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Universität Karlsruhe (TH) Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IPQ) http://www.ipq.uni-karlsruhe.de Thu, Dec 4, 2008 Wolfgang Freude Institute of Photonics and Quantum Electronics (IPQ), University of Karlsruhe, Germany An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics The 90th OSA Annual Meeting — Frontiers in Optics 2006 / Laser Science XXII October 8–12, 2006, Rochester (NY), USA

An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

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Page 1: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Universität Karlsