of hatchery stock for fisheries management.

Report prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Waterloo, Ontario. 50 p. + appendices.

Fordyce, M., J. Barker, J. Byrne, L. Lambert, S. Watson, and J. Young. 1985. Report of the task

force on fish culture. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. Fox, M. G. 1989. Effect of prey density and prey size in growth and survival of juvenile walleye

(Stizostedion vitreum vitreum). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46 : 1323-1328.

Fox, M. G. and D. D. Flowers. 1989. Effect of fish density and growth on survival and production

of juvenile walleye in rearing ponds. File Report. White Lake Fish Culture Station. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Sharbot Lake, Ontario. 32 p.

Fox, M. G., J. A. Keast, and R. J. Swainson. 1989. The effect of fertilization regime on juvenile

walleye growth and prey utilization in rearing ponds. Environmental Biology of Fishes 26 : 129-142.

Fraser, J. M., D. Sinclair, C. Olver, and W. Straight. 1974. Report of the subcommittee on

methods and extent of stocking evaluations required at the present and in the future. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 4 p.

Fry, F. E. J. 1951. A splashless tank for transporting fish. Canadian Fish Culturist 10 : 15-16. Gibbard, H. J. 1962. Fish stocking rate. Fisheries Management Project No. 4. Ontario Department

of Lands and Forests. Cochrane, Ontario. 26 p. Gilmour, D. 1987. A stitch in time – Stocking and hatcheries. p. 75-88 In Fish Managers at Work:

The Glass Bottom Boat. NC Press Ltd. Toronto, Ontario. 170 p. Graf, P. 1960. Experiment #11: Determination of the production capacity of a fish trough at Hills

Lake Hatchery. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Kirkland Lake, Ontario. 10 p.

Graf, P. 1964. Mortality of hatchery brook trout attributed to Vorticella globularis. File Report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Kirkland Lake, Ontario. 5 p. Harkness, W. J. K., F. E. J. Fry, and R. R. Langford. 1945. Report on planting of hatchery fish in

the waters of Algonquin Park. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Whitney, Ontario. 2 p.

_____________________________________________________________________________ 16.

Fish Culture and Stocking _____________________________________________________________________________ Hartman, P. 1965. Direct reading flow meter. Progressive Fish Culturist 27(3) : 128. Hollingsworth, N. B. 1962. Hatchery data and procedures at North Bay Hatchery, 1961. Resource

Management Report No. 65. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. North Bay, Ontario. 17 p.

Hynes, J. D. 1978. A comparison of current loading levels with estimated carrying capacity at the

Chatsworth Fish Culture Station. Chatsworth, Ontario. 58 p. Johnson, M. G. 1964. Production of brook trout in eight Ontario farm ponds. Ontario Fish and

Wildlife Review 26(4) : 147-154. Jorgensen, C. 1966. The tagging and transfer of fish from Vermilion Lake to Lake Temagami. File

Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Temagami, Ontario. 12 p. Kennedy, W. A. 1937. Investigation of possible fish hatchery sites in Algonquin Park. File Report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Whitney, Ontario. 22 p. Kennedy, W. A. 1942. Instructions for planting fish in Algonquin Park. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Whitney, Ontario. 9 p. Leach, J. H. and C. A. Lewis. 1991. Fish introductions in Canada: Provincial views and

regulations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48(1) : 156-161. MacCrimmon, H. R. 1955. Once we had a salmon hatchery. Sylva 11(4) : 14-19. MacCrimmon, H. R. 1965. The beginning of salmon culture in Canada. Canadian Geographic

Journal. September 1965 : 11 p. MacCrimmon, H. R. 1984. An overview of aquaculture in central Canada. p. 42-55 In G. I.

Pritchard [ed.]. Proceedings of the National Aquaculture Conference – Strategies for Aquaculture Development in Canada. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75.

MacCrimmon, H. R. and A. H. Berst. 1966. A water recirculation unit for use in fishery

laboratories. Progressive Fish Culturist 28(3) : 165-170. MacFie, J. A. 1957, Fish planting in the Gogama district. Report presented at the Kirkland Lake

Fur Advisory Committee Meeting, April 8-11, 1957. Kirkland Lake, Ontario. MacKay, H. H. 1930. The present status of fish culture in the province of Ontario. Transactions of

the American Fisheries Society 60 : 1-10. MacKay, H. H. 1934. Fish culture – A government enterprise. File Report. Ontario Department of

Game and Fisheries. Toronto, Ontario. MacKay, H. H. 1952. Rearing fish in Ontario. Sylva 8(3) : 25-33. MacKay, H. H. 1954. A device for the controlled drainage of hatchery troughs. Canadian Fish

Culturist 15 : 26-27. _____________________________________________________________________________

17.

Fish Culture and Stocking _____________________________________________________________________________ MacKay, H. H. 1961. Fish culture in Ontario. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and

Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 8 p. MacKay, H. H. 1964. Artificial propagation of fish. p. 175-185 In J. R. Dymond [ed.]. Fish and

Wildlife – A Memorial to W. J. K. Harkness. Longmans Canada Limited. Toronto, Ontario. 214 p.

MacKay, H. H. and W. H. R. Werner. 1936. Investigations on the nutrition of trout. File Report.

Ontario Department of Game and Fisheries. Toronto, Ontario. 7 p. MacNutt, M. 1995. Fish stocking now seen by many as a form of pollution. Toronto Star. May 13,

1995. Toronto, Ontario. Mason, R. E. 1961. Fish hatcheries – Their present status and potential. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Hespeler, Ontario. 18 p. McCauley, R. W. 1968. So you want to be a trout farmer? Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review

7(1-2) : 23-25. McLeod, A. W. 1947. Early experimentation in fish culture. Sylva 3(1) : 45-47. McLeod, A. W. 1948. Fish hatcheries. Sylva 4(6) : 23-24. McNee, J. D. 1963. A method of determining the carrying capacity of trout rearing units. p. 4-6 In

Fish and Wildlife Hatchery Bulletin. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario.

McNee, J. D. 1963. A method of estimating gains in weight when it is not possible or convenient

to take sample counts. p. 11-14 In Fish and Wildlife Hatchery Bulletin. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario.

McNeice, J. 2005. Lake Simcoe fish stocking review. Internal Report 2005-02. Lake Simcoe

Fisheries Assessment Unit. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Sutton, Ontario. 10 p. Medd, T. and D. Flowers. 1990. Pond culture studies at White Lake Fish Culture Station: An

investigation of the effects of fertilization regime in zooplankton production and juvenile walleye growth and survival in ponds. File Report No. 03P89. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Sharbot Lake, Ontario. 25 p.

Merner, F. H. 1958a. Statistical report of the history of stocking of the Nith River. p. 21-22 In

Conservation Officer Projects in the Southwest Region, 1957-58. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Hespeler, Ontario.

Merner, F. H. 1958b. Statistical report of the history of stocking of the Grand River. p. 23-25 In

Conservation Officer Projects in the Southwest Region, 1957-58. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Hespeler, Ontario.

Noakes, D. L. G. 1987. Effects of rearing on trout behaviour. Final Report to the Ontario

Renewable Research Grants Program. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Guelph, Ontario. 114 p. + appendices.

_____________________________________________________________________________ 18.

Fish Culture and Stocking _____________________________________________________________________________ Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1964. Annual report of fish plantings in the Tweed

District, 1964. Tweed, Ontario. 24 p. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1970. Annual report of fish plantings in the Tweed

District, 1970. Tweed, Ontario. 21 p. Ontario Ministry of Government Services. 1975. Review of the MNR fish culture program.

Toronto, Ontario. 82 p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1973. Hatcheries have a place in today’s fisheries

management. Weekly News Release. March 5, 1973. Fort Frances, Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1980. Restocking our waters. Ontario Fish and Wildlife

Review 19(4) : 15-20. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1992. Procedure for the evaluation of proposals to stock

fish beyond their current range in Ontario waters. Policy and Procedures Directive 2.05.01. Fisheries Policy Branch. Toronto, Ontario. 9 p.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1999. Stocks catalogue. Fish Culture Section, Fish and

Wildlife Branch. Peterborough, Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 2003. A class environmental assessment for MNR

resource stewardship and facility development projects. Queen’s Printer for Ontario. Toronto, Ontario. 80 p.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 2003. Guidelines for stocking surplus/retired broodstock

from provincial fish culture stations. Fisheries Section. Fish and Wildlife Branch. Peterborough, Ontario. 4 p.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Crime Stoppers. 2002. Anglers guide to stocked lakes

in the Thunder Bay district. Queen’s Printer for Ontario. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 120 p. Parks, C. G. and J. M. Byrne. 1981. Restocking our lakes – A great Ontario fish story. The

Cottager. November : 22-29. Patrick, N. D. 1960. Hill’s Lake experiment No. 8 on aerial fish planting, 1959. Fish and Wildlife

Management Report No. 54. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Kirkland Lake, Ontario.

Poling, J. 2000. Luring back the natives. Cottage Life. July/August : 43-45. Potter, B. 1990. A framework for the evaluation of fish stocking programs in Ontario. p. 31-32 In

Changing Perspectives – Stocking as a Management Tool in Ontario. Proceedings of the 2nd annual professional workshop. Southern Ontario Chapter, American Fisheries Society.

Potter, B. 1997. The role of fish stocking in managing fisheries – An aquatic ecosystem approach.

p. 1 In P. MacMahon [ed.]. Fish: To Stock or Not to Stock. Workshop Proceedings. Northwest Science and Technology Unit. Thunder Bay, Ontario.

_____________________________________________________________________________

19.

Fish Culture and Stocking _____________________________________________________________________________ Potter, B. A. and B. A. Barton. 1986. Stocking goals and criteria for restoration and enhancement

of coldwater fisheries. p. 147-159 In R. H. Stroud [ed.]. Fish Culture in Fisheries Management. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland.

Prince, E. E. undated. How to establish a trout pond. Dominion Fisheries Commission. Ottawa,

Ontario. 6 p. Pyzer, G. 2003. Seeds of disaster. Outdoor Canada 2003 : 28-32. Richards, P. D. and J. Hynes. 1986. Walleye culture manual. Ontario Ministry of Natural

Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 103 p. Rodd, J. A. 1924. Sketch of the development of fish culture in Canada. Transactions of the

American Fisheries Society 54 : 148-160. Smith, N. W. 1991. Fish stocking in the southwestern region, 1974-1989 : An historical review

and evaluation. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. London, Ontario. 80 p. Steele, K. L. 1968. Use of fresh flow aerator at White Lake rearing station. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Sharbot Lake, Ontario. 6 p. Teasdale, S. 1989. Cold reception for cage culture staff. Aski. Spring : 6. Thompson, D. 1979. Fish stocking – Are we ripping off our lakes? Outdoor Canada 7(4) : 28-32. Walden, F. A. 1956. The hatchery as a management tool. Paper presented at the Fur Advisory

Committee meeting. April 12-14, 1956. Dorset, Ontario. Weir. C. 1980. A crazy way to plant fish. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 19(3) : 6-7. Weir, R. A. 1962. Illumination for the hatching of fish eggs. File Report. Ontario Department of

Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 19 p. Whitfield, R. E. 1956. Annual report of fish plantings in the Tweed District, 1956. File Report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Tweed, Ontario. 25 p. Whitfield, R. E. 1957. Annual report of fish plantings in the Tweed District, 1957. File Report.




Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Tweed, Ontario. 21 p. Whitfield, R. E. 1965. Piscatorial midwifery, its uses and abuses. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review

4(4) : 18-22. _____________________________________________________________________________ 20.

Fish Culture and Stocking _____________________________________________________________________________ Whitney, G. 1990. SPOF II and the stocking question. p. 1-9 In Changing Perspectives: Stocking

as a Management Tool in Ontario. Proceedings of the 2nd annual professional workshop. Southern Ontario Chapter, American Fisheries Society.

Williamson, V. H. H. 1957. The role of predators at fish hatcheries in Ontario. Research Section

Report No. 16. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Maple, Ontario. 6 p. Willox, C. 1990. Lake Simcoe: A case history of fish stocking. In Changing Perspectives -

Stocking as a Management Tool in Ontario. Proceedings of the 2nd annual professional workshop. Southern Ontario Chapter, American Fisheries Society.

Woods, K. A. 1956. Fish by ferry. Sylva 12(2) : 35-37. Wright, J. 1992. Hatchery fish may not be the answer. Owen Sound Sun Times, August 10, 1992. _____________________________________________________________________________

21.

Arctic Charr ______________________________________________________________________________________ Historic Review of Fish Stocking and Transfers Arctic Charr The Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus, Figure 1) has a circumpolar distribution. In Ontario, the occurrence of Arctic charr is limited to only two large rivers (Severn and Winisk) on the southwestern coast of Hudson Bay (Ryder 1961, Scott and Crossman 1973). Arctic charr have been stocked in other Ontario waters on several different occasions. In 1871, charr were apparently transported from England to the Newcastle facility where they were subsequently released into a Lake Ontario tributary (Crawford 2001). In 1954, charr were released into a number of inland waters in southern Ontario (Scott 1963, Emery 1985). Arctic charr were reared at the Tarentorus Fish Culture Station from 1958 to 1960 and stocked in several Algoma District waters (T. Hohenadel, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. personal communication). Records indicate that 2,400 yearling and 5,330 adult charr were stocked in 1958 (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests 1962). There are records that Arctic charr were introduced into Algonquin Park (Mandrak and Crossman 2003). This involved the release of charr fingerlings into Westward Lake in 1955 (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests 1965). Test netting in 1962 indicated that the charr had survived and that natural reproduction was occurring (Anonymous 1963).

Figure 6. Arctic charr have a very limited natural distribution in Ontario (Photo by E. Wright). _____________________________________________________________________________ 22.

Arctic Charr _____________________________________________________________________________ There are also anecdotal records of French alpine charr being stocked in Ontario waters during the 1950s and 1960s. Exotic charr (French alpine) from Lake Geneva were imported into Ontario in 1962 or 1963 but never stocked (Crossman 1984). This strain of charr was imported into Ontario again between 1963-66 and released in Westward Lake, Algonquin Park, in 1966 or 1967. A few individual fish were apparently captured in 1968 and 1969 but experimental netting in 1970 did not produce any fish. None of these introductions were successful over the longer term and this species has not been stocked in public waters since that time. Literature Cited Anonymous. 1963. Report to the Advisory Committee of the Harkness Laboratory of Fisheries

Research for the year 1963. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 32 p. Crawford, S. S. 2001. Salmonine introductions to the Laurentian Great Lakes: An historical review

and evaluation of ecological effects. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 132. Ottawa, Ontario. 205 p.

Crossman, E. J. 1984. Introduction of exotic fishes into Canada. p. 78-101 In W. R. Courtenay

and J. A. Stauffer [eds.]. Distribution, Biology and Management of Exotic Fishes. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland.

Emery, L. 1985. Review of fish species introduced into the Great Lakes, 1819-1974. Technical

Report No. 45. Great Lakes Fishery Commission. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 31 p. Mandrak, N. E. and E. J. Crossman. 2003. Fishes of Algonquin Park. Friends of Algonquin Park

and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Whitney, Ontario. 40 p. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1962. Game fish and hatcheries. p. 118-130 In 1962

Annual Report of the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 354 p. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1965. Game fish and fishing in Algonquin Provincial

Park and the projects undertaken by the Research Branch to perpetuate angling. Parks Branch. Whitney, Ontario. 30 p.

Ryder, R. A. 1961. First Ontario record of the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Copeia 1961(3) :

359-360. Scott, W. B. 1963. A review of the changes in the fish fauna of Ontario. Transactions of the Royal

Canadian Institute 71(34) : 111-125. Scott, W. B. and E. J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bulletin 184. Fisheries

Research Board of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. 966 p. ________________________________________________________________

23.

Arctic Grayling ______________________________________________________________________________________ Arctic Grayling Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus, Figure 8) are distributed in the freshwater Arctic drainages of Canada and Asia. They are not native to Ontario. Arctic grayling eggs were imported into Ontario from Saskatchewan in 1958. These eggs were reared at the Dorion fish culture station near Thunder Bay and 26,500 yearling grayling were stocked in sixteen lakes and rivers in northwestern Ontario in 1959 (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests 1972). In one instance (Stitch Lake), a brook trout removal program was initiated prior to stocking the lake with grayling (Carnahan 1959). Two of the stocked lakes were in the MacDiarmid area. Approximately 700 grayling were stocked in one lake (Lake #1) while 300 fish were released in a second lake (Lake #2). The first introduction (Lake #1 – subsequently renamed Grayling Lake) was initially successful (Goddard 1961). The second introduction failed apparently due to predation from northern pike. In 1960 and 1962, adult grayling were stocked in two lakes in the Nipissing and Thunder Bay districts (Scott 1963). Subsequent stocking was conducted in1964 and 1967.

Figure 8. The Arctic grayling is currently not present in Ontario (Department of Fisheries and Oceans illustration). There are also records indicating that Arctic grayling were stocked in a number of waters in Algonquin Park (Mandrak and Crossman 2003). Arctic grayling were apparently stocked in Found Lake in November 1960 (Anonymous 1962). The planting involved the release of 200 adult grayling (hatchery stock). Gill netting in 1961 indicated good survival but, although ripe grayling were captured in mid May, no spawning activity was noted. Subsequent sampling in 1962 did not produce any grayling (Anonymous 1963). None of these inland introductions were successful. Ontario’s attempts to establish grayling in the Great Lakes during this period were also unsuccessful (Emery 1985). Arctic grayling are not currently considered to be present in Ontario (Scott and Crossman 1973). ________________________________________________________________ 24.

Arctic Grayling ______________________________________________________________________ Literature Cited Anonymous. 1962. Report to the Advisory Committee of the Harkness Laboratory of Fisheries

Research for the year 1961. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Maple, Ontario. Anonymous. 1963. Report to the Advisory Committee of the Harkness Laboratory of Fisheries

Research for the year 1962. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Maple, Ontario. Carnahan, R. H. 1959. A preliminary report on the Stitch Lake grayling introduction. p. 43-46 In

1958-59 Conservation Officer Projects. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Port Arthur, Ontario. 93 p.


Report No. 45. Great Lakes Fishery Commission. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 31 p. Goddard, J. 1961. Artificial introduction of Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) into waters of the

Geraldton forestry district of Ontario. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Geraldton, Ontario.

Mandrak, N. E. and E. J. Crossman. 2003. Fishes of Algonquin Park. Friends of Algonquin Park

and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Whitney, Ontario. 40 p. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1972. Arctic grayling introductions in Ontario.

Selected correspondence, 1958-1972. Toronto, Ontario. Scott, W. B. 1963. A review of the changes in the fish fauna of Ontario. Transactions of the Royal

Canadian Institute 71(34) : 111-125. Scott, W. B. and E. J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bulletin 184. Fisheries

Research Board of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. 966 p. _____________________________________________________________________________

25.

Atlantic Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ Atlantic Salmon and Ouananiche Prior to European settlement, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, Figure 9) were extremely abundant in Lake Ontario and provided a valuable source of food for native residents and early settlers. By 1846, Atlantic salmon stocks inhabiting Lake Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence River watershed were in decline (Dunfield 1985). This was attributed to human activities including overexploitation and degradation of tributary streams. In 1865, Samuel Wilmot began rearing Atlantic salmon at his Newcastle facility (Huntsman 1944, Dymond 1965). Lake Ontario tributaries which were stocked included Black Creek, Bowmanville Creek, Cold Creek, Duffins Creek, Grafton Creek, Highland Creek, Lynde Creek, Salmon Creek, Wilmot Creek, and White Creek, in addition to the Credit River, Humber River, Moira River, Rouge River and Trent River. In 1874, the Fisheries Branch of the Department of Marine and Fisheries reported that Atlantic salmon fry had also been planted in the Salmon River (an Ottawa River tributary) and the Saugeen River (a Lake Huron tributary). In 1876, experimental fishing, using trap nets, was conducted in Lake Ontario near the mouth of Wilmot Creek. Some salmon were captured but it is unclear how successful the netting operation was and results of the assessment project were inconclusive. By 1879, four million fry had been planted in Lake Ontario. Unfortunately these early stocking efforts could not reverse the decline in salmon stocks. Ironically, in an effort to boost Atlantic salmon stocks on the east coast, eggs were sold ($40 gold per 1,000 eggs) to New England states at a time when the species was declining in Lake Ontario. By 1900, Atlantic salmon were extinct in Lake Ontario (Scott and Crossman 1973, Crawford 2001).

Figure 9. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were extirpated from Lake Ontario by 1896 (MNR illustration). Early Atlantic salmon stocking efforts were not confined to Lake Ontario. Plantings of ______________________________________________________________________26.

Atlantic Salmon ______________________________________________________________________ young salmon were also conducted in the watersheds of Lake Erie, Lake Huron, and Lake Simcoe (MacCrimmon 1977, Crawford 2001). In 1912, Atlantic salmon fry were also stocked into McVicar Creek, a Lake Superior tributary near Thunder Bay, from the Port Arthur hatchery. During the 1930s and 1940s, the landlocked strain of Atlantic salmon (also known as “Ouananiche”) was introduced into the Great Lakes and numerous inland lakes in the hopes of creating self-sustaining populations (Table 3). Some experimental fry stocking was conducted in Duffin Creek between1944 and 1948 (MacCrimmon 1950) but the project was discontinued after poor results. The failure was generally attributed to habitat conditions (elevated water temperature and reduction of cover) and predation. The greatest mortality of salmon fry occurred within a few days after release. Between 1938 and 1962, a total of 1,761,000 Atlantic salmon were stocked into inland waters of the province. Of all the waters which were stocked, only Trout Lake, near the City of North Bay, developed a naturally reproducing population. The original stocking of Trout Lake had involved the release of 1,700 yearling fish in 1935 (Table 4). Small spawn collections were carried out in 1948 and 1950. This population provided a popular, but limited, fishery until 1967 when a train derailment caused a major spill of zinc concentrate in Four Mile Creek, the sole spawning tributary. After clean-up efforts were concluded, the first re-introduction, consisting of 10,000 fingerlings, was conducted in 1989. Follow-up stocking was also carried out in 1990, 1991, 1994, 1995 and 2003. These efforts were successful in re-establishing a self-sustaining population and the lake is now stocked only periodically (Maraldo et al. 1997). More recently, there has been renewed interest in Atlantic salmon restoration in Lake Ontario (MNR 1995). In 1987, a pilot stocking program was initiated. This involved the release of 1,000 fall fingerlings into Wilmot Creek. Between 1988-1995, fingerlings and spring yearlings were stocked into the Credit River, Wilmot Creek, and the Ganaraska River. These plantings produced lower than expected adult returns and few signs of natural reproduction so stocking practices reverted to fry stocking in 1996 (Daniels 2003). Approximately 200,000 fry are currently stocked on an annual basis. In conjunction with the stocking program, research efforts focused on evaluating the suitability of Lake Ontario streams for Atlantic salmon. Some highlights of these studies include:

• The amount of instream cover is important for post-release survival of Atlantic salmon (Stanfield 1998, Stanfield and Jones 2003).

• Parr or advanced fry had a higher survival rate to fall fingerlings than those fish stocked as fry (prior to feeding) (Stanfield and Jones 2003).

______________________________________________________________________

27.

Atlantic Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ Table 3. Ontario lakes and rivers planted with Atlantic salmon (from Carcao 1985). Waterbody District/County/Region Strain Athelstone Lake Thunder Bay District Freshwater Balsam Lake Victoria County Unknown Bark Lake Renfrew County Marine Barton Lake Frontenac County Marine Bass Lake Grey County Freshwater Big Clear Lake Frontenac County Marine Bowmanville Creek Durham Region Unknown Buck Lake Frontenac County Marine Cache Lake Algonquin Park Marine Charleston Lake Leeds County Marine Christie Lake Lanark County Marine & Freshwater Clear Lake Peterborough County Unknown Cliff Lake Thunder Bay District Freshwater Credit River Peel Region Unknown Duffin Creek Ontario County Marine Fairy Lake Muskoka District Freshwater Fisher Creek Ontario County Marine Four Mile Creek Nipissing District Freshwater Gillies Lake Bruce County Marine & Freshwater Gleason (Oxenden) Creek Grey County Unknown Grafton Creek Northumberland County Unknown Grand Lake Nipissing District Marine Gull Lake Unknown Unknown Herridge Lake Nipissing District Freshwater Humber River York Region Unknown Kishkebus Lake Frontenac County Freshwater Lake Simcoe Simcoe County Marine & Freshwater Lake Superior Thunder Bay District Marine Lake Temagami Nipissing District Marine Loon Lake Thunder Bay District Marine Marten Lake Nipissing District Freshwater Mary Lake Grey County Freshwater Mazinaw Lake Frontenac County Freshwater McCullough Lake Grey County Freshwater Moira River Hastings County Unknown Muskoka Lake Muskoka District Marine Muskoka River Muskoka District Freshwater Penage Lake Sudbury District Marine Peninsula Lake Muskoka District Freshwater Pine Lake Muskoka District Freshwater Plumb Lake Algonquin Park Marine Ranger Lake Algoma District Marine Rideau River Ottawa-Carleton Marine & Freshwater Rock Lake Algonquin Park Marine Rouge River York Region Marine Sandy Lake Unknown Unknown Saugeen River Bruce County Unknown Sharbot Lake Frontenac County Marine Skeleton Lake Muskoka District Freshwater Skootamatta Lake Lennox & Addington County Freshwater Source Lake Algonquin Park Marine Tangamakoon Lake Algonquin Park Marine Trent River Northumberland Unknown Trout Lake Nipissing District Marine & Freshwater Victoria Lake Nipissing District Marine Wahnapitae Lake Sudbury District Freshwater White Lake Algonquin Park Marine Wilmot Creek Durham Region Marine

______________________________________________________________________ 28.

Atlantic Salmon _____________________________________________________________________________ Table 4. Landlocked salmon (Ouananiche) stocking history in Trout Lake, Ontario. Year Strain Life Stage Mark (Fin Clip) Number Stocked 1935 Ouananiche (Lac St. Jean) Yearling None 1,700 1946 Anadromous (Miramichi) Yearling None 1,500 1947 Anadromous (New Brunswick) Yearling None 10,000 1949 Anadromous (New Brunswick) Yearling None 800 1952 Ouananiche (Trout Lake) Yearling Ad 6,811 1963 Ouananiche (Trout Lake) Fry

Yearling None RP

1,250 4,520

1989 Ouananiche (Grand Lake, Maine) Yearling None 10,000 1990 Anadromous (LaHave River, N.S.) Yearling AdLV 4,820 1991 Anadromous (LaHave River, N.S.) Yearling RP 4,505 1994 Anadromous (LaHave River, N.S.) Fingerling

Yearling None

LP 4,900 2,000

1995 Anadromous (LaHave River, N.S.) Fingerling RP 4,500 2003 Anadromous (LaHave River, N.S.) Yearling

Subadult LV, None

Ad 1,793 1,103

• There were competitive interactions between Atlantic salmon with both rainbow trout and Chinook salmon (Scott et al. 2003, Stanfield and Jones 2003).

• Successful incubation and overwinter survival was influenced by redd characteristics such as the amount of fine materials, oxygen levels, and substrate permeability (Daniels 2003).

• There was little, if any, redd superimposition between Atlantic salmon and brown trout in the Credit River (Daniels 2003).

Today, Ontario’s Atlantic salmon program is limited to experimental efforts to restore a self-sustaining population in Lake Ontario (MNR 1995, Dimond and Smitka 2005) and the periodic stocking of Trout Lake. The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources is currently involved in the development of an Atlantic salmon recovery plan for Lake Ontario which will involve higher levels of stocking than in earlier phases of the program (MNR 2004). Literature Cited Carcao, G. 1985. The re-introduction of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Lake Ontario with

particular emphasis to the Credit River. Paper prepared for Dr. Henry Regier. University of Toronto. Toronto, Ontario. 25 p.

Crawford, S. S. 2001. Salmonine introductions to the Laurentian Great Lakes: An historical review

and evaluation of ecological effects. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 132. 205 p.

_____________________________________________________________________________

29.

Atlantic Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ Daniels, M. E. 2003. Atlantic salmon restoration in Lake Ontario. p. 12.1-12.3 In 2002 Lake

Ontario Annual Report to the Great Lakes Fishery Commission. Niagara Falls, Ontario. Dimond, P. and J. Smitka. 2005. Evaluation of selected strains of Atlantic salmon as potential

candidates for the restoration of Lake Ontario. Report prepared for the Halton-Peel Woodlands and Wildlife Stewardship Council and Trout Unlimited Canada. 41 p. + appendices.

Dunfield, R. W. 1985. The Atlantic salmon in the history of North America. Canadian Special

Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 80 : 181 p. Dymond, J. R. 1965. The Lake Ontario salmon (Salmo salar). Ontario Department of Lands and

Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 284 p. Huntsman, A. G. 1944. Why did Ontario salmon disappear. Transactions of the Royal Society of

Canada 5 : 83-102. MacCrimmon, H. R. 1950. The reintroduction of Atlantic salmon into tributary streams of Lake

Ontario. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 78 : 128-132. MacCrimmon, H. R. 1977. The Ontario salmon. p. 86-90 In Animals, man, and change: Alien and

exotic wildlife of Ontario. McClelland and Stewart. Toronto, Ontario. 160 p. Maraldo, D., B. Bowman, and M. Gillies. 1997. The return of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to

Trout Lake, North Bay, Ontario. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 32(2) : 347-364.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1995. An Atlantic salmon restoration plan for Lake Ontario.

Report prepared by the Atlantic Salmon Working Group. Toronto, Ontario. 18 p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 2004. Atlantic salmon restoration program. p. 44-45 In

2004 Annual Report of the Lake Ontario Management Unit. Queen’s Printer for Ontario. Picton, Ontario.

Scott, R. J., D. L. G. Noakes, F. W. H. Beamish, and L. M. Carl. 2003. Chinook salmon impede

Atlantic salmon conservation in Lake Ontario. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 12 : 66-73. Scott, W. B. and E. J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bulletin 184. Fisheries

Research Board of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. 966 p. Stanfield, L. 1998. The effect of cover, substrate and rainbow trout on the survival of stocked

Atlantic salmon fry in Lake Ontario tributaries. Aquatic Research Section Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Picton, Ontario.

Stanfield, L. and M. L. Jones. 2003. Factors influencing rearing success of Atlantic salmon

stocked as fry and parr in Lake Ontario tributaries. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 23 : 1175-1183.

_____________________________________________________________________________ 30.

Atlantic Salmon ______________________________________________________________________ Additional Atlantic Salmon/Ouananiche References Anonymous. 1947. Ontario’s Atlantic salmon experiment. Hunting and Fishing in Canada 13(7) :

20 p. Cole, J. 1999. The ouananiche of Trout Lake. Ontario Out of Doors. February : 4. Fitchko, J., R. J. Eakins, and A. R. Glasgow. 1996. Return of the ouananiche to Trout Lake, near

North Bay, Ontario. Paper presented at the 39th Conference for Great Lakes Research, May 26-30, 1996. Erindale College, Mississauga, Ontario.

Foster, J. A. 1966. Results of a study and management suggestions for the ouananiche of Trout

Lake, North Bay, Ontario. B.Sc. Thesis. University of New Brunswick. Fredricton, New Brunswick.

Fox, W. S. 1930. The literature of Salmo salar in Lake Ontario and tributary streams.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 2 : 45-55. Gage, J. F. 1963. The landlocked salmon or ouananiche in Ontario. Ontario Fish and Wildlife

Review 2(2) : 2-7. Johnson, J. J. and L. R. Wedge. 1999. Interspecific competition in tributaries: Prospectus for

restoring Atlantic salmon in Lake Ontario. Great Lakes Research Review 4(2) : 11-17. Knight, W. 1988. The Atlantic salmon is back. Aski. Spring 1988 : 7. MacCrimmon, H. R. 1949. The survival of planted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in streams. Ph.D.

Dissertation. University of Toronto. Toronto, Ontario. MacCrimmon, H. R. 1951. Atlantic salmon in tributary streams of Lake Ontario. Sylva 7(4) : 3-10. MacCrimmon, H. R. 1954. Stream studies on planted Atlantic salmon. Journal of the Fisheries

Research Board of Canada 11(4) : 362-403. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1991. Lake Ontario’s Atlantic salmon program. Lake

Ontario Fisheries Update. Kemptville, Ontario. Power, G. 1987. Ontario on stream – Is there room in Lake Ontario for Atlantic salmon? Atlantic

Salmon Journal Summer 1987 : 10-11. Richardson, J. H. 1908. Salmo salar in Ontario. University Monthly 8(3) : 97-103. Ryder, R. A. 1956. Winter search for ouananiche in Athelstane and Cliff lakes. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests, Port Arthur District. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 6 p. Stanfield, L. S., M. L. Jones, and J. N. Bowlby. 1995. A conceptual framework for Atlantic salmon

restoration in Lake Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Picton, Ontario. Whitfield, R. E. 1948. Notes on the ouananiche (Salmo salar ouananiche) in Fourmile Bay, Trout

Lake, Ontario. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. North Bay, Ontario. 25 p. _____________________________________________________________________________

31.

Atlantic Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ Whitfield, R. E. 1949. Hatchery experiment with ouananiche eggs, North Bay Hatchery. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Redbridge, Ontario. 3 p. _____________________________________________________________________________ 32.

Aurora Trout _____________________________________________________________________________ Aurora Trout The Aurora trout (Salvelinus fontinalis timagamiensis) is a unique ecomorph of brook trout (Vladykov 1954, McGlade 1981, Grewe et al. 1990) recognized by its pronounced coloration and lack of spots and vermiculations (Figure 10). When Aurora trout were first discovered in 1923 they were believed to be a new fish species (Henn and Rickenbach 1925). These trout were found in only two lakes (Whitepine and Whirligig) in the Lady Evelyn Smoothwater Provincial Park north of Sudbury, Ontario. A third lake (Wilderness Lake) in the same drainage was subsequently identified (Patrick 1960). Records indicate that Aurora trout were declining in abundance by the 1940s but were not extirpated from the wild until 1967. Surface water acidification was believed to be the primary cause of their demise (Keller 1978). The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) designated Aurora trout as an endangered species in 1987.

Figure 10. Aurora trout, characterized by their brilliant coloration, were once thought to be a distinct species (MNR photo). Sporadic attempts were made to artificially rear Aurora trout as early as 1941. The failure of these early attempts was attributed, partially at least, to extremely low water temperatures at the Hill’s Lake Fish Culture Station. This prompted experimentation with heated water during incubation and early rearing. These studies revealed that fish reared in warmer water had survival rates comparable with those fish reared at normal hatchery water temperatures but greatly increased their growth rate (Patrick and Graf 1961). In a related study, fish from the Hill’s Lake Fish Culture Station were used to determine lethal water temperatures of the Aurora trout (Sale 1962). A few remaining fish were captured and transferred to the Hill’s Lake Fish Culture ______________________________________________________________________

33.

Aurora Trout ______________________________________________________________________ Station near Kirkland Lake, Ontario, and a captive broodstock was established at the hatchery in the late 1950s. In 1958, a wild egg collection was carried out in which 3,644 eggs were taken from three female fish (one from Whitepine Lake and 2 from Whirligig Lake). The founding population consisted of only nine individuals. A small Aurora trout stocking program was initiated in 1959. Improvements in water quality and the rehabilitation of both lakes enabled the re-establishment of self-sustaining populations. Over the next few years numerous attempts were made to introduce and establish Aurora trout in new lakes near Cochrane, Kirkland Lake, Hearst and Timmins. These efforts were only successful in two instances: Southeast Campcot Lake and Northeast Campcot Lake near Terrace Bay, Ontario. In 1990, hatchery broodstock were re-introduced into Whirligig Lake and successful natural reproduction has since been documented. These early fish culture efforts are believed to have saved the Aurora trout from extinction. Between 1970 and 1990 annual egg collections were carried out primarily from Alexander Lake. Egg collections were also carried out from domestic broodstock at the Hill’s Lake facility between 1987 and 1990. Since 1990, egg collections have been from broodstock at the Hill’s Lake fish culture station. This broodstock was established from wild egg collections at Alexander Lake which are conducted on an alternate year basis. Genetic analysis has revealed that Aurora trout have a very low amount of diversity. This may be attributed to a narrow adaptation to its environment by the wild stock or it may have arisen when captive breeding began with a very small number of founding individuals (Snucins and Gunn 1994). Aurora trout management, including fish stocking, has been coordinated by ten year plans prepared by a provincial Aurora Trout Steering committee (Brousseau 1984, Jessop 1994, MNR 2001). More recently, the Aurora trout management plan has been converted to a national recovery strategy for Aurora trout to conform to new federal Species at Risk legislation. The two basic goals for Aurora trout management are: (i) to preserve biodiversity, and (ii) introduce Aurora trout into a limited number of non-native lakes to establish a wild broodstock and to provide some angling opportunities. Currently, 25-50,000 Aurora trout are stocked annually. In total, nine different lakes are stocked to provide put-grow-take fishering opportunities. Two lakes containing Aurora trout (Big Club and Carol) were first opened to angling in 1986. Angling opportunities are provided with 2-3 lakes open each year on a rotational basis. Literature Cited Brousseau, C. 1984. Aurora trout management plan and proposed work schedule, 1983-1993.

Aurora Trout Steering Committee. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Cochrane, Ontario.

Grewe, P. M., N. Billington, P. D. N. Hebert, and P. D. Hebert. 1990. Phylogenetic relationships

among members of Salvelinus inferred from mitochondrial DNA divergence. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47(5) : 984-991.

_____________________________________________________________________________ 34.

Aurora Trout _____________________________________________________________________________ Henn, A. W. and W. H. Rickenbach. 1925. Description of the Aurora trout (Salvelinus

timagamiensis) a new species from Ontario. Ann. Carnegie Museum 16 : 131-141. Jessop, C. 1994. Aurora trout management plan and proposed work schedule, 1994-2004.

Aurora Trout Steering Committee. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kirkland Lake, Ontario.

Keller, W. 1978. Limnological observations on the Aurora trout lakes. Ontario Ministry of the

Environment. Sudbury, Ontario. 49 p. McGlade, J. M. 1981. Genotypic and phenotypic variation in brook trout. Ph. D. Dissertation.

University of Guelph. Guelph, Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 2001. Aurora trout management plan, 2000-2010. Aurora

Trout Steering Committee. Kirkland Lake, Ontario. Patrick, N. D. 1960. Notes on the distribution of Aurora trout. File Report. Ontario Department of

Lands and Forests. Kirkland Lake, Ontario. 9 p. Patrick, N. D. and P. Graf. 1961. The effect of temperature on the artificial culture of Aurora trout.

Canadian Fish Culturist 30 : 49-55. Sale, P. F. 1962. A note on the lethal temperature of the Aurora trout. Canadian Journal of

Zoology 40 : 367-369. Snucins, E. J. and J. Gunn. 1994. Preserving brook trout diversity: the Aurora trout. p. 168-169 In

Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society. Halifax, Nova Scotia. (Abstract Only)

Vladykov, V. D. 1954. Taxonomic characters of the eastern North American charrs (Salvelinus

and Cristivomer). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 11(6) : 904-932. Additional Aurora Trout References Aurora Trout Management Committee. 2004. Draft national recovery strategy for Aurora trout

(Salvelinus fontinalis timagamiensis). Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Timimins, Ontario. 35 p.

Boyer, D. A. and E. H. Lucking. 1986. A creel census for Aurora trout on Big Club Lake. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Timimins, Ontario. 6 p. Critchlow, D. and D. Filiatrault. 1988. Big Club Lake Aurora trout creel census. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Timmins, Ontario. 17 p. Dymond, J. R. 1926. A new trout from Ontario. Canadian Field Naturalist 40 : 20. Elsey, C. A. 1956. Aurora trout – a subspecies of speckled trout. File Report. Ontario Department

of Lands and Forests. Fort Frances, Ontario. 8 p. _____________________________________________________________________________

35.

Aurora Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Lucking, G. D. 1987. Carol Lake Aurora trout creel census. File Report. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Gogama, Ontario. 3 p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1987. Management of Aurora trout. Fisheries Policy No.

FI.3.02.02. Fisheries Branch. Toronto, Ontario. 3 p. Parker, B. J. and C. Brousseau. 1988. Status of the Aurora trout (Salvelinus fontinalis

timagamiensis), a distinct stock endemic to Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist 102(1) : 87-91.

Phoenix, R. D. 1986. Carol Lake Aurora trout creel census. File Report. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Gogama, Ontario. 5 p. Sale, P. F. 1967. A re-examination of the taxonomic position of the Aurora trout. Canadian

Journal of Zoology 45 : 215-225. Snucins, E. and J. Gunn. 2000. Status of the Aurora trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Canada.

Report prepared for the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). Sudbury, Ontario.

Snucins, E. J., V. A. Liimatainen, and P. A. Gale. 1988. Effect of acidic lake water on survival of

Aurora trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) embryos and alevins. Fisheries Acidification Report Series No. 88-15. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Sudbury, Ontario.

________________________________________________________________ 36.

Bass _____________________________________________________________________________ Bass Bass (Micropterus spp.) culture and stocking in Ontario has been restricted primarily to smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu). The earliest attempts at bass culture occurred in 1872 at the Newcastle hatchery. Parent bass were captured from the Bay of Quinte in late spring, placed in ponds and allowed to spawn naturally. Parent fish were subsequently removed from ponds after spawning. Fingerling bass were usually seined from ponds and shipped in cans to the designated stocking site. Facilities at Newcastle and Belleville produced 1-2 million fry annually for distribution into inland lakes. The first transplant of bass by the federal government occurred in 1873. Transfers of bass as early as 1895 are documented for northwestern Ontario (Armstrong and MacKereth 2000, Lasenby and Kerr 2000). In 1895, “black” bass were transplanted from local lakes to several other lakes in northwestern Ontario (Department of Marine and Fisheries 1896). Smallmouth bass were introduced into Longbow Lake, east of Kenora in 1903. The introduction consisted of 460 fish transported by railway car (McLeod 1962). Bass eventually spread to Lake of the Woods (Mosindy 1998). Subsequent plantings of bass into Lake of the Woods in 1920 and 1930 served to establish a population by the late 1930s. From 1945-1952 Lake of the Woods was used as a donor lake for transfers to other nearby lakes (Mosindy 1998). Smallmouth bass were introduced to Lake Nipigon in 1920 (Dymond 1926). It is suspected that smallmouth bass were introduced to Quetico Provincial Park in the early 1940s from stocking into Basswood Lake by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (Crossman 1976). The province of Ontario began bass transfers in 1901. Plantings of smallmouth bass into the Rainy River basin were made by the provincial government as early as 1903 (Robbins and MacCrimmon 1974). In the early 1900s, a partnership was developed between the Ontario Fisheries Department and the Grand Trunk and Canadian Pacific Railways to equip a railway car with the ability to transport fish and distribute bass in waters along the railway line. This program greatly expanded the natural range of bass in Ontario. During the first year (1901), a total of 9,481 adult bass were stocked in 18 different waters (Table 5). In 1903, an estimated 32,367 bass were stocked in 40 different lakes and rivers. In 1904, a total of 12,955 bass were distributed in waters along their railway lines (Department of Fisheries 1905). Many lakes in Algonquin Park had bass introduced along the Ottawa-Arnprior-Parry Sound railway line which bisected the park very close to where Highway 60 exists today (Wyatt 1971, Strickland 1991, Mandrak 2002, Mandrak and Crossman 2003). Many of these introductions were successful. Plantings of hatchery-reared bass and transfers of wild bass continued until the 1960s (Anonymous 1973). Smallmouth bass were first recorded in Lake Opeongo in 1928 (Christie 1957). In 1948, approximately 500 bass were transferred from Provoking Lake to Lake of Two Rivers. Other transfers of bass

___________________________________________________________________ 37.

Bass ______________________________________________________________________________________ were conducted in Cache, Whitefish, and Rock lakes from other sources (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests 1965). Plantings of hatchery-reared bass were also initiated on an experimental basis on several Algonquin Park lakes in 1962. Overall, there are records of successful smallmouth bass introductions in at least 823 Ontario lakes (MNR 1987). Armstrong and MacKereth (2000) reported that smallmouth bass had expanded their range in northwestern Ontario from approximately 350 lakes to more than 800 lakes in the past 12-15 years. Table 5. Records of some of the earliest bass plantings and transfers in Ontario (from Lasenby and Kerr (2000)). Year Waterbody (County) Life Stage Number Stocked 1901 Muskoka Lake (Muskoka) Unknown 1,205 Lake Rosseau

(Muskoka & Parry Sound) Unknown 700

Lake Joseph (Muskoka & Parry Sound)

Unknown 1,052

Lake Couchiching (Simcoe & Ontario)

Unknown 436

Stoney Lake (Peterborough) Unknown 751 Lake Simcoe

(Ontario, Simcoe & York) Unknown 603

Holland River (Simcoe & York)

Unknown 387

Golden Lake (Renfrew) Unknown 372 Grand River (Haldimand) Unknown 674 1902 Long Lake (Kenora) Unknown 460 Lake of Bays (Muskoka) Unknown 500 1903 Rainy River watershed

(Rainy River) Unknown Unknown

Longbow Lake (Kenora) Unknown 460 1904 Balsam Lake (Victoria) Unknown 400 Lake Scugog

(Ontario, Victoria & Durham) Fingerlings 1,400

1905 Gull Lake (Muskoka) Unknown 100 1906 Nith River (Brant) Unknown 600 1908 Haliburton Lake (Haliburton) Unknown 520 1909 Whiteman’s Creek (Brant) Fingerlings 200 1910 Pigeon Lake (Victoria) Fingerlings 3,000 Sturgeon Lake (Victoria) Fingerlings 4,000 1911 Big Rideau Lake

(Lanark & Leeds) Fingerlings 300

Maitland River (Huron) Fingerlings 2,000 1912 Cache Lake (Algonquin Park) Unknown Unknown Bass pond culture by the provincial government started in 1909. It involved an experimental bass nesting project near Brantford which produced the first fingerlings ______________________________________________________________________ 38.

Bass ______________________________________________________________________ reared under semi-controlled conditions in Ontario (MacDermid et al. 1930). By 1911, permanent rearing ponds had been constructed. The earliest bass culture efforts by the Province of Ontario were at the Mount Pleasant hatchery. In their first year of operation (1909), 25,000 fingerlings were produced from one pond. By 1915 production totalled 500,000 bass fingerlings. Pre-spawning adult fish were placed in the ponds and allowed to spawn before they were removed. The young fry remained in the pond until they were removed in the fall at a size of approximately 3 inches in length (Figure 11). Problems in early bass culture included losses from parasites and overcrowding (McNee 1963). By 1939, there were five provincial bass rearing stations in Ontario.

Figure 11. Loading bass fingerlings from the Sandfield fish hatchery for stocking (Photo by R. Muckleston from article which appeared in the Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review, Winter 1965). Early efforts to hold adult bass in ponds overwinter were unsuccessful. Doan (1937) proposed to establish a wire enclosure in Mitchell Bay, Lake St. Clair, in which adult smallmouth bass (four males and seven females per 100 m2) would be placed to spawn in artificial nest boxes. Young fry would subsequently be seined from the enclosure. It is unknown if this project ever occurred. ______________________________________________________________________

39.

Bass ______________________________________________________________________________________ Large numbers of hatchery-reared bass were stocked in the early part of the century. Most of the Muskoka lakes were stocked with bass in the early 1900s. By 1914, all of the major waterbodies in Victoria County had been stocked with bass (Anonymous 1965a). By 1921, the majority of the Kawartha lakes had been stocked with bass. Between 1920-1940, smallmouth bass were also introduced widely in various regions of northeastern Ontario (e.g., Sudbury, Elliot Lake, Wawa, Chapleau and Timiskaming). Smallmouth bass were introduced to Elliot Lake in the late 1970s and by 1985 were firmly established in the lake (Armstrong 1985b) The success or failure of many of these northern Ontario stockings was determined by latitude and altitude (Dymond 1955). A common practice in the 1950s was to remove bass from lakes considered “overpopulated” and release them into other waters deemed suitable for the species and subject to heavy angling pressure (Table 6). This practice was eventually discontinued as the numbers of fish removed had little or no effect on the status of the donor population and the transplanted bass contributed little to a fishery in the stocked water. Table 6. Bass removal and restocking projects between 1948 and 1955.

Year No. Bass Removed (No. of Waters) No. New Waters Stocked 1948 Unknown (6) Unknown 1949 Unknown (9) Unknown 1950 Unknown (Unknown) Unknown 1952 14,000 (Unknown) Unknown 1953 18,464 (11) 37 1954 13,274 (14) 52 1955 27,891 (15) 60

There were numerous transfers of adult largemouth bass to the Minden area from the 1970s to the 1990s. Nogies Creek was used as the donor source for many of these transfers. Bass are commonly stocked in private ponds. Johnson and MacCrimmon (1967) reviewed the success of stocking largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in twenty ponds in southern Ontario. They documented relatively good survival and reproduction in all populations of bass at age 2. They also concluded that it was not necessary to stock forage fish (e.g., bluegill, fathead minnow, golden shiner, etc.) for planted bass. Over time, the demand for bass fry and fingerlings diminished and production was reduced. The last provincial stations to culture bass were Wesport (closed in 1985), Sandfield (closed in 1987), Deer Lake (closed in 1990),and Skeleton Lake (closed in 1991). ______________________________________________________________________ 40.

Bass ______________________________________________________________________________________ There has been interest expressed by the private sector in the propagation of Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) in Ontario, but these requests have been denied on the basis of the potential impacts such as those outlined by Phillipp (1991). In retrospect, many trout lakes suffered detrimental impacts from bass introductions (Anonymous 1965b). Introductions of bass to Precambrian Shield lakes have reduced forage fishes to the detriment of resident lake trout (Brown 2003, Vander Zanden et al. 2004). Bass introductions have resulted in the transfer of parasites (Armstrong 1985a). The introduction of bass has also been related to a decline in resident brook trout stocks in Lake Opeongo (Martin and Fry 1972). There has only been limited assessment of bass stocking activities in Ontario. Key findings include: • Supplemental stocking is rarely successful (Dawson 1999). • Diversity and abundance of food is critical to establishment and long-term survival

(Doan 1940). • Stocking a pond with bluegills produces good growth in bass (Johnson and

MacCrimmon 1967). • Bass should not be stocked in lakes having resident salmonids (OMNR 1989, Brown

2003). • Smallmouth bass should not be stocked in waters having a pH less than 5.9 (Snucins

and Shuter 1991). • The introduction of bass to a lake inhabited by lake trout interrupts the trophic linkage

of prey fish and lake trout (Vander Zanden et al. 2004). • Transfers of smallmouth bass can spread the range of parasites (Martin and Fry 1972,

Armstrong 1985a). Currently there are no provincial fish culture stations which raise either bass species and there are relatively few transfers of wild fish. Most of the recent bass transfer projects have been initiated under the Community Fisheries and Wildlife Involvement Program (Anonymous 1986). Literature Cited Anonymous. 1965a. A history of the Lindsay forest district. District History Series No. 18. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. Anonymous. 1965b. 1964-65 Annual Fish and Wildlife Report, Sault Ste. Marie District. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 29 p. Anonymous. 1973. Bass plantings. p. 18 In Fishing in Algonquin Provincial Park. Ontario Ministry

of Natural Resources. Whitney, Ontario. _____________________________________________________________________________

41.

Bass ______________________________________________________________________________________ Anonymous. 1986. CFIP project report: Largemouth bass transfer from Devine Lake to Roys and

Mudswamp lakes. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bracebridge, Ontario. Armstrong, K. B. 1985a. The biology and histopathology of Proteocephalus ambloplites infecting

walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in Lake of the Woods. M.Sc. Thesis. Lakehead University. Thunder Bay, Ontario.

Armstrong, K. B. 1985b. Investigations on the colonization of smallmouth bass (Micropterus

dolomieu) in Elliot Lake, 1982-1985. Algoma Fisheries Assessment Unit. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 11 p.

Armstrong, K. B. and R. MacKereth. 2000. Colonization, distribution, and consequences of

smallmouth bass invasion throughout northwestern Ontario. Paper presented at the Black Bass Symposium. American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting. August 20-24, 2000. St. Louis, Missouri.

Brown, D. M. 2003. The effects of bass introductions on the growth of native lake trout (Salvelinus

namaycush) in the Haliburton Highlands, Ontario. M.Sc. Thesis. Trent University. Peterborough, Ontario. 180 p.

Christie, W. J. 1957. The bass fishery of Lake Opeongo. M.A. Thesis. University of Toronto.

Toronto, Ontario. 77 p. Crossman, E. J. 1976. Quetico fishes. The Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, Ontario. 86 p. Dawson, J. B. 1999. Railway bass. Ontario Out of Doors. June (1999) : 20-25. Department of Fisheries. 1905. Seventh annual report of the Department of Fisheries of the

Province of Ontario, 1905. Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Toronto, Ontario. 106 p. Department of Marine and Fisheries. 1896. Fish culture report. In 28th (1895) Annual Report of

the Department of Marine and Fisheries. Ottawa, Ontario. Doan, K. H. 1937. Outline of a proposed plan for the production of smallmouthed black bass

under semi-artificial conditions in Lake St. Clair, Ontario. Ontario Fisheries Research Lab. University of Toronto. Toronto, Ontario. 5 p.

Doan, K. H. 1940. Studies of the smallmouth bass. Journal of Wildlife Management 4 : 241-266. Dymond, J. R. 1926. The fishes of Lake Nipigon. Publication No. 27. Ontario Fisheries Research

Laboratory. University of Toronto. Toronto, Ontario. 108 p. Dymond, J. R. 1955. The introduction of foreign fishes in Canada. Proceedings of the

International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology 12 : 543-553. Johnson, M. G. and H. R. MacCrimmon. 1967. Survival, growth and reproduction of largemouth

bass in southern Ontario ponds. Progressive Fish Culturist 29(4) : 216-221. Lasenby, T. A. and S. J. Kerr. 2000. Bass stocking and transfers: An annotated bibliography and

literature review. Fish & Wildlife Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 207 p. + appendices.

_____________________________________________________________________________ 42.

Bass _____________________________________________________________________________ MacDermid, F., B. A. Bensley, and C. N. Candee. 1930. Report of the special committee on the

game fish situation. Sessional Paper No. 54. King’s Printer for Ontario. 122 p. MacLeod, J. C. 1962. The geographical distribution and status of the smallmouth bass

(Micropterus dolomieu) in the forest districts of Ontario. Resource Information Paper No. 20. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 15 p.

Mandrak, N. E. 2002. Predicting the spread and impact of introduced fishes in Algonquin Park,

Ontario. p. 12 In B. H. Parker, N. Quinn, and J. Poster [eds.]. Fisheries Research in Algonquin Park in the 90s. Occasional Paper No. 2. Parks Research Forum of Ontario. Waterloo, Ontario. 31 p.

Mandrak, N. E. and E. J. Crossman. 2003. Fishes of Algonquin Park. Ontario Ministry of Natural

Resources and Friends of Algonquin Park. Toronto, Ontario. 40 p. Martin, N. V. and F. E. J. Fry. 1972. Lake Opeongo: Effects of exploitation and introductions on

the salmonid community. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29 : 795-805.

McNee, J. D. 1963. Treatment of ponds to control external parasites on bass. p. 1-3 In Fish and

Wildlife Hatchery Bulletin. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. Mosindy, T. 1998. Lake of the Woods bass fishery: A case study. Northwest Science and

Technology Technical Report TR-115. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kenora, Ontario. 12 p.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1965. Game fish and fishing in Algonquin Park and the

projects undertaken to perpetuate angling. Parks Branch. Whitney, Ontario. 30 p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1987. Atlas of smallmouth bass lakes in Ontario. Fisheries

Branch. Toronto, Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1989. Guidelines for smallmouth bass introductions in the

Northern Region. Cochrane, Ontario. 7 p. Philipp, D. P. 1991. Genetic implications of introducing Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus

salmoides floridanus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48(Supplement 1) : 58-65. Robbins, W. H. and H. R. MacCrimmon. 1974. The black bass in America and overseas.

Biomanagement and Research Enterprises. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 196 p. Snucins, E. J. and B. J. Shuter. 1991. Survival of introduced smallmouth bass in low pH lakes.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120(2) : 209-216. Strickland, D. 1991. Fishing in Algonquin Park. Friends of Algonquin Park and the Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Whitney, Ontario. 32 p. _____________________________________________________________________________

43.

Bass _____________________________________________________________________________ Vander Zanden, M. J., K. A. Wilson, J. M. Casselman, and N. D. Yan. 2004. Species

introductions and their impacts in North American Shield lakes. p. 239-263 In J. M. Gunn, R. J. Steedman, and R. A. Ryder [eds.]. Boreal Shield Watersheds: Lake Trout Ecosystems in a Changing Environment. Lewis Publishers.; Boca Raton, Florida. 501 p.

Wyatt, D. 1971. A history of the origins and development of Algonquin Park. Unpublished

background paper. Algonquin Park Task Force. Whitney, Ontario. Additional Bass References Baldwin, N. S. 1947. The gill netting of pike and the planting of smallmouth bass in Lake Marie

Louise, Sibley Park, 1947. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 2 p.

Baldwin, N. S. 1949. Progress report on the bass transfer from Provoking Lake to Lake of Two

Rivers, Algonquin Park. Manuscript Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Whitney, Ontario. 3 p.

Baldwin, N. S. 1951. Returns from planting wild smallmouth bass in Cache Lake, Algonquin Park,

in 1948. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Whitney, Ontario. 5 p. Baldwin, R. W. 1980a. 1979 largemouth bass transfers and introductions in the Parry Sound

District. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Parry Sound, Ontario. 6 p. Baldwin, R. W. 1980b. An evaluation of the success of largemouth bass introductions into Dinner

Lake, Carling Township, and Mead Lake, Monteith Township, Parry Sound District. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Parry Sound, Ontario. 11 p.

Boudreau, T. 1987. Largemouth bass introductions made in the Parry Sound District in 1987. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Parry Sound, Ontario. Creasor, R. G. 1963. Bass fingerling propagation at Skeleton Lake hatchery. p. 17-20 In Fish and

Wildlife Hatchery Bulletin. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Bracebridge, Ontario. Dymond, J. R. 1931. The small-mouthed black bass and its conservation. Biological and Fish

Culture Branch Bulletin No. 2. Ontario Department of Game and Fisheries. Toronto, Ontario. 10 p.

Ellah, R. T. 1969. Adult bass transfer from Little Silver Lake to Otty Lake. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Kemptville, Ontario. 7 p. Gray, P. D. 1972. Smallmouth bass transfer from Middleton Lake to Robillard Lake. File Report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Kirkland Lake, Ontario. 7 p. Kerr, S. J. 1978. Biological feasibility of a smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) introduction to

Murray Lake. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Wawa, Ontario. 14 p. _____________________________________________________________________________ 44.

Bass ______________________________________________________________________________________ McIntyre, E. J. 1982. 1981 assessment of some largemouth bass introductions in Parry Sound

District, 1976-1978. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Parry Sound, Ontario. 4 p.

McIntyre, E. J. 1983. Largemouth bass introductions made in the Parry Sound District in 1982.

File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Parry Sound, Ontario. McIntyre, E. J. 1984. 1983 assessment of adult largemouth bass transfers made in the Parry

Sound District in 1978 and 1979. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Parry Sound, Ontario. 6 p.

Miller, N. 1988. Largemouth bass transfers in the Parry Sound District, 1988. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Parry Sound, Ontario. Patrick, N. D. and D. F. Perry. 1960. Smallmouth bass investigation in Otisse Lake, Powell

Township. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Kirkland Lake, Ontario. 20 p. + appendices.

Reynolds, R. D. 1973. Introduction of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) to Angus Lake in

Temagami District. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Temagami, Ontario. 2 p.

Sadowsky, J. 1988. Smallmouth bass assessment, Cooper Lake. File Report. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Kapuskasing, Ontario. 3 p. Thurston, L. D. 1976. Largemouth bass introductions to Mead Lake, Monteith Township. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Parry Sound, Ontario. 1 p. Thurston, L. D. 1978. Largemouth bass introductions in the Parry Sound District, 1976-1978. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Parry Sound, Ontario. 3 p. Young, A. B. 1950. On raising smallmouth bass. Sylva 6(4) : 20-22. ________________________________________________________________

45.

Brook Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Brook Trout Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis, Figure 12) was one of the first fish species cultured in Ontario. In 1870, there were several small private hatcheries in southern Ontario which were raising brook trout for stocking projects. Most of these early plantings involved fry. Brook trout were being cultured at the Newcastle facility as early as 1877. Eggs were obtained from the Province of Québec (Tadousac and Restigouche). By the late 1880s, increasing demands for brook trout had exceeded supply and brook trout eggs were purchased from suppliers in the United States.

Figure 12. Brook trout have been cultured in Ontario since the 1870s (MNR photo) One of the earliest transfers of brook trout occurred in 1895 when wild brook trout were taken from the Nipigon River and released in Deception Lake near Kenora. Lake Nipigon was an early source of brook trout eggs for the Port Arthur hatchery. In 1919, a spawn taking operation, using pound nets, was initiated in West Bay and South Bay (McLeod 1949). This program continued for many years (Tester 1949). Studies conducted at Dorion in the 1950s demonstrated a significant difference in growth rate between domesticated brook trout and Lake Nipigon wild trout (Armstrong 1955). After 1910, brook trout stocking activities increased to the point that, in 1933, 7.2 million brook trout were stocked in Ontario waters. Early stocking programs were relatively ______________________________________________________________________ 46.

Brook Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ indiscriminate based on the belief that extensive stocking programs could restore depleted lakes and create new fisheries. For example, hundreds of thousands of brook trout were stocked in waters throughout Algonquin Provincial Park until eventually it was realized that more care needed to be taken to ensure that lakes were suitable for the species being stocked. In 1960, a review of Ontario’s brook trout management program was conducted (Patrick et al. 1960). Some of the recommendations from that review included: (i) conducting a mandatory inventory of waters being stocked to ensure they were suitable; (ii) assessing the status of the fishery being stocked; (iii) initiating a brook trout research program; and (iv) assigning a biologist to coordinate the hatchery program. Between 1963 and 1965, experiments were conducted on the culture and post-release survival of albino brook trout. The study involved the Hill’s Lake Fish Culture Station and four lakes in the Kirkland Lake area. Approximately 4-5,000 fish were planted each year from 1963-1965. At the end of the three year study, it was concluded that survival in the wild was poor and that the artificial culture of albino brook trout should be discontinued. (Waldriff and Hamilton 1965). Experimental plantings were also carried out using furunculosis (Aeromonas salmonicida) infected brook trout. The studies were intended to evaluate the relative survival of these fish and to determine if the disease was transmitted to native trout. In a southern Ontario stream, McDermott and Berst (1968) concluded that recovery rates of infected and non-infected trout were similar. They also found that there was no evidence of disease transmission. Brousseau (1985) also conducted experimental plantings of diseased fish into some northern Ontario lakes and reported good post-stocking survival. In earlier years, many coldwater streams were stocked with hatchery-reared brook trout. This practice was eventually discontinued when assessment indicated very poor survival and returns to the fishery. Catchable-sized brook trout have also been used to stock small lakes and ponds to provide put-and-take angling opportunities. The ponds and public fishing areas were heavily utilized and returns to the angler were good (i.e., >60%) (Johnston 1965, Raine 1969, MacKay undated). Brook trout have been successfully introduced into a number of Ontario lakes (Kelso and Shaw 1995) although the exact number is unknown. Brook trout have been one of the most studied fish species in terms of stocking assessment. A considerable amount of research and assessment was conducted between the 1960s and 1980s. Some key findings include:

• Hatchery-reared brook trout are readily angled after their release (Kerr 2000). • Recoveries of brook trout stocked in the spring are greater than fish which are

released in the fall or winter (von Rosen 1972, Fraser 1976, Kerr 1979). • Stocking rates must be based on characteristics (e.g., habitat, food, water

quality, etc.) of the receiving water (Dupont and Bernier 1984). ______________________________________________________________________

47.

Brook Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________

• Survival and growth of brook trout are best in waters having simple fish

communities and an absence of spiny rayed predators (Fraser 1978b, Belfry 1996, 1997, Dosser 1996).

• There are poor returns of brook trout stocked over a resident population (i.e., supplemental stocking) (Olver 1969, Dunlop and Brady 1995, Smith undated).

• Age and size of fish influences post-stocking survival. Yearling brook trout generally have better survival than fingerling brook trout (Fraser 1978a).

• Survival of brook trout stocked in streams is very low (Armitage 1959, MacCrimmon 1960, Coultes 1992, MacKay undated, Smith undated).

• Domesticated strains perform poorly when compared to wild or hybrid strains (Fraser 1972, 1981, 1986, 1989).

• Wild strains and inter-strain hybrids have developed self-reproducing populations whereas the domestic Hills Lake strain has not (Fraser 1989).

• There is usually little carry over of fish stocked in one year to subsequent years (Kerr 2000).

Brook trout recovery rates, expressed as a percentage of the number stocked, varies considerably among waters. Fraser (1962) concluded that, under relatively intense fishing pressure, only 1 in 3 stocked fish would be angled. Armstrong and Davis (1998) recommended that a 20% return of stocked brook trout should be established as a stocking objective. In many Ontario lakes returns of stocked brook trout are less than 10% (Olver 1969, Loftus and Brady 1986, Pellegrini and Lebel 1986, Kerr 2000, Scholten 2003). Presently, there are approximately 1.8 million brook trout stocked annually into inland lakes and streams in Ontario. There are three strains of brook trout (Nipigon, Hill’s Lake and a hybrid of the two) in the provincial fish culture system and a fourth (Algonquin) is currently being developed. Today, brook trout are largely stocked to provide recreational fisheries on a put-and-delayed take basis. Literature Cited Armitage, G. 1959. Speckled trout planting experiments. p. 52-55 In 1958-59 Conservation

Officer Projects, Southwestern Region. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 57 p. Armstrong, G. C. 1955. A comparison of the rate of growth exhibited by the progeny of hatchery-

reared speckled trout and Lake Nipigon wild trout retained at the Dorion rearing station, 1950. Fish and Wildlife Management Report No. 24. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Thunder Bay, Ontario.

Armstrong, K. B. and P. H. Davis. 1998. Angler returns of stocked brook trout strains from small

lakes in northeastern Ontario. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kirkland Lake, Ontario.

Belfry, S. 1996. 1995 stocking assessment of Antoine Lake. File Report. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. North Bay, Ontario. 6 p. ______________________________________________________________________ 48.

Brook Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Belfry, S. 1997. 1996 stocking assessment of Long (Turcotte) Lake. File Report. Ontario Ministry

of Natural Resources. North Bay, Ontario. 15 p. Brousseau, C. S. 1985. Survival and growth of stocked brook trout infected with furunculosis. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Cochrane, Ontario. 11 p. Coultes, D. 1992. A stocking assessment of four marked year classes of brook trout on five

coldwater streams in the Wingham District, summer 1990. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Wingham, Ontario.

Dosser, S. 1996. Stocking assessment of six brook trout lakes in the Bracebridge area, 1992. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bracebridge, Ontario. 15 p. Dunlop, W. I. and C. J. Brady. 1995. What happens when you stop stocking? Responses of a

native lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and a native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) fishery to cessation of supplemental stocking. p. 135 In Abstracts from the 15th International Symposium of the North American Lake Management Society. Toronto, Ontario.

Dupont, A. G. and M.-F. Bernier. 1984. Brook trout hatchery survival assessment (1978-1981) on

nine selected lakes within the Sault Ste. Marie district. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 54 p.

Fraser, J. M. 1962. Brook trout lakes and the role of hatchery fish. File Report. Fisheries

Research Branch. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Maple, Ontario. 39 p. Fraser, J. M. 1972. Recovery of planted brook trout, splake and rainbow trout from selected

Ontario lakes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29 : 129-142. Fraser, J. M. 1976. Assessment of winter planting of hatchery-reared brook trout in small

Precambrian lakes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33 : 1794-1797. Fraser, J. M. 1978a. Comparative recoveries of planted yearling and fall fingerling brook trout

from Ontario lakes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 35 : 391-396. Fraser, J. M. 1978b. Effect of competition with yellow perch on the survival and growth of planted

brook trout, splake, and rainbow trout in a small Ontario lake. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107 : 505-517.

Fraser, J. M. 1981. Comparative survival and growth of planted wild, hybrid and domestic strains

of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Ontario lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38 : 1672-1684.

Fraser, J. M. 1986. Experimental plantings of wild and domesticated strains of speckled trout.

Unpublished manuscript. Fisheries Research Section. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Maple, Ontario. 4 p.

Fraser, J. M. 1989. Establishment of reproducing populations of brook trout after stocking of

interstrain hybrids in Precambrian shield lakes. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 9 : 352-363.

_____________________________________________________________________________

49.

Brook Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Johnston, D. R. 1965. Public fishing ponds for trout. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 4(1) : 18-24. Kelso, J. R. M. and M. A. Shaw. 1995. Annual biomass and production of brook charr (Salvelinus

fontinalis) introduced into a historically fishless lake. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 4 : 47-52. Kerr, S. J. 1979. A critical assessment of planted brook trout yearlings in six selected study lakes,

Wawa District. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Wawa, Ontario. 44 p. Kerr, S. J. 2000. Brook trout stocking: An annotated bibliography and literature review with an

emphasis on Ontario waters. Fish & Wildlife Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 166 p. + appendices.

Loftus, D. H. and C. J. Brady. 1986. The Meach lakes brook trout fishery, 1981-1985. File Report.

Haliburton-Hastings Fisheries Assessment Unit. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bancroft, Ontario.

MacCrimmon, H. R. 1960. Observations on the standing trout population and experimental

plantings in two Ontario streams. Canadian Fish Culturist 28 : 45-55. MacKay, H. H. undated. Fish management in Ontario with special reference to the role of

hatcheries. Unpublished manuscript. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 6 p.

McDermott, L. A. and A. H. Berst. 1968. Experimental plantings of brook trout (Salvelinus

fontinalis) from furunculosis-infected stock. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25(12) : 2643-2649.

McLeod, A. W. 1949. Fifty years of fish culture in Ontario. File Report. Ontario Department of

Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 12 p. Olver, C. H. 1969. Kerwin Lake brook trout study. File report. Ontario Department of Lands and

Forests. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Patrick, N. D., J. M. Fraser, and G. C. Armstrong. 1960. The present status of management and

research on speckled trout. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 35 p. + appendices. Pellegrini, M. and S. Lebel. 1986. Assessment of short term survival and growth and comparison

of four population models for a plant of Lake Nipigon strain brook trout in a small Precambrian Shield lake. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Wawa, Ontario. 31 p.

Raine, G. E. 1969. Cornwall recreation area proves popular. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review

8(4) : 13-14. Scholten, S. 2003. Winter angler survey of stocked brook trout lakes in Thunder Bay District for

1999. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 18 p. Smith, N. W. undated. Brook trout management in Kent and Patterson creeks. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. London, Ontario. 4 p. _____________________________________________________________________________ 50.

Brook Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Tester, H. C. 1949. Speckled trout propagation in Ontario. Sylva 5(4) : 3-18. Von Rosen, H. K. 1972. Brook trout stocking seasons: A cost-benefit of different stocking

seasons. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Napanee, Ontario. 21 p. Waldriff, D. G. and R. R. Hamilton. 1965. Albino brook trout experimental management study. File

Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 8 p. Additional Brook Trout References Anonymous. 1959. Success and failure with speckled trout plantings. p. 8 In A Guide to Angling in

Algonquin Park. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Whitney, Ontario. Anonymous. 1959. Speckled trout management and stocking practices. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Tweed, Ontario. 12 p. Anonymous. 1977. Brook trout stocking assessment on Emerson Lake, Rose Township. File

Report. Ontario MInistry of Natural Resources. Blind River, Ontario. Anonymous. 1983. Salmonid stocking assessment on Helenbar Lake, Hembruff Township. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Blind River, Ontario. 5 p. Anonymous. 1984. Brook trout stocking assessment in Millichamp Lake, 1984. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bracebridge, Ontario. 4 p. Anonymous. 1984. 1984 stocking assessment on Quirke Lake, Bouck and Buckles Township.

File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Blind River, Ontario. 11 p. Anonymous. 1984. 1984 stocking assessment on Blue Sky Lake, Segard Township. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Blind River, Ontario. 6 p. Anonymous. 1984. 1984 stocking assessment on Gibby Lake, Winkler Township. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Blind River, Ontario. 6 p. Anonymous. 1984. 1984 stocking assessment on Corbold Lake, Montgomery Township. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Blind River, Ontario. 1 p. Anonymous. 1985. Brook trout survival netting on Lake #30, Guillfoyle Township. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kapuskasing, Ontario. 5 p. Anonymous. 1986. Summary evaluation of twelve stocked lakes. File Report. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Bracebridge, Ontario. 2 p. Anonymous. 1986. Salmonid stocking assessment on Bernard Lake, Montgomery Township. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Blind River, Ontario. 7 p. Anonymous. 1986. Salmonid stocking assessment on Rodge Lake, Jogues Township. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Blind River, Ontario. 11 p. _____________________________________________________________________________

51.

Brook Trout _____________________________________________________________________________________ Anonymous. 1990. Brook trout stocking assessment in Rice Lake. File Report. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Hearst, Ontario. 3 p. Anonymous. 1990. 1990 brook trout stocking assessment on Gagnon Lake. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Hearst, Ontario. 2 p. Anonymous. 1990. 1990 brook trout stocking assessment on Old Squaw Lake. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Hearst, Ontario. 2 p. Anonymous. 1990. 1990 brook trout stocking assessment on Scaup Lake. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Hearst, Ontario. 2 p. Anonymous. 1990. 1990 brook trout stocking assessment on Pointing Lake. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Hearst, Ontario. 2 p. Anonymous. 1990. 1990 brook trout stocking assessment on Canary Lake. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Hearst, Ontario. 2 p. Anonymous. 1990. 1990 brook trout stocking assessment on Evelyn Lake. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Hearst, Ontario. 2 p. Anonymous. 1990. Summary report for 1990 brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) stocking

assessment of Tasso Lake. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bracebridge, Ontario.

Anonymous. 1993. 1993 Fall Lake brook trout stocking assessment. File Report. Ontario Ministry

of Natural Resources. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 3 p. Anonymous. 1993. 1993 Bigger Lake brook trout assessment. File Report. Ontario MInistry of

Natural Resources. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 2 p. Anonymous. 1993. 1993 brook trout stocking assessment on Hilma Lake. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 3 p. Anonymous. 1996. Summary of the 1996 index netting program on stocked brook trout lakes. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bracebridge, Ontario. 3 p. Anonymous. 1999. Preliminary results of a 1998-99 winter survey of stocked brook trout lakes in

the Thunder Bay district. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 2 p.

Ball, H. E. 1988. Brook trout stocking assessment in the Thunder Bay District. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 19 p. Belfry, S. 1998. 1997 stocking assessment on Fork Lake. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural

Resources. North Bay, Ontario. 7 p. Belfry, S. 1999. Brook trout stocking assessment and spawning survey, Ducharme Lake. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. North Bay, Ontario. 7 p. _____________________________________________________________________________ 52.

Brook Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Bernier, M.-F. 1978. Hatchery assessment of brook trout yearlings, 1974-1977. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 39 p. Bradbury, G. 1980. 1980 assessment of brook trout and rainbow trout populations in Frost Centre

put-and-delayed-take lakes. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resoruces. Leslie M. Frost Centre. Dorset, Ontario. 16 p.

Bradbury, G. 1981. 1981 assessment of brook trout and rainbow trout plantings in Frost Centre

put-and-delayed-take lakes. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Leslie M. Frost Centre. Dorset, Ontario. 17 p.

Brady, C. 1991. Comparison of mid-lake versus nearshore stocking of yearling brook trout

(Salvelinus fontinalis). Haliburton-Hastings Fisheries Assessment Unit report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bancroft, Ontario. 9 p.

Brett, J. R. 1941. Tempering versus acclimation in the planting of speckled trout. Transactions of

the American Fisheries Society 70 : 397-403. Brown, W. P. 1985. 1984 Caribou Lake brook trout stocking assessment. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Temagami, Ontario. 16 p. Buck, E. 1969. Returns of hatchery-reared brook trout in Little Round Lake, Oso Township,

Tweed District. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Tweed, Ontario. 4 p. Cheshire, W. F. and F. S. Day. 1969. Underwater observations on aircraft planting of large brook

trout in the Tweed District. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Tweed, Ontario. 6 p.

Cope, L. and L.-A. Bowman. 1990. 1990 brook trout stocking assessment report with a

comparison of short net sets versus overnight sets. Project Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Leslie M. Frost Centre. Dorset, Ontario. 37 p.

Corbould, E. A. 1975. A comparison of fall versus spring stocked brook trout. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Kirkland Lake, Ontario. 10 p. + appendices. Danzmann, R. G., P. E. Ihssen, and P. D. N. Hebert. 1991. Genetic discrimination of wild and

hatchery populations of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Ontario using mitochondrial DNA analysis. Journal of Fish Biology 39(Supplement A) : 69-77.

Dextrase, A. 1986. Brook trout stocking assessment in the northcentral region. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 28 p. Deyne, G. and G. Arnett. 1987. Simpson Lake brook trout stocking assessment. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bracebridge, Ontario. 6 p. Deyne, G. and G. Arnett. 1987. Sunrise Lake brook trout stocking assessment. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bracebridge, Ontario. 11 p. Duckworth, G. A. 1980. Brook trout stocking assessment study, Siderock Lake. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Temagami, Ontario. 21 p. _____________________________________________________________________________

53.

Brook Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Fluri, D. and S. Belfry. 1998. 1996 stocking assessment on Turtle Lake. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. North Bay, Ontario. 8 p. Fraser, J. M. 1968. Effect of air planting on domestic brook trout. Progressive Fish Culturist 30 :

141-143. Fraser, J. M. 1968. Differential recovery of brook trout planted by hand and by air drop.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 97 : 32-36. Fraser, J. M. 1974. An attempt to train hatchery-reared brook trout to avoid predation by the

common loon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 103 : 815-818. Fraser, J. M. 1980. Survival, growth and food habits of brook trout and F1 splake planted in

Precambrian Shield lakes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 109 : 491-501. Fraser, J. M. 1983. The performances of two wild and two hybrid strains of brook trout planted in

an infertile, acidic lake. Ontario Fisheries Technical Report Series No. 7. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 7 p.

Fraser, J. M. 1988. Comparative recoveries of hatchery-reared Nipigon brook trout strain (LNDN)

and hybrid F1 splake (LMHL) planted in five Algonquin Park lakes. Unpublished manuscript. Fisheries Research Section. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Maple, Ontario. 13 p.

Fraser, 1988. High yields from spring plantings of fingerling brook trout and splake in a small

Precambrian Shield lake. Unpublished manuscript. Fisheries Research Section. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Maple, Ontario. 13 p.

Fraser, J. M. and F. W. H. Beamish. 1969. Blood lactic acid concentration in brook trout

(Salvelinus fontinalis) planted by air drop. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 98 : 263-267.

Fraser, J. M. and C. Rumsey. 1988. Comparative survival and growth of F1 wild and F3

generations of the same strain of hatchery-reared brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) planted in two small lakes. Ontario Fisheries Technical Report Series No. 28. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 9 p.

Fry, F. E. J. 1939. Report on planting of yearling speckled trout in Algonquin south in 1939.

Ontario Fisheries Research Laboratory Report. Whitney, Ontario. 2 p. Gage, J. F. 1960. A report on the stocking of two year old speckled trout. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. North Bay, Ontario. 4 p. Harkness, W. J. K. 1940. Catches of speckled trout from the plantings of hatchery-raised fish in

private waters of Ontario. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 70 : 410-413. Hooper, W. A. 1966. Stocking brook trout with the aid of plastic bags. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. _____________________________________________________________________________ 54.

Brook Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Hughson, D. R. 1968. Sudbury district brook trout stocking by helicopter. p. 20-22 In Resource

Management Report No. 96. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sudbury, Ontario. Ihssen, P. E., M. J. Powell, and M. Miller. 1982. Survival and growth of matched plantings of lake

trout (Salvelinus namaycush), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), and lake x brook F1 splake hybrids and backcrosses in northeastern Ontario lakes. Fisheries Technical Report Series No. 6. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario.

Johnson, M. G. 1964. Production of brook trout in eight Ontario farm ponds. Progressive Fish

Culturist 26(4) : 147-154. Kerr, S. J. 1980. Assessment of yearling brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) plantings in three

selected lakes, Wawa District. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Wawa, Ontario. 32 p. + appendices.

Kerr, S. J. and S. K. Taylor. 1981. 1980 brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) stocking assessment in

Nancy and Ward lakes, Wawa District. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Wawa, Ontario. 37 p.

Koomans, B. A. 1972. Comparing the growth rate and survival of brook trout planted through the

ice in late winter and air-dropped in late spring. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Chapleau, Ontario. 8 p.

Liskauskas, A. and N. Quinn. 1991. Stocking assessment studies on brook trout and splake in the

Algonquin Park district, 1986-1990. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Whitney, Ontario. 33 p. + appendices.

McNaughton, J. 2000. Stocking assessment on several stocked lakes in Lanark County. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. Mulgrew, C. 1986. Survival and growth of yearling brook trout in 1986. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Hearst, Ontario. 18 p. Orendorff, J. A. and N. C. Fraser. 1984. Stocking of salmonids in inland lakes: A summary for

Algonquin Region, 1974-1983. Fish Stocking Assessment Program Report No. 84-3. Fish Culture Section. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 43 p.

Penny, L. 1972. Planting of brook trout through the ice in late winter, Pat Lake. File Report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Chapleau, Ontario. 18 p. Powell, M. J. 1977. An assessment of brook trout planting in a neutralized lake as compared to

four other Sudbury area lakes. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Sudbury, Ontario. 29 p.

Punt, K. 1995. Brook trout re-introduction to Scully Lake, Renfrew County. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Pembroke, Ontario. 7 p. Quinn, N. and P. E. Ihssen. 1994. Algonquin trout show value of biodiversity. Borealis Fall 1994 :

36 p. _____________________________________________________________________________

55.

Brook Trout _____________________________________________________________________________________ Quinn, N. and C. Wilson. 2002. Extraordinary results of innovative stocking of brook trout

(Salvelinus fontinalis). p. 21-22 In B. H. Parker, N. Quinn, and J. Porter [eds.]. Fisheries Research in Algonquin Park – the 90s. Occasional Paper No. 2. Parks Research Forum of Ontario. Waterloo, Ontario. 31 p.

Raine, G. E. 1970. Brook trout stocking assessment on Long Sault Creek, Dalhousie Township.

File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Kemptville, Ontario. 2 p. Read, D. 1981. Brook trout stocking assessment study, Robert Lake. File Report. Ontario Ministry

of Natural Resources. Temagami, Ontario. 22 p. Ryder, R. A. 1957. Obtaining maximum benefits from our speckled trout hatcheries as dictated by

modern management practices. Paper presented at the Port Arthur Fish and Wildlife Advisory Meeting. April 3-6, 1957. Port Arthur, Ontario.

Smedley, J. 2004. Icing stocked brookies. Ontario Out of Doors. 35(10) : 16-18, 33. Snucins, E. J. 1992. Relative survival of hatchery-reared lake trout, brook trout and F1 splake

stocked in low pH lakes. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 12(3) : 460-464. Stanfield, L. W. 1982. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) stocking assessment on Bartle Lake,

Hudson Township. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Temagami, Ontario. 14 p.

Stankiewicz, R. 1981. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) stocking assessment, Herbert Lake. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Temagami, Ontario. 20 p. Strickland, D. 1980. Pushy perch stunt planted trout. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 19(3) : 11-

12. Thomas, B. 1993. 1993 Round Lake stocking assessment. File Report. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Bracebridge, Ontario. 2 p. Thomas, B. 1993. 1993 stocking assessment on Little Widgeon Lake. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Bracebridge, Ontario. 3 p. Thomas, B. 1993. 1993 stocking assessment on Hungry Lake. File Report. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Bracebridge, Ontario. 3 p. Thurston, L. D. W. 1977. Evaluation of plantings of brook and trainbow trout within the Parry

Sound District. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Parry Sound, Ontario. 7 p. Van Leeuwen, G. P. 1985. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) stocking assessment on Maidens

Lake, South Lorrain township, 1984. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Temagami, Ontario. 17 p.

White, H. C. 1924. A quantitative determination of the number of survivors from planting 5,000

trout fry in each of two streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 52 : 137-154.

_____________________________________________________________________________ 56.

Brown Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Brown Trout Brown trout (Salmo trutta, Figure 13) were first imported to North America in 1883 but were not introduced into Ontario until 1913 (Dymond 1955). Early stocking involved strains obtained from fish culture facilities in the United States (e.g., Pennsylvania). Some of the earliest stocking in Ontario involved the upper reaches of the Speed River, the Grand River and the Thames River (MacCrimmon 1977). In 1913, Charles Juckling, overseer for Perth County, reported that the German strain of brown trout were stocked in Otter Creek and appeared to be growing “wonderfully” (Anonymous 1914). Brown trout were stocked between 1913-18 but activities ceased until 1929 when stocking recommenced in southern Ontario, an area near Sudbury, and several lakes near Kenora (Crossman 1984).

Figure 13. Introductions have served to establish brown trout in the Great Lakes and almost two hundred inland waters of Ontario (MNR photo). The first provincial fish culture efforts commenced in the late 1920s. A broodstock of the Scottish strain (Loch Leven) was developed at the Mount Pleasant facility (MacCrimmon 1977). By 1949, six provincial fish culture stations were involved in brown trout culture (Table 7). Between 1913 and 1962 nearly ten million brown trout (all life stages combined) were stocked in Ontario waters (MacCrimmon and Marshall 1968). Most stocking activity occurred in southern Ontario but early records also indicate introductions were attempted in the Sudbury and Kenora areas (Table 8). In the 1930s, efforts were also made to introduce brown trout to Lake Superior, apparently with little success (MacCrimmon 1977). Early guidelines for stocking brown trout stipulated that they should be released only in streams formerly inhabited by brook trout or in lake trout lakes (with or without tributary streams) (Anonymous 1933). Stocking efforts served to establish brown trout populations in at least 182 waters, the majority of which are streams situated in ______________________________________________________________________

57.

Brown Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ southwestern Ontario (Kerr 2002a). Other attempted introductions have met with little or no success (Hart 1990, Kerr et al. 1990, Malhiot 1999). Table 7. Ontario government hatcheries involved in the propagation of brown trout, 1929-2004 (updated from Lasenby and Kerr 2001).

Facility Years of Propagating Brown Trout Mount Pleasant 1929-1949 Kenora 1930-1931 Ingersoll 1947-1949 Glenora 1947-1949 Chatsworth 1947-1949; 1987-present Codrington 1947-1949; 1982-1991 Harwood 1986-1992; 1994-present Normandale 1947-1949; 1986; 1991-present Westport 1961 Ringwood 1992-1998 Tarentorus 1999 White Lake 1971; 1993-present Blue Jay Creek 1997-present

Table 8. Records of some of the earliest brown trout plantings in Ontario waters (from Lasenby and Kerr 2001).

Year Waterbody Stocked No. Fish Stocked 1913 Speed River 1,000 Simcoe area streams (Norfolk County) 1,000 Misc. Perth County streams 1,000 1914 Whiteman’s Creek (Brant County) 800 1918 Misc. St. Williams area streams (Norfolk County) 15,000 Glencoe area pond (Middlesex County) 10,000 1929 Big Clear Lake (Frontenac County) 400 (Adults) Eagle Lake (Peterborough County) 1,000 (Adults) Muskoka Lake (Muskoka District) 800 (Adults) Nepahwin Lake (Sudbury District) 390 (Adults) 1931 Mississippi River (Region of Ottawa-Carleton) 15,000 (Fingerlings) Saugeen River (Grey County) 15,000 (Fingerlings) Trout Lake (Kenora District) 15,000 (Fingerlings) Charleston Lake (Leeds County) 15,000 (Fingerlings) Muskoka River (Muskoka District) 8,000 (Fingerlings) Rosseau River (Muskoka District) 8,000 (Fingerlings) Maitland River (Perth County) 10,000 (Fingerlings) 1932 Lake Manitou (Manitoulin District) 10,000 (Fingerlings) Madawaska River (Renfrew County) 30,000 (Fingerlings) 1933 Haliburton Lake (Haliburton County) 5,000 (Fingerlings) Humber River (Peel Region) 10,000 (Fingerlings) Catchacoma Lake (Peterborough County) 25,000 (Fingerlings) Grand River (Waterloo Region) 15,000 (Fingerlings) Ganaraska River (Durham Region) 674 (Yearlings)

______________________________________________________________________ 58.

Brown Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ There are several instances where brown trout are believed to have displaced resident brook trout populations in a stream environment (MacKay 1957). Based on concerns over interspecific interactions, Ontario introduced a policy in 1932 which prohibited the release of brown trout in brook trout streams. The provincial fish culture program for brown trout was discontinued in 1962 due to disease (furunculosis) concerns and the perceived failure of the stocking program to provide viable fisheries (Mason 1961). At the request of anglers, a review of brown trout culture and stocking strategies was completed in 1981 (Barton and McNeil 1981, OMNR 1981) and a brown trout culture program was re-established in 1982 using wild strains of trout. Eggs were collected from two wild populations (Ganaraska River and Sydenham River) for these initial stocking efforts. Currently, a broodstock (Ganaraska River strain) is maintained at the Normandale Fish Culture Station and fish are reared at five other provincial facilities. The stocking program has continued on an annual basis in both inland waters and the Great Lakes. Brown trout were reared at a municipal hatchery in Sault Ste. Marie and stocked in Lakes Superior and Huron for a number of years (Ball 1990). Brown trout have also been reared and stocked by proponents under the provincial Community Fisheries and Wildlife Involvement Program (Table 9). These efforts have been concentrated largely in southwestern Ontario (Smith 1991). Table 9. Brown trout reared and stocked in Ontario waters under the Community Fisheries and Wildlife Involvement (CFWIP) program, 1982-2001 (from Kerr 2002b).

Year No. Fish Stocked No. Waterbodies Stocked 1982 8,220 4 1983 50,179 7 1984 199,778 7 1985 24,939 5 1986 100,331 6 1987 55,339 6 1988 76,041 10 1989 80,364 4 1990 132,624 9 1991 126,715 11 1992 147,142 15 1993 109,451 5 1994 184,473 10 1995 179,666 10 1996 148,939 7 1997 225,767 10 1998 187,252 7 1999 137,555 5 2000 262,036 7 2001 148,053 10 2002 394,520 7 2003 273,943 12 2004 307,795 8

______________________________________________________________________

59.

Brown Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ There has been relatively little stocking assessment carried out on brown trout in Ontario. Brown trout are known to be a difficult fish to catch and therefore stocked fish usually remain in the fishery longer than other salmonids. In Lake Ontario, brown trout remain in the fishery for up to five years after being stocked. Yields are also believed to be greatest when there is no intraspecific competition (Millard and MacCrimmon 1972, Lasenby and Kerr 2001). Approximately 250-300,000 brown trout are currently stocked on an annual basis. Most fish are stocked in the Great Lakes to provide nearshore fisheries and the remainder are released in inland waters. In Lake Ontario, brown trout make a more significant contribution to the shore fishery than to the boat fishery. Literature Cited Anonymous. 1914. Annual report of the Ontario Department of Game and Fisheries for 1913.

Toronto, Ontario. Anonymous. 1933. The twenty-sixth annual report of the Game and Fisheries Department of the

Province of Ontario, 1932. Toronto, Ontario. Ball, G. 1990. Municipal hatchery report #7 – Brown trout. Sport Fish Development Program. City

of Sault Ste. Marie. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 23 p. + appendices. Barton, B. A. and F. I. McNeil. 1981. A review of brown trout (Salmo trutta) culture and stocking

strategies. Fisheries Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 25 p. Crossman, E. J. 1984. Introduction of exotic fishes into Canada. p. 78-101 In W. R. Courtenay

and J. R. Stauffer [eds.]. Distribution, Biology and Management of Exotic Fishes. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland.

Dymond, J. R. 1955. The introduction of foreign fishes in Canada. Proceedings of the

International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology 12 : 543-553. Hart, M. L. 1990. Assessment of a brown trout introduction to Lyn Creek. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Brockville, Ontario. 31 p. Kerr, S. J. 2002a. Atlas of brown trout waters in Ontario. Fish and Wildlife Branch. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 10 p. Kerr, S. J. 2002b. Fish stocking activities under the Community Fisheries Involvement Program

(CFIP), 1982-2001. Fish and Wildlife Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario.

Kerr, S. J., J. McNaughton, and R. E. Grant. 1990. Brown trout stocking assessment

investigation, Bolton Creek. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. 4 p.

_____________________________________________________________________________ 60.

Brown Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Lasenby, T. A. and S. J. Kerr. 2001. Brown trout stocking: An annotated bibliography and

literature review. Fish and Wildlife Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 187 p. + appendices.

MacCrimmon, H. R. 1977. Brown trout. p. 105-109 In Animals, man, and change: Alien and

extinct wildlife of Ontario. McClelland and Stewart. Toronto, Ontario. 160 p. MacCrimmon, H. R. and T. L., Marshall. 1968. World distribution of brown trout (Salmo trutta).

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25(12) : 2527-2548. MacKay, H. H. 1957. The brown trout. Sylva 13(2) : 25-31. Malhiot, M. 1999. Assessment of brown trout stocking in the Nine Mile River, Ontario. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Clinton, Ontario. 2 p. Mason, R. E. 1961. Fish hatcheries: Their present status and potential. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Hespeler, Ontario. 17 p. Millard, T. J. and H. R. MacCrimmon. 1972. Evaluation of the contribution of supplemental

plantings of brown trout (Salmo trutta) to a self sustaining fishery in the Sydenham River, Ontario. Journal of Fish Biology 4 : 369-384.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1981. Report of the brown trout management working

group. Brown Trout Management Working Group. Fisheries Branch. Toronto, Ontario. Smith, N. W. 1991. Fish stocking in the southwestern region, 1974-1989: An historical review and

rationalization. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. London, Ontario. 80 p. Additional Brown Trout References Arndt, S. K. 1985a. The brown trout egg collection, fall 1983. File Report. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Lindsay, Ontario. Arndt, S. K. 1985b. The brown trout egg collection, fall 1984. File Report. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Lindsay, Ontario. Bell, D. and D. Wood. 1981. The brown trout egg collection, fall 1981. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Lindsay, Ontario. Bowlby, J. N. 1990. Stocking assessment of brown trout, rainbow trout, and coho salmon in the

boat fishery of western Lake Ontario. Chapter 4 In 1990 Annual Report of the Lake Ontario Fisheries Unit. Richmond Hill, Ontario.

Craigneish Environmental. 2003. Stocking trout in the Conestogo River. Class Environmental

Assessment prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Guelph, Ontario. 52 p. Ferguson, M. S. 1983. Survival of brown trout produced in a streamside incubation box and

stocked in Deer Creek. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Simcoe, Ontario. 13 p. _____________________________________________________________________________

61.

Brown Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Ferguson, M. M., P. E. Ihssen, and J. D. Hynes. 1991. Are cultured stocks of brown trout and

rainbow trout genetically similar to their source populations? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48(Supplement 1) : 118.

Mansell, W. D. 1966. Brown trout in southwestern Ontario. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 5(2) :

3-8. McNeil, F. I. 1980. Brown trout culture. File Report. Fisheries Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural

Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 5 p. Millard, T. J. 1971. An evaluation of planting hatchery-reared brown trout in the Sydenham River,

Ontario. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Guelph. Guelph, Ontario. 68 p. Timmerman, A. 1999. Brown trout stocking assessment on Lower Mill Creek. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Guelph, Ontario. 4 p. Wiggins, W. G. B. 1950. The introduction and ecology of the brown trout (Salmo trutta) with

special reference to North America. M.A. Thesis. University of Toronto. Toronto, Ontario. Wood, D. 1983. The brown trout egg collection, fall 1982. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural

Resources. Lindsay, Ontario. _____________________________________________________________________________ 62.

Carp ______________________________________________________________________________________ Carp Carp (Cyprinus carpio) are not native to North America. Among the earliest records of carp being imported from Europe were shipments which occurred in the 1830s (Scott and Crossman 1973). By the 1880s, there were frequent requests to stock carp in local waters (Department of Fisheries 1885, Dymond 1955). The first import of carp into Ontario is believed to have occurred in 1880. Two residents from Cedar Grove, East York (Markham), brought ten fish obtained from Caledonia, New York, and released them in a local mill pond (Anonymous 1956). From 1879 to 1896, the U.S. Fisheries Commission distributed over 2.4 million carp to other countries including Canada (Cooper 1987). In 1881, Samuel Wilmot received 100 carp from Washington, D.C. These fish were planted in his trout nursery ponds at Newcastle. He conducted a number of culture trials over several years but they were ultimately discontinued “for want of properly constructed ponds which froze to the bottom in winter” (MacCrimmon 1968). Records from 1883 indicate that there was another shipment of approximately 100 carp to a private applicant in Ontario from the U.S. Fisheries Commission. Between 1880 and 1890 carp were stocked in several mill ponds in Ontario, York, and Durham counties of southern Ontario. Escapement from these ponds is believed responsible for the introduction of carp into other nearby waters including Lake Simcoe and Lake Scugog. Once again, between 1891-1893, carp were obtained from Washington and stocked into the Grand River (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests 1963). The goal of this stocking project was apparently to provide a source of food for residents along the river. This was one of the first documented cases of carp becoming established in Ontario (Crossman 1984). These were the last recorded plantings of carp in Ontario. In a 1899 Ontario government report, it was concluded that “the promiscuous introduction of carp on this continent has been attended with nothing but evil results.” (Province of Ontario 1899). Subsequently, efforts were directed at preventing the further spread of carp in the province. By 1920, carp had spread to lakes Erie, Huron and Ontario as well as the Trent and St. Lawrence rivers (Crossman 1984). The first occurrence of carp in the northwestern Ontario portion of Lake Superior was reported in 1954 (Ryder 1956). From these early plantings, carp have spread quickly and are now established in all the Great Lakes and many waters of southern Ontario. ______________________________________________________________________

63.

Carp ______________________________________________________________________________________ Literature Cited Anonymous. 1956. Carp introduction into Ontario. Fish and Wildlife Management Report No. 32.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. Cooper, E. L. [ed.]. 1987. Carp in North America. American Fisheries Society Bulletin. Bethesda,

Maryland. 84 p. Crossman, E. J., 1984. Introduction of exotic fishes into Canada. p. 78-101 In W. R. Courtenay

and J. R. Stauffer [eds.]. Distribution, Biology and Management of Exotic Fishes. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland.

Department of Fisheries. 1885. Report on fish breeding in the Dominion of Canada, 1884.

Supplement No. 2 to the First Annual Report of the Department of Fisheries. Ottawa, Ontario.

Dymond, J. R. 1955. The introduction of foreign fishes in Canada. Proceedings of the

International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology 12 : 543-553. MacCrimmon, H. R. 1968. Carp in Canada. Bulletin 165. Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Ottawa, Ontario. 93 p. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1963. A history of the Lake Huron Forest District.

District History Series No. 3. Hespeler, Ontario. Province of Ontario. 1899. First annual report of the Fisheries Branch. Department of Game and

Fisheries. Toronto, Ontario. 85 p. Ryder, R. A. 1956. Occurrence of carp on the north shore of Lake Superior, Port Arthur and

Geraldton District. Fish and Wildlife Management Report 31. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 2 p.

Scott, W. B. and E. J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bulletin 184. Fisheries

Research Board of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. 966 p. Additional Carp References Balon, E. K. 1974. Domestication of the carp (Cyprinus carpio). Miscellaneous Publication. Royal

Ontario Museum. Toronto, Ontario. MacKay, H. H. 1963. Fishes of Ontario. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto,

Ontario. 300 p. _____________________________________________________________________________ 64.

Chinook Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ Chinook Salmon Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Figure 14) were first stocked in the Ontario waters of Lake Ontario in 1874. It is believed that the origin of these fish was the McLeod River, California (MacCrimmon 1977, Crawford 2001). In the fall of 1876, an adult male Chinook salmon was captured in Wilmot Creek. This was believed to be the first recovery of Chinook salmon in eastern North America proving that the species could survive and mature without access to the sea (MacCrimmon 1977). Although there was evidence of limited spawning activity, these efforts were deemed unsuccessful and stocking was discontinued in 1882. Stocking resumed in Lake Ontario tributaries in 1916 and continued until the early 1930s. Eggs were obtained from the Fraser River, British Columbia, and “were planted in every stream from the Gananoque River west to the Credit River” (McLeod 1949). Despite millions of salmon being stocked in the Great Lakes between 1916 and 1933, the species failed to establish self-sustaining stocks and the stocking program was once again discontinued.

Figure 14. The Chinook salmon is a popular recreational fish species in the Great Lakes (MNR illustration). Following the massive stocking of Chinook salmon by various U.S. agencies, Ontario initiated another stocking program in Lake Ontario and Lake Superior in 1971. The first release of Chinook salmon in the Ontario waters of Lake Huron was by a local sportsman’s club in 1984. The goals of the Chinook salmon stocking program were to re-establish a top predator to control the forage base and to provide a sport fishery. These stocking efforts have been successful in meeting both objectives. Chinook salmon and other salmonines have greatly reduced alewife abundance. In fact, during the 1990s, Chinook salmon stocking rates in several Great Lakes were reduced over concerns for the predator-prey balance and depletion of the forage base (Jones et al. 1993). Chinook salmon provide highly valued recreational fisheries. In Lake Ontario, Chinook salmon currently compose approximately 40% of the salmonine catch (Stewart and Schaner 2002). ______________________________________________________________________

65.

Chinook Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ Ontario’s policy with respect to Chinook salmon (MNR 1987) is that they will be actively managed in Lake Superior, Lake Huron, and Lake Ontario. This involves movement or passage over obstructions, habitat improvement, and stocking (by both MNR and CFWIP partners). Chinook salmon are not stocked in Lake Erie or inland waters of the province. During the fall of 1986, an experiment was conducted in Owen Sound using thermal shock in an attempt to produce triploid Chinook salmon. The goal was to produce a small number of fish which could grow to a large size (i.e., > 50 pounds) and diversify the local Georgian Bay fishery. Over 92% of the 11,824 eggs which were treated died shortly thereafter. Based on an analysis of a subsample of the surviving eyed eggs, no triploid fish survived (Kerr and Durant 1987). The experiment was not repeated in subsequent years. In 2003, an experimental project was conducted, in conjunction with local Fish and Game clubs, to hold Chinook salmon in pens for a short time before release (Figure 15). The goal was to imprint the smolts in the hope that there would be improved returns of adults to the area. Approximately 20,000 fish were held at two embayment sites in eastern Lake Ontario in 2003, 2004 and 2005. Future monitoring and assessment is planned.

Figure 15. Release of pen-imprinted Chinook salmon by members of the Central Lake Ontario Anglers off Wellington, Lake Ontario (Photo by Central Lake Ontario Anglers). In the past, stocking largely determined the abundance of Chinook salmon in Lake Ontario but there is increasing evidence of natural reproduction in both Lake Ontario and Lake Huron (Bowlby et al. 2004). In a 2004 study on Lake Ontario, researchers ______________________________________________________________________ 66.

Chinook Salmon _____________________________________________________________________________

estimated that almost 50% of Chinook salmon sampled were of wild origin (Bowlby et al. 2005). They also found that Chinook salmon of wild origin were significantly longer than hatchery-reared fish. On Lake Huron, wild salmon now represent more than 90% of the fish caught (Upper Great Lakes Management Unit, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, unpublished data). There has also been confirmation that Chinook salmon, straying downstream from Lake Ontario, have successfully reproduced in the St. Lawrence River near Cornwall (Ribey and Chapleau 1996, Hickey 2002). With the exception of Lake Ontario, most Chinook salmon stocking is currently done by local interest groups sponsored by the provincial Community Fisheries and Wildlife Involvement Program. For the Lake Ontario program, Chinook salmon eggs are collected each fall at the Credit River (Streetsville) and reared at the Ringwood Fish Culture Station. The majority (>90%) of Chinook salmon stocking in the Great Lakes is done by U.S. agencies. Based on a review and analysis of production and stocking strategies, Mack (1982) made the following recommendations for Chinook salmon stocking programs: • Rearing temperatures must be held below 12°C to prevent premature smolting. • Release should coincide with the onset of migratory behaviour. • Stocking locations should minimize mortality during downstream migration and provide

for adequate imprinting. In recent years, fisheries managers have expressed concern over the impact of large piscivorous predators, such as Chinook salmon, on the stability of the forage base (Jones 1990). Chinook salmon have also been implicated in the failure to re-establish Atlantic salmon in Lake Ontario (Scott et al. 2003, 2005). As natural reproduction increases and concerns for the forage base develop, future stocking programs for Chinook salmon will need to be reviewed on an ongoing basis. Literature Cited Bowlby, J. N., M. R. Gross and W. P. Patterson. 2004. The biology and interactions of hatchery

and wild Chinook salmon in Lake Ontario. p. 51 In 2004 Annual Report of the Lake Ontario Management Unit. Prepared for the Great Lakes Fishery Commission. Niagara Falls, Ontario.

Bowlby, J. N., M. R. Gross, and W. P. Patterson. 2005. Chinook salmon origin. p. 51 In 2004

Annual Report of the Lake Ontario Management Unit. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Picton, Ontario. 73 p.


and evaluation of ecological effects. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 132. 205 p.

_____________________________________________________________________________

67.

Chinook Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ Hickey, M. B. 2002. Successful spawning by Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the

St. Lawrence River at Cornwall, Ontario. Canadian Field Naturalist 116 : 642-644. Jones, M. L. 1990. Stocking and the forage base in Lake Ontario. Paper presented at the 2nd

Annual Meeting of the Southern Ontario Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Dorset, Ontario.

Jones, M. L., J. F. Koonce, and R. O’Gorman. 1993. Sustainability of hatchery-dependent

salmonine fisheries in Lake Ontario: The conflict between predator demand and prey supply. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122 : 1002-1018.

Kerr, S. J. and G. M. Durant. 1987. Results of a cooperative experiment to produce and rear

triploid Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawyscha) near Owen Sound, Ontario. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. 16 p. + appendices.

MacCrimmon, H. R. 1977. Chinook salmon. p. 131-135 In Animals, man, and change: Alien and

extinct wildlife of Ontario. McClelland and Stewart. Toronto, Ontario. 160 p. Mack, M. A. 1982. An analysis of production and stocking strategies for Lake Ontario’s salmon

program. Report prepared for the Salmon Production Committee. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Central Region, Richmond Hill, Ontario.

McLeod, A. W. 1949. Fifty years of fish culture in Ontario. File Report. Ontario Department of

Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 12 p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1987. Pacific salmon management guidelines. Policy No.

FI.3.02.01. Fisheries Branch. Toronto, Ontario. 7 p. Ribey, S. C. and F. Chapleau. 1996. Evidence of successful Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus

tshawytscha) spawning in the St. Lawrence River near Cornwall. Canadian Field Naturalist 110(2) : 346-347.

Scott, R. J., D. L. G. Noakes, F. W. H. Beamish, and L. M. Carl. 2003. Chinook salmon impede

Atlantic salmon conservation in Lake Ontario. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 12 : 66-73. Scott, R. J., K. A. Judge, K. Ramster, D. L. G. Noakes, and F. W. H. Beamish. 2005. Interactions

between naturalized exotic salmonids and re-introduced Atlantic salmon in a Lake Ontario tributary. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 14 : 402-405.

Stewart, T. and T. Schaner. 2002. Lake Ontario salmonid introductions, 1970-1999: Stocking,

fishery and fish community influences. Chapter 12 In 2001 Annual Report of the Lake Ontario Management Unit. Picton, Ontario.

Additional Chinook Salmon References Kwain, W. and E. Thomas. 1984. The first evidence of spring spawning by Chinook salmon in

Lake Superior. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 4 : 227-228. _____________________________________________________________________________ 68.

Chinook Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ MacCallum, W. 1997. Review of Chinook salmon stocking in Thunder Bay. p. 6 In P. MacMahon

[ed.]. Fish: To stock or not to stock. Workshop Proceedings. Northwest Science and Technology Unit. Thunder Bay, Ontario.

Smitka, J. 1973. Guidelines for stocking salmonids into Lake Ontario with special reference to

coho salmon, rainbow trout and Chinook salmon. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Maple, Ontario. 16 p.

Wainio, A. 1979. Pacific salmon’s role in Lake Ontario. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 18(4) : 8-

16. ______________________________________________________________________

69.

Chum Salmon ______________________________________________________________________ Chum Salmon In November 1954, one million chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) eggs were transferred from Puget Sound, Washington, and incubated at the provincial hatchery in Port Arthur (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests 1955, MacCrimmon 1977). In January of 1955, approximately 423,000 chum salmon eyed eggs were stocked through the ice over artificial redds in the Winisk River and the Mishamattawa River (Scott and Crossman 1973). Between May and June, 1955, an additional 450,000 fingerling chum salmon were air dropped at two sites in the Attawapiskat River (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests 1956, Scott 1972). The goal of the program was to establish spawning stocks of salmon in tributaries of Hudson Bay and James Bay. Intensive surveys were undertaken in 1957 and 1958 to evaluate the success of these plantings. Despite careful planning and selection of habitat, this introduction failed to establish any spawning runs of chum salmon. Local residents reported extremely low winter water levels in the Winisk River during the late winter which could have resulted in the eggs being frozen (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests 1960). Chum salmon have only been stocked into Lake Huron and Lake Superior by various U.S. agencies. Ontario has never stocked chum salmon into the Great Lakes. Literature Cited MacCrimmon, H. R. 1977. The chum and pink salmon. p. 146-149 In Animals, man, and change:

Alien and extinct wildlife of Ontario. McClelland and Stewart. Toronto, Ontario. 160 p. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1955. Game Fish Section. p. 63-74 In the 1954 Annual

Report of the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1956. Game fish section. p. 57-68 In 1955 Annual

Report of the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1960. Game fisheries and hatcheries. p. 100-106 In

1959 Annual Report of the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. Scott, W. B. 1972. Freshwater fishes of eastern Canada. University of Toronto Press. Toronto,

Ontario. 137 p. Scott, W. B. and E. J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bulletin 184. Fisheries

Research Board of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. 966 p. Additional Chum Salmon References Ricker, W. E. and K. H. Loftus. 1968. Pacific salmon move east. Fisheries Council of Canada

Annual Review. Ottawa, Ontario. 3 p. _____________________________________________________________________________ 70.

Chum Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ Ryder, R. A. undated. Advisability of continuing the Pacific salmon program in Ontario with

proposals regarding future introductions. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Port Arthur, Ontario. 9 p.

_____________________________________________________________________________

71.

Coho Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ Coho Salmon The earliest records of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch, Figure 16) stocking occurred between 1873-1878 in Lake Erie (Scott and Crossman 1973). This stocking program did not establish spawning populations and was terminated (Crawford 2001). There are also early records (1890 and 1906) indicating that the federal hatchery in Ottawa received coho salmon eggs of Fraser River, British Columbia, origin however it was unclear where these fish were released.

Figure 16. Coho salmon from the Credit River, Ontario (MNR photo). Between 1908-1945, U.S. agencies stocked the upper Great Lakes with coho salmon (MacCrimmon 1977). In 1966, a coho salmon stocking program was renewed in the Great Lakes by the states of Michigan and Ohio. By 1969, Ontario had also reinstituted a small coho salmon stocking program. The objectives of the coho salmon stocking program were to provide recreational angling opportunities in urban areas and provide a means of assessing the lamprey situation (Anonymous undated). Waters which were planted include Bronte Creek, the Humber River and the Credit River, all in the western basin of Lake Ontario. The only stocking in Lake Superior took place in Nipigon Bay (Gravel and Jackpine Rivers) between 1969-1971 (Chappel 1970). During the first four years of the program, eggs were obtained from Michigan stocks (Kewaunee and Root Rivers) and, subsequently, from British Columbia. Other coho salmon egg sources have included the Salmon River (New York waters of Lake Ontario), and Blue Jay Creek (Lake Huron). In 1977, new federal fishery regulations prohibited the transport and import of uncertified disease-free eggs from outside of the province. This forced MNR to initiate wild egg collections from the Canadian waters of Lake Ontario (Anonymous undated). From a provincial perspective, coho salmon are only actively managed in the western ______________________________________________________________________ 72.

Coho Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ basin of Lake Ontario (MNR 1987). A passive management approach has been taken for other Great Lakes waters.

Coho salmon have been stocked in several Toronto-area streams (e.g., Applewood Creek, Bronte Creek, Credit River (Figure 17), Humber River, Twelve Mile Creek) since 1969. Coho stocking in Lake Ontario peaked in 1988 when 879,000 fish were released (Stewart and Schaner 2002). The Ontario coho salmon stocking program was discontinued in 1991 due to budget constraints. A small program in Lake Ontario was re-instated in 1997 at the request of local angling groups.

Figure 17. Coho salmon ascending the Credit River during the fall spawning run (MNR photo by Marion Daniels).

Three different strains (Big Qualicum, Skagit, and Capilano) of coho salmon have been used in the past. Of the three, the Skagit strain has been found to yield the best returns (Bowlby et al. 1992).

Wild egg collections are conducted annually for coho salmon but there have been difficulties in achieving egg collection targets in some years. In recent years New York state has provided Ontario with surplus coho salmon eggs which were collected from the Salmon River. Approximately 150,000 yearlings are stocked annually by the MNR and local sportsman clubs. Coho salmon populations are maintained by the stocking of hatchery-reared fish. Based on stocking assessment conducted to date, yearlings produce better returns than either fingerlings or fry (Mack 1982, Plante and Bowlby 1989). Overall, returns from the coho salmon stocking program in Lake Ontario have been disappointing however. _____________________________________________________________________________

73.

Coho Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ Literature Cited Anonymous. Undated. Pacific salmon in Lake Ontario and tributary streams. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 15 p. Bowlby, J. N., L. Halyk, and J. Bissett. 1992. Assessment of stocked brown trout, rainbow trout,

coho salmon and Chinook salmon. p. 3.1-3.7 In 1992 Annual Report of the Lake Ontario Management Unit. Picton, Ontario.

Chappel, J. A. 1970. Coho introduction in Nipigon Bay, Lake Superior – Interim assessment. File

Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Terrace Bay, Ontario. 5 p. Crawford, S. S. 2001. Salmonine introductions to the Laurentian Great Lakes: An historical review

and evaluation of ecological effects. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 132 : 205 p.

MacCrimmon, H. R. 1977. The coho salmon. p. 136-140 In Animals, Man and Change: Alien and

Extinct Wildlife of Ontario. McClelland and Stewart. Toronto, Ontario. 160 p. Mack, M. A. 1982. An analysis of production and stocking strategies for Lake Ontario’s salmon

program. Report prepared for the Salmon Production Committee. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Central Region, Richmond Hill, Ontario. 32 p. + appendices.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1987. Pacific salmon management guidelines. Policy FI

3.02.01. Fisheries Branch. Toronto, Ontario. 7 p. Plante, C. and J. Bowlby. 1989. 1989 Credit River coho spawning run. p. 10.1-10.6 In 1989

Annual Report of the Lake Ontario Management Unit. Picton, Ontario. Scott, W. B. and E. J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bulletin 184. Fisheries

Research Board of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. 966 p. Stewart, T. and T. Schaner. 2002. Lake Ontario salmonid introductions, 1970-1999: Stocking,

fishery, and fish community influences. Chapter 12 In 2001 Annual Report of the Lake Ontario Management Unit. Picton, Ontario.

Additional Coho Salmon References Bowlby, J. N. 1990. Stocking assessment of brown trout, rainbow trout, and coho salmon in the

boat fishery of western Lake Ontario. Chapter 4 In 1990 Annual Report of the Lake Ontario Fisheries Unit. Richmond Hill, Ontario.

Fleming, I. A. 1990. Breeding competition and reproductive success: Hatchery versus wild coho

salmon. Paper presented at the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Southern Ontario Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Dorset, Ontario.

MacCrimmon, H. R. 1977. Coho salmon. p. 136-140 In Animals, man, and change: Alien and

extinct wildlife of Ontario. McClelland and Stewart. Toronto, Ontario. 160 p. _____________________________________________________________________________ 74.

Coho Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ Smitka, J. 1973. Guidelines for stocking salmonids into Lake Ontario with special reference to

coho salmon, rainbow trout, and Chinook salmon. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Maple, Ontario. 16 p.

Stanley, J. 1981. Salmon revival in Lake Ontario. Canadian Geographic. August/September : 46-

50. Wainio, A. A., R. I. Toth, R. A. Hester, and D. H. Price. 1972. The coho salmon (Oncorhynchus

kisutch) stocking project in the Credit River, 1969-1971. Project Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Maple, Ontario. 62 p. + appendices.

Wainio, A. A., G. J. Haarmeyer, K. C. Faulkner, and A. Inglis. 1975. The Credit River coho

project. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Maple, Ontario. 54 p. ______________________________________________________________________

75.

Crappies ______________________________________________________________________________________ Crappies Both black crappies (Pomoxis nigromaculatus, Figure 18) and white crappies (P. annularis) are native to Ontario but their original distribution is believed to have been restricted to the southern portion of the province. The distribution of crappies in Ontario has increased substantially through introductions and transfers (see Appendix 3). In northwestern Ontario, black crappies were introduced into Rainy Lake by the State of Minnesota in the 1920s. Shortly thereafter they spread to other nearby lakes. Similarly, crappies were introduced to Lake of the Woods in the mid 1920s apparently with fish from North Dakota (Mosindy 1997). Crappies were introduced into waters of Quetico Provincial Park in the early 1940s (Crossman 1976). Crappies were first documented in Lake Superior in 1957 (Ryder 1959, Momot and Hartviksen 1989).

Figure 18. Black crappies are increasing in popularity as a sport fish (Photo by M. Brown). Black crappies were first discovered in Rice Lake in 1985. They were believed to have been the result of a illegal introduction. Since then they have quickly spread throughout the Kawartha Lakes. There have also been numerous introductions of crappies in the Bracebridge-Parry Sound area since 2000 (McIntyre 2005). Other waters in the Bancroft and Renfrew areas have also had unauthorized introductions of black crappies. There have been two authorized transfers of crappies under the Community Fisheries Involvement Program. In 1989, 50 adult white crappies were transferred to a pond in the ______________________________________________________________________ 76.

Crappies _____________________________________________________________________________

Simcoe area while an additional 250 adult black crappies were transferred to a stormwater detention pond in the Aylmer area (Kerr 2002). Although there have been at least six planned crappie introductions by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (one of which apparently failed), most transfers have been unauthorized introductions by well-intentioned individuals. The impacts of these introductions has yet to be fully evaluated but there are causes for concern. Black crappies are a pelagic, opportunistic omnivorous predator whose habitat and feeding habits overlap with a variety of other species including bass, walleye, and yellow perch (McNeil 1992, Kerr and Grant 2000). Krishka et al (1996) recommended that introductions of crappies should not be permitted into waters containing percid communities. Literature Cited Crossman, E. J. 1976. Quetico fishes. Royal Ontario Museum and the Quetico Foundation.

Toronto, Ontario. 86 p. Kerr, S. J. 2002. Fish stocking activities under the CFWIP program, 1982-2001. Fish and Wildlife

Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 125 p. Kerr, S. J. and R. E. Grant. 2000. Black crappie. p. 119-129 In Ecological Impacts of Fish

Introductions: Evaluating the Risk. Fish and Wildlife Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 473 p.

Krishka, B. A., R. F. Cholmondeley, A. J. Dextrase, and P. J. Colby. 1996. Impacts of

introductions and removals on Ontario percid communities. Percid Community Synthesis. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 111 p.

McIntyre, E. J. 2005. Black crappie introductions in the Parry Sound area. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Parry Sound, Ontario. McNeil, O. C. 1992. A review of the life history, habitat requirements and past introductions of

black crappie. Report prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. 36 p.

Momot, W. and C. Hartviksen. 1989. Fishes of the Thunder Bay area of Ontario. Wildwood

Publications. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 282 p. Mosindy, T. 1997. Black crappie introductions in the Lake of the Woods area. p. 17-18 In P.

MacMahon [ed.]. Fish: To stock or not to stock. Workshop Proceedings. Northwest Science and Technology Unit. Thunder Bay, Ontario.

Ryder, R. A. 1959. Occurrence of the black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus. File Report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 2 p. _____________________________________________________________________________

77.

Crappies ______________________________________________________________________________________ Additional Black Crappie References Dalgliesh, C. 2002. Atlas of black crappie waters in Ontario. Fisheries Section, Fish and Wildlife

Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 15 p. MacKay, H. H. 1957. The black crappie. Sylva 13 : 25-27. McLeod, D. T. 1988. An investigation of the fish community of Caliper Lake. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Fort Frances, Ontario. 13 p. Palmer, J. 2005. Dinner Lake black crappie introduction. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural

Resources. Parry Sound, Ontario. 2 p. Van den Broeck, J. 1997. Assessment of an adult black crappie transfer. p. 19 In P. MacMahon


_____________________________________________________________________________ 78.

Kamloops Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Kamloops Trout Kamloops trout is an inland lake (landlocked) strain of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) originating in British Columbia and northeastern Washington on the west coast of North America. Kamloops trout have been widely introduced to many lakes and streams in Canada. In Ontario, eggs were imported from British Columbia between 1934 and 1937 (MacCrimmon and Gots 1972) and used to create a broodstock at the Normandale Fish Culture Station. The first fish were stocked in 1935 (Table 10). Kamloops trout successfully spawned in the hatchery (for the first time in eastern North America) in 1938. Table 10. History of stocking Kamloops trout in Ontario.

Number Stocked by Life Stage

Year Eggs Fingerlings Yearlings Adults Total Number Stocked 1935 0 85,464 10,796 0 96,260 1937 0 80,000 0 0 80,000 1938 0 25,821 0 0 25,821 1939 0 105,000 0 0 105,000 1940 0 0 26,500 0 26,500 1941 0 88,150 25,000 0 113,150 1942 0 0 24,800 0 24,800 1943 0 0 5,000 0 5,000 1944 0 0 7,200 0 7,200 1945 0 0 9,900 0 9,900 1946 0 0 4,850 0 4,850 1947 0 0 16,100 115 16,215 1948 0 0 4,600 100 4,700 1949 0 2,000 32,000 0 34,000 1950 0 0 52,000 0 52,000 1951 0 0 34,600 0 34,600 1952 0 1,000 73,350 0 74,350 1953 0 0 107,800 0 107,800 1954 0 500 140,950 0 141,450 1955 2,000 3,000 82,640 750 88,390 1956 10,000 0 77,560 400 87,960 1957 13,000 31,600 123,060 380 168,040

1935-57 25,000 422,535 858,706 1,745 1,307,986 Kamloops trout were often planted in former brook trout lakes where yellow perch had become established. Inland waters stocked with Kamloops were located primarily in central and northeastern Ontario (Table 11). Kamloops trout were introduced into Lake of Two Rivers, Algonquin Park, in 1954 and initially were thought to have become established (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests 1965). By 1961, Kamloops trout had been introduced to approximately 60 lakes in the Tweed area alone (Anonymous 1961). ______________________________________________________________________

79.

Kamloops Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ An extensive survey of 100 lakes stocked with Kamloops trout was conducted in 1946. With the exception of Lake Temagami, Kamloops appeared to be providing fair to good angling (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests 1947). Good catches of Kamloops trout were reported in many of the stocked waters (Dymond 1955, Merner 1958). Clark (1958) reported that fishing was “good” for Kamloops trout stocked in Harrington Pond in southwestern Ontario. Conversely, assessment of an introduction to Orient Lake near North Bay revealed that, although growth rates were fast, the Kamloops trout were difficult to catch (Anonymous 1967). Overall, however, there were few detailed assessments of Kamloops trout stocking activities and the program was discontinued in 1958. Table 11. Ontario waters stocked with Kamloops trout, 1935-1946.

County/District Waterbody No. Fish Stocked Algoma District Beverley Lake 5,000 Blue Lake 19,000 Constance Lake 67,464 Cummings Lake 10,000 Devils Lake 23,000 Frater Lake 15,000 Haynes Lake 7,000 Heyden Lake 7,000 Kirkpatrick Lake 8,650 Lake No. 1 7,000 Montreal River 10,000 Trout Lake 68,000 Bruce County Gillies Lake 27,900 Grey County Bass Lake 29,700 Muskoka District Clear Lake 10,550 Echo Lake 51,790 Marten Lake 500 Red Chalk Lake 11,600 Rill Lake 10,200 Waseosa Lake 42,650 Nipissing District Bloom Lake 3,000 Lake Temagami 14,000 Parry Sound District Bernard Lake 31,100 Poole Lake 12,050 Peterborough County Lanes Lake 1,500 Sudbury District Unnamed Lake 3,500 Wellington County Bellwood Lake 2,000

Literature Cited Anonymous. 1961. 1960 fish and wildlife annual report. Annual Report. Ontario Department of

Lands and Forests. Tweed, Ontario. 38 p. _____________________________________________________________________________ 80.

Kamloops Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Anonymous. 1967. 1966-67 annual fish and wildlife management report. Annual Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. North Bay, Ontario. 30 p. Clark, H. W. 1958. Trout production at Harrington Pond. p. 18-20 In Conservation Officer Projects

in southwest region, 1957-58. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Dymond, J. R. 1955. The introduction of foreign fishes in Canada. Proceedings of the

International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology 12 : 543-553. MacCrimmon, H. R. and B. L. Gots. 1972. Rainbow trout in the Great Lakes. Sport Fisheries

Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 66 p. Merner, F. H. 1958. Creel census on Kamloops trout in Floradale Dam. p. 26-27 In Conservation

Officer Projects in southwest region, 1957-58. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1947. Game fish. p. 56-79 In 1946 Annual Report of

the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 194 p. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1965. Game fish and fishing in Algonquin Provincial

Park and the projects undertaken by the Research Branch to perpetuate angling. Parks Branch. Whitney, Ontario. 30 p.

Additional Kamloops References Patrick, N. D. 1960. Kamloops trout rearing experiment No. 7, Hill’s Lake hatchery. Fish and

Wildlife Management Report No. 53. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Kirkland Lake, Ontario. ________________________________________________________________________

81.

Kokanee Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ Kokanee Salmon Kokanee salmon is a strain of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) which completes its entire life cycle in freshwater. They have been widely introduced across North America. Kokanee salmon were introduced to the Great Lakes in an effort to establish a species with both commercial and recreational value. The first introduction of Kokanee salmon in Ontario occurred in June 1960 with the release of 250 yearling fish into Boulter Lake, Hastings County (Littkemann 1965, Fallis 1970). Netting assessment during the summer-fall of 1963 indicated survival from the initial introduction (Littkemann and Cheshire 1964). An additional 920 Kokanee fingerlings, which were progeny from the 1964 Boulter Lake run, were released back into Boulter Lake in 1965. In November 1964, approximately 1.5 million eggs, from stream spawning fish were imported from the Meadow Creek egg collection station at Kootenay Lake, British Columbia (Maher 1965). A total of 1.75 million eggs, from shoal spawning fish, were also imported from Colorado, Montana, and Washington. Both groups of eggs were divided and shipped to be reared and stocked into Lake Huron and Lake Ontario. It was hoped that Kokanee salmon would compete with large populations of alewife, form an important link in the food chain and contribute to commercial and recreational fisheries. In 1969, Kokanee salmon eggs were imported from Idaho and British Columbia (Anonymous 1970). Spawn was also collected during a wild collection in 1969. Spawn was taken from 664 adults (318 males and 346 females) and reared at the Wiarton hatchery (Anonymous 1969). The following year, 50,000 nine month old Kokanee salmon were stocked in the northern portion of Lake Huron. Table 12. History of Kokanee salmon stocking in Ontario waters of the Great Lakes. Number Stocked by Life Stage

Year Eggs Fry Fingerlings Total Number Stocked 1965 683,000 1,608,344 287,680 2,579,024 1966 923,000 942,911 0 1,865,911 1967 310,000 385,000 211,000 906,000 1968 0 413,000 50,525 463,525 1969 0 572,025 63,000 635,025 1970 0 5,316,000 95,000 5,411,000 1971 0 3,464,000 112,000 3,576,000 1972 0 700,000 623,000 1,323,000 1965-72 1,916,000 13,401,280 1,442,205 16,759,485

Kokanee salmon stocked in Lake Huron and Georgian Bay were reared at the Wiarton, Chatsworth and Sandfield fish culture stations. A number of Lake Huron tributaries were stocked with Kokanee salmon (Table 13). In addition, Kokanee were also stocked in South Bay, Lions Head, and several Georgian Bay sites near Meaford, Killarney, and ______________________________________________________________________ 82.

Kokanee Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ Parry Sound. Kokanee salmon stocked in Lake Ontario were reared at the Glenora hatchery. Lake Ontario planting sites included Shelter Valley Creek and the Bay of Quinte. Early plantings involved eggs, fry and fingerlings. Eyed eggs were deposited by hand into the gravel substrate of tributary streams (Table 13). Older life stages (i.e., fry and fingerlings) were stocked over gravel shoals in the lake proper (MacCrimmon 1977). Table 13. Lake Huron tributaries stocked with Kokanee salmon Stream/river Origin of Eggs Blue Jay Creek British Columbia Bothwell (Telfer) Creek British Columbia, Montana, Washington Colpoys Creek British Columbia, Montana Gleason (Oxenden) Creek British Columbia, Montana Go Home River British Columbia Indian Brook (Thornbury) British Columbia Kagawong Creek British Columbia Lauzon Creek British Columbia Manitou River British Columbia Nottawasaga River Montana Ritchie’s River (North Channel) Colorado Sauble River British Columbia, Montana Saugeen River British Columbia, Montana Sydenham River British Columbia Willow Creek British Columbia The introduction of Kokanee salmon was not successful in Lake Ontario. In 1964, a study was initiated at Shelter Valley Creek to monitor the success of establishing Kokanee in Lake Ontario. Intensive predation by other stream resident fishes was one factor which was identified as impeding success (Coleman 1971). Kokanee salmon (1,500 fingerlings) were stocked in Lake St. Lawrence in 1967 but this effort was also unsuccessful (Anonymous 1968). The introduction of Kokanee salmon in Lake Huron-Georgian Bay was initially successful in establishing several spawning populations which persisted for a period of time. Successful stream spawning was first documented in 1967 (Collins 1971, Porter 1972). Spawning runs were largest in the Manitou River and Blue Jay Creek on Manitoulin Island; in Colpoys and Oxenden creeks on the Bruce Peninsula; and in the Sydenham River near Owen Sound (Figure 19). This coincided with the most heavily stocked sites (Collins 1971). In 1967, it was estimated that there were 7,500 spawners in the Manitou River (Ricker and Loftus 1968). Successful spawning was verified in both stream and shoal environments. Stocking was discontinued in 1973 and there have been no confirmed sightings since that time (D. Reid, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Owen Sound, Ontario. personal communication). ______________________________________________________________________

83.

Kokanee Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ The only successful introduction was in Boulter Lake. Initially introduced in 1960, spawning fish were captured in the fall of 1963 (Littkemann and Cheshire 1964). Experimental netting conducted in November 1965 revealed a population comprised of several year classes. This experimental introduction to Boulter Lake, Ontario, was successful in establishing a small recreational fishery which still exists today (G. Hooper, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources personal communication).

Figure 19. After some initial success in Lake Huron, the introduction of Kokanee salmon in the Great Lakes was a failure (Environment Canada photo). Attempts to artificially cross Kokanee salmon with brook trout have proven unsuccessful (Crossman and Buss 1966). Literature Cited Anonymous. 1968. 1967-68 annual fish and wildlife report. Annual Report. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. Anonymous. 1969. Kokanee salmon in the Lake Huron District. File Report. Ontario Department

of Lands and Forests. Hespeler, Ontario. 8 p. Anonymous. 1970. 1970 research review. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Maple,

Ontario. Coleman, J. R. 1971. 1970 research review. Research Branch Annual Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Maple, Ontario. _____________________________________________________________________________ 84.

Kokanee Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ Collins, J. J. 1971. Introduction of Kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) into Lake Huron.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28 : 1857-1871. Crossman, E. J. and K. Buss. 1966. Artificial hybrid between Kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus

nerka) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Copeia 1966 : 357-359. Fallis, B. W. 1970. The ecology of an exotic population of Kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) in

Boulter Lake, Ontario. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Toronto. Toronto, Ontario. 113 p. Littkemann, P. B. 1965. Kokanee salmon population in Boulter Lake, McClure township. File

Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Tweed, Ontario. Littkemann, P. B. and W. F. Cheshire. 1964. Introduction of Kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus

nerka kennerlyi) in the Tweed District. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Tweed, Ontario. 21 p.

MacCrimmon, H. R. 1977. The Kokanee salmon. p. 141-145 In Animals, man, and change: Alien

and extinct wildlife of Ontario. McClelland and Stewart. Toronto, Ontario. 160 p. Maher, F. P. 1965. Kokanee salmon for the Great Lakes. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 4(2) 2-5. Porter, T. R. 1972. Biology of the Kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Blue Jay Creek,

Manitoulin Island, Ontario. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Guelph. Guelph, Ontario. 134 p. Ricker, W. E. and K. H. Loftus. 1968. Pacific salmon move east. Fisheries Council of Canada

Annual Review. Ottawa, Ontario. 3 p. Additional Kokanee Salmon References Maher, F. P. 1964. On the feasibility of introducing Kokanee, the landlocked sockeye salmon

(Oncorhynchus nerka), to the Great Lakes. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Fisheries Section Report 55 : 27 p.

Scott, W. B. and E. J. Crossman. 1973. Kokanee and sockeye salmon. p. 165-171 In

Freshwater Fishes of Canada. Bulletin 184. Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. 966 p.

______________________________________________________________________

85.

Lake Herring ______________________________________________________________________________________ Lake Herring (Cisco) Lake herring (Coregonus artedii, Figure 20) stocking in Ontario commenced in 1918. Herring were captured by seines and pound nets for wild egg collections. Large numbers of lake herring were stocked in Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Huron (including Georgian Bay and the North Channel). Fry were stocked following yolk sac absorption over natural spawning grounds at or near sites where the eggs were collected. The goal of these plantings was to enhance commercial fisheries. After the release of more than 800 million fry over a fifty year period, the Great Lakes stocking program was discontinued in 1968 because of its ineffectiveness.

Figure 20. Lake herring fry were stocked for many years to enhance commercial fisheries in the Great Lakes. Lake herring were transferred from Ontario to other jurisdictions. For example, herring were transferred from the Bay of Quinte to the Quill lakes, Saskatchewan, in 1905 (Halkett 1929). Lake herring were also stocked in a number of inland lakes in Ontario in an attempt to enhance the forage base (Table 14). Few of these introductions were successful but two successful introductions are noteworthy. Lake herring were introduced into Opeongo Lake, Algonquin Park, to provide forage for lake trout (Mandrak and Crossman 2003). The initial stocking of 250 adults captured from the Mary River, by local Huntsville residents using dipnets, was conducted in 1940 (Harkness 1940). A second planting, involving 400 adults from the same source, was carried out in 1948. While the first planting was considered unsuccessful (Martin and Fry 1973), the second plant was successful and, by the early 1950s, ciscoes were important prey for resident lake trout (Martin and Fry 1973). By the early 1960s, the cisco was one of the most abundant fish in the lake (Martin and Fry 1973). Lake trout growth rates and ______________________________________________________________________ 86.

Lake Herring ______________________________________________________________________________________ age at maturity both increased as a result of this new food source (Matuszek et al. 1990). Coincident with the establishment of lake herring in Opeongo Lake was a decline in the abundance of insect larvae and yellow perch as well as decreased growth in bass (Emery 1975). Table 14. Early (pre 1940) lake herring stocking activities in Ontario inland lakes. Waterbody (County) Year(s) Stocked Dalhousie Lake (Lanark) 1925 Silver Lake (Frontenac) 1925 Rideau Lakes (Lanark & Leeds) 1925 Rainy Lake (Rainy River District) 1925, 1928 Bad Vermilion Lake (Rainy River District) 1925 White Lake (Frontenac) 1927, 1934, 1935,1936 Bass Lake (Leeds) 1927 Lake Bernard (Parry Sound) 1927 Bass Lake (Addington) 1928 Paudash Lake (Haliburton) 1929, 1938 Beaver Lake (Haliburton) 1930 Loon Lake (Peterborough) 1930, 1931, 1934, 1935, 1937 Lake Timiskaming (Timiskaming) 1930 Baptiste Lake (Hastings) 1931, 1934, 1935 Sharbot Lake (Frontenac) 1934 Newboro Lake (Leeds) 1934 Charleston Lake (Leeds) 1934, 1935, 1936 Lake St. Peter (Hastings) 1935 Palmerston Lake (Frontenac) 1937, 1938 Weslemkoon Lake (Lennox-Addington) 1937, 1938 St. Lawrence River (Leeds) 1938 Wolf Lake (Frontenac) 1938 Otter Lake (Lennox-Addington) 1938 Lake herring were also introduced into the Mishibishu chain of lakes to provide a food source for lake trout. Herring eggs were collected from Lake Superior during the fall of 1965 and 1966 and reared to the eyed egg stage at the Thunder Bay hatchery (Harrison 1970). In mid March of 1966 and 1967, these eyed eggs were flown to Mishibishu Lake and planted through the ice in between 2-10 feet of water (Figure 21). Both plants were successful and by 1968 herring were found in the diet of lake trout. There were other herring introductions worthy of note. A one time release of 250,000 herring fry in 1940 apparently established a population in Drag Lake (D. Hughes, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Bancroft, Ontario. personal communication). Baldwin (1947) reported the transfer of wild lake herring into Tea Lake, Smoke Lake and Canoe Lake in southern Algonquin Park in 1947. In 1966-67, approximately two million herring fry were planted in Chub and Jobam lakes in the Blind River area (Anonymous 1967). More recently, lake herring were introduced into Cosgrove Lake near Nipigon to improve the forage based for an introduced lake trout population (Schraeder 1983). ______________________________________________________________________

87.

Lake Herring ______________________________________________________________________________________ The concept of culturing lake herring to rehabilitate stocks in Lake Ontario was first proposed in 1980 (Gray 1980). The feasibility of re-introducing bloater (Coregonus hoyi) into Lake Ontario is currently being reconsidered. The goal would be to stabilize the offshore pelagic forage fish community and fill an empty niche (Baldwin 1999).

Figure 21. Planting eyed lake herring eggs in Mishibishu Lake, March 1965. Photo by T. Harrison (from Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review, Fall-Winter, 1970). Literature Cited Anonymous. 1967. 1966-67 annual fish and wildlife report. Annual Report. Ontario Department of

Lands and Forests. Blind River, Ontario. 45 p. Baldwin, B. 1999. Native prey fish re-introduction into Lake Ontario: Bloater (Coregonus hoyi).

Discussion paper prepared for the Lake Ontario Committee. Great Lakes Fishery Commission. London, Ontario. 36 p.

Baldwin, N. S. 1947. Plantings of fish in southern Algonquin Park, 1947. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Whitney, Ontario. _____________________________________________________________________________ 88.

Lake Herring ______________________________________________________________________________________ Emery, A. R. 1975. Stunted bass: A result of competing cisco and limited crayfish stocks. p. 154-

164 In H. Clepper [ed.]. Black Bass Biology and Management. Sport Fishing Institute. Washington, D. C.

Gray, J. E. 1980. Coldwater community rehabilitation: Lake herring. Resource Document No. 8.

Lake Ontario Tactical Fisheries Plan. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Picton, Ontario. 12 p.

Halkett, A. 1929. A popular account of the fishes of Canada from the lampreys and hagfishes to

the viper fishes inclusive. King’s Printer. Ottawa, Ontario. 38 p. Harkness, W. J. K. 1940. Activities of the Ontario fisheries research laboratory in 1940. Report

prepared for the Ontario Department of Game and Fisheries. Toronto, Ontario. 11 p. Harrison, T. G. 1970. The case of the substitute lake. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 9(3-4) : 2-6. Mandrak, N. E. and E. J. Crossman. 2003. Fishes of Algonquin Park. Friends of Algonquin Park

and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Whitney, Ontario. 40 p. Martin, N. V. and F. E. J. Fry. 1973. Lake Opeongo: The ecology of the fish community and man’s

effects on it. Technical Report No. 24. Great Lakes Fishery Commission. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 34 p.

Matuszek, J. E., B. J. Shuter, and J. M. Casselman. 1990. Changes in lake trout growth and

abundance after the introduction of cisco into Lake Opeongo, Ontario. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119 : 718-729.

Schraeder, H. A. 1983. Reproduction and subsequent exploitation of stocked lake trout

(Salvelinus namaycush) in Cosgrove Lake, Ontario. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Nipigon, Ontario.

Additional Lake Herring References Fry, F. E. J. and E. C. Black. Undated. Report on the attempted transfer of ciscoes from Proulx

Lake to Opeongo Lake. Manuscript Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Whitney, Ontario. 1 p.

Kennedy, W. A. undated. Report on the transfer of ciscoes from the Muskoka River to Lake

Opeongo. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Whitney, Ontario. 2 p. Van Dyke, O. N. 1981. The long term effects of the cisco introduction on the lake trout population

in Lake Opeongo. School of Forestry. Lakehead University. Thunder Bay, Ontario. _____________________________________________________________________________

89.

Lake Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Lake Trout Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush, Figure 22) stocking has a long history in Ontario. Early efforts involved the stocking of fry reared at the Newcastle and Ottawa facilities into the Great Lakes, Lake Simcoe and inland lakes. Early egg sources included Lake Ontario (Pigeon Island) and Georgian Bay (Meaford and Wiarton). By 1884, over 5 million fry had been distributed from the Newcastle facility and Samuel Wilmot reported difficulty in procuring sufficient numbers of salmon trout eggs to meet increasing demands (Department of Fisheries 1885). Lake trout have been stocked in many inland lakes of the province. The goal of these early stocking programs was often to supplement or enhance fisheries sustained by a native population. Early stocking may best be described as indiscriminate – there are numerous examples of stocking in waters which were totally unsuitable for lake trout. Eventually, it became apparent that stocking was not a “cure-all” solution for all fisheries problems. In fact, stocking often masked the real reason for stock decline and often resulted in increased angling effort (MNR and MOE 1993).

Figure 22. Efforts to restore lake trout in the Great Lakes has involved the release of millions of hatchery-reared fish (Department of Fisheries and Oceans photo). It has been estimated that approximately 500 Ontario lakes have been stocked with lake trout (Olver et al. 1991). At least 222 lakes which currently contain lake trout populations were the result of introductions (MNR 1989). Lake trout have also been transferred among lakes. For example in 1937, fifty-two lake trout were transferred from Happy Isle Lake to Cache Lake in Algonquin Park (Doan and Kennedy 1937). ______________________________________________________________________ 90.

Lake Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Over time, more emphasis was placed on rearing a larger, older life stage of fish for stocking. By the 1930s, fingerling production had increased and, by the late 1950s-early 1960s, most production was targeted at producing yearling fish. Lake trout populations in Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron and Michigan had been decimated by sea lamprey and overfishing by the 1950s and were severely depleted in Lake Superior. A massive stocking program of hatchery-reared trout was commenced in Lake Superior (1958), Lake Michigan (1965), Lake Huron (1973) and Lake Ontario (1973) concurrent with a sea lamprey control program. Since then millions of lake trout have been stocked to restore viable populations and the fisheries they support. These stocking programs have met with only marginal success. For example, local lake trout stocks have been restored in Parry Sound, Lake Huron, partially due to the stocking program (Reid et al. 2001). Natural reproduction of stocked lake trout has been recorded in South Bay, Lake Huron (Anderson and Collins 1995). Lake Superior is the only Great Lake where lake trout populations have been fully restored, however this may largely be attributed to the presence of remnant wild populations.

The success or failure of restoring self-sustaining lake trout in the Great Lakes has been attributed to several factors including the presence/absence of remnant native stock, failure to control exploitation, control of sea lamprey, the extent of habitat degradation, and the complexity of the resident fish community (Elrod et al. 1995, Evans and Olver 1995, Krueger et al. 1995, Reid et al. 2001). Twelve genetic strains of lake trout are currently in the provincial fish culture system (MNR 1999). Nine genetic strains have been used in restoration efforts in Lake Ontario. In an attempt to save a unique “river-run” lake trout population in Lake Superior (see Loftus 1958), eggs were collected from trout near the mouth of the University (Dog) River, reared to two-year old fish, and stocked in three upstream lakes (Michi, Mishibishu, and Katzenbach) in 1958 (Harrison 1968, 1970). Prior to 1956, lake trout spawn had been collected from fish captured at Dog River harbour and transferred to Sault Ste. Marie for rearing (Devereux 1963). The 1958 stocking and a subsequent planting in 1963 served to establish a self-sustaining population in the Mishibishu chain of lakes which has been used for broodstock in the provincial fish culture system for stocking the upper Great Lakes. The first egg collection from the Mishibishu chain of lakes occurred in 1962 (Donovan 1962). Under similar circumstances, lake trout from Lake Simcoe have also been retained in the hatchery system. Genetic evidence suggests that Lake Simcoe trout are distinct from other lake trout stocks in the Great Lakes basin. Prior to 1978, several different lake trout strains, including Lake Superior, Clearwater Lake (Manitoba) and Lake Manitou, were used to stock Lake Simcoe. Since 1978, lake trout stocked in Lake Simcoe have only been derived from fish of Lake Simcoe parental origin (McRae 2001). In the early 1990s, an experimental stocking program was initiated on two lakes in southeastern Ontario (Charleston and Big Rideau). Previous research had indicated ______________________________________________________________________

91.

Lake Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ that, although being heavily stocked for many years, non-native, hatchery-reared fish contributed very little to the spawning stock of these lakes. Studies revealed that these native stocks were genetically unique. Wild egg collections have been carried out on each lake in alternate years. Eggs are only collected from native (i.e., unclipped) lake trout. Fish are reared in quarantine facilities at the White Lake Fish Culture Station and stocked back into the lakes as yearlings. The assessment phase of this multi-year experiment is ongoing (see Kerr 1999). Subsequent to a thorough review of lake trout management in Ontario (i.e., Lake Trout Synthesis), several recommendations were developed with respect to lake trout stocking (from Olver et al. 1991):

• Stock selection guidelines should be developed to review the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of stocks undergoing rehabilitation.

• Donor stocks required to meet management needs across the province need to be clearly determined.

• Supplemental stocking of lake trout should not be permitted. • Rehabilitation stocking should not be permitted in lakes where native lake trout

still exist unless native stocks are used. • Stocking should be permitted to rehabilitate lakes in which the native stock has

become extinct or to extend the range of lake trout. • Stocking should be permitted in lakes which can be legitimately classified as

put-grow-take. All of these lakes should be assessed to ensure that native stocks do not exist.

In 2004, 4.3 million yearling lake trout were stocked by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Approximately one-half of these fish were released in Great Lakes waters while the remainder were stocked in inland lakes (Figure 23). Recent stocking practices have shifted away from supplemental stocking projects where hatchery-reared fish are released in lakes already having a resident population. Lake trout are perhaps the most studied of any fish species stocked in Ontario. Some key findings related to stocking which have been reported over the years include:

• Lake trout disperse and move to deep water quickly after release (Powell and Carl 2004).

• Lake trout native to an area experience greater post-stocking survival than non-native stocks (Powell and Carl 2004).

• Larger fish generally outperform smaller fish in terms of post-stocking survival. Spring yearlings, greater than 22 grams in weight, are the best size/age to stock for most purposes (Gunn et al.1987, Evans and Olver 1995, Powell and Carl 2004).

• Species interactions and colonization history affect reproduction of stocked lake trout (Evans and Olver 1995).

• Supplemental stocking of lake trout to enhance angling can result in the loss of the resident population thereby being counterproductive (Purych 1977,Evans

_____________________________________________________________________________ 92.

Lake Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________

and Willox 1991, Pellegrini 1992, Dunlop and Brady 1998, Steedman et al. 2004).

• High stocking rates can slow growth and delay maturation (Powell and Carl 2004).

• Competition with other resident fish species can adversely affect stocking success (MacLean et al. 1981, Powell et al. 1986, Gunn et al. 1987, Carl et al. 1990)

Figure 23. Lake trout are a highly prized fish for many Ontario anglers (MNR photo).

• Annual stocking is not necessary where the objective is to establish or re-restablish a self-sustaining lake trout population (Powell and Carl 2004).

• Intraspecific competition can reduce survival of stocked lake trout (Gunn et al. 1987).

• Extensive stocking of a few domesticated hatchery stocks has the potential to reduce genetic heterogeneity through the loss of locally adapted stocks of lake trout (Evans and Willox 1991).

• Genetic origin of planted lake trout influences their post-release survival (MacLean et al. 1981).

• Success of an introduction depends on several factors including size of the waterbody, level of total dissolved solids, amount of littoral area, size of the hypolimnion and composition of the resident fish community (Evans and Olver 1995).

• Stocking densities of juvenile lake trout should be based on the profundal area ________________________________________________________________

93.

Lake Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________

of the lake (nursery habitat) and not the total surface area (Casselman 1986). • Uncontrolled exploitation can prevent the establishment of stocked lake trout

(Evans and Olver 1995).

Lake trout will continue to play an important role in future fish stocking programs. An ambitious program to rehabilitate lake trout in the Great Lakes will probably continue and stocking programs will likely be used to provide inland fisheries. Literature Cited Anderson, D. M. and J. J. Collins. 1995. Natural reproduction by stocked lake trout (Salvelinus

namaycush) and hybrid (backcross) lake trout in South Bay, Lake Huron. Journal of Great Lakes Research 21(Supplement 1) : 260-266.

Carl, L., M.-F. Bernier, W. Christie, L. Deacon, P. Hulsman, D. Loftus, D. Maraldo, T. Marshall,

and P. Ryan. 1990. Fish community and environmental effects on lake trout. Lake Trout Synthesis. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 47 p.

Casselman, J. M. 1986. Research on lake trout rehabilitation. File Report. Fisheries Research

Section. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Maple, Ontario. 3 p. Department of Fisheries. 1885. Report on fish breeding in the Dominion of Canada, 1884.

Supplement No. 2 to the First Annual Report of the Department of Fisheries. Ottawa, Ontario.

Devereux, S. C. 1963. Observations on the progeny of Lake Superior (Dog River run) lake trout.

File Report. Tarentorus Fish Culture Station. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

Doan, K. H. and W. A. Kennedy. 1937. A transfer of lake trout from Happy Isle Lake to Cache

Lake, Algonquin Park, Ontario. Manuscript Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Whitney, Ontario. 6 p.

Donovan, J. 1962. Spawn taking project at Mishibishu Lake, 1962. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. White River, Ontario. Dunlop, W. and C. Brady. 1998. Responses of a wild lake trout fishery and a wild brook trout

fishery to cessation of supplemental stocking. Fisheries Assessment Unit Update 98-1. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bracebridge, Ontario.

Elrod, J. H., R. O’Gorman, C. P. Schneider, T. Eckert, T. Schaner, J. N. Bowlby, and L. P.

Schleen. 1995. Lake trout rehabilitation in Lake Ontario. Journal of Great Lakes Research 21(Supplement 1) : 83-107.

Evans, D. O. and C. H. Olver. 1995. Introduction of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) to inland

lakes of Ontario, Canada: Factors contributing to successful colonization. Journal of Great Lakes Research 21(Supplement 1) : 30-53.

______________________________________________________________________ 94.

Lake Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Evans, D. O. and C. C. Willox. 1991. Loss of exploited, indigenous populations of lake trout

(Salvelinus namaycush) by stocking non-native stocks. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48(Supplement 1) : 134-147.

Gunn, J. M., M. J. McMurtry, J. N. Bowlby, J. M. Casselman, and V. A. Liimatainen. 1987.

Survival and growth of stocked lake trout in relation to body size, stocking season, lake acidity, and biomass of competitors. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 116 : 618-627.

Harrison, T. G. 1968. Spawn taking on the Mishibishu chain of lakes. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. White River, Ontario. Harrison, T. G. 1970. The case of the substitute lake. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 9(3-4) : 3-5. Kerr, S. J. 1999. An interim evaluation of “native” strain lake trout stocked in Charleston Lake,

Ontario. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. 7 p. + appendices.

Kreuger, C. C., M. L. Jones, and W. M. Taylor. 1995. Restoration of lake trout in the Great Lakes:

Challenges and strategies for future management. Journal of Great Lakes Research 21(Supplement 1) : 547-558.

Loftus, K. H. 1958. Studies of the river spawning population of lake trout in eastern Lake

Superior. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 87 : 259-277. MacLean, J. A., D. O. Evans, N. V. Martin, and R. L. DesJardine. 1981. Survival, growth,

spawning distribution, and movements of introduced and native lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in two inland Ontario lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38 : 1685-1700.

McRae, P. 2001. The status of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Simcoe. Lake Simcoe

Fisheries Assessment Unit Report 2001-2. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Sutton, Ontario. 50 p.

Olver, C. H., R. L. DesJardine, C. I. Goddard, M. J. Powell, H. J. Rietveld, and P. D. Waring.

1991. Lake trout in Ontario: Management strategies. Lake Trout Synthesis. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 90 p.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1989. Lake trout lakes in Ontario. Lake Trout Community

Synthesis. Toronto, Ontario. 67 p. Ontario Ministries of Natural Resources and the Environment. 1993. Inland lake trout

management in southeastern Ontario. Kemptville, Ontario. 160 p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1999. Stocks catalogue. Fish Culture Section. Fish and

Wildlife Branch. Peterborough, Ontario. _____________________________________________________________________________

95.

Lake Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Pellegrini, M. 1992. Lake trout stocking assessment on Wawa Lake. File Report. Ontario Ministry

of Natural Resources. Wawa, Ontario. Powell, M. J., M.-F. Bernier, S. J. Kerr, G. Leering, M. Miller, W. Samis and M. Pellegrini. 1986.

Returns of hatchery-reared lake trout from eight lakes in northeastern Ontario. Ontario Fisheries Technical Report Series No. 22. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 7 p.

Powell, M. J. and L. M. Carl. 2004. Lake trout stocking in small lakes: Factors affecting success.

Chapter 12 In J. M. Gunn, R. J. Steedman, and R. A. Ryder. [eds.]. Boreal watersheds: Lake trout ecosystems in a changing environment. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, Florida. 501 p.

Purych, P. R. 1977. Poor returns of hatchery-reared lake trout to the sport fishery of Flack Lake,

Ontario, 1968-1974. Progressive Fish Culturist 39 : 185-186. Reid, D. M., D. M. Anderson, and B. A. Henderson. 2001. Restoration of lake trout in Parry

Sound, Lake Huron. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 21 : 156-169. Steedman, R. J., J. M. Gunn, and R. A. Ryder. 2004. Boreal shield waters: Models and

management challenges. p. 331-346 In J. M. Gunn, R. J. Steedman, and R. A. Ryder [eds.]. Boreal Shield Watersheds: Lake Trout Ecosystems in a Changing Environment. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, Florida. 501 p.

Additional Lake Trout References Anonymous. 1966. A report on the 1966 lake trout egg collection on Lake Simcoe. File Report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sutton, Ontario. 7 p. Armstrong, G. C. 1949. Mortality, rate of growth, and fin regeneration of marked and unmarked

lake trout fingerlings at the provincial fish hatchery, Port Arthur, Ontario. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 77 : 129-131.

Armstrong, G. C. 1951. Progress report on marked lake trout studies conducted in the Port Arthur

district, 1951. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Thunder Bay, Ontario. Armstrong, G. C. 1952. A summary of hatchery marked lake trout returns for the Thunder Bay

district. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 4 p. Atkinson, J. F. 1959. These lake trout are marked, men. Sylva 15(6) : 36-37. Beange, S. W. 1974. 1974 Lake Manitou spawn taking operation and costs analysis. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Espanola, Ontario. 2 p. + appendices. Budd, J. C. 1951. 1951 planting of marked yearling lake trout in South Bay, Lake Huron. File

Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Maple, Ontario. Budd, J. C. 1952. Yearling lake trout planting in South Bay in 1952. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Maple, Ontario. _____________________________________________________________________________ 96.

Lake Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Budd, J. C. 1960. Recovery of lake trout yearlings planted in South Bay, Lake Huron, between

1949 and 1955. Fisheries Section Report No. 36. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Maple, Ontario.

Budd, J. C. and F. E. J. Fry. 1960. Further observations on the survival of yearling lake trout

planted in South Bay, Lake Huron. Canadian Fish Culturist 26 : 7-13. Budd, J. C., F. E. J. Fry, and J. B. Smith. 1968. Survival of marked lake trout in Lake Manitou,

Manitoulin Island, Ontario. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25 : 2257-2268.

Budd, J. C., F. E. J. Fry, and P. S. M. Pearlstone. 1969. Final observations on the survival of

planted lake trout in South Bay, Lake Huron. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 26 : 2413-2424.

Casselman, J. M. 1987. Experimental netting of South Wildcat Lake to assess the stocking of

hatchery lake trout. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Glenora, Ontario. 9 p. Casselman, J. M. 1998. Lake trout biology and production: Culture and stocking. Paper presented

at the Provincial Fish Stocking Workshop. March 6-7, 1998. Toronto, Ontario. Clark, G. 1970. Lake Manitou spawn taking operational cost analysis. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Sandfield, Ontario. 7 p. + appendices. Clark, G. 1975. 1975 Lake Manitou spawn taking operation and cost analysis. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Espanola, Ontario. 3 p + appendices. DesJardine, R. L. 1979. Note on the culture of eggs and fry of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)

from Lake Simcoe, Ontario. Lake Simcoe Fisheries Assessment Unit Report 79-9. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Sutton, Ontario. 10 p.

Evans, D. O. 1990. Ecological and genetic implications of stocking non-native lake trout on

exploited wild populations. In Changing Perspectives: Stocking as a Management Tool in Ontario. Proceedings of the 2nd annual professional workshop. Southern Ontario Chapter, American Fisheries Society.

Evans, D. O., J. M. Casselman, and C. C. Willox. 1991. Effects of exploitation, loss of nursery

habitat and stocking on the dynamics and productivity of lake trout in Ontario lakes. Lake Trout Synthesis. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario.

Fry, F. E. J. 1949. Report on planting of yearling lake trout in South Bay, Manitoulin Island, 1949.

File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. Fry, F. E. J. and J. C. Budd. 1958. The survival of yearling lake trout planted in South Bay, Lake

Huron. Canadian Fish Culturist 23 : 13-21. _____________________________________________________________________________

97.

Lake Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Gunn, J. M. 1980. Notes on stocked and native lake trout in acidic Laundrie Lake, 1976-1979.

File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Sudbury, Ontario. Harrison, T. G. 1966. Lake trout spawn taking at Mishibishu Lake, 1966. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. White River, Ontario. Harrison, T. G. 1967. Lake trout spawn taking at Mishibishu Lake, 1967. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. White River, Ontario. Harrison, T. G. 1969. Lake trout spawn taking on the Mishibishu chain of lakes, 1969. File Report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. White River, Ontario. 10 p. + appendices. Henderson, B. A. 1982. The population dynamics of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake

Manitou in relation to the planting and spawn taking operation. Ontario Fisheries Technical Report Series No. 5. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 14 p.

Henderson, B. A. 1984. Assessment of backcross ([Salvelinus namaycush x S. fontinalis] x S.

namaycush) stocking near Heywood Island, North Channel, Lake Huron. Technical Report No. 4. Lake Huron Fisheries Research Unit. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. South Bay, Ontario.

Hitchins, J. R. and W. G. A. Samis. 1986. Successful reproduction by introduced lake trout in 10

northeastern Ontario lakes. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6 : 372-375. Holder, A. S. 1967. A report on the 1966 lake trout egg collection on Lake Simcoe. File Report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sutton, Ontario. 6 p. Holmes, W. J. 1967. Special lake trout study on Ranger Lake, Sault Ste. Marie district. File

Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 6 p. Hoyle, J. A. 1990. Eastern region native lake trout experimental stocking project. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. Hoyle, J. A. and N. G. MacLean. 1988. Exploitation assessment of five southeastern Ontario lake

trout fisheries supplemented by stocking. Rideau Lakes Fisheries Assessment Unit Report No. 17. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Sharbot Lake, Ontario. 46 p.

Hughes, D. N. 1989. Backcross and lake trout stocking in Georgian Bay and the North Channel:

Results through 1988. Lake Huron Fisheries Assessment Unit Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario.

Ihssen, P. E., J. M. Cassleman, G. W. Martin, and R. B. Phillips. 1988. Biochemical differentiation

of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) stocks of the Great Lakes region. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45 : 1018-1029.

Ihssen, P. E., M. J. Powell, and M. Miller. 1982. Survival and growth of matched plantings of lake

trout (Salvelinus namaycush), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), and lake x brook F1 splake hybrids and backcrosses in northeastern Ontario lakes. Ontario Fisheries Technical Report Series No. 6. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario.

_____________________________________________________________________________ 98.

Lake Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Kerr, S. J. 1977. Lake trout broodstock collection in the Mishibishu chain of lakes. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Wawa, Ontario. 17 p. + appendices. Kerr, S. J. and T. A. Lasenby. 2001. Lake trout stocking in inland lakes: An annotated

bibliography and literature review. Fish & Wildlife Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 178 p. + appendices.

Lange, R. E. and P. A. Smith. 1995. Lake Ontario fishery management: The lake trout restoration

issue. Journal of Great Lakes Research 21(Supplement 1) : 470-476. Loftus, K. H. 1953. Lake trout egg storage experiment. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands

and Forests. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 15 p. Loftus, K. H. 1956. Experimental storage of lake trout eggs. Canadian Fish Culturist 19 : 9-12. MacDonald, C. and R. T. Hartley. 1988. Juvenile lake trout stocking assessment. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Leslie Frost Centre, Ontario. Dorset, Ontario. Marshall, F. H. 1968. A report on the 1967 lake trout egg collection on Lake Simcoe. File Report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Midhurst, Ontario. 7 p. McDonald, D. G. and J. G. Robinson. 1993. Physiological responses of lake trout to stress:

Effects of water hardness and genotype. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122 : 1146- 1155. McIntyre, E. J. 1982. 1981 progress report on the egg collection phase of the Big Sound lake

trout preservation program. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Parry Sound, Ontario. 21 p.

Medina, M. 1993. Behaviour of hatchery-reared lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) stocked in a

thermally stratified lake. B. Sc. Thesis. Laurentian University. Sudbury, Ontario. 35 p. Monk, C. E. 1965. 1964 lake trout spawn collection on Baril Lake. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 10 p. Olsen, A. R. 1964. 1963 lake trout spawn collection on Dryberry Lake. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Kenora, Ontario. 3 p. Olver, C. H. 1969. Experimental planting of tagged lake trout in Basswood Lake, November 1968.

File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 9 p. Olver, C. H. and C. A. Lewis. 1977. Reproduction of planted lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in

Gamitagama, a small Precambrian lake in Ontario. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34 : 1419-1422.

Paine, M. 1986. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources lake trout stocks: Characteristics and

status of the stocks and their source waters. File Report. Fish Culture Section. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 15 p. + tables.

Paine, M. 1986. Quality measurements for hatchery-produced lake trout and its hybrids. File

Report. Fish Culture Section. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 24 p. _____________________________________________________________________________

99.

Lake Trout _____________________________________________________________________________ Powell, M. J. and J. Atkinson. 1991. Lake Superior lake trout stocking review. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 51 p. Purych, P. R. 1975. The contribution of hatchery lake trout to the Flack Lake sport fishery for the

period 1968-74. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Blind River, Ontario. 12 p. Purych, P. R. 1976. A report on the study of an introduced lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)

population in Horner Lake. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Blind River, Ontario. 38 p.

Purych, P. R. 1977. A case against stocking. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 16(2) : 3-5. Purych, P. R. 1980. Successful reproduction of introduced lake trout in Horner Lake, Ontario. The

Progressive Fish Culturist 42(3) : 163-164. Sager, J. C., G. W. Hooper, and F. S. Watson. 1982. Killala Lake lake trout egg collection, fall

1981. File Report. Dorion Fish Culture Station. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 47 p.

Schaner, T. 1989. Survival, growth and distribution of stocked lake trout: Analysis of Canadian fin

clip data. p. 7.1-7.5 In 1989 Annual Report of the Lake Ontario Management Unit. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Picton, Ontario.

Scott, N. E. and W. MacCallum. 1984. Lake trout stocking in Lake Superior, year classes 1950-

1983, by fin clip. Lake Superior Fisheries Assessment Unit Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Thunder Bay, Ontario.

Snider, B. 1985. The Rossport lake trout fishery – Hooked on hatchery fish. In 1985 Lake Trout

Seminar, Northcentral Region. February 13-14, 1985. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Thunder Bay, Ontario.

Snucins, E. J. 1992. Relative survival of hatchery-reared lake trout, brook trout, and F1 splake

stocked in low pH lakes. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 12(3) : 460-464. Stewart, T. J. 1987. Lake trout stocking assessment on Dickey Lake, 1981-1985. Haliburton-

Hastings Fisheries Assessment Unit Report 87-3. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bancroft, Ontario.

Stinnissen, P. 1975. 1974 lake trout spawn taking in the Mishibishu chain of lakes. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Wawa, Ontario. 16 p. + appendices. Walker, V. 1979. Lake Manitou lake trout spawn taking operation, 1958-1978. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Espanola, Ontario. 54 p. Wolfe, M. R. 1963. Lake trout spawn taking at Mishibishu Lake. File Report. Ontario Department

of Lands and Forests. White River, Ontario. Wolfe, M. R. 1964. Lake trout spawn taking at Mishibishu Lake. File Report. Ontario Department

of Lands and Forests. White River, Ontario. _____________________________________________________________________________ 100.

Lake Trout _____________________________________________________________________________________ Wolfe, M. R. 1965. Lake trout spawn taking at Mishibishu Lake. File Report. Ontario Department

of Lands and Forests. White River, Ontario. _____________________________________________________________________________

101.

Lake Whitefish ______________________________________________________________________________________ Lake Whitefish Samuel Wilmot initiated the first efforts to culture lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) at his Newcastle facility in 1867. Shortly thereafter, the Sandwich hatchery, located on the Detroit River, focused on production of whitefish fry. Large numbers of eyed eggs and fry were stocked into the Great Lakes during the late 1800s with the goal of enhancing commercial fisheries (Table 15 and Appendix 10). Whitefish were also stocked in numerous inland lakes as early as 1888. Many of these plantings were apparently intended to provide a food source for local settlers (Anonymous 1964). Table 15. Early stocking records of lake whitefish in Ontario waters (from Lasenby et al. 2001).

Year Waterbody Stocked No. Fish Stocked 1884 Lake Ontario 4,000,000 Lake Erie 6,000,000 Detroit River 16,000,000 1885 Bay of Quinte (Lake Ontario) 500,000 1887 Lake Huron 2,000,000 Lake St. Clair 1,000,000 1888 Lake Simcoe 200,000 Charleston Lake 100,000 Lake Couchiching 300,000 1889 Georgian Bay (Lake Huron) 400,000 Lake of Bays 100,000 Delta Lake 100,000 Singleton Lake 100,000 White Lake 100,000 1891 Mississippi Lake 420,000 Consecon Lake 1,000,000 1893 Long Lake 800,000 Green Lake 480,000 1894 Lake Rousseau 250,000 Sharbot Lake 400,000 1895 Upper Rideau Lake 300,000 Lower Rideau Lake 300,000 Gillies Lake 300,000

Whitefish eggs were routinely transferred from the Sandwich hatchery to facilities in Québec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Whitefish were also transferred from Ontario to Newfoundland (Scott and Crossman 1964). Lake whitefish eggs were shipped to other countries including Scotland (Department of Fisheries 1885). In total, fourteen different facilities were involved in the culture of lake whitefish (Figure 24). Production peaked in the late 1920s and 1930s with as many as 437,000,000 fry being stocked in a single year. Lake whitefish larvae, originating from both Lake Ontario and Lake Huron were stocked _____________________________________________________________________ 102.

Lake Whitefish ______________________________________________________________________________________ into Lake Simcoe during the 19th and 20th centuries. First stocked in 1888, Lake Simcoe was stocked almost annually between 1936 and 1955. Most of these fish were Georgian Bay stock which were reared at the provincial fish hatchery in Collingwood. In 1981, Lake Simcoe lake whitefish were recognized as a distinct population in which significant genetic divergence had occurred (Ihssen et al 1982). The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada accepted the eligibility of Lake Simcoe lake whitefish and assigned the status of threatened in 1987 (Evans et al. 1988). In an effort to provide a genetic refugium for the Lake Simcoe strain of lake whitefish, fish were transplanted into Upper Roslyn Lake (near Nipigon) in the mid 1980s. It is believe that this attempted introduction was unsuccessful.

Figure 24. Incubating lake whitefish eggs at the Little Current fish culture station, March 1949 (Photo by O. C. Jennette). Early efforts also included the collection of lake whitefish eggs from Rainy Lake for culture at the Kenora hatchery (Figure 25). An evaluation by Elsey (1959) concluded that the only correlation between stocking and commercial catches was a negative one. At the request of commercial fishermen from Port Dover, attempts were made to rear lake whitefish in several southwestern Ontario ponds in the late 1950s (Roseborough 1959). These efforts were unsuccessful and were eventually discontinued. Large stocking programs from several provincial facilities persisted in Lakes Erie, Huron, Superior, and Ontario until the early 1960s when it became apparent that stocking of early life stages was unsuccessful (Dymond 1956, Lapworth 1956, Ryder 1958, Christie 1963, Cucin and Regier 1965, Lawrie and Rahrer 1973). ______________________________________________________________________

103.

Lake Whitefish ______________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 25. Lake whitefish spawn collection circa 1920s (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests photo). In 1944, a study was initiated at Glenora to develop culture techniques to rear lake whitefish to a more advanced stage. This culture and stocking program began on an experimental basis in 1982. Initial efforts were intensified to develop rearing techniques for lake whitefish which were needed for the Lake Simcoe lake whitefish rehabilitation program. Significant advances were made in lake whitefish culture techniques over the next few years (Harris 1992) so that, by 1986, lake whitefish culture techniques had been developed to the point where culture could shift to a production basis. Originally, both yearlings and fall fingerlings were stocked into Lake Simcoe. Experimentation at the White Lake Fish Culture Station served to develop a dry diet-based early rearing regime as well as pioneer advanced rearing techniques (Harris 1992). Today, the intensive culture of lake whitefish has developed from depending on liver feeds during the early rearing phase to a fully intensive, dry diet-based feeding regime (Hooper 2004). Lake whitefish larvae typically attain weights of 0.5 grams by 10 weeks and the larvae have survival rates of up to 90%. In Lake Simcoe survival of stocked fingerling whitefish has been found to be comparable to stocking yearling whitefish (Amstaetter and Willox 2004). On that basis, ongoing stocking programs have involved the use of fall fingerling lake whitefish (Figure 26). Assessment also indicated that hatchery-reared whitefish made a significant contribution to the Lake Simcoe lake whitefish population (Amstaetter 2002). There has been no evidence of density-dependent mortality at current stocking levels of approximately 2 fish per hectare. Returns of hatchery-reared whitefish to the recreational fishery have been estimated at 23 kg for every 1 kg which is stocked. ______________________________________________________________________ 104.

Lake Whitefish _____________________________________________________________________________

Figure 26. Lake whitefish fingerlings are presently stocked only in Lake Simcoe (MNR photo). Currently, the only lake whitefish stocking program occurs on Lake Simcoe in an attempt to maintain the Lake Simcoe lake whitefish genetic stock until water quality improvements and fish community restructuring allow natural reproduction (McMurtry et al. 1997). This stocking program involves annual egg collections from Lake Simcoe and the subsequent release of 140-160,000 fall fingerlings annually. All fish are reared at the White Lake Fish Culture station and fin clipped prior to release. Literature Cited Amstaetter, F. 2002. The status of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in Lake Simcoe. Lake

Simcoe Fisheries Assessment Unit Report 2002-1. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Sutton, Ontario. 65 p.

Amstaetter, F. and C. C. Willox. 2004. Survival and growth of lake whitefish from two stocking

strategies in Lake Simcoe, Ontario. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 24 : 1214-1220.

Anonymous. 1964. A history of the Parry Sound District. District History Series No. 12. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Parry Sound, Ontario. 58 p. Christie, W. J. 1963. Effects of artificial propagation and the weather on recruitment in the Lake

Ontario whitefish fishery. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 20(3) : 597-646.

Cucin, D. and H. A. Regier. 1965. Dynamics and exploitation of lake whitefish in southern

Georgian Bay. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 23(2) : 221-274. Department of Fisheries. 1885. Report on fish breeding in the Dominion of Canada. Supplement

No. 2 to the First Annual Report of the Department of Fisheries. Ottawa, Ontario. _____________________________________________________________________________

105.

Lake Whitefish ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dymond, J. R. 1956. Artificial propagation in the management of Great Lakes fisheries.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 86 : 384-392. Elsey, C. A. 1959. The effect of distributing eyed whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and yellow

pickerel (Stizostedion vitreum) eggs on the commercial fisheries of Rainy Lake. Fish and Wildlife Management Report No. 48. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Fort Frances, Ontario. 4 p.

Evans, D. O., J. J. Houston, and G. N. Meredith. 1988. Status of the Lake Simcoe whitefish

(Coregonus clupeaformis) in Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist 102(2) : 103-113. Harris, K. C. 1992. Techniques used for fully intensive culture of lake whitefish (Coregonus

clupeaformis) larvae and yearlings in Ontario, Canada. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium: Biology and Management of Coregonid Fishes – 1990. Polskie Arachiwum Hydrobiologii 39(3-4) : 713-720.

Hooper, G. W. 2004. Techniques used for the intensive culture of lake whitefish (Coregonus

clupeaformis) in Ontario, Canada. Paper presented at Aquaculture Canada 2004. Québec City, Québec.

Ihssen, P. E., D. O. Evans, W. J. Christie, J. A. Reckahn, and R. L. DesJardine. 1982. Life

history, morphology, and electrophoretic characteristics of five allopatric stocks of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in the Great Lakes region. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38 : 1790-1807.

Lapworth, E. D. 1956. The effect of fry planting on whitefish production in eastern Lake Ontario.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 13(4) : 547-558. Lasenby, T. A., S. J. Kerr and G. W. Hooper. 2001. Lake whitefish culture and stocking: An

annotated bibliography and literature review. Fisheries Section, Fish & Wildlife Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 72 p. + appendices.

Lawrie, A. H. and J. F. Rahrer. 1973. Lake Superior: A case history of the lake and its fisheries.

Technical Report No. 19. Great Lakes Fishery Commission. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 69 p. McMurtry, M. J., C. C. Willox, and T. C. Smith. 1997. An overview of fisheries management for

Lake Simcoe. Lake and Reservoir Management 13(3) : 199-213. Roseborough, J. D. 1959. Report on pond rearing of yellow pickerel and whitefish in 1956, 1957,

and 1958. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Lake Erie District. 3 p. Ryder, R. A. 1958. Whitefish propagation. Sylva 14(3) : 3. Scott, W. B. and E. J. Crossman. 1964. Fishes occurring in the freshwaters of Newfoundland.

Department of Fisheries. Ottawa, Ontario. 124 p. Additional Lake Whitefish References Drouin, M. A., R. B. Kidd and J. D. Hynes. 1986. Intensive culture of lake whitefish (Coregonus

clupeaformis) using Artemia sp. and artificial feed. Aquaculture 59 : 107-118. _____________________________________________________________________________ 106.

Lake Whitefish ______________________________________________________________________________________

Evans, D. O. 1979. Management of the lake whitefish in Lake Simcoe: A fish culture proposal.

Fisheries Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Maple, Ontario. Evans, D. O., R. L. DesJardine, B. A. Potter, and P. Waring. 1985. Stocking rates for yearling

lake whitefish on Lake Simcoe. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Maple, Ontario. Harris, K. C. 1991. Intensive culture of lake whitefish larvae and yearlings. p. 226-229 In H.

Wester [ed.]. Proceedings of the Northcentral Aquaculture Conference. Kalamazoo, Michigan.

Harris, K. C. and P. F. Hulsman. 1990. Intensive culture of lake whitefish (Coregonus

clupeaformis) from larvae to yearling size using artificial dry feeds. Aquaculture 96 : 255-268.

MacCrimmon, H. R. and E. Skobe. 1970. The fisheries of Lake Simcoe. Ontario Department of

Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 140 p. Walmsley, M. 1983. Feeding fussy fish. Aski. November : 7. Willox, C. C. 1990. Lake Simcoe: A case history of fish stocking. File Report. Lake Simcoe

Fisheries Assessment Unit. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Sutton, Ontario. ______________________________________________________________________

107.

Muskellunge ______________________________________________________________________________________ Muskellunge The first record of muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) being propagated in Canada was in 1876 at Rice Lake (Dominion of Canada 1876, MacCrimmon et al. 1974). The next attempt at muskellunge culture in Ontario began at a portable facility on the Pigeon River at Omemee in 1927. Water was pumped from the river by two gasoline engines into an elevated tank and then, by gravity, into a series of wooden raceways (MacKay 1931). This facility operated from 1927-1937. In 1929, a temporary rearing facility was also operated on the Scugog River near Sturgeon Lake. In 1934, eggs were collected at Crowe Lake and reared at a culture facility in Belleville. A provincial fish culture station was constructed at Deer Lake, near Havelock, Ontario, in 1938 and muskellunge production was shifted to that site. Between 1948 and 1965, a total of 84,485,000 muskellunge eggs were collected and reared at the Deer Lake facility. During that period 53,387,000 fry and 696,688 fingerlings were stocked (Hunt 1966). Commencing in 1952, muskellunge fry were also transferred to the Skeleton Lake Fish Culture Station, near Bracebridge, from the Deer Lake facility. One of the earliest attempts to rear muskellunge to the fingerling stage was reported by Elson (1940). Fry were planted in a marshy bay in Stoney Lake near Burleigh Falls and an attempt was made to remove all predators (e.g., turtles, fish, etc.) over the summer. The marsh was blocked off from the remainder of the lake. A yield of 0.8 advanced fingerlings (approximately 25 cm in length) for each 1,000 fry planted was obtained. Both fry and fingerlings (8-10 week old fish) were reared at provincial hatcheries for stocking. With few exceptions, the Kawartha Lakes strain (from Stoney and Buckhorn lakes) of muskellunge was used (Figure 27). The Crowe River was used as an egg source from 1962-1964. Some early muskellunge egg collections were also conducted in conjunction with a carp removal program on Lake Scugog (MacCrimmon 1955). In the early 1970s, the Rice Lake Tourist Association was also involved with some pond culture of muskellunge. For several years approximately 5-6,000 muskellunge fingerlings were released annually into Rice Lake (Clay 1973, 1974). More than 275 Ontario waters were stocked with muskellunge over a fifty year period (Kerr 2001). Most of these stocked waters were situated in southcentral Ontario. Introductions were successful in establishing naturally reproducing populations in 71 lakes (MNR 1987). The Deer Lake Fish Culture Station was closed in 1990 as a result of operating expenses, the overall inability to rear large quantities of muskellunge, and the recognition that muskellunge in Ontario should be managed on a self-sustaining basis. There have been several muskellunge transfer projects (Table 16). From 1952-1958, transfers of juvenile and adult muskellunge were made from Nogies Creek into Pigeon and Sturgeon lakes (Muir 1960, Muir and Sweet 1964, Spangler 1968). Sublegal-sized muskellunge were transferred from Marl and Wigman lakes near Kenora and released ______________________________________________________________________ 108.

Muskellunge ______________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 27. Muskellunge spawn collection in the Kawartha Lakes, May 1947 (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests photo). into Rainy Lake in the mid 1950s (Fraser 1956). In 1963, 136 muskellunge were transferred from Maskinonge Lake to Little Vermilion and Minnitaki lakes (Armstrong 1964). In the mid 1960s, approximately 1,000 muskellunge were transferred and introduced into thirteen lakes in the Sioux Lookout area of northwestern Ontario (Semotak and Penney 1966, Penney 1968). Table 16. Muskellunge transfer projects in Ontario.

Year(s)

Donor Water

Recipient Water

No. Fish Transferred

1952-58 Nogies Creek Sturgeon Lake 692 1952-58 Nogies Creek Pigeon Lake 841 Mid 1950s Marl and Wigwam lakes Rainy Lake 66 1963 Maskinonge Lake Minnitaki and Little

Vermilion lakes 140

Mid 1960s Unknown 13 Sioux Lookout area lakes 1,000 1966 Nogies Creek Pigeon and Sturgeon lakes 161 1966 Maskinonge Lake Sturgeon Lake

Pakwash Lake Red Lake

Abram Lake Minnitaki Lake

36 41 36 76 54

1967 Nogies Creek Rice Lake 31 1967 Maskinonge Lake Sturgeon Lake 60 1968 Maskinonge Lake Sturgeon Lake

Minnitaki Lake 26 21

______________________________________________________________________

109.

Muskellunge ______________________________________________________________________________________ One of the most comprehensive assessments of muskellunge stocking was conducted by McNeil (1979). The project involved the release of hatchery-reared muskellunge in Nogies Creek which already supported a resident population of muskellunge. McNeil’s findings may be summarized as follows: • Initial post-stocking mortality was high. • Predation and cannibalism were important sources of mortality for recently stocked

muskellunge. • Stocked muskellunge dispersed quickly from their release site. • Survival increased with the size of young-of-the-year fish stocked but this did not

influence contribution to year class strength. • Survival of stocked young-of-the-year muskellunge decreased as stocking density

increased. • Removal of any paired fin was equally detrimental to short term survival. McNeil concluded that stocking hatchery-reared muskellunge could be an effective management technique where natural recruitment was a problem. The most recent muskellunge stocking project has involved the Spanish River delta in the North Channel of Lake Huron (LeBeau 1995). In an effort to restore a remnant population, 8,902 fall fingerlings and 1,360 yearlings were stocked over an eight year period (1996-2003). Assessment efforts have recently been initiated and there is evidence that the rehabilitative stocking program has been successful. There are currently plans to re-introduce muskellunge back into Lake Simcoe (Buchanan and Lebeau 2000). Initial efforts commenced in 2005 with the release of a small number of fall fingerlings. Further stocking is planned in this multi-year project. Literature Cited Armstrong, A. 1964. Tagging and transfer of maskinonge from Maskinonge Lake and Little

Vermilion Lake in Sioux Lookout District, 1963. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sioux Lookout, Ontario. 9 p.

Buchanan, I. and B. Lebeau. 2000. Muskellunge restoration feasibility study, Lake Simcoe.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Aurora, Ontario. 73 p. Clay, C. 1973. 1973 pond emptying. Rice Lake Tourist Association Newsletter 15(8) :1. Clay, C. 1974. 1974 pond emptying. Rice Lake Tourist Association Newsletter 16(7) : 1. Dominion of Canada. 1876. Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries. Supplement No. 4 to the

Ninth Annual Report of the Minister of Marine Fisheries. Ottawa, Ontario. _____________________________________________________________________________ 110.

Muskellunge ______________________________________________________________________________________ Elson, P. F. 1940. Rearing maskinonge in a protected area. Transactions of the American

Fisheries Society 40 : 421-429. Fraser, J. M. 1956. The transfer of sublegal maskinonge from Marl and Wigwam lakes to Rainy

Lake, District of Fort Frances. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Fort Frances, Ontario. 7 p.

Hunt, J. M. 1966. Miles ‘n miles of musky. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 5(2) : 16-18. Kerr, S. J. 2001. Records of muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) stocking in Ontario, 1900-1999.

Fish and Wildlife Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. LeBeau, B. 1995. Muskellunge reintroduction feasibility study, Spanish Harbour Area of Concern.

p. 11-18 In S. J. Kerr and C. H. Olver [eds.]. Managing Muskies in the 90s Workshop Proceedings. Southern Region Science and Technology Transfer Unit. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. 167 p.

MacCrimmon, H. R. 1955. The Lake Scugog carp removal program, 1947-1955. File Report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 1 p. MacCrimmon, H. R., J. E. Stewart, and J. R. Brett. 1974. Aquaculture in Canada: The practice

and promise. Fisheries and Marine Service. Department of the Environment. Ottawa, Ontario.

MacKay, H. H. 1931. The maskinonge and its conservation. Bulletin No. 1. Biological and Fish

Culture Branch. Ontario Department of Game and Fisheries. Toronto, Ontario. 11 p. McNeil, F. I. 1979. Survival and contribution of hatchery-reared muskellunge (Esox masquinongy)

introduced into a naturally reproducing population of muskellunge. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Toronto. Toronto, Ontario. 101 p.

Muir, B. S. 1960. Comparison of growth rates for native and hatchery stocked populations of Esox

masquinongy in Nogies Creek, Ontario. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 17(6) : 919-927.

Muir, B. S. and J. G. Sweet. 1964. The survival, growth, and movement of Esox masquinongy

transplanted from Nogies Creek sanctuary to public fishing waters. Canadian Fish Culturist 32 : 31-44.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1987. Atlas of muskellunge lakes in Ontario. Fisheries

Branch. Toronto, Ontario. 34 p. Penney, L. 1968. Capture and transplanting of adult muskellunge at Sioux Lookout. File Report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sioiux Lookout, Ontario. 8 p. Semotak, M. J. and L. Penney. 1966. Operation musky. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 5(4) : 17-18. Spangler, G. R. 1968. Angler harvest and mortality of Esox masquinongy in Pigeon and Sturgeon

lakes, Ontario. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25(6) : 1145-1154. ______________________________________________________________________

111.

Muskellunge ______________________________________________________________________________________ Additional Muskellunge References Anonymous. 1940. Hatchery production of maskinonge. Monthly Bulletin of the Department of

Game and Fisheries 4(7) : 9-10. Anonymous, 1948. Ontario maskinonge propagation. Hunting and Fishing in Canada 16(9) : 35. Anonymous. 1948. Deer Lake ‘lung hatchery enlarged. News Letter Bulletin 10(5) : 8. Anonymous. 1948. Rearing muskies. Northwestern Ontario Sportsman 3(6) : 12. Anonymous. 1982. Ontario muskies catch an Orient express. Aski. November : 9. Buie, G. D. 1960. Omemee maskinonge hatchery. Weekly report of the Lindsay District. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. July 25, 1960. Lindsay, Ontario. Cholmondeley, R., M. Eckersley, and L. Deacon. 1989. A feasibility study of stocking

muskellunge into the St. Lawrence River. St. Lawrence River Fisheries Management Unit Report 1989-01. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Brockville, Ontario. 36 p.

Craig, R. E. 1976. The Niagara River maskinonge (Esox masquinongy). File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Fonthill, Ontario. 7 p. Gallant, J. 1976. Artificial propagation of maskinonge at the Deer Lake hatchery and a brief

description of the Stoney Lake broodstock. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Lindsay, Ontario. 6 p. + tables.

Harris, K. G. 1987. Deer Lake fish culture station muskellunge culture operations assessment

report. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Lindsay, Ontario. Harris, K. G. 1988. A survey of North American muskellunge culture techniques. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Lindsay, Ontario. 125 p. Hunt, J. M. 1963. The Deer Lake maskinonge hatchery. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands

and Forests. Lindsay, Ontario. 4 p. Kerr, S. J. and T. A. Lasenby. 2001. Esocid stocking: An annotated bibliography and literature

review. Fish & Wildlife Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 138 p. + appendices.

McNeil, F. I. and E. J. Crossman. 1979. Fin clips in the evaluation of stocking programs for

muskellunge (Esox masquinongy). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 108(4) : 335-343.

Muir, B. S. 1960. The Nogies Creek maskinonge project. Sylva 16(3) : 38-39. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1988. Stocking histories for introduced populations of

muskellunge. File Report. Fisheries Branch. Toronto, Ontario. _____________________________________________________________________________ 112.

Muskellunge ______________________________________________________________________________________ Smith, N. W. 1995. Muskellunge stocking: Is it a viable management option? p. 155-158 In S. J.

Kerr and C. H. Olver [eds.]. Managing Muskies in the 90s Workshop Proceedings. Southern Region Science and Technology Transfer Unit. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. 167 p.

______________________________________________________________________

113.

Pink Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ Pink Salmon The history of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, Figure 28) in Ontario is an incredible story. Pink salmon were first cultured in Ontario through the collaborative efforts of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, federal Department of Fisheries, and the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission (IPSFC). In the fall of 1955, pink salmon eggs were collected at the Skeena River, British Columbia, by Department of Fisheries staff and reared to the eyed egg stage at the IPSFC hatchery at Horsefly Lake (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests 1957). Eyed eggs were shipped to Ontario in November of that year and reared at the Port Arthur hatchery. In January 1956, 513,000 pink salmon fry were stocked into Goose Creek, a Hudson Bay tributary near Port Severn, in the hopes of establishing a sea-run population. The fish were released under two feet of ice over artificially prepared gravel redds (Reynolds 1964). Post-stocking fyke netting captured almost 500 fingerlings on their way downstream but the stocking project failed to establish a spawning run.

Figure 28. Male (top) and female (bottom) pink salmon from the Michipicoten River, eastern Lake Superior (MNR photo by S. Kerr). The planned introduction failed but, ironically, there was an in advertent release of approximately 21,000 fingerlings into the Current River (via a sewer) and a small number (300-350 fish) near Pie Island in Lake Superior (Emery 1985). The release of this excess stock established a population which ultimately spread throughout the Great Lakes. Pink salmon were first captured in Lake Superior in 1957 (Schumacher and Eddy 1960). They were subsequently reported in Lake Huron (1969) and Lake Michigan (1973) (Collins ______________________________________________________________________ 114.

Pink Salmon ________________________________________________________________________________________

1975, Kwain and Lawrie 1981). By 1979, pink salmon were present in all of the Great Lakes (Emery 1981, Figure 29).

Figure 29. After their accidental introduction, pink salmon established spawning runs in many Great Lakes tributaries (MNR photo by S. Kerr). Ontario has adopted a “passive” management approach with respect to pink salmon (i.e., they are not assisted nor are they prevented from spawning) (MNR 1987). Pink salmon have had only limited appeal to Ontario anglers. Since their introduction to the Great Lakes, pink salmon have displayed considerable plasticity in their physiological and reproductive behaviour (Kwain and Chappel 1978, Kwain and Kerr 1984, Kwain 1987). They are believed to be the only self-sustaining population existing in a freshwater environment (Kwain 1982). Literature Cited Collins, J. J. 1975. Occurrence of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in Lake Huron. Journal of

the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32 : 402-404. Emery, L. 1981. Range extension of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) into the lower Great

lakes. Fisheries 6(2) : 7-10. Emery, L. 1985. Review of fish species introduced into the Great Lakes, 1819-1974. Technical

Report No. 45. Great Lakes Fishery Commission. Ann Arbor, Michgian. 31 p. Kwain, W. 1982. Spawning behaviour and early life history of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus

gorbuscha) in the Great Lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39 : 1353-1360. _______________________________________________________________________________

115.

Pink Salmon ______________________________________________________________________________________ Kwain, W. 1987. Record size of freshwater pink salmon. North American Journal of Fisheries

Management 7(2) : 302-303. Kwain, W. and J. A. Chappel. 1978. First evidence for even year spawning pink salmon

(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in Lake Superior. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 35 : 1373-1376.

Kwain, W. and S. J. Kerr. 1984. Return of 1-year old pink salmon in Michipicoten River, eastern

Lake Superior. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 4 : 335-337. Kwain, W. and A. H. Lawrie. 1981. Pink salmon in the Great Lakes. Fisheries 6(2) : 2-6. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1957. Game Fish. p. 70-78 In 1956 Annual Report of the

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1987. Pacific salmon management guidelines. Policy FI 3.02.01. Fisheries Branch. Toronto, Ontario. 7 p. Reynolds, J. K. 1964. Pink salmon in Ontario. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 3(3) : 18-21. Schumacher, R. E. and S. Eddy. 1960. The appearance of pink salmon in Lake Superior.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 89(4) : 371-373. Additional Pink Salmon References Kokila, H. W. 1971. Pink salmon. Weekly news release. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests.

Geraldton, Ontario. 2 p. Kwain, W. 1978. Pink salmon are here to stay. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 17(4) : 17-19. Nunan, P. J. 1967. Pink salmon in Lake Superior. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 6(3-4) : 9-14. Reid, D. 1980. The first pinks in Lake Erie. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 19(3) : 2-5. Ricker, W. E. and K. H. Loftus. 1968. Pacific salmon move east. Fisheries Council of Canada Annual

Review. Ottawa, Ontario. 3 p. Ryder, R. A. undated. Advisability of continuing the Pacific Salmon program in Ontario with

proposals regarding future introductions. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Port Arthur, Ontario. 9 p.

______________________________________________________________________ 116.

Rainbow Trout ________________________________________________________________________________________

Rainbow Trout Rainbow trout (Figure 30) are considered a naturalized species in Ontario. They were first introduced to the Great Lakes by U.S. agencies in the 1870s. Many early releases of rainbow trout are also attributed to private citizens. For example, the first release of rainbow trout in Ontario was believed to have been in a Lake St. Clair tributary by a private individual in 1882 (MacCrimmon 1977). The fish were obtained from the Northville hatchery in Michigan (MacCrimmon 1971). Samuel Wilmot was the first Canadian to culture rainbow trout at his Newcastle, Ontario, facility in 1887 (MacCrimmon et al. 1974). Although records are sketchy, the first Canadian plantings of rainbow trout occurred during the late 1880s in Lakes Erie, Ontario and Superior. It is believed that a strain of rainbow trout from the McLeod River, California, was used (Crawford 2001). Two of the earliest plantings by the province of Ontario were in the St. Marys River (1883) and the Nottawasaga River (1890). By the early 1900s rainbow trout had developed self-sustaining populations in all of the Great Lakes.

Figure 30. Rainbow trout have become an extremely popular sport fish species since being introduced into Ontario (Photo by B. Dawson). In 1911, the Canada Department of Marine and Fisheries imported 75,000 rainbow trout eggs from a hatchery in Bath, New York, for the Ottawa hatchery. Subsequent egg imports in 1912 were to federal hatcheries in Port Arthur and Southampton (MacCrimmon and Gots 1972). In 1914, Lake Superior steelhead eggs were transferred to the provincial hatchery at Mount Pleasant. By 1917, most rainbow trout production had been shifted to the Normandale fish culture station and a broodstock was developed by 1929. ________________________________________________________________________

117.

Rainbow Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Government stocking programs commenced in 1912 (Lake Huron), 1918 (Lake Simcoe), 1922 (Lake Ontario and Lake Superior), and 1936 (Lake Erie). In 1934, Ontario imported a fall-early winter spawning strain of rainbow trout from Minnesota and began stocking these fish into the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes (Crawford 2001). Some of the first releases of rainbow trout destined for Lake Ontario are believed to have taken place in Bronte Creek and the Humber River (Christie 1973). In Lake Ontario, rainbow trout stocking increased from 107,000 fish in 1972 to 1.1 million by 1990. Establishing rainbow trout in the Great Lakes was not without impact. In many coldwater tributary streams, rainbow trout are believed to have replaced resident brook trout (see review by Kerr and Grant 2000). The presence of rainbow trout is also known to reduce growth in juvenile brook trout (Rose 1986). In addition to stocking tributaries to enhance Great Lakes fisheries, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources also stocks rainbow trout in small inland lakes and ponds to provide put-and-take fisheries. These waters are often stocked with a catchable-sized fish, sustain a great deal of angling effort, and usually produce good returns from planted fish. Numerous attempts have made to establish landlocked populations of rainbow trout in inland lakes but most have been unsuccessful. Two unique strains of rainbow trout have been stocked into Ontario: Kamloops trout and Skamania steelhead. Neither introduction served to establish a resident population. Skamania steelhead (Figure 31) were an early-running strain which was produced at the Skamania hatchery in Washington, USA, by artificial selection. They were chosen for the Ontario waters of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay in order to provide an exciting nearshore summer fishery (Kerr 1984, Choronzey 1985). Between 1989 and 1994, a total of 420,895 Skamania were reared and stocked jointly by MNR and the Sydenham Sportsman’s Association (Table 17). Stocking sites included Colpoys Creek, the Saugeen River and the Sydenham River but the majority (93%) of fish were planted in the Sydenham River. Returns of spawning fish did not meet expectations and the program was discontinued in 1995 (see Dobbs 1995). Rainbow trout have also been transferred from one waterbody to another. For example, in 1963, 59 adult rainbow trout captured in Lake Superior were released in Tukanee Lake. In 1964, 19 rainbow trout were transferred from Lake Superior to Agonzon Lake in the White River area (Wilton 1964). Both of these transfers were intended to provide rainbow trout angling opportunities along the Trans Canada Highway corridor. Adult rainbow trout have also been transported around barriers and released further upstream in several Lake Huron/Georgian Bay tributaries (Anonymous 1975, George 1980, Coultes 1989).

Currently, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources stocks approximately 250,000 rainbow trout annually in the Great Lakes as well as inland lakes. Rainbow trout are also reared by local sportsman clubs under the Community Fisheries and Wildlife Involvement Program (CFWIP). In 2001, over 730,000 rainbow trout were reared and stocked by _____________________________________________________________________________ 118.

Rainbow Trout

Figure 31. Skamania steelhead from southern Lake Michigan (MNR photo by S. Kerr). Table 17. Skamania steelhead stocking in the Ontario waters of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. Year River Stocked Life Stage No. Fish Stocked 1989 Colpoys Creek Yearlings 10,128 Saugeen River Yearlings 2,000 Sydenham River Yearlings 26,930 1990 Sydenham River Fingerlings 65,950 Yearlings 31,730 1991 Colpoys Creek Yearlings 10,700 Saugeen River Fingerlings 5,000 Sydenham River Fingerlings 60,944 Yearlings 49,500 1992 Saugeen River Yearlings 500 Sydenham River Fingerlings 38,552 Yearlings 13,377 1993 Sydenham River Fingerlings 28,000 Yearlings 14,500 1994 Sydenham River Fingerlings 42,084 Yearlings 21,000 CFWIP proponents. Rainbow trout are stocked largely to provide artificial fisheries and to diversify angling opportunities. Due to its popularity as a sport fish, rainbow trout will remain a species which will likely continue to be stocked in the future by both MNR and CFWIP proponents. ________________________________________________________________________

119.

Rainbow Trout ________________________________________________________________________________________ Literature Cited Anonymous. 1975. Transportation of adult rainbow trout from Denny’s Dam to the main Saugeen

River above Hanover and the Beatty Saugeen River. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario.

Choronzey, D. 1985. Skamania mania. Ontario Fisherman. August-September : 40-44. Christie, W. J. 1973. A review of the changes in fish species composition of Lake Ontario. Technical

Report No. 23. Great Lakes Fishery Commission. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 65 p. Coultes, K. 1989. An assessment of the spawning success of transferred adult rainbow trout and

migration of clipped yearling rainbow trout in Anderson Creek, 1989. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Wingham, Ontario.


and evaluation of ecological effects. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 132. Ottawa, Ontario. 205 p.

Dobbs, R. 1995. Owen Sound Skamania rainbow trout stocking program review. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. 14 p. George, J. 1980. Spawning success of upstream transplanted adult rainbow trout in the Saugeen

River. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. Kerr, J. 1984. Summer steelhead strains. Ontario Out of Doors. September : 14-15. Kerr, S. J. and R. E. Grant. Rainbow trout. p. 379-405 In Ecological Impacts of Fish Introductions:

Evaluating the Risk. Fish and Wildlife Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 473 p.

MacCrimmon, H. R. 1971. World distribution of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of the

Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28(5) : 663-704. MacCrimmon, H. R. 1977. Rainbow trout. In Animals, man, and change: Alien and extinct wildlife of

Ontario. McClelland and Stewart. Toronto, Ontario. 160 p. MacCrimmon, H. R. and B. L. Gots. 1972. Rainbow Trout in the Great Lakes. Sport Fisheries

Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 66 p. MacCrimmon, H. R., J. E. Stewart, and J. R. Brett. 1974. Aquaculture in Canada: The practice and

the promise. Bulletin 188. Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 84 p. Rose, G. A. 1986. Growth decline in subyearling brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) after emergence

of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 433 : 187-193.

Wilton, M. L. 1964. White River district rainbow trout transfer. File Report. Ontario Department of

Lands and Forests. White River, Ontario. _____________________________________________________________________________ 120.

Rainbow Trout ________________________________________________________________________________________ Additional Rainbow Trout References Anonymous. 1973. Rainbow trout eyed egg plantings in the Owen Sound District, spring 1973. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. Anonymous. 1989. Rainbow trout stocking assessment on Kilbourne Lake, Abinger Township. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bancroft, Ontario. 1 p. Anonymous. 1994. Rainbow trout stocking assessment on Hart Lake, Gill Township. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Hearst, Ontario. 2 p. Anonymous. 1994. Rainbow trout stocking assessment on Lake #68, Frost Township. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Hearst, Ontario. 1 p. Anonymous. undated. Rainbow trout stocking assessment on Blakely Lake, Denbigh Township. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bancroft, Ontario. 4 p. Anonymous. undated. Rainbow trout stocking assessment on Chouinard Lake, Ashby Township.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bancroft, Ontario. 2 p. Anonymous. undated. Angler success for stocked rainbow trout on Mair (Green) Lake. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bancroft, Ontario. 2 p. Anonymous. undated. Angler success for stocked rainbow trout on Kilbourne Lake, Abinger

Township. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bancroft, Ontario. 2 p. Anonymous. undated. Angler success for stocked rainbow trout on Wolfe Lake, South Canonto

Township. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bancroft, Ontario. 2 p. Belfry, S. 2005. Review of rainbow trout stocking in High Lake, 1999-2005. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. North Bay, Ontario. 5 p. Berst, A. H. and A. M. McCombie. 1975. Rainbow trout and splake in a southern Ontario reservoir.

Research Report No. 96. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Maple, Ontario. 21 p. Bowlby, J. N. 1990. Stocking assessment of brown trout, rainbow trout, and coho salmon in the boat

fishery of western Lake Ontario. Chapter 4 In 1990 Annual Report of the Lake Ontario Fisheries Unit.Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Richmond Hill, Ontario.

Bowlby, J. N., L. Halyk, and J. Bissett. 1992. Assessment of stocked brown trout, rainbow trout,

coho salmon and Chinook salmon in Lake Ontario. p. 3.1-3.7 In 1992 Annual Report of the Lake Ontario Management Unit. Picton, Ontario.

Butts, G. and M. Stanley. 1984. A summary of fish plantings in the Saugeen River watershed, 1952-

83. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. Clark, F. 1993. Rainbow trout stocking assessment on Moon Lake. File Report. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Blind River, Ontario. 6 p. Dietz, R. 1991. Pointe-aux-Pins Salmon and Trout Club rainbow trout stocking program review. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Chatham, Ontario. _______________________________________________________________________________

121.

Rainbow Trout ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dueck, L. A. 1994. Population divergence of introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the

Lake Ontario watershed based on the mitrochondrial genome. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Guelph. Guelph, Ontario. 173 p.

Elliot, S. 1974. Rainbow trout eyed egg plantings in the Owen Sound District, Spring 1974. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. Ferguson, M. M., P. E. Ihssen, and J. D. Hynes. 1991. Are cultured stocks of brown trout and

rainbow trout genetically similar to their source populations? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48(Supplement 1) : 118-123.

Fraser, J. M. 1972. Recovery of planted brook trout, splake, and rainbow trout from selected Ontario

lakes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29 : 129-142. Grieve, W. J. 1979. Natural reproduction vs. plantings, Colpoys Creek. File Report. Ontario Ministry

of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. Halyk, L. and D. Miller. 1983. Survival of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) embryos in Big Creek

above Quance Dam. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Simcoe, Ontario. 20 p. Kerr, S. J. 1983. 1982 summer creel census and stocking assessment program on six artificial

fisheries near Owen Sound, Ontario. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. 39 p. + appendices.

Kerr, S. J. and T. A. Lasenby. 2000. Rainbow trout stocking in inland lakes and streams: An

annotated bibliography and literature review. Fish & Wildlife Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 220 p. + appendices.

Kerr, S. J., N. W. Smith, and W. Kwain. 1987. Management and assessment proposals for the

introduction of Skamania steelhead into the Owen Sound District waters of Georgian Bay. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. 7 p.

MacKay, H. H. undated. The commercial culture of rainbow trout in Denmark with notes on their

culture in the United States and in Ontario, Canada. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 21 p.

McKee, A. C. 1984. 1983 summer creel census and stocking assessment program on seven artificial

fisheries in the Owen Sound District. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario.

McKee, A. C. 1987. 1987 adult Skamania rainbow trout collection, Saugeen River. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. 4 p. McLeish, D. 1984. Techniques for assessing post-stocking life history characteristics of juvenile

salmonids. Lake Ontario Fisheries Assessment Unit Report 84-5. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Picton, Ontario.

Munkittrick, K. R. undated. Gamete handling techniques to increase reproductive success in cultured

rainbow trout. International Aquaculture Development Company. Erin, Ontario. 25 p. ______________________________________________________________________ 122.

Rainbow Trout ________________________________________________________________________________________

Schraeder, H. A. 1989. Creel survey report for four Conservation Area ponds stocked with rainbow

trout. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Aylmer, Ontario. 18 p. Schraeder, H. A. 1990. An investigation of angling for stocked rainbow trout (Oncorhychus mykiss)

at Springwater Conservation Area pond and at Lake Whittaker. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Aylmer, Ontario. 12 p.

Smith, N. W. 1986. Skamania steelhead – Results of a fact finding trip to Indiana. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. London, Ontario. Smitka, J. 1973. Guidelines for stocking salmonids into Lake Ontario with special reference to coho

salmon, rainbow trout and Chinook salmon. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Maple, Ontario. 16 p.

_____________________________________________________________________________ 123.

Splake and Lake Trout Backcross ______________________________________________________________________________________ Splake and Lake Trout Backcross The F1 splake (Salvelinus namaycush x S. fontinalis, Figure 32) is a first generation hybrid resulting from a cross between a lake trout (usually a female) and a brook trout (usually a male). Experimental attempts to cross brook trout and lake trout occurred at the federal hatchery in Port Arthur during World War I (MacCrimmon 1977). The hybrid was not believed to be fertile or have any practical use so the project was discontinued. In 1946, the Canadian Wildlife Service resurrected the splake program at a hatchery in Banff National Park. Their research suggested it was better to fertilize the larger lake trout egg with brook trout milt and confirmed that the hybrid was indeed fertile. In 1950, 1,000 eyed eggs were shipped to Ontario from the Banff hatchery. Initially, rearing and experimentation was conducted at the Dorion and Tarentorus fish culture stations. Early in the program, parent stock were female lake trout (Montreal River strain) and male brook trout of domestic origin (MacCrimmon 1977). The splake program was subsequently transferred to the Chatsworth Fish Culture Station.

Figure 32. The hybrid splake provides many popular inland fisheries in Ontario (Department of Fisheries and Oceans illustration). The hybrid splake was the subject of a selective breeding program initiated in the 1950s to develop a top predator to replace the lake trout after it’s collapse in the Great Lakes. The fish was required to mature, spawn and sustain itself while under predation from a residual sea lamprey population and exploitation by a fishery (Spangler and Berst 1976). The hybrid was also needed to stock intermediate-sized waters where plantings of lake trout or brook trout had been unsuccessful in providing inland put-and-delayed take fishing opportunities. The first stocking of this artificial hybrid involved the release of 24,500 fingerling fish into seven lakes in northeastern Ontario in 1953. By the mid 1950s, the first plantings of splake had taken place in several Algonquin Park lakes. In 1965, a decision was made to use the splake to restore a deepwater salmonid predator ______________________________________________________________________ 124.

Splake and Lake Trout Backcross ______________________________________________________________________________________

(formerly lake trout) in Lake Huron which had been decimated by sea lamprey. The rationale was that this hybrid would mature earlier and have the opportunity to spawn before becoming vulnerable to lamprey predation. Large numbers of splake were planted annually in the North Channel, Georgian Bay and northern Lake Huron. F1 splake evolved through a number of genetic selections designed to select for early maturity and preference for deep water. Assessment indicated that few fish were surviving past 3 years of age and there was little evidence of natural reproduction. In 1978, stocking efforts switched to a lake trout backcross. Lake trout backcross (a select splake crossed with a lake trout) were closer genetically to lake trout. Lake trout backcross were reared at the Chatsworth Fish Culture Station. Annual plantings were carried out in Georgian Bay and the eastern portion of the North Channel. These plantings produced large populations which provided intensive sport and commercial fisheries. A formal review of the lake trout backcross stocking program was conducted in 1989 (OMNR 1989). The entire program was discontinued in the early 1990s and rehabilitative efforts were switched to lake trout. Splake were stocked into the eastern basin of Lake Ontario in 1968 and 1969. Returns were disappointingly low and the program was discontinued. The F1 splake stocking program has continued to provide hatchery-dependent fisheries in many inland waters which were considered marginal for either brook trout or lake trout. Splake had many desirable qualities for this purpose. They survive better after stocking than most other salmonids (Fraser 1980), have rapid growth and provide higher yields (Spangler and Berst 1976, Ihssen et al. 1982), can prey on and coexist with yellow perch (Rumsey and Lamarre 1994), and have less stringent water quality requirements than either parent species (Snucins 1992). The earliest assessment of splake stocking programs occurred in Algonquin Provincial Park and in South Bay, Lake Huron. During the 1970s and 1980s, a good deal of stocking assessment was conducted by J. Fraser in Algonquin Park. There has also been a considerable amount of assessment conducted by MNR field staff over the past twenty-five years. Some of the key findings from these research and assessment programs include:

• Lakes should have a relatively simple fish community but an abundance of forage (Fraser 1980). • Size of fish increases survival and returns to the angler – a 50-75 gm yearling fish should be stocked for put-and-delayed angling purposes (MNR 1999). • Annual stocking of a water with splake does not produce the best returns – lakes should only be stocked every 2-3 years (MNR 2002) • Splake often seek shelter and may spend time near the bottom after release (Fraser 1980). • Splake remain in the fishery for as long as 6 or 7 years (Fraser 1980). • Stock history influences post-stocking survival (Fraser 1988). • Splake utilize similar spawning habitat as brook trout but spawn earlier (Hansen 1972, Spangler and Berst 1978). • F1 hybrids (male brook trout x female lake trout) outperform other hybrids and their parent species in terms of growth (Spangler and Berst 1978).

________________________________________________________________________ 125.

Splake and Lake Trout Backcross ______________________________________________________________________________________ Between 700,000-900,000 F1 splake are currently stocked annually in Ontario. They are used to provide put-grow-take fisheries in inland waters which are no longer capable of sustaining lake trout or brook trout. Literature Cited Fraser, J. M. 1980. Survival, growth and food habits of brook trout and F1 splake planted in

Precambrian shield lakes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 109 : 491-501. Fraser, J. M. 1988. Comparative recoveries of matched plants of two F1 splake (Salvelinus

namaycush x S. fontinalis) strains (LMHL versus OPHL) in five study lakes. Fisheries Research Section. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Maple, Ontario. 13 p.

Hansen, D. W. M. 1972. Reproductive interactions between the brook trout and splake of Redrock

Lake, Ontario. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Toronto. Toronto, Ontario. 91 p. Ihssen, P. E., M. J. Powell, and M. Miller. 1982. Survival and growth of matched plantings of lake

trout (Salvelinus namaycush), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and lake x brook F1 splake hybrids and backcrosses in northeastern Ontario lakes. Ontario Fisheries Technical Report Series No. 6. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 12 p.

MacCrimmon, H. R. 1977. Splake. In Animals, man, and change: Alien and extinct wildlife of

Ontario. McClelland and Stewart. Toronto, Ontario. 160 p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1989. A review of the lake trout backcross program in Lake

Huron. Workshop synthesis prepared by the Lake Huron Fisheries Management Committee. Dorset, Ontario. 15 p.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1999. F1 splake. In Stocks Catalogue. Fish Culture Section.

Peterborough, Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 2002. Guidelines for stocking fish in inland waters of Ontario.

Fish and Wildlife Branch. Peterborough, Ontario. 44 p. Rumsey, C. and T. Lemarre. 1994. A preliminary report on the effects of F1 splake plantings on a

stunted yellow perch population in a small Precambrian shield lake. File Report. Sir Sandford Fleming College. Lindsay, Ontario. 7 p.

Snucins, E. J. 1992. Relative survival of hatchery-reared lake trout, brook trout, and F1 splake

stocked in low pH lakes. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 12(3) : 460-464. Spangler, G. R. and A. H. Berst. 1976. Performance of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)

backcrosses, F1 splake (Salvelinus fontinalis x. S. namaycush) and lake trout in Lake Huron. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33 : 2402-2407.

Spangler, G. R. and A. H. Berst. 1978. Questions and answers on splake. Ontario Fish & Wildlife

Review 17(2) : 3-8. Additional Splake References Anonymous. 1959. Trout hybrids introduced. p. 9-10 In A Guide to Angling in Algonquin Provincial

Park. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Whitney, Ontario. _____________________________________________________________________________ 126.

Splake and Lake Trout Backcross ______________________________________________________________________________________

Ayles, G. B. and A. H. Berst. 1973. Parental age and survival of progeny of splake hybrids

(Salvelinus fontinalis x S. namaycush). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30 : 579-580. Berst, A. H. and A. M. McCombie. 1975. Rainbow trout and splake in a southern Ontario reservoir.

Fish and Wildlife Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 21 p. Berst, A. H., P. E. Ihssen, G. R. Spangler, G. B. Ayles, and G. W. Martin. 1980. The splake, a hybrid

charr, Salvelinus namaycush x S. fontinalis. p. 841-888 In E. K. Balon [ed.]. Charrs – Salmonid Fishes of the Genus Salvelinus. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague.

Berst, A. H., A. R. Emery, and G. R. Spangler. 1981. Reproductive behaviour of hybrid charr

(Salvelinus fontinalis x S. namaycush). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38 : 432-440.

Berst, A. H. and N. R. Payne. 1974. Spring migrations of yearling splake planted in Georgian Bay.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 31(2) : 226-0229. Budd, J. 1955. Islander hooks strange trout. Sylva 11(5) : 16-17. Budd, J. C. 1957. Introduction of the hybrid between the eastern brook trout and lake trout into the

Great Lakes. Canadian Fish Culturist 20 : 1-4. Clark, B. 1990. Love ‘em or hate ‘em – Splake can be caught. Angler and Hunter. June : 10-14. Durant, G. M. 1985. Quality of splake backcross stocked in Georgian Bay in 1980 and 1981, and

lake trout stocked in Lake Simcoe in 1981. Chatsworth Fish Culture Station. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. 35 p.

Fraser, J. M. 1972. Recovery of planted brook trout, splake, and rainbow trout from selected Ontario

lakes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29 : 129-142. Fraser, J. M. 1978. The effect of competition with yellow perch on the survival and growth of planted

brook trout, splake, and rainbow trout in a small Ontario lake. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107 : 505-517.

Fraser, J. M. 1983. Longevity of first generation splake. Progressive Fish Culturist 45(4) : 233. Fraser, J. M. 1986. Performance of cultured Nipigon strain brook trout (LNDN) and hybrid splake

(HLLM) planted in five Algonquin Park lakes. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Maple, Ontario. 5 p.

Fraser, J. M. 1988. Comparative recoveries of matched planting of two F1 splake strains (LMHL

versus LMLN) in six Ontario lakes. Fisheries Research Section. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Maple, Ontario. 18 p.

Fry, F. E. J. 1957. Hybrids of Salvelinus. Fish and Wildlife Management Report No. 34. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Gray, B. 1984. Splake overboard! Aski. January : 9. _______________________________________________________________________________

127.

Splake and Lake Trout Backcross ______________________________________________________________________________________ Griffiths, J. S. 1978. Effects of incubation and early rearing temperatures on post-hatch mortalities of

splake trout fry. Aquatic Biology Section. Ontario Hydro. Toronto, Ontario. 19 p. Haxton, T. 1987. 1987 stocking assessment on selected brook trout and splake lakes within Minden

District. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Minden, Ontario. 7 p. Henderson, B. A. 1983. Assessment of backcross ((Salvelinus namaycush x S. fontinalis) x S.

namaycush) stocking near Heywood Island, North Channel, Lake Huron. Lake Huron Fisheries Research Unit Technical Report 1: 1-11.

Henderson, B. A. 1984. Assessment of backcross ((Salvelinus namaycush x S. fontinalis) x S.

namaycush) stocking near Heywood Island, North Channel, Lake Huron. Lake Huron Fisheries Research Unit Technical Report 4 : 1-15.

Hughes, D. N. 1988. Assessments of lake trout backcross in southern Georgian Bay, 1987. Lake

Huron Fisheries Assessment Unit Report 88-2. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario.

Hughes, D. N. 1989. Backcross and lake trout stocking in Georgian Bay and the North Channel:

Results through 1988. Lake Huron Fisheries Assessment Unit Report 89-2. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario.

Kerr, S. J. 2000. F1 splake: An annotated bibliography and literature review. Fish & Wildlife Branch.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 79 p. + appendices. Lennox, A. 1983. Splake. p. 103-114 In G. Watson, J. Grant, and A. Wheatley [eds.]. Alternate

species for commercial aquaculture in Ontario. Aquaculture Development Program. Owen Sound, Ontario.

Liskauskas, A. and N. Quinn. 1991. Stocking assessment studies on brook trout and splake in

Algonquin Park district, 1986-1990. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Whitney, Ontario. 33 p. + appendices.

Martin, N. V. 1960. Annotated bibliography of the eastern brook trout x lake trout hybrid. Fisheries

Research Information Paper No. 7. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Maple, Ontario. 12 p.

Martin, N. V. 1965. Wendigo – the not so evil spirit. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review 4(3) : 12-18. Martin, N. V. and N. S. Baldwin. 1960. Observations on the life history of the hybrid between eastern

brook trout and lake trout in Algonquin Park, Ontario. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 17(4) : 541-551.

Novak, J. P. 1974. The 1974 planting of splake marked with oxytetracline hydrocholoride in South

Bay. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. South Bay, Ontario. 8 p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1982. Rationale for stocking splake in inland waters. Fish

Culture Section. Fisheries Branch. Toronto, Ontario. 8 p. _______________________________________________________________________________ 128.

Splake and Lake Trout Backcross ________________________________________________________________________________________ Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1982. Guidelines for stocking F1 splake in inland waters. Fish

Culture Section. Fisheries Branch. Toronto, Ontario. 3 p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1996. Lake trout rehabilitation plan for Lake Huron (Canadian

jurisdiction). Report 96-02. Lake Huron Management Unit. Owen Sound, Ontario. Payne, N. R. undated. Criteria for the selection of splake planting sites. File report. Lake Huron

Fisheries Assessment Unit. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. Scholten, S. 2004. Splake stocking assessment of Pass Lake using spring littoral index netting,

2004. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 7 p. Trodd, L. L. 1963. A note on the introduction, catchability, and growth of splake in a small Sudbury

area lake. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sudbury, Ontario. 3 p. Wilson, W. 1988. Algonquin Region splake stocking assessment questionnaire results. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Minden, Ontario. 11 p. Wilton, M. L. 1971. An objective assessment of the splake as a management tool for Ontario’s inland

waters. p. 1-8 In Ontario Department of Lands and Forests Resources Management Report No. 106. Toronto, Ontario.

________________________________________________________________________

129.

Walleye ______________________________________________________________________________________ Walleye Walleye (Sander vitreus, Figure 33) is one of the most highly valued sport fish species in Ontario and this is reflected in historic fish culture and stocking programs. The first record of stocking walleye in Ontario was 1884. Early stocking programs, involving walleye fry from the Sandwich hatchery, were directed at Lakes Erie, St. Clair and adjoining waterways. Parent fish were obtained from egg collections in southern Lake Huron and the St. Clair River. These early efforts sometimes involved holding green walleye in windmill-aerated tanks until they ripened (Department of Fisheries 1890).

Figure 33. Early walleye stocking activities and transfers served to expand the natural distribution of walleye in Ontario (Photo by B. Dawson). Walleye culture was discontinued in 1892 primarily because of difficulties in obtaining sufficient walleye eggs. However, in 1902, walleye egg collections were resumed at Point Edward, Lake Huron, and eggs were reared at the Sandwich hatchery. Walleye stocking was widespread in southern Ontario by early in the century (Figure 34). Between 1904 and 1992, over 3.6 billion walleye eyed eggs and fry were stocked in Ontario waters (Kerr et al. 1996). The first planting of walleye in several of the Kawartha lakes occurred in 1921 (Deacon 1997). Walleye stocking peaked in the 1940s and 1950s when an average of 117 million eyed eggs and fry were released annually. The propagation and release of walleye eggs and fry had been greatly reduced by the 1960s, however, after it became apparent that these plantings were not making significant contributions, particularly in waters where walleye were already established (Elsey et al. 1962, Armstrong 1964). ________________________________________________________________________ 130.

Walleye ______________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 34. 1905 walleye stocking article which appeared in the Perth Courier. Pond culture for walleye was initiated between 1940 and 1960. One of the earliest experiments was conducted using a small lake (Silver Lake) near Port Dover, Ontario (Scott et al. 1951). This study was designed to evaluate the use of natural waters as walleye rearing ponds. Prior to stocking, the lake was poisoned to remove existing fish. In May 1949, the lake was planted with approximately 2 million walleye fry from the Collingwood hatchery. An estimated 6,200 fingerlings were removed from the lake between September 9 and October 15 and released into Lake Erie. The researchers concluded that is was feasible to retain walleye over one growing season for restocking but, from an economic perspective, it was not practical. In the late 1950s, walleye culture was attempted in several other ponds in southwestern Ontario. The fish were intended to be stocked into Lake Erie (Roseborough 1959). These efforts were unsuccessful due to low oxygen levels and high predator populations. The White Lake Fish Culture Station, in southeastern Ontario, has a long history of walleye culture and experimentation (Figure 35). In 1961, walleye were reared on an experimental basis with the goal of producing a fish large enough to be marked satisfactorily (see annual reports by Cheshire and Steele). Some of the earliest research involved development of an intensive post-pond rearing procedure of walleye using troughs and artificial feed (Cheshire and Steele 1972). Since the 1980s, considerable progress has been made in pond culture, diet formulation, and advanced rearing (Flowers and Medd 1990, Fox and ________________________________________________________________________

131.

Walleye ______________________________________________________________________________________ Flowers 1990, Fox 1991, Blanar 1992) as well as age and origin determination (Casselman and Barnes 1989, Casselman 1995).

Figure 35. Early walleye culture efforts were centered at the White Lake Fish Culture Station in southeastern Ontario (MNR photo circa 1970s). While the release of early life stages of walleye was common in southern Ontario, adult walleye transfers was widely used to establish new walleye populations in northern Ontario. Multi-year transfer projects were undertaken in several MNR districts including Chapleau (O’Shaughnessy 1969, Riordan 1979), Fort Frances (McLeod and Gillon 2000, McMahon and Taillon 2003), Gogama (Anonymous 1988, Augustine 1986, 1987,1988, Bishop 1989, 1992, and Gibson 1990), Kapuskasing (DeForest 1990), Nipigon (Schraeder and Walroth 1984, Iwachewski 1985), Simcoe (Halyk 1985, Timmerman 1988), and Thunder Bay (Godwin 1980, 1981, 1982). Overall, at least 297 walleye populations have been introduced successfully in Ontario (MNR 1987). Walleye culture and stocking by partners under the CFWIP program commenced in the early 1980s. CFWIP activities now account for 70-80% of walleye stocked in Ontario. MNR walleye stocking activities utilize fingerlings as the predominant stocking product while most CFWIP projects involve fry. The use of earlier life stages, such as fry, is discouraged although large numbers of fry are still stocked by CFWIP groups. Some of the earliest attempts to evaluate the success of walleye stocking was conducted in the Tweed area of southeastern Ontario. Based on a multi-year study conducted in the 1960s, Cheshire (1968) concluded that walleye stocking was least successful in lakes which already had resident walleye. ______________________________________________________________________ 132.

Walleye ______________________________________________________________________________________

More recently, there have been several programs designed to evaluate the post-stocking success of walleye in Ontario (Fluri 1995, Seip 1995, Pratt 2001). Some of the key findings (see Kerr et al. 1996) were:

• Walleye should not be stocked in waters where a viable walleye population already exists (i.e., supplemental stocking).

• Walleye summer fingerlings should continue to be the most common life stage for stocking programs. Fry and advanced fingerlings should be stocked only under appropriate conditions.

• Walleye stocking should be timed to coincide with peak food abundance in the recipient waterbody.

• Recommended stocking rates are 100-125 summer fingerlings ha-1 or 25-50 advanced fingerlings ha-1 of suitable walleye habitat.

• Efforts should be made to maximize genetic diversity during small egg collections. • The practice of stocking walleye in waters containing large populations of predatory

or competitive species should be discouraged. • For rehabilitation and introductions, the spawning habitat of the donor and recipient

waterbody should be closely matched. • Wild fish collections for transfer should be conducted in the spring (rather than the

fall) at water temperatures not exceeding 15º C. • Transferred walleye do not always remain near the stocking site. • Release site does not appear to influence spawning site selection.

Currently, one of the largest walleye stocking projects involves a multi-year project on Black Bay, Lake Superior. The rehabilitation project has involved the transfer and release of adult fish as well as stocking of walleye summer fingerlings (Ellis 2005). Stocking activities are planned for an additional 8-10 years. Walleye are probably the most highly sought sport fish in Ontario. With increasing demand for this fish, fish culture efforts will undoubtedly continue in the future. Literature Cited Anonymous. 1988. 1988 adult walleye transfers. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.

Gogama, Ontario. 2 p. Armstrong, G. C. 1964. Walleye management in Ontario. Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review

3(1) : 2-4. Augustine, J. 1986. 1986 adult walleye transfer to Pebonishewi and St. Louis lakes. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Gogama, Ontario. 7 p. Augustine, J. 1987. Adult transfer to Otterpelt and Donnegana lakes, Gogama District. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Gogama, Ontario. 5 p. _______________________________________________________________________________

133.

Walleye ______________________________________________________________________________________ Augustine, J. 1988. 1987 fall adult walleye transfer to Donnegana and Whalsom lakes, Gogama

District. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Gogama, Ontario. Bishop, D. 1989. 1989 adult walleye transfer from Okawakenda Lake. File Report. Ontario Ministry

of Natural Resources. Gogama, Ontario. 4 p. Bishop, D. 1992. 1992 adult walleye transfer to Threecorner Lake. File Report. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Gogama, Ontario. 5 p. Blanar, C. 1992. Phosphorus monitoring in walleye ponds at White Lake fish culture station with

production results for 1992. File Report No 05P92. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Sharbot Lake, Ontario. 12 p.

Casselman, J. M. 1995. Otolith techniques for identifying and discriminating between pond cultured

and indigenous walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) from the natural environment. Aquatic Ecosystems Research. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Glenora. Ontario. 22 p.

Casselman, J. M. and L. Barnes. 1989. Interpretation of otolith microzonation as a technique for

discrimination between artificially cultured and indigenous walleye from the natural environment. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Glenora, Ontario. 36 p.

Cheshire, W. F. 1968. Long term walleye study in the Tweed Forest District. Progress Report No.

11. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Tweed, Ontario. 37 p. Cheshire, W. F. and K. L. Steele. 1972. Hatchery rearing of walleyes using artificial food.

Progressive Fish Culturist 34 : 96-99. Deacon, L. 1997. Stocking worked sixty years ago – We should do it again, right? p. 12 In P.

MacMahon [ed.]. Fish: To stock or not to stock. Workshop proceedings. Northwest Region Science and Technology Unit. Thunder Bay, Ontario.

Deforest, S. 1990. Bonner Lake walleye introduction assessment and smallmouth bass suitability

study. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kapuskasing, Ontario. Department of Fisheries. 1890. Report on fish breeding operations of the Dominion of Canada.

Brown Chamberlin. Ottawa, Ontario. Ellis, G. 2005. Black Bay walleye project moves ahead. The Chronical-Journal. July 17, 2005 issue.

Thunder Bay, Ontario. Elsey, C. A., R. E. Whitfield, and W. J. Christie. 1962. The present status of management and

research on yellow pickerel in Ontario. Paper presented at a fisheries biologist meeting, March 20-21, 1962. North Bay, Ontario. 26 p.

Flowers, D. and T. Medd. 1990. Pond culture studies at White Lake fish culture station: An

investigation of the effects of fertilization regime on zooplankton production and juvenile walleye growth and survival in ponds. File Report No. 03P89. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Sharbot Lake, Ontario. 25 p.

Fluri, D. 1995. Does planting fingerling walleyes work in northeastern Ontario? Percid Community

Synthesis. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. North Bay, Ontario. 50 p. _____________________________________________________________________________ 134.

Walleye ________________________________________________________________________________________

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vitreum vitreum): Model predictions and population density effects. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48 : 434-441.

Fox, M. G. and D. D. Flowers. 1990. Effect of fish density on growth, survival and food consumption

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Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Simcoe, Ontario. 16 p. Iwachewski, E. 1985. Walleye rehabilitation in the Nipigon District. p. 143-144 In D. Baccante [ed.].

Walleye and Tourism: Future Management Strategies. Proceedings of a Conference sponsored by the Northwestern Ontario Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Atikokan, Ontario.

Kerr, S. J., B. W. Corbett, D. D. Flowers, D. Fluri, P. E. Ihssen, B. A. Potter, and D. E. Seip. 1996. Walleye stocking as a management tool. Percid Community Synthesis.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 79 p. McLeod, D. T. and G. Gillon. 2000. An evaluation of the effectiveness of adult walleye (Stizostedion

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McMahon, D. and D. Taillon. 2003. Evaluating the effectiveness of adult walleye (Stizostedion

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Toronto, Ontario. O’Shaughnessy, T. 1969. The taking, transferring, and stocking of live adult yellow pickerel. File

Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Chapleau, Ontario. 9 p. Pratt, T. C. 2001. The relative contribution and survival of two stocked walleye fingerling sizes in six

eastern Ontario lakes. Chapter 5 In The importance of biotic factors and growth in the recruitment of young-of-the-year walleye (Stizostedion vitreum). Ph.D. Dissertation. Trent University. Peterborough, Ontario. 203 p.

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Walleye ______________________________________________________________________________________ Riordan, T. 1979. Walleye introductions in the Chapleau District. File Report. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Chapleau, Ontario. 14 p. Roseborough, J. D. 1959. Report on pond rearing of yellow pickerel and whitefish. File Report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 3 p. Scott, W. B., D. N. Omand, and G. H. Lawler. 1951. Experimental rearing of yellow pikeperch fry in

natural waters. Canadian Fish Culturist 10 : 38-43. Schraeder, H. and B. Walroth. 1984. An investigation into the status of transplanted walleye

populations in two Nipigon District lakes. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Nipigon, Ontario. 50 p.

Seip, D. E. 1995. An evaluation of stocking walleye fingerlings in ten eastern Ontario lakes, 1984-

1993. Science and Technology Transfer Unit Technical Report TR-007. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Brockville, Ontario. 81 p. + appendices.

Timmerman, A. J. 1988. Assessment of the 1982-1986 Big Creek walleye transfer project. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Simcoe, Ontario. 28 p. Additional Walleye References Anonymous. 1981. History of walleye stocking in the Thunder Bay District. File Report. Ontario

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Ministry of Natural Resources. Lanark, Ontario. 16 p. Bellamy, K. 1983. Artificial rearing of yellow pickerel fry at a streamside jar hatchery on Allen Creek,

1983. Fisheries Management Report 1983-05. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bancroft, Ontario. 22 p.

Bobrowicz, S. M. 2003. Mazinaw area CFWIP walleye stocking assessment, 2002-2003. File

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Fisheries Management Report 1985-11. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bancroft, Ontario. 13 p. + appendices.

Chappel, J. A. 1968. Adult walleye transplant to Roslyn Lake, Geraldton district. File Report. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Geraldton, Ontario. 3 p. Chappel, J. A. 1969. Adult yellow pickerel transplant to Roslyn Lake, Geraldton district. File report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Geraldton, Ontario. 4 p. Charles, K. K. 1971. Yellow pickerel transfers to Fenton, Crouch, and Barehead lakes, White River

District, 1970. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. White River, Ontario. 9 p.

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Charles, J. J. K. 1972. 1971 adult pickerel transfer from Mosambik to Barehead Lake. File Report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. White River, Ontario. 8 p. + appendices. Cheshire, W. F. 1965. Long term walleye study in Tweed District. Progress Report. Ontario

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diet of beef liver and trout pellets. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sharbot Lake, Ontario.

Cheshire, W. F. 1970. Pickerel stocking records for the Tweed District since 1954. Ontario

Department of Lands and Forests. Tweed, Ontario. 6 p. Cheshire, W. F. and K. L. Steele. 1962. Rearing pickerel in bass ponds: 1962 progress report. File

Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sharbot Lake, Ontario. 27 p. Cheshire, W. F. and K. L. Steele. 1963. Rearing pickerel in bass ponds: 1963 progress report. File

Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sharbot Lake, Ontario. Cheshire, W. F. and K. L. Steele. 1966. Walleye rearing at White Lake: Progress Report. File

Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sharbot Lake, Ontario. Cheshire, W. F. and K. L. Steele. 1967. Walleye rearing at White Lake: Progress Report. File

Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sharbot Lake, Ontario. 11 p. Cheshire, W. F. and K. L. Steele. 1968. Walleye rearing at White Lake: Progress Report. File

Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sharbot Lake, Ontario. 26 p. Cheshire, W. F. and K. L. Steele. 1968. Survival and growth of walleye fry and fingerlings fed a diet

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Cheshire, W. F. and K. L. Steel. 1970. Experimental pickerel rearing in Tweed District: 1969

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Cheshire, W. F. and K. L. Steele. 1972. A preliminary examination of stock adjustment procedures

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Core, C. 1989. 1989 walleye report, Skeleton Lake fish culture station. File Report. Ontario Ministry

of Natural Resources. Bracebridge, Ontario. 22 p. + appendices. Dimond, P. E. and B. A. Potter. 1996. Documentation of walleye stocking in Ontario. Percid

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fisheries of Rainy Lake, Ontario. p. 54-58 In Fish and Wildlife Management Report No. 48. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario.

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Walleye ______________________________________________________________________________________ Flowers, D. D. 1984. Hatchery rearing of walleye at Skeleton Lake fish culture station, 1984. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bracebridge, Ontario. 22 p. Fox, M. G., J. A. Keast, and R. J. Swainson. 1988. The effect of fertilization regime on prey density

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population dynamics of young-of-the-year walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) in pond culture. Ph.D. Dissertation. Queens University. Kingston, Ontario. 143 p.

Gordon, S. M. 1985. Hatchery rearing of walleye at the Skeleton Lake fish culture station, 1985. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bracebridge, Ontario. 31 p. Griffiths, J. S. 1981. Potential effects of fluctuating thermal regimes on incubation of walleye eggs.

Research Report No. 81-77-K. Ontario Hydro. Toronto, Ontario. Halyk, L. C. 1985. Assessment of the Big Creek walleye transfer project, 1982-1984. File Report.

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Bay District: Some preliminary notes. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 6 p.

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populations in Four Mile Lake, Ontario. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Minden, Ontario.

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determination of the genetic structure of a walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) population established from adult transfers of three different stocks. Fisheries Research Section Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Maple, Ontario.

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stocking, genetic, and stocking assessment references. Percid Community Synthesis. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 52 p.

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Walleye ________________________________________________________________________________________ Krishka, B. A. 1986. Assessment netting of Garden Lake to determine the success of walleye

introductions completed in 1977 and 1979. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 21 p.

Lewis, C. A. 1986. The walleye stocking and assessment program of the Ministry of Natural

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McCrudden, C. 1988. 1987 walleye culture and stocking assessment program, North Bay District.

File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. North Bay, Ontario. 38 p. McIntyre, E. J. 1982. Assessment of the 1980 and 1981 planting of fall fingerling walleye in the

Moon River area, Parry Sound District. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Parry Sound, Ontario. 14 p.

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Walleye ________________________________________________________________________________________ Walroth, R. and H. Schraeder. 1983. An accelerated growth response observed in transplanted

walleyes. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Nipigon, Ontario. Whitfield, R. E. and W. F. Cheshire. 1961. Rearing pickerel in bass ponds. File Report. Ontario

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Lake to Aubrey Lake, Sault Ste. Marie district, 1970. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 9 p. + appendices.

_____________________________________________________________________________ 141.

Other Species ______________________________________________________________________________________ Other Species Several other species of fish have been stocked or transferred within Ontario over the years. Blue Walleye - The blue walleye was originally present in Lake Erie, the lower Niagara River and western Lake Ontario (Scott and Crossman 1973). Stocking records indicate that fry, originating from spawn collected in the western basin of Lake Erie and reared at the Kingsville hatchery, were stocked in 1937 (1,000,000 fry),1938 (500,000 fry) and 1943 (150,000 fry). By 1970, blue walleye were listed as rare or perhaps even extinct (McAllister 1970). Cherry Salmon - In the mid 1960s, several Ontario researchers were given the task of investigating the potential to introduce species from elsewhere in the world to provide sport fisheries in the degraded Great Lakes environment. The species which were examined included cherry (masu) salmon (Oncorhynchus masu), redspot salmon (O. modurus), Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), Danube (huchen) salmon (Hucho hucho), pikeperch (Lucioperca leucioperca), lake trout (Salmo trutta lacystris) and hybrid sturgeon (Huso huso x Acipenser ruthenus)(Christie 1968). In 1966, 5,500 cherry salmon were introduced into Westward Lake, Algonquin Park (Christie 1970). The eggs originated from the 1965 spawning run at the Shiribetsu River, Japan and the eggs were reared at the Glenora hatchery (Crossman 1984). The following spring (1967) an additional 354 fish were stocked again in Westward Lake. Spawning fish were captured in the fall of 1968 but subsequent sampling did not reveal any progeny. Approximately 600 eggs were taken from these fish and successfully hatched. Assessment in the following years did not produce any cherry salmon and the project was ultimately terminated (Mandrak and Crossman 2003). Cutthroat Trout - Cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) may have been introduced into Georgian Bay but few records are available (McAllister and Crossman 1973). Golden Shiners - There are records of the transfer and release of golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) in several southern Ontario waterbodies during the 1930s. A three year (1968-70) study to culture golden shiners was conducted at the Westport fish hatchery (McNee 1971). Factors influencing success of shiner culture in ponds included weather conditions, diseases and parasites, predation, control of unwanted vegetation and handling mortality. It was concluded that some other cyprinid species might be more suitable for culture. Goldeye - A transfer of 212 adult goldeye (Hiodon alosoides) from the Severn River to Sachgigo, Little Sachigo, and Ponask lakes of northwestern Ontario was conducted in 1966. The goal of the transfer was to stimulate economic growth of the Sachigao commercial fishery for native residents (Milko 1966). A similar transfer from the Severn River to Sachigo Lake occurred in 1967 (Lessard 1968). Lake Sturgeon - With increasing concern over the declining status of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), the Biological Board of Canada was asked to undertake a study on ______________________________________________________________________ 142.

Other Species ________________________________________________________________________________________

the artificial propagation of sturgeon in 1919 (Rodd 1924). Professor W. A. Clement from the Lake Erie-St. Clair district was given this assignment but his efforts were unsuccessful. In 1921, this initiative was apparently transferred to the Ontario Fisheries Research Laboratory at the University of Toronto. Between 1922 and 1926 more attempts were made to determine the feasibility of sturgeon culture. Eggs were collected at a remote location on the Gull River, a Lake Nipigon tributary. The first attempts at transferring eggs to the Port Arthur hatchery proved unsuccessful so subsequent efforts involved the use of floating hatchery boxes anchored in the stream. The problems encountered in this study included the facts that only a small proportion of mature fish spawned in a given year, mature fish fail to ripen when confined, it was relatively difficult to express eggs from living fish, and there was early mortality when cultured (Harkness and Dymond 1961). Provincial stocking records also document the capture of adult sturgeon from the Ottawa River in 1967 and 1969 (3 fish and 15 fish respectively). These fish, up to 96 cm in length, were transferred to the Westport hatchery and then shipped to Russia for genetic studies in one of their sturgeon-caviar facilities (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests 1970) There has been a continuing interest in rearing lake sturgeon (Perron 1983, Environmental Applications Group Ltd 1988a 1988b, MNR 1990) but no large scale propagation program has been developed to date. More emphasis may be placed on propagation or adult transfers with the recent designation of lake sturgeon by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada and subsequent development of recovery plans. Mosquitofish - Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis affinis) were reportedly introduced to Ontario waters (Krumholz 1948) in 1941 using stock from Illinois. It is believed that the objective was to control mosquitos and reduce the malaria hazard but few records are available (Emery 1985). The introduction of mosquitofish into Ontario waters was not reported by either Crossman (1984) or Welcomme (1988) however. In any event, the introduction was not successful. Northern Pike - There have been a few undertakings to transfer and release northern pike (Esox lucius) into new waters. In 1931 and 1932, northern pike were removed from Cat (Finger) Lake, District of Parry Sound, prior to the introduction of bass. The pike were released in the French River. Jorgensen (1966) reported on the capture and transfer of northern pike from Vermilion Lake (a lake being dewatered during a mining operation) to Lake Temagami. Early reports (Armitage 1958) document the transfer of northern pike from the Holland River into the Humber River watershed. There are also records of 303 adults being transferred in 1968. No attempts have ever been made to culture and stock northern pike in Ontario. Sander - The feasibility of introducing sander (Stizostedion lucioperca) into Ontario waters was examined by Ryder (undated). The goal was to have a species more tolerant of highly eutrophic conditions than walleye. Sander have not been stocked in Ontario waters to date. White Sucker - An experiment to culture white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) was conducted near Kenora in 1968. The goal was to hatch and rear suckers for the baitfish ________________________________________________________________________

143.

Other Species ______________________________________________________________________________________ market. It was concluded that 70% of the suckers reared could have been sold in the baitfish market by mid August and that the culture of suckers for bait was feasible (Sanders 1968). Yellow Perch - Between 1934 and 1947, large numbers of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) fry were released into Lakes Erie and St. Clair (Table 18). Perch spawn was collected by commercial fishermen from the west end of Lake Erie, cultured at the Kingsville fish hatchery, and stocked back into the lake as fry. The objective was to enhance natural reproduction of this commercially valuable species. Table 18. Plantings of yellow perch fry in Ontario waters of Lakes Erie and St. Clair.

Year Number of Fry Stocked Waterbody(ies) Stocked 1934 95,000,000 Lake Erie 1935 53,031,400 Lake Erie 1936 46,080,000 Lake Erie 1937 9,150,000 Lake Erie 1938 59,000,000 Lake Erie 1939 70,360,000 Lake Erie 2,000,000 Lake St. Clair 1940 13,000,000 Lake Erie 1941 30,600,000 Lake Erie 1,000,000 Lake St. Clair 1942 23,175,000 Lake Erie 1,000,000 Lake St. Clair 1943 19,000,000 Lake Erie 1944 17,980,000 Lake Erie 500,000 Lake St. Clair 1945 12,000,000 Lake Erie 1946 20,450,000 Lakes Erie and St. Clair 1947 12,000,000 Lake Erie 1934-47 Summary 485,326,400 Lakes Erie and St. Clair

There are other sporadic plantings of yellow perch fry in provincial stocking records. For example, in 1937, two million yellow perch fry were stocked in Cache Lake in an effort to establish a forage base for resident bass and lake trout. In 1938, yellow perch fry were stocked in a Norfolk County gravel pit pond. There have been numerous unauthorized introductions of yellow perch, probably from bait bucket releases, over the years. In many cases, perch introductions have resulted in a decrease of benthic biomass and reduced yields of sport fish species (Fraser 1978, Post and Cucin 1984). Alaska Blackfish - The Alaska blackfish (Dalia pectoralis) is an Arctic fish found in Alaska but not in Canadian waters. Welcomme (1988) reported that there was one unsuccessful attempt to introduce blackfish into some southern Ontaraio farm ponds in 1956. The fish apparently originated from the Kuskokwin River near Bethel, Alaska. No other records are available. ________________________________________________________________________ 144.

Other Species ________________________________________________________________________________________

Miscellaneous - In addition to the use of hatchery-reared fish, transfers of wild fish from one waterbody to another has been a common practice in Ontario. Species which have been transferred have included walleye, bass, muskellunge, northern pike, yellow perch, crappies, and goldeye. In 1937, an effort was made to capture and transfer minnows and yellow perch from waters near Cache Lake, Algonquin Park, to Cache Lake to improve the food supply for game fish in the lake (Doan 1937a). Approximately 1,800 small fish, comprised of white sucker, dace (Chrosomus and Semotilus), shiners (Notropis) and sticklebacks (Culaea) were transferred from the Madawaska River and an unnamed beaver pond into Cache Lake. Finally, there have been proposals to stock fish which were never carried out. For example, after a 1937 review, the introduction of alewife was recommended for Cache Lake, Algonquin Park (Doan 1937b). The objective was to provide a forage fish for resident lake trout. Fortunately, this never occurred. Literature Cited Armitage, G. R. 1958. History of the northern pike in the Humber River east watershed. p. 16-17 In

1952-58 Conservation Officer Projects, Southwestern Region. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 54 p.

Christie, W. J. 1968. The potential of exotic fishes in the Great Lakes. In K. H. Loftus [ed.]. A

Symposium on Introductions of Exotic Species. Research Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 82 : 73-91.

Christie, W. J. 1970. Introduction of the cherry salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) in Algonquin Park,

Ontario. Copeia 1970(2) : 378-379. Crossman, E. J. 1984. Introduction of exotic fishes into Canada. p. 78-101 In W. R. Courtenay and

J. R. Stauffer [eds.]. Distribution, Biology and Management of Exotic Fishes. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland. 430 p.

Doan, K. H. 1937a. Report on an attempt to obtain minnows for planting in Cache Lake. File Report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 2 p. Doan, K. H. 1937b. The alewife (Pamolobus pseudoharengus) as a forage fish for lake trout in

Cache Lake, Algonquin Park, Ontario. Ontario Fisheries Research Laboratory. University of Toronto. Toronto, Ontario. 16 p.


Report No. 45. Great Lakes Fishery Commission. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 31 p. Environmental Applications Group Ltd. 1988a. Lake sturgeon culture techniques manual. Report

prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Cochrane, Ontario. Environmental Applications Group Ltd. 1988b. Lake sturgeon stocking plan. Report prepared for the

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Cochrane, Ontario. 36 p. Fraser, J. M. 1978. The effect of competition with yellow perch on the survival and growth of planted

brook trout, splake and rainbow trout in a small Ontario lake. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107 : 505-517.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

145.

Other Species ______________________________________________________________________________________ Harkness, W. J. K. and J. R. Dymond. 1961. The lake sturgeon – The history of its fishery and

problems of conservation. Fish and Wildlife Branch. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 121 p.

Jorgensen, C. 1966. The tagging and transfer of sport fish from Vermilion Lake to Lake Temagami.

File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Temagami, Ontario. 8 p. + appendices Krumholz, L. A. 1948. The mosquitofish, Gambusia, established in the

Great Lakes region. Copeia 1948(2) : 144. Krumholz, L. A. 1948. The mosquitofish (Gambusia) established in the Great Lakes region. Copeia

1948(2) : 144. Lessard, J. L. 1968. Transfer of adult goldeye from Severn River to Sachigo Lake. File Report.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sioux Lookout, Ontario. 12 p. + appendices. Mandrak, N. E. and E. J. Crossman. 2003. Fishes of Algonquin Park. Friends of Algonquin Park and

the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Whitney, Ontario. 40 p. McAllister, D. E. 1970. Rare or endangered Canadian fishes. Canadian Field Naturalist 84(1) : 5-8. McAllister, D. E. and E. J. Crossman. 1973. A guide to the freshwater sportfishes of Canada.

Museum of Nature. Ottawa, Ontario. 89 p. McNee, J. D. 1971. Culture of golden shiner minnows at the Westport pond station, 1968-70. File

Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Westport, Ontario. 24 p. Milko, C. A. 1966. Transfer of adult goldeye from Severn River to Sachigo Lake, Sioux Lookout

District, 1966. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Sioux Lookout, Ontario. 13 p.

Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1970. Sport fish and hatcheries. p. 19-27 In 1970 Annual

Report of the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario. 130 p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1990. A draft management strategy for lake sturgeon in

Ontario. Report of the Provincial Sturgeon Working Group. Cochrane, Ontario. 81 p. Perron, D. A. 1983. Lake sturgeon. p. 147-158 In G. Watson, J. Grant, and A. Wheatley [eds.].

Aquaculture Development Program Report. Owen Sound, Ontario. Post, J. R. and D. Cucin. 1984. Changes in the benthic community of a small Precambrian lake

following the introduction of yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41 : 1496-1501.

Rodd, J. A. 1924. Propagation of sturgeon. Fish Culture Division. Department of Marine and

Fisheries. Ottawa, Ontario. 10 p. Ryder, R. A. undated. A prospectus on the desirability of introducing the sander (Stizostedion

lucioperca) into Ontario waters. File Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Port Arthur, Ontario.

Sanders, B. P. 1968. A study of hatching and rearing common suckers (Catastomus commersoni) in

the Kenora District. Resource Management Report No. 95. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Kenora, Ontario. 11 p.

_______________________________________________________________________________ 146.

Other Species ______________________________________________________________________________________

Scott, W. B. and E. J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bulletin 184. Fisheries

Research Board of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. 966 p. Welcomme, R. L. 1988. International introductions of inland aquatic species. Fisheries Technical

Paper 294. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Itlay. 318 p. Additional References on Other Species Christie, W. J. 1970. A review of the Japanese salmons (O. masou and O. rhodurus) with particular

reference to their potential for introduction into Ontario waters. Fisheries Research Report. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Maple, Ontario.

Martin, N. V. 1966. Investigation of European fishes for introduction to Ontario waters. Fisheries

Research Information Paper No. 32. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Maple, Ontario. 46 p.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1988. Proceedings of the baitfish culture workshop. Fish

Culture Section. Toronto, Ontario. Te Brugge, G. 1988. Baitfish culture manual. Fish Culture Section. Ontario Ministry of Natural

Resources. Toronto, Ontario, _______________________________________________________________________________

147.

CFWIP Stocking ________________________________________________________________________________________ Community Fisheries and Wildlife Involvement Program (CFWIP) Stocking Projects The Community Fisheries Involvement Program (CFIP), modelled after British Columbia’s Public Involvement Program (PIP), was announced in 1981 and initiated in 1982. The goal of the CFIP program was to encourage members of the public throughout Ontario to actively participate in fisheries management projects designed to directly benefit the fisheries resource. A Community Wildlife Involvement Program (CWIP) was initiated a few years later. In 1995, the two programs were amalgamated to form the Community Fisheries and Wildlife Involvement Program (CFWIP). Since 1982, CFWIP projects have included rehabilitation of fish habitat, education, fish transfers, culture and stocking, and fisheries assessment. Fish culture and stocking has been a popular component of the CFWIP program since its inception (Table 19). The earliest fish culture efforts involved the use of upwelling incubation boxes to rear salmonid eggs for release as fry (Kerr, 1982, 1983, 1984, Ferguson 1983, Whelen 1983). As the program matured, several interest groups constructed small hatcheries for intensive rearing of fish including brown trout, rainbow trout and Chinook salmon. Walleye has been a popular species among CFWIP proponents (Figure 36). From the first walleye culture project in 1983, there are now numerous groups that collectively raise between 15-20,000,000 walleye on an annual basis. The vast majority of these fish consist of early life stages, such as fry (Figure 37).

Figure 36. Walleye have been a popular species cultured by CFWIP groups (MNR photo). Egg sources for various CFWIP fish culture projects usually involve wild egg collections. In some instances, MNR provides CFWIP groups with eggs from a provincial fish culture station. Under formal agreement, these eggs are reared by the CFWIP proponent and utilized to meet MNR stocking targets. ________________________________________________________________________ 148.

Table 19. Fish stocked or transferred in Ontario under the Community Fisheries and Wildlife Involvement Program (CFWIP), 1982-2004. Number of Fish Stocked or Transferred Year

Atlantic Salmon

Black Crappie

Brook Trout

Brown Trout

Chinook Salmon

Lake Trout

Largemouth Bass

Northern Pike

Rainbow Trout

Skamania Steelhead

Smallmouth Bass

Walleye

White Crappie

All Species

1982 0 0 0 8,220 0 0 0 0 170,000 0 0 Unknown 0 178,220 1983 0 0 0 50,179 0 0 0 0 178,856 0 200 293,172+ 0 522,407 1984 0 0 0 199,778 0 0 0 0 646,672 0 0 3,636,791 0 4,483,241 1985 0 0 3,750 24,939 182,400 0 0 0 240,904 0 10,765 5,217,766 0 5,680,524 1986 0 0 0 100,331 323,930 0 0 0 626,389 0 64 4,214,422 0 5,265,136 1987 0 0 1,600 55,339 728,765 0 0 0 782,241 0 0 6,168,470 0 7,736,415 1988 0 0 3,200 76,041 1,397,787 0 0 0 800,141 0 1,840 2,692,725 0 4,971,734 1989 0 250 6,700 80,364 1,224,505 0 50 0 912,340 0 0 2,714,974 50 4,939,233 1990 0 0 11,350 132,624 1,541,614 0 0 0 537,371 0 Unknown 2,088,904 0 4,311,863 1991 0 0 0 126,715 1,339,265 0 0 0 619,767 0 0 2,766,982 0 4,852,729 1992 0 0 0 147,142 1,685,253 7,300 0 0 1,083,324 500 0 4,133,475 0 7,056,994 1993 0 0 0 109,451 1,247,768 0 0 0 1,030,619 500 0 2,852,321 0 5,240,659 1994 0 0 0 184,473 1,314,729 0 0 0 1,124,049 42,084 0 8,284,958 0 10,950,293 1995 0 0 0 179,666 1,343,346 0 0 0 1,036,484 199,000 0 6,422,066 0 9,180,562 1996 0 0 0 148,939 993,365 0 42 0 1,137,101 0 0 2,955,218 0 5,233,665 1997 41,998 0 1,500 225,767 1,237,036 33 0 0 932,412 0 0 7,908,717 0 10,347,463 1998 27,317 0 0 187,252 679,027 0 0 21 951,023 0 0 15,741,577 0 17,586,217 1999 33,235 0 137,555 646,572 4,228 0 Musky

600 852,640 0 750 26,805,141 0 28,480,721

2000 35,618 0 0 262,036 723,533 7,960 0 30 558,184 0 0 25,026,757 0 26,614,118 2001 151,826 0 28,350 148,053 586,207 6,950 0 0 733,662 0 0 14,175,523 0 15,830,571 2002 83,701 0 7,500 394,520 585,429 16,105 0 0 661,499 0 0 3,542,947 0 5,291,751*

2003 17,070 0 3,370 273,943 338,348 12,807 0 0 649,109 0 0 4,084,257 0 5,378,904 2004 35,865 0 0 307,795 400,748 11,341 0 0 559,614 0 0 4,991,599 0 7,127,726 Total

426,630

250

67,320

3,561,122

18,519,627

66,724

92

651

16,824,401

242,084

13,619

156,718,762

50

196,441,332*

% of Total

0.2%

< 0.1%

0.3%

1.8%

9.4%

< 0.1%

< 0.1%

< 0.1%

8.5%

0.1%

< 0.1%

79.8%

< 0.1%

100.0%

* Includes 50 lake sturgeon involved in a fish transfer project.

CWIP Stocking ______________________________________________________________________________________

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002

No.

Fis

h S

tock

ed

Total Fish Stocked No. Fry Stocked

Figure 37. Fish stocking (millions of fish) by Community Fisheries and Wildlife Involvement Program proponents, 1982-2004. Kerr (2005) estimated that over 197 million fish had been stocked in Ontario waters by CFWIP proponents between 1982-2004 (Table 19). Several of these projects are especially noteworthy. All of the Chinook salmon stocked in the Ontario waters of Lake Huron are reared by CFWIP groups. CFWIP proponents have also assisted in the Atlantic salmon stocking program in Lake Ontario. Plantings of rainbow trout fry by CFWIP groups have been found to have minimal contribution to natural year class production (Kerr 1987). Similarly, success rates for projects involving walleye fry are believed to be minimal (Bobrowicz 2003). In recent years, the Ministry of Natural Resources has been encouraging volunteer groups to take steps to rear older life stages of fish (i.e., fingerlings and yearlings) for release in local waters (MNR 2000). There have also been numerous fish transfers under the CFWIP program. Fish transfer projects have involved smallmouth bass, rainbow trout, lake sturgeon, muskellunge and walleye. Literature Cited Bobrowicz, S. M. 2003. Mazinaw area CFWIP walleye fry stocking assessment, 2002-2003. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Bancroft, Ontario. 10 p. Ferguson, M. S. 1983. Survival of brown trout produced in a streamside incubation box and stocked

in Deer Creek. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Simcoe, Ontario. 13 p. Kerr, S. J. 1982. A review and assessment of 1982 upwelling incubation box projects in the Owen

Sound District. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. Kerr, S. J. 1983. A summary of 1983 upwelling incubation box projects within the Owen Sound

District. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. 26 p. _______________________________________________________________________________ 150.

CFWIP Stocking ________________________________________________________________________________________ Kerr, S. J. 1987. A review of CFIP fish stocking projects in Colpoys and Oxenden creeks with

recommendations for future programs. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. 12 p.

Kerr, S. J. 2005. A summary of CFWIP fish stocking activities, 2002-2004. Fisheries Section, Fish &

Wildlife Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 24 p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 2000. Community Fisheries and Wildlife Involvement

Program (CFWIP) guidelines. Fish and Wildlife Branch. Peterborough, Ontario. 18 p. + appendices.

Whelen, R. 1983. 1983 egg incubation box program. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural

Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. Additional CFWIP References Anonymous. 1988. A summary of 1987-88 CFIP and CWIP projects, Eastern Region. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. 19 p. Anonymous, 1989. A summary of 1986-87 CFIP and CWIP projects, Eastern Region. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. 8 p. + appendices. Anonymous. 1989. 1983-84 CFIP annual report, Eastern Region. File Report. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. 3 p. + appendices. Anonymous. 1989. 1984-85 CFIP annual report, Eastern Region. File Report. Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. 3 p. + appendices. Anonymous. 1989. 1985-86 CFIP and CWIP annual report, Eastern Region. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. 5 p. + appendices. Dietz, R. undated. Point-aux Pins Salmon and Trout Club – Rainbow Trout Stocking Review. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Chatham, Ontario. Durant, G. M. 1983. Egg incubation boxes – Procedures for the collection and handling of eggs and

for release of fry. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. Grant, R. E. 1990. 1989-90 CFIP and CWIP annual report, Eastern Region. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. 9 p. + appendices. Grant, R. E. 1990. A review of 1989 CFIP walleye culture projects, Eastern Region. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. 16 p. Grant, R. E. 1991. 1990 CFIP walleye culture projects, Eastern Region. File Report. Ontario Ministry

of Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. 17 p. Grant, R. E. 1992. 1991 CFIP walleye culture projects, Eastern Region. Ontario Ministry of Natural

Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. 16 p. Grant, R. E. 1992. A summary of 1991-92 CFIP and CWIP project, Eastern Region. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. _______________________________________________________________________________

151.

CFWIP Stocking _______________________________________________________________________________ Grant, R. E., S. J. Kerr, and A. Hendrick. 1992. CFIP walleye culture projects, Eastern Region.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. Hendrick, A. 1988. A summary of walleye culture projects in the Eastern Region, 1983-1987. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. 9 p. Hoyle, J. A. 1989. A summary of the 1988-89 CFIP and CWIP projects, Eastern Region. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. 7 p. + appendices. Jackson, B. 1997. The Atikokan sportman’s club hatchery – the (almost) real story. p. 13 In p.

MacMahon [ed.]. Fish: To stock or not to stock. Workshop proceedings. Northwest Region Science and Technology Unit. Thunder Bay, Ontario.

Kerr, S. J. 1985. A summary of 1984-85 CFIP fish culture projects in the Owen Sound District. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. 29 p. Kerr, S. J. 1989. Results of 1988 CFIP walleye culture projects, Eastern Region. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Kemptville, Ontario. 14 p. Kerr, S. J. 2002. Fish stocking activities under the Community Fisheries and Wildlife Involvement

Program (CFWIP), 1982-2001. Fisheries Section, Fish & Wildlife Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 125 p.

Kerr, S. J. and A. C. McKee. 1985. A summary of 1984-85 CFIP fish culture projects in the Owen

Sound District. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. Mellan, G. 1988. Summation of walleye culture activities in the Brockville District. File Report.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Brockville, Ontario. 3 p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1985. Community Fisheries Involvement Program three year

report. Fisheries Branch. Toronto, Ontario. 16 p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1987. Community Fisheries Involvement Program (CFIP) five

year (1982-1986) report. Fisheries Branch. Toronto, Ontario. 30 p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1990. A five year (1985-1989) review of CWIP and a seven

year (1982-1989) review of CFIP. Central Region, Richmond Hill, Ontario. 31 p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1998. Lake Huron CFIP workshop proceedings. Lake Huron

Management Unit Report 09-98. Owen Sound, Ontario. 183 p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 2000. Lake Huron CFIP workshop III proceedings. Upper

Great Lakes Management Unit – Lake Huron Report 01-2001. Owen Sound, Ontario. 271 p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 2000. Community Fisheries and Wildlife Involvement

Program (CFWIP) guidelines. Fish and Wildlife Branch. Peterborough, Ontario. Rietveld, H. 1984. Summary of walleye culture in the Algonquin Region, 1984. File Report. Ontario

Ministry of Natural Resources. Huntsville, Ontario. 23 p. Stanfield, L. W. and S. G. Murray. 1986. A summary of 1985-86 CFIP fish culture projects in the

Owen Sound District. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 54 p. + appendices. _______________________________________________________________________________ 152.

CFWIP Stocking _______________________________________________________________________________ Stanfield, L. W. and S. G. Murray. 1987. Summary of 1986-87 CFIP fish culture projects in the Owen

Sound District. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Owen Sound, Ontario. 28 p. + appendices.

Sullivan, H. 1985. One sportsman’s fish story. Aski. October : 4. Wainio, A. 1996. Report on the Community Fisheries Involvement Program (CFIP), 1993-1996. File

Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Toronto, Ontario. 29 p. + appendices. Williams, O. and G. A. Goodchild. 2005. Community fisheries partnerships in Ontario, Canada. p. 2-

14 In S. Barnard, J. Gregory, S. Arbuthnot, and C. Crundwell [eds.]. Sustainable Fisheries. Institute of Fisheries Management 2004 Annual Conference. Cardiff, Wales.

_______________________________________________________________________________

153.

Acknowledgements ________________________________________________________________________________________

Acknowledgements This report was completed with the assistance of a large number of individuals. Terra Lasenby, Ola McNeil, Dave Reid and Ron Ward provided fish stocking information. Provincial fish culture staff including Glenn Hooper, Paul Vieira, Tom Hohenadel, Gord Durant, George Bluett, Kevin Wood and Dave Rosborough also provided valuable information. Tim Haxton, Cam Willox, Emily Morton, Terra Lasenby, Matt Bartley, and Don Hughes are acknowledged for their constructive editorial comments on an earlier version of this report. ______________________________________________________________________ 154.

APPENDIX 1. Atlantic salmon stocking in Ontario, 1867-2004.

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults

Unknown Total

1867 0 0 0 8,000 0 0 0 8,000 1868 0 0 0 8,000 0 0 0 8,000 1869 0 0 0 69,000 0 0 0 69,000 1870 0 150,000 0 0 0 0 0 150,000 1871 0 150,000 0 0 0 0 0 150,000 1872 0 150,000 0 0 0 0 0 150,000 1873 0 150,000 0 0 0 0 0 150,000 1874 0 300,000 0 0 0 0 0 300,000 1875 0 800,000 0 0 0 0 0 800,000 1876 0 700,000 0 0 0 0 0 700,000 1877 0 1,170,000 0 0 0 0 0 1,170,0001878 0 600,000 0 0 0 0 0 600,000 1879 0 601,000 0 0 0 0 0 601,000 1880 0 247,000 0 0 0 0 0 247,000 1881 0 140,000 0 0 0 0 0 140,000 1882 0 100,000 0 0 0 0 0 100,000 1883 0 150,000 0 0 0 0 0 150,000 1884 0 67,000 0 0 0 0 0 67,000 1885 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1886 No Records Available 1887 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1888 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1889 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1890 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1891 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1892 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1893 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1894 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1895 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1896 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1897 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1898 No Records Available 1899 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1901 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1902 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1903 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1904 No Records Available 1905 0 85,000 0 0 0 0 0 85,000 1906 No Records Available 1907 No Records Available 1908 0 85,000 0 0 0 0 0 85,000 1909 0 80,000 0 0 0 0 0 80,000 1910 0 55,000 0 0 0 0 0 55,000 1911 No Records Available 1912 0 244,000 0 0 0 0 0 244,000 1913 No Records Available 1914 No Records Available 1915 No Records Available


Unknown Total

1916 No Records Available 1917 No Records Available 1918 No Records Available 1919 No Records Available 1920 No Records Available 1921 No Records Available 1922 No Records Available 1923 No Records Available 1924 No Records Available 1925 No Records Available 1926 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1927 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1928 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1929 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1930 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1931 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1932 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1933 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1934 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1935 0 0 0 13,640 0 0 0 13,640 1936 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1937 0 7,200 0 0 0 0 0 7,200 1938 0 0 0 4,800 0 0 0 4,800 1939 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1940 0 0 46,385 0 0 0 0 46,385 1941 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1942 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1943 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1944 0 30,000 0 0 0 0 0 30,000 1945 0 41,350 0 0 0 0 0 41,350 1946 0 0 84,210 4,000 0 0 0 88,210 1947 0 0 59,000 0 0 0 0 59,000 1948 0 0 101,400 0 0 0 0 101,400 1949 0 0 112,800 0 0 0 0 112,800 1950 0 0 800 400 0 35 0 1,235 1951 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1952 0 0 72,000 24,250 0 0 0 96,250 1953 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1954 0 0 0 0 0 1,700 0 1,700 1955 0 0 0 0 0 1,000 0 1,000 1956 0 0 1,340 0 0 0 0 1,340 1957 10,800 0 0 0 0 0 0 10,800 1958 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1959 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1960 0 0 0 0 0 660 0 660 1961 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1962 53,280 0 0 0 0 0 0 53,280 1963 0 1,250 0 4,520 0 0 0 5,770 1964 0 15,400 0 106 0 0 0 15,506 1965 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1966 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


Unknown Total

1967 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1968 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1969 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1970 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1971 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1972 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1973 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1974 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1975 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1976 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1977 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1978 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1979 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1980 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1981 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1982 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1983 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1984 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1985 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1986 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1987 0 0 1,000 0 0 0 0 1,000 1988 0 0 21,850 27,145 0 0 0 48,995 1989 0 0 15,000 60,782 0 0 2,250 78,032 1990 0 0 9,865 51,181 0 0 0 61,046 1991 0 0 0 28,495 0 0 0 28,495 1992 0 0 0 34,758 0 0 0 34,758 1993 0 15,000 0 42,408 0 0 0 57,408 1994 0 0 17,340 51,503 0 0 0 68,843 1995 0 90,294 0 44,744 0 0 0 135,038 1996 0 126,234 0 4,394 0 0 0 130,628 1997 0 137,565 0 454 0 58 0 138,077 1998 0 150,849 0 500 0 157 0 151,506 1999 12,036 248,565 0 2,325 0 290 0 263,216 2000 13,618 257,081 0 0 0 172 0 270,871 2001 40,000 204,569 0 0 0 140 0 244,709 2002 44,000 200,246 48,803 0 0 578 0 293,627 2003 38,979 127,461 0 84,128 0 460 0 251,028 2004 0 0 222,284 0 0 0 0 222,284

Summary 212,713 7,677,064 814,077 569,533 0 5,250 2,250 9,280,887

APPENDIX 2. Aurora trout stocking in Ontario, 1950-2004.

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total

1950 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1951 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1952 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1953 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1954 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1955 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1956 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1957 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1958 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1959 0 0 2,314 0 0 0 0 2,314 1960 0 0 2,000 0 0 0 0 2,000 1961 0 0 0 1,300 0 0 0 1,300 1962 0 0 1,347 0 0 0 0 1,347 1963 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1964 0 582 0 682 0 0 0 1,264 1965 0 0 4,000 0 0 0 0 4,000 1966 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1967 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1968 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1969 0 0 2,584 0 0 0 0 2,584 1970 0 6,000 0 0 0 0 0 6,000 1971 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1972 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1973 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1974 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1975 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1976 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1977 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1978 0 0 0 0 0 0 38,432 38,432 1979 0 0 0 0 0 0 21,090 21,090 1980 0 0 0 0 0 0 16,710 16,710 1981 0 0 0 0 0 0 30,000 30,000 1982 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1983 0 0 21,000 0 0 0 0 21,000 1984 0 6,600 0 0 0 0 0 6,600 1985 0 0 11,000 0 0 0 0 11,000 1986 0 0 14,979 5,700 0 0 0 20,679 1987 0 0 15,947 0 0 0 0 15,947 1988 0 10,000 14,000 0 0 0 0 24,000 1989 0 10,000 0 0 0 0 0 10,000 1990 0 161,139 0 0 700 250 0 162,089 1991 0 90,056 0 0 0 534 0 90,590 1992 0 27,200 0 0 0 0 0 27,200 1993 0 119,500 0 0 0 247 0 119,747 1994 0 0 28,000 0 0 500 0 28,500 1995 0 51,800 0 0 0 0 0 51,800 1996 0 67,500 0 0 0 150 0 67,650 1997 0 39,200 0 0 0 280 0 39,480 1998 0 54,000 0 0 0 0 0 54,000


1999 0 30,000 0 0 0 38 0 30,038 2000 0 25,000 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 2001 0 0 38,800 6,000 0 619 0 45,419 2002 0 0 830 0 298 475 0 1,603 2003 0 0 46,500 10,000 0 0 0 56,500 2004 0 39,000 0 2,500 0 762 0 42,262

Summary 0 737,577 203,301 26,182 998 3,855 106,232 1,078,145

APPENDIX 3. Introductions and transfers of black crappies in Ontario. Waterbody Stocked Year(s) Donor/Source Proponent Reference Addison Lake (District of Thunder Bay)

1949 Unknown ODLF Momot and Hartviksen (1989)

Ahmic Lake (District of Parry Sound)

2002 Unknown Unknown

MNR survey

Ash Lake (District of Rainy River)

Unknown Rainy Lake Unauthorized introduction

D. McLeod (pers. comm.)

Balsam Lake (Victoria County)

1998 Unknown Unknown M. Rawson (pers. comm.)

Bass Lake (Simcoe County)

mid 1990s

Unknown Unknown MNR netting project

Basswood Lake (District of Rainy River)

early 1940s

Unknown Unknown B. Jackson (pers. comm.),

Crossman (1976)

Bell Lake (District of Parry Sound)


Confirmed from anecdotal reports

Bellwood Lake (Wellington County)

Unknown Unknown Unknown A. Timmerman (pers. comm.)

Belmont Lake (Peterborough County)

1998 Unknown Unknown J. Wiltshire (pers. comm.)

Big Pine (Pinus) Lake (District of Rainy River)

Unknown Unknown Unauthorized introduction

D. McLeod (pers.comm)

Big Sawbill Lake (District of Rainy River)

1990 Rainy Lake MNR and Fort Frances

Sportsman Club

J. Van den Broeck (1997)

Blackstone Lake (District of Parry Sound)


MNR survey

Black Sturgeon lakes (District of Kenora)

1950s-early

1960s

Unknown Unknown B. Corbett (pers. comm.)

Blindfold Lake (District of Kenora)

1950s-early

1960s


Waterbody Stocked Year(s) Donor/Source Proponent Reference Buck Lake (District of Parry Sound)


MNR netting project

Buckhorn Lake (Peterborough County)


Buckingham Lake (District of Rainy River)

1960s Unknown Unknown T. Mosindy (pers. comm.)

Caliper Lake (District of Rainy River)

late 1950s

Unknown Unauthorized introduction

MNR netting survey,

D. McLeod (1988)

Campbell Lake (District of Parry Sound)



Chemung Lake (Peterborough County)


Cirrus Lake (District of Rainy River)

Unknown Unknown Unknown B. Jackson (pers. comm.),

Crossman (1976)

Clayton Lake (Lanark County)

2003 Unknown Unknown J. McNaughton (pers. comm.)

Clear Lake (Peterborough County)


Connestoga Reservoir (Wellington County)

2004 Unknown Unknown A. Timmerman (pers. comm.)

Crane Lake (District of Parry Sound)


MNR survey

Crooked Lake (District of Rainy River)

early 1940s


Crossman (1976)

Crowe Lake (Peterborough and Hastings Counties)

1993 Unknown Unknown J. Wiltshire (pers. comm.)

Crystal Lake (Peterborough County)

2004 Unknown Unauthorized Introduction

G. Moraal (pers. comm.)

Waterbody Stocked Year(s) Donor/Source Proponent Reference Dalrymple Lake (Victoria and Ontario Counties)

1996 Unknown Unauthorized Introduction

G. Moraal (pers. comm.)

Damascus Reservoir (Wellington County)

2003 Unknown Unknown A. Timmerman (pers. comm.)

Darky Lake (District of Rainy River)

early 1940s


Crossman (1976)

Dinner Lake (District of Parry Sound)

2004 Shebeshekong Lake

MNR (Authorized)

Palmer (2005)

Dogpaw Lake (District of Kenora)

1950s-early

1960s.


Dogtooth Lake (District of Kenora)

1950s-early

1960s


Dollars Lake (District of Parry Sound)


MNR netting project

Eliza Lake (District of Kenora)

Unknown Unknown Unknown B. Corbett (pers. comm.)

Fogel Lake (District of Parry Sound)

2004 Unknown Unknown E. McIntyre (pers. comm.)

Fourteen Island Lake (Frontenac County)

Unknown Unknown Unknown MNR (1988)

Gibson Lake (District of Muskoka)


MNR netting project

Gloucester Pool (Simcoe County)

late 1980s

Unknown Unknown B. Allan (pers. comm.)

Grand River (Cambridge area)

mid 1980s

Unknown Unknown A. Timmerman (pers. comm.)

Grassy Lake (District of Kenora)


Gun Lake (District of Kenora)

1950s-early

1960s


Harris Lake (District of Parry Sound)

Unknown Unknown Unknown


Waterbody Stocked Year(s) Donor/Source Proponent Reference Healey Lake (District of Parry Sound)


MNR creel survey

Hilly Lake (District of Kenora)

1966 Lake of the Woods ODLF

T. Mosindy (pers. comm.)

Hope Lake (District of Rainy River)



Jack Lake (Peterborough County)

late 1990s

Unknown Unauthorized introduction

Personal observation

Kahshe Lake (District of Muskoka)

2001 Unknown Unknown MNR netting project

Kakabikitchiwan Lake (District of Kenora)

1950s-early

1960s

Unknown Unknown T. Mosindy (pers. comm.)

Kapikog Lake (District of Parry Sound)



Lac la Croix (District of Rainy River)

late 1940s


Crossman (1976)

Lake Joseph (District of Parry Sound)


Lake of the Woods (District of Kenora)

1923-25 North Dakota Minnesota DNR Mosindy (1997)

Lake Manitou (District of Manitoulin)

2005 Unknown Unknown J. Brinsmead (pers. comm.)

Lake Muskoka (District of Muskoka)


Lake Rousseau (Districts of Muskoka and Parry Sound)


Lake St. John (Simcoe County)

late 1980s-early

1990s


Lake Simcoe 1987 Unknown Unknown W. Wegman (pers. comm.)

Waterbody Stocked Year(s) Donor/Source Proponent Reference Lake Superior Mid

1950s

“Nearby lake” Unknown Ryder (1957)

Laurensons Lake (District of Kenora)


Little Lake (Simcoe County)

late 1980s


Little Pine Lake (District of Rainy River)

1961 Unknown (52 adults

transferred)

ODLF


Little Sawbill Lake (District of Rainy River)

1991 Big Sawmill Lake Downstream movement


Longbow Lake (District of Kenora)


Lorimer Lake (District of Parry Sound)

2002 Unknown Unknown Anecdotal reports

Louise (Middle) Lake (District of Kenora)

1950s-early

1960s


MacLean Lake (Simcoe County)

late 1980s


Manitouwabing Lake (District of Parry Sound)


McDougall Lake (District of Parry Sound)

2001 Unknown 2001 MNR netting project

Melin Lake (District of Rainy River)



Mill Lake (District of Parry Sound)

Unknown McDougall Lake Unknown E. McIntyre (pers. comm.)

Mississippi Lake (Lanark County)

Unknown Unknown Unknown J. McNaughton (pers. comm.)

Moon River (Bala Reach) (District of Parry Sound)


Moosehorn Lake (District of Rainy River)

Unknown Nickel Lake Unauthorized introduction


Waterbody Stocked Year(s) Donor/Source Proponent Source Muriel Lake (District of Kenora)

1950s-early

1960s


Namakan Lake (District of Rainy River)

1917? Unknown Minnesota Minnesota Department of

Natural Resources stocking records

Nesbit Lake (District of Parry Sound)


Nickel Lake (District of Rainy River)



Oastler Lake (District of Parry Sound)

Unknown Unknown Unknown Anecdotal reports

Orr Lake (Simcoe County)

late 1980s-early

1990s


Otter Lake (District of Parry Sound)


Ottertail Lake (District of Rainy River)

Unknown Rainy Lake Upstream movement from

Rainy Lake


Pigeon Lake (Peterborough and Victoria Counties)


Pike Lake (Lanark County)


Pinehurst Lake (Brant County)

1997-98 Unknown Unknown Grand River Conservation

Authority

Pistol Lake (District of Kenora)

1950s-early

1960s


Rainy Lake (District of Rainy River)

1917-1920

Unknown Minnesota Minnesota Department of


Rawn Reservoir (District of Rainy River)

Unknown (first one caught in

2003)

Wisa Lake (suspected)

Unknown B. Jackson (pers. comm.)

Waterbody Stocked Year(s) Donor/Source Proponent Reference Rice Lake (Peterborough and Northumberland Counties)


Round Lake (District of Kenora)


Rupert Lake (District of Kenora)


Sand Lake (District of Kenora)


Sand Point Lake (District of Rainy River)

1917? Unknown Minnesota Minnesota Department of


Sandy Lake (District of Kenora)

1950s-early

1960s


Scugog Lake (Ontario, Victoria and Durham Counties)


Shades Hill Reservoir (Cambridge)

1998 Unknown Unknown Grand River Conservation

Authority

Shebeshekong Lake (District of Parry Sound)


Shoal Lake (District of Kenora)

1950s-early

1960s


Six Mile Lake (District of Muskoka)


Sparrow Lake (Simcoe County)

late 1980s

Unknown Unknown MNR survey

Spruce Lake (District of Kenora)


Stony Lake (Peterborough County)


Sturgeon Lake (Victoria County)


Sunday Lake (District of Rainy River)

early 1940s


Crossman (1976)

Waterbody Stocked Year(s) Donor/Source Proponent Source Taylor Lake (Lanark County)


This Man Lake (District of Rainy River)

early 1940s


Crossman (1976)

Thomson Lake (Renfrew County)

mid 1990s

Unknown Unknown K. Punt (pers. comm.)

Trent River (Northumberland County)

Unknown Unknown Unknown MNR (1988)

Vowel Lake (District of Parry Sound)

Unknown Unknown Unknown Anecdotal reports

Wahwashkesh Lake (District of Parry Sound)


Wasaw Lake (District of Rainy River)

1953 Unknown (30 adults

transferred – unsuccessful)

ODLF D. McLeod (pers. comm.)

Whalley Lake (District of Parry Sound)


Whichway Lake (Renfrew County)

mid 1990s

Unknown Unknown K. Punt (pers. comm.)

Whitestone Lake (District of Parry Sound)


Winnipeg River (District of Kenora)

1950s-early

1960s


Wisa Lake (District of Rainy River)

1990s Unknown Unauthorized introduction


Minnesota DNR – Minnesota Department of Natural Resources MNR – Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources ODLF – Ontario Department of Lands and Forests

Sources of Information Crossman, E. J. 1976. Quetico fishes. The Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, Ontario. 86 p. Momot, W. and C. Hartviksen. 1989. Fishes of the Thunder Bay area of Ontario. Wildwood

Publications. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 282 p. Mosindy, T. 1997. Black crappie introductions in the Lake of the Woods area. p. 17 In P. MacMahon


Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 1988. Napanee District fisheries management plan, 1988-

2000, background information and optional strategies. Napanee, Ontario. 127 p. Palmer, J. 2005. Dinner Lake black crappie introduction. File Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural

Reosurces. Parry Sound, Ontario. 2 p. Ryder, R. A. 1957. Occurrence of the black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) in the Ontario waters

of Lake Superior. p. 53 In Fish and Wildlife Management Report No. 48. Division of Fish and Wildlife. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Toronto, Ontario.

Scott and Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bulletin 184. Fisheries Research Board of

Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. 966 p. VandenBroeck, J. 1997. Assessment of an adult black crappie transfer. p. 19 In P. MacMahon [ed.].

Fish: To stock of not to stock. Workshop Proceedings. Northwest Science and Technology Unit. Thunder Bay, Ontario.

APPENDIX 4. Brook trout stocking in Ontario, 1867-2004 (from Kerr 2000).

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1867 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1868 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1869 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1870 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1871 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1872 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1873 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1874 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1876 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1877 0 24,000 0 0 0 0 0 24,000 1878 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1879 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1880 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1881 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1882 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1883 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1884 0 50,000 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 1885 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1886 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1887 0 70,000 0 0 0 0 0 70,000 1888 0 176,000 0 0 0 0 0 176,000 1889 0 206,500 0 0 0 0 0 206,500 1890 0 176,000 0 0 0 0 0 176,000 1891 0 357,000 0 0 0 0 0 357,000 1892 0 253,000 0 0 0 0 0 253,000 1893 0 385,000 0 0 0 0 0 385,000 1894 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1895 0 0 250 0 0 0 0 250 1896 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1897 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1898 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1899 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1901 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1902 0 0 55 0 0 0 0 55 1903 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1904 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1905 0 15,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 1906 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1907 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1908 0 95,000 0 0 0 0 0 95,000 1909 0 116,000 0 0 0 0 0 116,000 1910 0 177,000 0 0 0 0 0 177,000 1911 0 94,500 0 0 0 0 0 94,500 1912 0 168,400 0 0 0 0 0 168,400 1913 0 0 0 0 0 0 80,000 80,000 1914 0 0 0 0 0 0 116,000 116,000 1915 0 90,000 292,000 0 0 0 0 382,000 1916 0 30,000 90,000 0 0 0 0 120,000 1917 0 301,000 0 0 0 0 0 301,000 1918 0 0 0 0 0 0 402,500 402,500 1919 0 10,000 10,600 0 0 0 0 20,600 1920 0 286,000 0 0 0 0 276,700 562,700 1921 0 1,147,000 0 0 0 0 0 1,147,000 1922 0 2,184,075 0 0 0 0 0 2,184,075 1923 0 2,328,800 0 0 0 0 0 2,328,800 1924 0 1,898,500 0 0 0 0 0 1,898,500 1925 0 676,700 0 0 0 0 0 676,700 1926 0 1,085,300 0 0 0 300 0 1,085,600 1927 0 1,444,050 0 0 0 606 0 1,444,656 1928 60,000 1,609,600 0 0 0 200 0 1,669,800 1929 30,000 0 1,105,750 28,860 0 2,572 0 1,167,182 1930 95,000 0 2,436,029 60,257 0 913 0 2,592,199

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1931 50,000 0 2,724,003 68,837 0 0 0 2,842,840 1932 23,400 256,500 4,634,889 144,512 0 2,815 0 5,062,116 1933 506,000 725,000 5,950,255 28,237 0 1,549 0 7,211,041 1934 0 0 6,257,267 34,762 0 1,652 0 6,293,681 1935 0 1,645,000 5,013,831 35,421 0 5,420 0 6,699,672 1936 28,600 182,000 1,053,050 557,270 0 6,081 0 1,827,001 1937 0 0 384,725 1,167,073 0 16,150 0 1,567,948 1938 1,000 0 373,314 2,083,538 0 4,452 0 2,462,304 1939 0 0 337,000 2,976,559 0 6,315 0 3,319,874 1940 0 0 611,375 3,378,114 0 7,150 0 3,896,639 1941 0 0 394,000 3,060,174 0 16,732 0 3,470,906 1942 0 500 631,775 2,918,513 0 7,527 0 3,558,315 1943 0 5,000 9,400 3,083,983 0 10,292 0 3,108,675 1944 0 0 493,840 2,876,963 0 4,360 0 3,375,163 1945 0 5,000 117,300 3,005,573 0 4,460 0 3,132,333 1946 0 50,000 84,730 2,760,780 0 8,656 0 2,904,166 1947 0 0 517,400 2,802,150 0 1,860 0 3,321,410 1948 0 1,000 882,450 2,333,910 0 5,270 0 4,106,080 1949 0 16,000 1,475,300 2,938,325 0 2,046 0 4,431,671 1950 0 0 1,004,700 3,140,960 0 8,060 0 4,153,720 1951 0 0 944,900 3,087,350 0 12,230 0 4,044,480 1952 0 0 536,500 2,720,755 0 19,020 0 3,276,275 1953 0 0 1,962,835 3,250,910 0 13,960 0 5,227,705 1954 720,000 0 165,850 2,055,748 0 4,295 0 2,945,893 1955 50,000 0 841,500 1,991,332 0 16,447 0 2,899,279 1956 0 35,000 1,331,870 2,092,403 0 18,823 0 3,478,096 1957 200,000 90,900 521,600 2,677,195 0 10,117 0 3,499,812 1958 0 0 788,900 2,079,395 0 9,586 0 2,877,881 1959 580,000 0 455,160 1,870,855 0 84,294 0 2,990,309 1960 49,000 15,000 863,925 1,615,960 0 76,481 0 2,620,366 1961 30,000 0 763,625 2,051,875 0 72,562 0 2,918,062 1962 493,500 0 651,300 1,655,249 0 75,445 0 2,875,494 1963 574,580 0 391,570 1,888,781 0 72,522 0 2,927,453

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1964 400,000 8,582 505,750 1,730,310 0 111,920 0 2,756,562 1965 673,900 0 604,275 1,823,271 0 69,216 0 3,170,662 1966 0 0 480,490 1,599,092 0 28,895 0 2,108,477 1967 2,741,000 50 1,125,454 1,667,043 0 94,283 0 5,627,830 1968 0 0 524,463 1,149,091 0 39,941 0 1,713,495 1969 2,150,000 0 524,050 1,344,647 0 37,305 0 4,056,002 1970 311,440 0 918,775 1,474,017 0 42,970 0 2,747,202 1971 0 0 445,856 1,157,400 0 39,758 0 1,643,014 1972 0 15,000 388,660 1,770,387 0 27,237 0 2,201,284 1973 660,000 0 441,000 960,000 0 37,000 0 2,098,000 1974 0 0 0 1,939,000 0 0 0 1,939,000 1975 0 0 411,255 997,330 12,635 0 340 1,421,560 1976 0 0 1,065,032 1,010,937 17,969 0 1,000 2,094,938 1977 0 0 304,752 1,027,441 17,464 1,147 3,100 1,353,904 1978 0 500,000 12,500 1,180,285 26,069 0 10,700 1,729,554 1979 0 0 22,000 751,768 28,008 2,700 458,590 1,263,066 1980 0 0 126,665 1,127,038 26,433 0 14,000 1,294,136 1981 0 0 366,930 1,072,459 25,790 6,482 23,350 1,495,011 1982 0 248 172,384 524,487 1,228 10,512 869,948 1,578,807 1983 0 996 254,250 1,384,203 16,152 3,863 9,850 1,669,314 1984 0 3,000 249,085 938,654 29,836 3,203 320,460 1,544,238 1985 0 3,500 403,015 840,804 4,465 44 17,976 1,269,804 1986 0 0 819,775 866,805 2,879 4,990 13,650 1,708,099 1987 0 203,683 873,060 928,078 15,545 4,380 22,846 2,047,592 1988 0 0 1,295,002 1,316,052 21,798 6,866 22,224 2,661,942 1989 0 0 819,202 1,045,280 22,982 6,546 28,730 1,922,740 1990 0 80,800 647,500 785,182 0 6,553 2,500 1,522,535 1991 0 0 767,250 904,128 0 14,790 550 1,686,718 1992 0 210,000 542,500 973,964 0 10,148 373 1,736,985 1993 0 177,152 12,000 628,099 0 4,075 0 821,326 1994 0 181,500 281,000 539,605 0 11,810 0 1,013,915 1995 0 250,000 0 857,010 0 4,907 0 1,111,917 1996 0 751,500 0 632,778 0 2,414 0 1,386,692

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1997 0 226,900 0 798,445 0 3,668 0 1,029,013 1998 0 551,000 115,870 893,296 0 13,971 0 1,574,137 1999 0 659,264 83,430 961,211 0 18,961 0 1,722,866 2000 0 90,000 254,000 1,022,715 23,600 4,783 0 1,395,098 2001 108,480 0 286,000 848,843 6,200 6,064 0 1,255,587 2002 85,958 0 171,000 1,012,584 19,073 6,712 0 1,295,327 2003 0 139,600 295,000 1,068,432 18,311 13,942 0 1,535,285 2004 11,440 0 338,450 1,090,396 26,777 5,090 0 1,472,153

Summary 10,633,258 22,534,100 64,052,503 113,165,146 363,214 1,318,366 2,695,387 215,530,424

APPENDIX 5. Brown trout stocking in Ontario, 1900-2004 (modified from Lasenby and Kerr 2001).


1900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1901 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1902 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1903 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1904 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1905 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1906 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1907 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1908 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1909 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1910 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1911 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1912 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1913 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,000 3,000 1914 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,300 2,300 1915 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,000 25,000 1916 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1917 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1918 0 0 0 0 0 0 44,000 44,000 1919 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1920 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1921 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1922 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1923 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1924 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1925 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1926 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1927 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1928 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1929 0 0 0 0 0 2,590 0 2,590 1930 0 0 70,500 0 0 0 0 70,500


1931 0 0 900,600 0 0 0 0 900,600 1932 0 0 628,060 1,100 0 0 0 629,160 1933 0 0 483,016 674 0 0 0 483,690 1934 0 0 138,000 14,500 0 689 0 153,189 1935 0 0 109,000 9,650 0 6 0 118,656 1936 0 0 147,050 7,290 0 0 0 154,340 1937 0 0 0 97,848 0 0 0 97,848 1938 0 0 0 59,592 0 0 0 59,592 1939 0 0 29,954 375,070 0 0 0 405,024 1940 0 0 182,785 252,000 0 0 0 434,785 1941 0 0 60,000 346,188 0 0 0 406,188 1942 0 0 23,000 359,275 0 0 0 382,275 1943 10,000 0 1,000 303,335 0 0 0 314,335 1944 0 0 0 330,250 0 0 0 330,250 1945 5,000 0 0 224,729 0 0 0 229,729 1946 0 0 133,025 268,940 0 0 0 401,965 1947 0 0 0 375,850 0 0 0 375,850 1948 0 9,000 557,505 350,113 0 0 0 916,618 1949 0 10,000 175,000 221,800 0 0 0 406,800 1950 0 10,000 307,000 85,475 0 0 0 402,475 1951 0 0 282,700 54,900 0 0 0 337,600 1952 0 0 107,500 140,400 0 0 0 247,900 1953 0 0 92,000 103,100 0 0 0 195,100 1954 0 0 100,000 177,950 0 0 0 277,950 1955 0 0 100,800 233,800 0 220 0 334,820 1956 0 0 29,100 150,550 0 50 0 179,700 1957 8,000 0 36,000 169,650 0 0 0 213,650 1958 0 0 21,800 132,926 0 235 0 154,961 1959 0 0 0 192,795 0 12 0 192,807 1960 0 0 1,700 85,380 0 79 0 87,159 1961 0 0 640 5,000 0 0 0 5,640 1962 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1963 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


1964 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1965 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1966 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1967 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1968 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1969 0 0 0 14,957 0 0 0 14,957 1970 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1971 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1972 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1973 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1974 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1975 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1976 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1977 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1978 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1979 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1980 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1981 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1982 0 0 22,000 49,150 0 0 8,799 79,949 1983 0 0 0 134,271 0 0 14,163 148,434 1984 0 0 39,968 122,409 3,465 0 19,231 181,611 1985 0 0 0 164,933 690 240 34,160 200,023 1986 0 0 16,077 310,417 679 276 65,642 393,091 1987 0 0 107,211 352,377 585 84 19,888 480,145 1988 0 0 73,901 485,396 766 251 29,425 589,739 1989 0 0 78,015 485,039 721 295 40,565 604,635 1990 0 0 62,351 73,320 0 0 0 135,671 1991 0 0 114,194 63,067 0 0 0 177,261 1992 0 0 35,499 475,636 1,048 721 0 512,904 1993 0 0 33,134 339,246 400 391 12,000 385,171 1994 0 0 35,000 471,361 14,286 850 0 521,497 1995 0 0 17,232 316,594 0 0 0 333,826 1996 0 0 136,777 259,256 0 0 0 396,033


1997 0 0 84,503 234,292 0 0 0 318,795 1998 0 0 77,162 230,962 0 2,489 0 310,613 1999 0 0 31,943 269,519 0 2,476 0 303,936 2000 0 0 0 285,734 973 309 0 287,016 2001 0 0 0 301,860 0 1,407 0 303,267 2002 0 0 0 319,419 11,700 848 0 331,967 2003 0 0 0 321,927 0 668 0 322,595 2004 0 0 0 400,704 140 735 0 401,579

Summary 23,000 29,000 5,682,702 11,611,976 35,453 15,921 318,173 17,716,225

APPENDIX 6. Chinook salmon stocking in Ontario, 1960-2004.

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown

Total

1960 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1961 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1962 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1963 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1964 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1965 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1966 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1967 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1968 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1969 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1970 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1971 0 89,300 0 0 0 0 0 89,300 1972 0 0 189,860 0 0 0 0 189,860 1973 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1974 0 0 225,000 0 0 0 0 225,000 1975 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1976 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1977 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1978 0 0 393,000 0 0 0 0 393,000 1979 0 0 147,000 0 0 0 0 147,000 1980 0 0 18,000 0 0 0 0 18,000 1981 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 0 12,000 1982 0 0 270,000 0 0 0 0 270,000 1983 0 0 221,699 0 0 0 0 221,699 1984 0 0 684,570 0 0 0 0 684,570 1985 0 0 703,000 0 0 0 0 703,000 1986 0 0 598,000 0 0 0 0 598,000 1987 0 0 514,000 0 0 0 0 514,000 1988 0 0 496,000 0 0 0 0 496,000 1989 0 0 541,000 0 0 0 0 541,000 1990 0 0 1,745,044 569 0 0 0 1,745,613 1991 0 30,000 1,472,458 6,253 0 0 0 1,508,711 1992 0 0 2,440,708 0 0 0 0 2,440,708 1993 0 0 1,686,379 0 0 0 0 1,686,379 1994 0 0 1,674,706 0 0 0 0 1,674,706 1995 0 0 456,999 0 0 0 0 456,999 1996 0 0 434,972 0 0 0 0 434,972 1997 0 0 629,752 0 0 0 0 629,752 1998 0 0 613,153 0 0 0 0 613,153 1999 0 0 398,201 0 0 0 0 398,201 2000 0 0 555,555 0 0 0 0 555,555 2001 0 0 548,909 0 0 0 0 548,909 2002 0 0 569,468 0 0 0 0 569,468 2003 0 0 480,390 0 0 0 0 480,390 2004 0 0 526,569 0 0 0 0 526,569

Summary 0 119,300 19,246,392 6,822 0 0 0 19,372,514

APPENDIX 7. Coho salmon stocking in Ontario, 1960-2004.

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Unknown Total

1960 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1961 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1962 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1963 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1964 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1965 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1966 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1967 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1968 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1969 0 0 0 156,886 0 0 156,886 1970 0 0 0 147,230 0 0 147,230 1971 0 0 0 187,185 0 0 187,185 1972 0 0 0 121,528 0 0 121,528 1973 0 0 0 218,000 0 0 218,000 1974 0 0 0 438,425 0 0 438,425 1975 0 0 0 226,000 0 0 226,000 1976 0 0 0 222,000 0 0 222,000 1977 0 0 0 209,000 0 0 209,000 1978 0 0 0 201,000 0 0 201,000 1979 0 0 0 286,000 0 0 286,000 1980 0 0 0 418,000 0 0 418,000 1981 0 0 0 224,000 0 0 224,000 1982 0 0 0 144,000 0 0 144,000 1983 0 0 0 181,445 0 0 181,445 1984 0 0 0 216,115 0 0 216,115 1985 0 0 0 183,000 0 0 183,000 1986 0 0 0 273,000 0 0 273,000 1987 0 0 0 400,000 0 0 400,000 1988 0 0 0 387,000 0 0 387,000 1989 0 0 0 291,000 0 0 291,000 1990 0 0 65,575 169,289 0 0 234,864 1991 0 275,511 0 145,907 0 0 421,418 1992 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1993 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1994 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1995 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1996 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1997 0 0 9,986 0 0 0 9,986 1998 0 0 108,223 26,222 0 0 134,445 1999 0 0 61,485 69,423 0 0 130,908 2000 0 0 0 175,554 0 0 175,554 2001 0 0 67,306 96,826 0 0 164,132 2002 0 0 0 177,881 0 0 177,881 2003 0 0 0 94,792 0 0 94,792 2004 0 0 0 197,627 0 0 197,627

Summary 0 275,511 312,575 6,284,355 0 0 6,872,421

APPENDIX 8. Lake herring stocking in Ontario, 1900-1970.

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Total 1900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1901 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1902 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1903 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1904 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1905 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1906 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1907 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1908 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1909 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1910 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1911 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1912 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1913 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1914 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1915 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1916 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1917 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1918 0 38,000 0 0 0 0 38,000 1919 0 10,800,000 0 0 0 0 10,800,000 1920 0 920,000 0 0 0 0 920,000 1921 0 9,740,000 0 0 0 0 9,740,000 1922 0 26,250,000 0 0 0 0 26,250,000 1923 0 24,000,000 0 0 0 0 24,000,000 1924 0 32,475,000 0 0 0 0 32,475,000 1925 0 45,050,500 0 0 0 0 45,050,500 1926 0 11,225,000 0 0 0 0 11,225,000 1927 0 18,410,000 0 0 0 0 18,410,000 1928 0 17,830,000 0 0 0 0 17,830,000 1929 0 22,680,000 0 0 0 0 22,680,000 1930 0 26,657,000 0 0 0 0 26,657,000 1931 0 36,395,000 0 0 0 0 36,395,000 1932 100,000 75,000,000 0 0 0 0 75,100,000 1933 0 22,805,000 0 0 0 0 22,805,000 1934 0 17,512,000 0 0 0 0 17,512,000 1935 0 43,760,000 0 0 0 0 43,760,000 1936 0 56,120,000 0 0 0 0 56,120,000 1937 30,000 5,270,000 0 0 0 0 5,300,000 1938 0 49,725,000 0 0 0 0 49,725,000 1939 0 38,550,000 0 0 0 0 38,550,000 1940 0 49,050,000 0 0 0 0 49,050,000 1941 0 8,630,000 0 0 0 0 8,630,000 1942 0 18,340,000 0 0 0 0 18,340,000 1943 0 24,560,000 0 0 0 0 24,560,000 1944 0 5,662,000 0 0 0 0 5,662,000 1945 0 6,405,000 0 0 0 0 6,405,000 1946 0 69,674,000 0 0 0 0 69,674,000 1947 0 23,940,000 0 0 0 0 23,940,000 1948 0 20,375,000 0 0 0 0 20,375,000 1949 0 8,400,000 0 0 0 0 8,400,000 1950 0 5,100,000 0 0 0 0 5,100,000 1951 0 8,100,000 0 0 0 0 8,100,000

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Total 1952 0 1,100,000 0 0 0 0 1,100,000 1953 0 3,600,000 0 0 0 0 3,600,000 1954 0 3,617,000 0 0 0 0 3,617,000 1955 398,000 3,400,000 0 0 0 0 3,798,000 1956 0 350,000 0 0 0 0 350,000 1957 1,840,000 0 0 0 0 0 1,840,000 1958 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1959 1,067,750 0 0 0 0 0 1,067,750 1960 0 50,000 0 0 0 0 50,000 1961 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1962 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1963 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1964 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1965 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1966 1,500,000 0 0 0 0 0 1,500,000 1967 7,030,000 2,000,000 0 0 0 0 9,030,000 1968 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1969 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1970 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Summary 11,965,750 853,565,500 0 0 0 0 865,481,250

APPENDIX 9. Lake trout stocking in Ontario, 1867-2004 (modified from Kerr and Lasenby 2001).

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Total 1867 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1868 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1869 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1870 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1871 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1872 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1873 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1874 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1876 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1877 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1878 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1879 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1880 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1881 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1882 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1883 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1884 0 5,150,000 0 0 0 0 5,150,000 1885 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1886 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1887 0 2,090,000 0 0 0 0 2,090,000 1888 0 8,240,000 0 0 0 0 8,240,000 1889 0 2,760,000 0 0 0 0 2,760,000 1890 0 4,200,000 0 0 0 0 4,200,000 1891 0 4,750,000 0 0 0 0 4,750,000 1892 0 1,770,000 0 0 0 0 1,770,000 1893 0 4,470,000 0 0 0 0 4,470,000 1894 0 4,030,000 0 0 0 0 4,030,000 1895 0 3,590,000 0 0 0 0 3,590,000

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Total 1896 0 2,760,000 0 0 0 0 2,760,000 1897 0 2,420,000 0 0 0 0 2,420,000 1898 No Records Available 1899 0 1,900,000 0 0 0 0 1,900,000 1900 0 3,185,000 0 0 0 0 3,185,000 1901 0 2,250,000 0 0 0 0 2,250,000 1902 0 1,155,000 0 0 0 0 1,155,000 1903 0 3,172,000 0 0 0 0 3,172,000 1904 No Records Available 1905 0 1,985,000 0 0 0 0 1,985,000 1906 No Records Available 1907 0 2,684,000 0 0 0 0 2,684,000 1908 0 2,978,000 0 3,000 0 0 2,981,000 1909 0 10,240,000 0 2,000 0 0 10,242,000 1910 0 14,015,000 0 0 0 0 14,015,000 1911 0 13,695,000 0 3,300 0 0 13,698,300 1912 0 25,500,000 0 2,500 0 0 25,502,500 1913 No Records Available 1914 No Records Available 1915 0 14,986,300 164,400 0 0 0 15,150,700 1916 0 500,000 50,000 0 0 0 550,000 1917 0 1,120,000 0 0 0 0 1,120,000 1918 0 990,000 0 0 0 0 990,000 1919 0 1,050,000 0 0 0 0 1,050,000 1920 0 1,334,000 0 0 0 0 1,334,000 1921 0 110,400 0 0 0 0 110,400 1922 0 7,815,000 0 0 0 0 7,815,000 1923 0 12,410,000 0 0 0 0 12,410,000 1924 0 7,801,000 0 0 0 0 7,801,000 1925 0 7,320,425 0 0 0 0 7,320,425 1926 0 8,501,000 0 0 0 0 8,501,000

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Total 1927 0 21,465,375 0 0 0 0 21,465,375 1928 0 19,202,790 0 0 0 0 19,202,790 1929 0 22,756,300 0 0 0 0 22,756,300 1930 0 14,913,035 3,658,967 0 0 0 18,572,002 1931 0 22,108,900 0 0 0 0 22,108,900 1932 150,000 16,258,800 0 0 0 0 16,408,800 1933 200,000 1,400,000 16,012,700 0 0 0 17,612,700 1934 402,000 1,265,000 14,045,450 0 0 0 15,712,450 1935 0 7,773,034 14,564,000 0 0 0 22,337,034 1936 3,209,400 4,165,000 18,253,244 0 0 0 25,627,644 1937 0 3,707,000 13,409,100 0 0 0 17,116,100 1938 2,437,000 7,665,000 10,575,200 0 0 0 20,677,200 1939 1,845,850 7,236,900 9,964,400 0 0 0 19,047,150 1940 575,000 7,564,000 7,312,100 0 0 0 15,451,100 1941 800,000 913,000 18,066,400 0 0 0 19,779,400 1942 400,000 367,000 15,429,600 10,680 0 0 16,207,280 1943 200,000 125,000 8,048,800 60,860 0 0 8,434,660 1944 200,000 2,976,500 3,475,995 44,018 0 0 6,696,513 1945 0 765,000 7,248,040 88,700 0 0 8,101,740 1946 0 2,265,000 3,609,195 28,045 0 0 5,902,240 1947 0 0 3,467,645 89,050 0 0 3,556,695 1948 0 1,000,000 4,858,300 77,055 0 0 5,935,355 1949 0 1,000 5,561,700 81,200 0 0 5,643,900 1950 0 1,450,000 4,488,820 54,960 0 0 5,993,780 1951 0 1,775,000 3,146,000 133,677 0 0 5,054,677 1952 0 1,849,000 3,499,210 438,775 0 0 5,786,985 1953 0 250,000 6,985,015 171,765 0 0 7,406,780 1954 0 0 2,605,750 414,950 0 0 3,020,700 1955 0 28,000 2,611,900 241,060 0 0 2,880,960 1956 11,725 10,000 735,500 319,500 0 0 1,076,725 1957 0 0 230,230 39,100 0 0 269,330

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Total 1958 4,800 0 373,000 832,409 0 9,000 1,219,209 1959 0 40,000 274,400 633,990 0 0 948,390 1960 0 0 389,125 653,065 0 115 1,042,305 1961 0 43,700 369,500 714,670 0 8,278 1,136,148 1962 20,500,000 8,994,000 201,070 0 718 0 29,695,788 1963 7,200,000 11,440,000 2,170,000 0 0 0 20,810,000 1964 20,000 0 690 981,806 5,352 0 1,007,848 1965 0 0 224,800 826,865 9,340 0 1,061,005 1966 0 11,900 395,081 1,335,830 312 0 1,743,123 1967 50,000 0 328,443 1,291,969 12,600 405 1,683,417 1968 0 20,000 190,540 1,351,745 10,462 1,209 1,573,956 1969 0 0 0 1,133,300 14,915 0 1,148,215 1970 0 13,760 123,104 1,218,328 0 1,588 1,356,780 1971 0 0 93,920 1,326,013 11,673 0 1,431,606 1972 0 0 15,000 1,295,215 11,675 0 1,321,890 1973 0 0 0 1,283,000 0 51 1,283,051 1974 0 0 0 1,744,000 0 0 1,744,000 1975 76,000 0 0 1,258,000 0 0 1,334,000 1976 252,000 0 0 0 0 0 252,000 1977 120,000 0 0 0 0 0 120,000 1978 120,000 0 0 1,536,000 0 0 1,656,000 1979 6,000 0 0 1,478,000 0 0 1,484,000 1980 5,000 0 0 1,928,000 0 0 1,933,000 1981 0 0 0 2,636,000 0 0 2,636,000 1982 0 0 0 2,517,000 0 0 2,517,000 1983 25,000 0 0 2,277,000 0 0 2,302,000 1984 80,250 0 0 3,123,000 0 0 3,203,250 1985 53,000 0 0 3,118,000 0 0 3,171,000 1986 15,000 0 0 3,397,000 0 0 3,412,000 1987 229,000 0 0 4,454,000 0 0 4,683,000 1988 406,000 0 0 5,445,000 0 0 5,851,000

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Total 1989 1,830,000 0 0 4,593,000 0 0 6,423,000 1990 400,000 831,000 669,682 4,531,682 2,350 0 6,434,714 1991 292,300 37,000 309,995 4,378,786 275,006 0 5,293,087 1992 60,374 303,000 397,138 4,895,220 5,635 2,815 5,664,182 1993 110,000 496,000 349,169 2,849,912 1,000 1,372 3,807,453 1994 660,000 265,000 12,000 3,468,565 3,417 4,605 4,413,587 1995 765,000 700,262 583,330 3,154,484 0 10,839 5,213,915 1996 745,370 913,241 639,836 2,812,322 0 7,783 5,118,552 1997 1,253,901 689,233 377,512 3,163,598 0 5,667 5,849,911 1998 547,000 1,169,526 791,146 3,513,530 0 10,400 6,031,602 1999 1,092,208 162,950 309,125 4,249,421 0 6,946 5,820,650 2000 0 1,079,986 40,816 3,812,486 0 392 4,933,680 2001 0 0 267,226 3,737,980 514,684 4,820 4,524,710 2002 215,107 0 962,139 3,123,748 204,177 1,150 4,506,321 2003 150,114 126,800 38,118 3,213,516 845,062 4,006 4,377,616 2004 63,515 0 144,653 4,119,639 59,182 3,525 4,390,514

Summary 47,777,914 388,836,117 213,118,219 111,710,689 1,987,560 84,966 763,815,465

APPENDIX 10. Lake whitefish stocking in Ontario, 1867-2004 (modified from Lasenby et al. 2001).

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Total 1867 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1868 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1869 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1870 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1871 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1872 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1873 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1874 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1876 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1877 23,500,000 7,950,000 0 0 0 0 31,450,000 1878 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1879 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1880 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1881 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1882 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1883 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1884 0 30,500,000 0 0 0 0 30,500,000 1885 0 43,000,000 0 0 0 0 43,000,000 1886 No Records Available 1887 0 32,870,000 0 0 0 0 32,870,000 1888 0 44,100,000 0 0 0 0 44,100,000 1889 0 23,800,000 0 0 0 0 23,800,000 1890 0 32,750,000 0 0 0 0 32,750,000 1891 0 37,440,000 0 0 0 0 37,440,000 1892 0 63,360,000 0 0 0 0 63,360,000 1893 0 73,660,000 0 0 0 0 73,660,000 1894 0 52,120,000 0 0 0 0 52,120,000 1895 0 77,800,000 0 0 0 0 77,800,000 1896 0 65,900,000 0 0 0 0 65,900,000 1897 0 77,300,000 0 0 0 0 77,300,000

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Total 1898 0 No Records Available 1899 0 93,350,000 0 0 0 0 93,350,000 1900 0 89,360,000 0 0 0 0 89,360,000 1901 0 87,700,000 0 0 0 0 87,700,000 1902 0 85,000,000 0 0 0 0 85,000,000 1903 0 69,000,000 0 0 0 0 69,000,000 1904 No Records Available 1905 0 80,000,000 0 0 0 0 80,000,000 1906 No Records Available 1907 0 65,025,000 0 0 0 0 65,025,000 1908 0 79,140,000 0 0 0 0 79,140,000 1909 0 66,500,000 0 0 0 0 66,500,000 1910 0 76,000,000 0 0 0 0 76,000,000 1911 0 134,000,000 0 0 0 0 134,000,000 1912 0 64,000,000 0 0 0 0 64,000,000 1913 No Records Available 1914 No Records Available 1915 0 281,620,000 0 0 0 0 281,620,000 1916 No Records Available 1917 No Records Available 1918 0 15,500,000 0 0 0 0 15,500,000 1919 0 7,740,000 0 0 0 0 7,740,000 1920 0 43,335,000 0 0 0 0 43,335,000 1921 0 115,950,000 0 0 0 0 115,950,000 1922 0 189,775,000 0 0 0 0 189,775,000 1923 0 264,400,000 0 0 0 0 264,400,000 1924 0 437,469,000 0 0 0 0 437,469,000 1925 0 246,126,500 0 0 0 0 246,126,500 1926 0 260,575,000 0 0 0 0 260,575,000 1927 0 312,829,750 0 0 0 0 312,829,750 1928 0 405,572,000 0 0 0 0 405,572,000 1929 0 427,084,000 0 0 0 0 427,084,000 1930 0 277,100,000 0 0 0 0 277,100,000

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Total 1931 1,500,000 342,107,000 0 0 0 0 343,607,000 1932 0 229,035,000 0 0 0 0 229,035,000 1933 0 372,111,000 0 0 0 0 372,111,000 1934 0 376,777,000 0 0 0 0 376,777,000 1935 0 296,482,000 0 0 0 0 296,482,000 1936 0 428,402,000 0 0 0 0 428,402,000 1937 0 383,683,900 0 0 0 0 383,683,900 1938 0 323,700,500 0 0 0 0 323,700,500 1939 0 326,657,000 0 0 0 0 326,657,000 1940 0 403,339,000 0 0 0 0 403,339,000 1941 0 375,960,500 0 0 0 0 375,960,500 1942 250,000 394,802,000 0 0 0 0 395,052,000 1943 1,500,000 369,777,500 0 0 0 0 371,277,500 1944 3,000,000 256,035,000 0 0 0 0 259,035,000 1945 0 240,786,775 0 0 0 0 240,786,775 1946 0 205,590,000 0 0 0 0 205,590,000 1947 0 233,316,125 0 0 0 0 233,316,125 1948 0 243,482,000 0 0 0 0 243,482,000 1949 0 245,150,000 0 0 0 0 245,100,000 1950 0 235,200,000 0 0 0 0 235,200,000 1951 0 121,185,000 0 0 0 0 121,185,000 1952 0 200,400,000 0 0 0 0 200,400,000 1953 0 186,700,000 0 0 0 0 186,700,000 1954 42,665,000 139,210,000 0 0 0 0 181,875,000 1955 67,165,000 102,950,000 0 0 0 0 170,115,000 1956 51,177,500 11,130,000 0 0 0 0 62,307,500 1957 13,435,000 67,275,000 0 0 0 0 80,710,000 1958 30,940,000 47,515,000 0 0 0 0 78,455,000 1959 1,000,000 44,985,00 0 0 0 0 45,985,000 1960 12,000,000 62,993,000 0 0 0 0 74,993,000 1961 13,875,000 53,685,000 0 0 0 0 67,560,000 1962 0 46,575,000 0 0 0 0 46,575,000 1963 0 46,350,000 0 0 0 0 46,350,000

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Total 1964 0 27,090,000 0 0 0 0 27,090,000 1965 0 24,030,000 0 0 0 0 24,030,000 1966 0 19,845,000 0 0 0 0 19,845,000 1967 300,000 240,000 0 0 0 0 540,000 1968 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1969 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1970 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1971 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1972 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1973 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1974 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1975 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1976 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1977 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1978 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1979 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1980 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1981 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1982 0 0 0 13,222 0 0 13,222 1983 0 0 0 14,661 0 0 14,661 1984 0 0 0 15,398 0 0 15,398 1985 0 0 0 27,082 0 0 27,082 1986 0 0 67,861 29,971 0 0 97,832 1987 0 0 64,949 99,699 0 0 164,648 1988 0 0 81,909 95,349 0 0 177,258 1989 0 0 53,072 87,789 0 0 140,861 1990 0 0 62,351 73,620 0 0 135,971 1991 0 0 76,862 63,067 0 0 139,929 1992 0 0 141,691 60,480 0 0 202,171 1993 0 0 143,319 0 0 0 143,319 1994 0 0 146,121 0 0 0 146,121 1995 0 0 79,301 0 0 0 79,301 1996 0 0 134,432 0 0 0 134,432

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Total 1997 0 0 144,210 0 0 0 144,210 1998 0 0 118,147 0 0 0 118,147 1999 0 0 188,068 0 0 0 188,068 2000 0 0 164,190 0 0 0 164,190 2001 0 0 150,524 0 0 0 150,524 2002 0 0 141,360 0 0 0 141,360 2003 0 0 130,120 0 0 0 130,120 2004 0 0 151,167 0 0 0 151,167

Summary 262,307,500 12,379,768,550 2,239,654 580,338 0 0 12,689,831,042

APPENDIX 11. Largemouth bass stocking and transfers in Ontario, 1930-2004 (modified from Lasenby and Kerr 2000).

Year

Eyed Eggs

Fry

Fingerlings

Yearlings

Subadults

Adults

Unknown

Total 1930 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1931 0 35,000 18,310 0 0 0 0 53,310 1932 0 112,000 4,788 0 0 24 0 116,812 1933 0 0 856 0 0 0 0 856 1934 0 35,250 4,250 0 0 197 0 39,697 1935 0 130,000 2,153 0 0 27 0 132,180 1936 0 45,000 7,260 0 0 138 0 52,398 1937 0 135,000 4,120 0 0 92 0 139,212 1938 0 57,500 8,035 0 0 26 0 65,561 1939 0 0 1,890 0 0 497 0 2,387 1940 0 230,000 5,500 0 0 152 0 235,652 1941 0 110,000 17,700 0 0 109 0 127,809 1942 0 185,000 19,100 0 0 290 0 204,390 1943 0 507,500 38,500 0 0 290 0 546,290 1944 0 130,000 14,600 0 0 51 0 144,651 1945 0 0 5,000 0 0 0 0 5,000 1946 0 20,000 9,500 1,417 0 527 0 31,444 1947 0 305,000 35,400 20,000 0 876 0 361,276 1948 0 410,000 32,109 0 0 789 23 442,921 1949 0 691,250 25,200 10,074 0 249 0 726,773 1950 0 600,000 97,360 0 0 832 0 698,192 1951 0 1,034,000 144,750 5,300 296 601 5,000 1,189,947 1952 0 544,000 167,750 1,750 0 962 500 714,962 1953 0 330,000 360,350 15,330 0 1,419 0 707,099 1954 1,000 720,000 426,150 10,000 0 119 0 1,157,269 1955 0 290,500 343,300 0 0 3,522 0 637,322 1956 0 360,000 180,015 0 0 1,495 0 541,510 1957 0 190,000 128,830 0 0 2,922 0 321,752 1958 0 46,000 72,600 2,500 0 1,851 0 122,951 1959 0 45,000 46,500 0 0 144 0 91,644 1960 0 230,550 29,500 0 0 20 0 260,070 1961 0 0 26,050 148 0 1,442 0 27,640 1962 0 55,000 112,120 0 0 746 0 167,866

Year

Eyed Eggs

Fry

Fingerlings

Yearlings

Subadults

Adults

Unknown

Total

1963 0 45,000 92,550 1,200 0 35 0 138,785 1964 0 112,000 92,750 0 0 0 0 204,750 1965 0 105,000 107,500 0 0 0 11,000 223,500 1966 0 83,000 147,000 2,000 0 0 13,500 245,500 1967 0 67,500 75,000 9,000 0 260 0 151,760 1968 0 60,000 49,900 4,199 0 1,523 0 115,622 1969 0 11,000 56,390 162 0 961 3,000 71,513 1970 0 101,000 46,200 0 0 492 0 147,692 1971 0 61,000 74,400 0 0 18 0 135,418 1972 0 67,000 83,000 1,000 0 0 0 151,000 1973 0 47,700 59,200 0 0 0 0 106,900 1974 21,000 96,500 0 0 210 15,000 0 132,710 1975 110,000 47,000 0 0 0 10,000 0 167,000 1976 0 129,000 10,000 0 362 0 0 139,362 1977 36,000 80,000 0 0 701 0 0 116,701 1978 0 82,000 0 0 1,040 0 28,960 112,000 1979 0 0 0 0 407 0 0 407 1980 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1981 0 0 0 0 454 0 0 454 1982 0 0 0 0 201 0 0 201 1983 0 0 0 0 105 0 0 105 1984 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1985 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1986 0 0 0 0 67 0 0 67 1987 0 0 0 0 755 0 0 755 1988 0 0 0 268 555 0 0 823 1989 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 50 1990 0 0 0 100 40 0 0 140 1991 0 0 0 50 12 0 124 186 1992 0 0 0 185 0 30 360 575 1993 0 0 0 0 72 0 115 187 1994 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 28 1995 0 0 0 0 0 0 285 285 1996 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1997 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Year

Eyed Eggs

Fry

Fingerlings

Yearlings

Subadults

Adults

Unknown

Total

1998 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2003 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2004 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Summary 168,000 8,778,250 3,283,436 84,683 5,327 48,728 62,895 12,431,319

APPENDIX 12. Muskellunge stocking in Ontario, 1900-2004 (from Kerr 2001).

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1901 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1902 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1903 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1904 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1905 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1906 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1907 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1908 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1909 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1910 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1911 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1912 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1913 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1914 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1915 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1916 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1917 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1918 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1919 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1920 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1921 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1922 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1923 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1924 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1925 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1926 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1927 0 86,000 0 0 0 0 0 86,000 1928 0 53,000 0 0 0 0 0 53,000 1929 0 20,000 0 0 0 0 0 20,000

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1930 0 70,000 0 0 0 0 0 70,000 1931 0 65,000 0 0 0 0 0 65,000 1932 0 115,000 0 0 0 0 0 115,000 1933 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1934 0 909,500 0 0 0 0 0 909,500 1935 0 465,000 0 0 0 0 0 465,000 1936 0 274,000 0 0 0 0 0 274,000 1937 0 420,700 0 0 0 0 0 420,700 1938 0 2,005,000 0 0 0 0 0 2,005,000 1939 0 2,795,000 1,300 0 0 0 0 2,796,300 1940 0 2,345,000 2,333 0 0 0 0 2,347,333 1941 0 2,100,000 1,494 0 0 0 0 2,101,494 1942 0 1,575,000 705 0 0 0 0 1,575,705 1943 0 1,165,000 2,100 0 0 0 0 1,167,100 1944 0 2,705,000 2,952 0 0 0 0 2,707,952 1945 0 2,030,000 200 0 0 0 0 2,030,200 1946 0 1,150,000 6,875 0 0 0 0 1,156,875 1947 0 2,790,000 11,540 0 0 0 0 2,801,540 1948 0 3,135,000 24,600 0 0 195 0 3,159,600 1949 0 2,770,000 38,000 0 0 0 0 2,808,000 1950 0 3,350,000 29,700 0 0 0 0 3,379,700 1951 0 2,360,000 21,940 0 0 0 0 2,381,940 1952 0 3,750,000 62,257 0 0 156 0 3,812,413 1953 0 2,740,000 42,966 0 0 143 0 2,783,109 1954 0 3,550,000 39,563 0 0 0 0 3,589,563 1955 0 3,711,500 50,900 0 0 0 0 3,762,400 1956 0 3,610,000 73,524 0 0 86 0 3,683,610 1957 0 2,430,000 38,575 0 0 923 0 2,469,498 1958 0 2,940,000 17,512 0 0 501 0 2,958,013 1959 0 4,220,000 50,450 0 0 0 0 4,270,450 1960 0 3,390,000 51,405 0 0 0 0 3,441,405 1961 0 2,832,500 74,500 0 0 0 0 2,907,000

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1962 0 2,970,000 23,550 0 0 0 0 2,993,550 1963 0 1,870,000 27,150 0 0 0 0 1,897,150 1964 0 1,530,000 26,300 0 0 0 0 1,556,300 1965 0 1,850,000 24,600 15 0 0 0 1,874,615 1966 0 1,303,112 0 0 0 0 0 1,303,112 1967 0 2,650,000 12,000 0 0 195 0 2,662,195 1968 0 2,400,000 26,600 0 0 0 0 2,426,600 1969 0 2,957,600 33,350 0 0 0 0 2,990,950 1970 0 2,700,000 27,350 0 0 0 0 2,727,350 1971 0 1,865,000 22,250 0 0 0 0 1,887,250 1972 0 2,665,000 17,900 0 0 0 0 2,682,900 1973 0 620,000 50,550 0 0 0 0 670,550 1974 0 1,253,200 38,010 0 0 0 0 1,291,210 1975 0 1,186,000 99 0 0 0 0 1,186,099 1976 0 1,360,100 33,111 0 0 0 0 1,393,211 1977 0 949,493 19,785 0 0 0 0 969,278 1978 0 1,271,274 11,274 0 0 0 0 1,282,548 1979 0 1,510,000 30,303 0 0 0 0 1,540,303 1980 0 1,219,898 19,898 0 0 0 0 1,239,796 1981 0 860,000 32,345 0 0 0 0 892,345 1982 0 1,230,000 16,014 0 0 0 0 1,246,014 1983 0 980,000 22,503 0 0 0 0 1,002,503 1984 0 1,370,000 20,435 0 0 0 0 1,390,435 1985 0 1,646,500 55,586 0 0 0 0 1,702,086 1986 0 1,161,000 0 0 0 0 0 1,161,000 1987 0 804,000 0 0 0 0 0 804,000 1988 0 171,000 0 0 0 0 0 171,000 1989 0 926,000 0 0 0 0 0 926,000 1990 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1991 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1992 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1993 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1994 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1995 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1996 0 0 500 0 0 0 0 500 1997 0 4,000 1,850 0 0 0 0 5,850 1998 0 0 2,570 0 0 0 0 2,570 1999 0 0 606 140 0 0 0 746 2000 0 0 2,388 100 0 0 0 2,488 2001 0 0 0 380 0 0 0 380 2002 0 0 300 190 0 0 0 490 2003 0 0 2,088 550 0 0 0 2,638 2004 0 0 0 300 0 0 0 300

Summary 0 111,210,377 1,246,656 1,675 0 2,199 0 112,460,907

APPENDIX 13. Rainbow trout (including steelhead) stocking in Ontario, 1900-2004 (modified from Kerr and Lasenby 2000).

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1901 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1902 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1903 0 15,500 0 0 0 0 0 15,500 1904 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1905 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1906 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1907 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1908 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1909 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1910 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1911 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1912 0 117,000 0 0 0 0 0 117,000 1913 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1914 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1915 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1916 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1917 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1918 0 20,000 0 0 0 0 0 20,000 1919 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1920 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1921 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1922 0 21,000 0 0 0 5,300 0 26,300 1923 0 1,100 0 0 0 0 0 1,100 1924 0 15,000 0 0 0 0 0 15,000 1925 0 0 3,000 0 0 0 0 3,000 1926 0 0 1,800 0 0 0 0 1,800 1927 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1928 0 0 419 0 0 0 0 419

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1929 0 0 35,030 0 0 0 0 35,030 1930 0 0 71,500 10,000 0 0 0 81,500 1931 0 0 0 10,005 0 0 0 10,005 1932 0 216,235 0 0 0 0 0 216,235 1933 0 0 27,016 0 0 0 0 27,016 1934 1,000 4,480 312,512 25,014 0 0 0 343,006 1935 0 0 134,075 314 0 0 0 134,389 1936 0 0 133,000 3,507 0 0 0 136,507 1937 0 0 105,240 0 0 0 0 105,240 1938 0 0 321,600 6,727 0 0 0 328,327 1939 0 0 109,635 23,145 0 1,008 0 133,788 1940 0 0 298,420 23,145 0 0 0 321,565 1941 0 0 164,000 11,750 0 0 0 175,750 1942 0 0 111,000 12,900 0 0 0 123,900 1943 0 0 73,242 15,450 0 0 0 88,692 1944 0 0 32,186 3,900 0 0 0 36,086 1945 0 5,563 0 0 0 0 0 5,563 1946 0 0 0 1,610 0 0 0 1,610 1947 0 0 3,850 0 0 0 0 3,850 1948 0 0 27,900 8,350 0 0 0 36,250 1949 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1950 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1951 0 0 9,500 0 0 0 0 9,500 1952 0 0 1,500 0 0 0 0 1,500 1953 0 0 25,000 1,190 0 0 0 26,190 1954 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1955 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1956 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1957 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1958 26,000 10,000 15,000 94,944 0 32,297 0 178,241 1959 20,000 0 19,517 95,036 0 1,400 0 135,953 1960 0 0 28,120 79,090 0 122 0 107,332

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1961 3,000 0 101,896 229,375 0 0 0 334,271 1962 0 0 60,300 291,158 8,650 0 0 360,108 1963 0 0 3,000 173,152 0 11,380 0 187,532 1964 0 0 140,500 318,890 14,553 0 0 473,943 1965 0 65,000 11,750 269,285 62,750 0 0 408,785 1966 100,000 0 30,820 125,510 10,000 0 0 266,330 1967 676,500 6,000 87,810 147,850 29,500 13,600 0 961,260 1968 533,000 0 67,536 361,180 22,296 470 0 984,482 1969 20,000 85,750 44,050 434,816 20,354 41 0 605,011 1970 0 5,000 40,647 351,584 22,143 0 0 419,374 1971 80,000 273,000 244,335 555,298 42,876 0 0 1,195,509 1972 150,000 0 169,950 425,239 26,850 225 0 772,264 1973 1,290,000 151,000 30,000 527,000 0 3 0 1,998,003 1974 1,267,000 0 763,000 0 0 0 0 2,030,000 1975 0 130,000 23,900 292,115 0 0 100,000 546,015 1976 0 325,000 368,851 382,729 1,950 160 188 1,078,878 1977 0 580,960 203,293 345,644 0 0 436,892 1,566,789 1978 0 632,496 213,362 428,125 1,150 692 39,650 1,315,475 1979 0 105,000 376,995 527,384 5,099 0 35,089 1,049,567 1980 0 770,000 0 474,215 1,200 0 18,448 1,263,863 1981 0 0 0 459,761 15,220 0 58,098 533,079 1982 0 200 7,900 371,992 22,255 1,000 12,125 415,472 1983 0 0 51,719 296,038 18,855 0 6,913 373,525 1984 0 17,755 30,000 300,182 13,465 0 103,080 464,482 1985 0 15,609 0 351,274 10,846 0 193,335 571,604 1986 0 147,752 132,930 391,946 9,545 91 529,974 1,212,238 1987 0 176,875 434,881 563,215 10,275 609 553,505 1,739,360 1988 0 545,235 672,368 725,366 1,300 784 659,475 2,604,528 1989 0 362,868 574,462 602,660 380 754 362,421 1,903,545 1990 0 0 348,916 556,355 3,313 150 281,365 1,190,099 1991 0 127,102 350,854 336,092 591 68 30,821 845,528 1992 6,000 0 814,563 535,878 0 412 0 1,356,853

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1993 0 514,000 549,975 324,795 125 125 7,800 1,396,820 1994 0 489,651 485,109 303,075 2,301 271 61,300 1,341,707 1995 0 0 200,000 360,448 0 0 0 560,448 1996 0 0 125,462 427,246 0 0 0 552,708 1997 0 287,500 133,542 378,339 0 0 0 799,381 1998 0 20,000 133,654 335,691 0 2,907 0 492,252 1999 0 0 21,530 382,208 0 1,054 0 404,792 2000 247,222 0 7,384 434,226 3,964 636 0 693,432 2001 0 0 73,164 293,388 5,424 927 0 372,903 2002 50,507 0 40,400 334,630 502 942 0 426,781 2003 0 0 6,233 470,408 200 1,178 0 478,019 2004 0 0 9,075 408,941 32,308 951 0 415,926

Summary 4,470,229 6,259,631 10,240,903 17,004,506 420,240 79,557 3,490,479 41,965,545

APPENDIX 14. Smallmouth bass stocking and transfers in Ontario, 1884-2004.

Year Eyed Eggs

Fry

Fingerlings

Yearlings

Subadults

Adults

Unknown

Total

1884 0 50,000 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 1885 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1886 No Records Available 1887 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1888 0 1,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 1,000,000 1889 0 80,000 0 0 0 0 0 80,000 1890 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1891 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1892 No Records Available 1893 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1894 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1895 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1896 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1897 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1898 No Records Available 1899 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1901 0 0 0 0 0 0 9,841 9,841 1902 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,004 2,004 1903 0 0 0 0 0 0 7,927 7,927 1904 0 0 7,600 0 0 0 5,355 12,955 1905 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,100 3,100 1906 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,435 5,435 1907 No Records Available 1908 0 0 725 0 0 0 1,020 1,745 1909 0 0 14,550 0 0 0 0 14,550 1910 0 0 37,625 0 0 75 0 37,700 1911 0 0 90,200 0 0 0 0 90,200 1912 0 0 80,000 0 0 300 0 80,300 1913 0 0 90,400 0 0 265 0 90,665 1914 0 205,500 274,500 0 0 330 0 480,330 1915 0 50,000 780,000 0 0 425 0 830,425 1916 0 0 900,000 0 0 450 0 900,450

Year

Eyed Eggs

Fry

Fingerlings

Yearlings

Subadults

Adults

Unknown

Total

1917 0 0 735,000 0 0 428 0 735,428 1918 0 0 0 0 0 131 0 131 1919 0 0 200,500 0 0 548 0 201,048 1920 0 0 427,000 0 0 460 0 427,460 1921 0 0 773,5001. 0 0 742 0 774,242 1922 0 0 613,5001. 0 0 937 0 614,437 1923 0 0 59,0001. 0 0 997 0 59,997 1924 0 0 338,0001. 0 0 1,111 0 339,111 1925 0 0 9,000 0 0 611 0 9,611 1926 0 0 12,5001. 0 0 1,569 0 14,069 1927 0 0 5,425 0 0 0 0 5,425 1928 0 0 60,4331. 0 0 90 0 60,523 1929 0 60,000 15,080 1,245 0 145 0 76,470 1930 0 386,091 8,414 0 1,115 1,007 0 396,627 1931 0 367,500 111,625 0 10,094 0 0 489,219 1932 0 588,000 29,400 0 0 7,9482. 0 625,348 1933 0 545,000 25,750 0 0 3,4712. 0 574,221 1934 0 365,500 35,750 0 0 420 0 401,670 1935 0 691,000 152,565 866 0 2,569 0 847,000 1936 0 775,000 69,380 0 0 2,132 0 846,512 1937 0 1,275,000 141,900 0 0 5,8932. 0 1,422,793 1938 0 804,000 169,800 0 0 7,1382. 0 980,938 1939 0 1,386,000 226,325 0 0 7,7392. 0 1,620,064 1940 0 2,512,500 449,154 0 0 1,6712. 0 2,963,325 1941 0 1,911,590 691,925 0 0 2,2542. 0 2,605,769 1942 0 1,535,500 718,259 0 0 2,3552. 0 2,256,114 1943 0 1,512,000 392,700 0 0 1,3692 0 1,906,069 1944 0 2,030,000 664,400 0 0 2,8342. 0 2,697,234 1945 0 448,000 348,368 0 0 5,3222. 0 801,690 1946 10,000 476,375 317,080 455 0 4,4182. 2,257 810,585 1947 0 1,457,000 579,925 0 0 5,0992. 0 2,042,024 1948 0 1,402,500 554,900 0 0 3,4592. 0 1,960,859 1949 0 2,149,500 1,957,185 4,203 0 15,4662. 29,600 4,155,954 1950 0 1,505,500 346,200 0 0 9,151 0 1,860,851 1951 200,000 986,600 424,219 14,052 0 13,910 0 1,638,781

Year

Eyed Eggs

Fry

Fingerlings

Yearlings

Subadults

Adults

Unknown

Total

1952 0 357,500 384,965 0 0 14,688 0 757,153 1953 0 720,000 623,220 0 0 17,763 0 1,360,983 1954 0 820,000 452,200 0 0 13,654 0 1,285,854 1955 0 209,000 529,135 0 0 25,0802. 0 763,215 1956 0 803,000 368,500 2,817 0 19,3362. 2,198 1,195,851 1957 0 467,500 131,700 0 0 6652. 0 599,865 1958 0 130,000 132,750 0 0 4,4682. 0 267,218 1959 0 89,000 227,200 0 0 4992. 0 316,699 1960 0 156,000 177,600 0 0 5102. 0 334,110 1961 0 230,000 270,200 0 0 6192. 0 500,819 1962 0 147,000 177,300 0 0 2912. 0 324,591 1963 0 134,000 287,700 0 0 316 0 422,016 1964 0 52,000 239,450 0 0 290 0 291,740 1965 0 58,000 231,700 0 0 165 0 289,865 1966 0 36,200 215,500 0 0 160 0 251,860 1967 0 98,000 211,950 0 0 178 0 310,128 1968 0 38,200 91,000 0 0 181 0 129,381 1969 0 86,000 113,550 0 0 110 0 199,660 1970 0 99,000 28,500 0 0 0 0 127,500 1971 0 126,990 8,500 0 0 0 0 135,490 1972 0 0 116,600 0 0 0 0 116,600 1973 0 93,000 147,000 0 0 0 0 240,000 1974 0 0 0 0 0 0 173,000 173,000 1975 0 106,850 0 0 0 0 0 106,850 1976 0 0 0 0 0 0 106,000 106,000 1977 0 214,300 78,350 0 0 0 0 292,650 1978 0 150,000 34,000 0 0 0 174 184,174 1979 0 68,150 10,750 0 0 0 171 79,071 1980 0 59,300 5,690 0 0 0 168 65,158 1981 0 158,300 32,240 0 0 0 168 190,708 1982 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1983 0 0 0 0 250 0 0 250 1984 0 1,212,530 23,240 0 156 0 57,321 1,293,247 1985 0 60,000 4,700 0 506 0 0 65,206 1986 0 0 24,000 0 1,786 0 0 25,786

Year

Eyed Eggs

Fry

Fingerlings

Yearlings

Subadults

Adults

Unknown

Total

1987 0 10,700 4,800 0 2,324 0 0 17,824 1988 0 9,300 0 0 888 0 0 10,188 1989 0 1,500 0 0 1,230 0 0 2,730 1990 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1991 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1992 0 0 104 0 0 7 0 111 1993 0 476 0 0 0 81 0 557 1994 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 20 1995 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1996 0 0 0 0 0 528 0 528 1997 0 0 0 0 0 20 350 370 1998 0 0 0 0 0 0 600 600 1999 0 0 0 0 240 750 0 990 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2003 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2004 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Summary 210,000 33,557,452 19,323,856 23,638 18,589 215,618 416,689 53,765,892

1. Combination of fry and fingerlings 2. Combination of yearlings and adults.

APPENDIX 15. Splake (including backcross) stocking in Ontario, 1950-2004.

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1950 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1951 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1952 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1953 0 0 24,500 0 0 0 0 24,500 1954 0 0 0 17,200 0 2,190 0 19,390 1955 0 0 0 10,450 0 0 0 10,450 1956 0 0 0 8,115 0 0 0 8,115 1957 0 0 16,370 16,300 0 0 0 32,670 1958 0 0 0 207,710 0 0 0 207,710 1959 0 0 0 135,047 0 1,204 0 136,251 1960 0 0 0 13,151 0 0 0 13,151 1961 0 0 0 97,068 0 5,640 0 102,698 1962 0 0 0 111,792 0 0 0 111,792 1963 0 0 0 114,100 24,000 2,400 0 116,500 1964 0 0 0 87,650 0 11,645 0 99,295 1965 0 0 0 21,200 0 15,700 0 36,900 1966 0 0 0 69,000 0 44 0 69,044 1967 20,000 0 1,180 118,547 0 10,243 0 149,970 1968 0 0 2,000 36,226 0 984 0 39,210 1969 0 0 0 64,102 0 431 0 64,533 1970 0 0 0 256,586 0 40 0 256,626 1971 0 0 180,950 285,040 0 0 0 465,900 1972 0 93,000 0 235,975 0 34,513 0 363,488 1973 0 0 312,720 410,659 0 2,290 0 725,669 1974 0 0 24,700 303,954 0 1,574 0 330,228 1975 0 0 0 556,000 0 0 0 556,000 1976 0 0 0 682,519 0 5,040 0 687,559 1977 0 0 308,722 535,053 0 954 0 844,729 1978 377,220 0 0 0 0 0 187,826 565,046 1979 0 0 0 816,489 0 0 306,900 1,123,389

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1980 76,200 0 0 770,486 0 0 0 846,686 1981 0 0 120,115 600,548 1,235 0 76,200 798,098 1982 0 0 0 943,700 1,872 0 26,804 972,376 1983 0 0 21,100 954,431 5,986 0 180,000 1,161,517 1984 0 0 52,000 147,111 0 5,734 0 204,845 1985 0 0 34,000 251,455 0 823 0 286,728 1986 0 0 26,900 324,659 0 6,826 0 358,385 1987 0 0 169,000 1,217,077 5,026 69 8,500 1,399,672 1988 0 0 0 437,282 0 2,527 0 439,809 1989 0 0 15,000 560,259 0 648 0 575,907 1990 0 880,000 124,000 567,242 0 273 0 1,571,515 1991 83,524 400,000 229,000 711,327 0 465 0 1,424,316 1992 0 147,730 148,000 608,489 0 1,144 0 905,363 1993 0 395,000 10,000 644,677 0 0 0 1,049,677 1994 0 0 90,000 385,302 0 0 0 475,302 1995 0 30,000 0 712,610 0 1,165 0 743,775 1996 0 102,500 61,000 674,216 0 0 0 837,716 1997 582,000 130,000 0 634,000 0 0 0 1,346,868 1998 0 30,000 30,000 558,068 0 0 0 618,068 1999 0 17,637 30,000 749,952 0 0 0 797,589 2000 0 0 0 753,321 13,120 0 0 766,441 2001 0 0 20,000 788,219 0 11,746 0 819,965 2002 0 0 10,000 825,674 16,210 0 0 851,884 2003 0 0 50,000 760,720 31,325 0 0 841,955 2004 0 0 20,000 857,958 5,777 0 0 883,735

Summary 1,318,944 1,875,867 1,861,542 15,790,969 90,432 131,338 4,038,472 25,107,564

APPENDIX 16. Walleye stocking in Ontario, 1867-2004 (modified from Dimond and Potter 1996).

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1867 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1868 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1869 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1870 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1871 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1872 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1873 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1874 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1876 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1877 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1878 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1879 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1880 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1881 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1882 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1883 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1884 0 10,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 10,000,000 1885 0 25,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 25,000,000 1886 No Records Available - 1887 0 25,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 25,000,000 1888 0 25,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 25,000,000 1889 0 21,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 21,000,000 1890 0 25,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 25,000,000 1891 0 15,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 15,000,000 1892 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1893 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1894 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1895 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1896 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1897 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1898 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1899 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1901 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1902 0 15,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 15,000,000 1903 0 21,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 21,000,000 1904 No Records Available - 1905 0 26,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 26,000,000 1906 No Records Available - 1907 0 41,500,000 0 0 0 0 0 41,500,000 1908 0 51,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 51,000,000 1909 0 139,375,000 0 0 0 0 0 139,375,000 1910 0 74,243,000 0 0 0 0 0 74,243,000 1911 0 56,500,000 0 0 0 0 0 56,500,000 1912 0 42,000,000 0 0 0 0 0 42,000,000 1913 No Records Available - 1914 No Records Available - 1915 0 94,550,000 0 0 0 0 0 94,550,000 1916 No Records Available - 1917 No Records Available - 1918 0 3,400,000 0 0 0 0 0 3,400,000 1919 0 2,550,000 0 0 0 0 0 2,550,000 1920 0 31,480,000 0 0 0 0 0 31,480,000 1921 0 27,625,000 0 0 0 0 0 27,625,000 1922 0 43,510,000 0 0 0 0 0 43,510,000 1923 0 36,140,000 0 0 0 0 0 36,140,000 1924 0 80,250,000 0 0 0 0 0 80,250,000 1925 0 49,015,000 0 0 0 0 0 49,015,000 1926 0 13,820,000 0 0 0 0 0 13,820,000 1927 0 223,945,000 0 0 0 0 0 223,945,000 1928 0 19,202,790 0 0 0 0 0 19,202,790

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1929 0 22,756,300 0 0 0 0 0 22,756,300 1930 0 14,913,035 3,658,967 0 0 0 0 18,572,002 1931 0 4,613,975 2,674,003 0 0 0 0 7,287,978 1932 0 3,928,975 2,674,003 0 0 0 0 6,602,978 1933 0 1,400,000 16,012,700 0 0 0 0 17,412,700 1934 402,000 1,265,000 14,045,450 0 0 0 0 15,712,450 1935 2,000,000 229,629,000 0 0 0 0 0 231,629,000 1936 2,000,000 300,759,500 0 0 0 0 0 302,759,500 1937 3,209,400 4,165,000 18,253,244 0 0 0 0 25,627,644 1938 2,512,500 271,567,500 0 0 0 0 0 274,080,000 1939 7,000,000 327,500,000 0 0 0 0 0 334,500,000 1940 2,000,000 393,887,000 0 0 0 100 0 395,887,100 1941 4,500,000 223,490,000 0 0 0 0 0 227,990,000 1942 17,250,000 284,510,000 0 0 0 0 0 301,760,000 1943 27,100,000 236,925,000 0 0 0 0 0 264,025,000 1944 113,950,000 157,315,000 0 0 0 0 0 271,265,000 1945 0 177,595,000 0 0 0 0 0 177,595,000 1946 0 142,385,000 0 0 0 0 0 142,385,000 1947 0 254,030,000 0 0 0 0 0 254,030,000 1948 0 267,170,000 0 0 0 0 0 267,170,000 1949 0 312,900,000 0 0 0 0 0 312,900,000 1950 0 160,200,000 0 0 0 0 0 160,200,000 1951 0 234,610,000 0 0 0 0 0 234,610,000 1952 0 176,285,000 0 0 0 0 0 176,285,000 1953 0 270,975,000 0 0 0 2,245 0 270,977,245 1954 0 233,000,684 0 0 0 0 0 233,000,684 1955 91,800.00 8,310,000 360 0 0 204 0 8,402,364 1956 0 138,805,000 0 0 0 0 0 138,805,000 1957 90,565,000 0 3,300 0 0 93 0 90,568,393 1958 56,245,000 0 280 0 0 400 0 56,245,680 1959 30,875,000 3,040,000 0 0 0 0 0 33,915,000 1960 53,790,000 3,600,000 0 0 0 0 0 57,390,000

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1961 27,065,000 0 66,923 0 0 0 0 27,131,923 1962 20,500,000 8,994,000 201,070 0 0 0 0 29,695,070 1963 7,200,000 11,440,000 217,000 0 0 0 0 18,857,000 1964 14,000,000 1,353,000 0 0 0 0 0 15,353,000 1965 15,600,000 0 55,655 0 0 0 0 15,655,655 1966 10,000,000 8,232,000 0 0 0 0 0 18,232,000 1967 13,054,800 28,000,000 41,656 0 0 200 0 41,096,656 1968 6,240,000 189,050 5,200 0 0 12 0 6,434,262 1969 10,750,000 1,300,000 14,400 0 0 0 0 12,064,400 1970 12,700,000 31,262 0 0 0 0 0 12,731,262 1971 11,200,000 32,080 0 0 0 0 0 11,232,080 1972 3,000,000 0 47,530 0 0 0 0 3,047,530 1973 10,700,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 10,700,000 1974 11,210,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 11,210,000 1975 8,210,000 350,000 0 0 0 0 0 8,560,000 1976 7,700,000 160,000 0 0 0 0 0 7,860,000 1977 7,200,000 660,000 0 0 0 0 0 7,860,000 1978 0 8,000 0 0 0 0 0 8,000 1979 0 13,460,000 0 0 0 0 0 13,460,000 1980 0 472,000 0 0 0 0 0 472,000 1981 0 29,000 0 0 0 0 0 29,000 1982 0 31,000 0 0 0 0 0 31,000 1983 0 155,835 0 0 0 0 0 155,835 1984 300,000 0 178,663 0 0 0 0 478,663 1985 800,000 1,333,000 0 0 0 0 0 2,133,000 1986 0 2,276,000 0 0 0 0 0 2,276,000 1987 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,686,000 1,686,000 1988 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,820,000 1,820,000 1989 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,170,000 2,170,000 1990 0 5,711,206 633,006 3,822 0 0 41,331 6,389,365 1991 50,000 8,928,343 523,855 12 288 0 350,000 9,852,498 1992 0 3,928,800 345,964 34 0 0 0 4,274,798

Year Eyed Eggs Fry Fingerlings Yearlings Subadults Adults Unknown Total 1993 0 3,479,680 165,413 471 0 0 0 3,645,564 1994 0 2,978,588 129,104 0 571 0 84 3,108,347 1995 0 0 61,294 0 0 0 0 61,294 1996 0 553,720 62,146 0 0 0 0 615,866 1997 0 0 42,883 0 0 0 0 42,883 1998 0 0 104,360 0 0 0 0 104,360 1999 0 41,670 43,228 0 0 0 0 84,898 2000 0 0 96,784 0 0 0 0 96,784 2001 0 52,918 116,203 0 0 0 0 169,121 2002 0 49,756 11,564 0 0 0 0 61,320 2003 0 1,833,386 137,133 0 0 0 0 1,970,519 2004 0 114,286 80,344 0 0 0 0 194,630

Summary 610,970,500 6,155,225,339 60,458,204 4,339 859 3,254 8,196,038 6,832,975,391

MNR 52002 ( ) ISBN 1-4249-0210-X

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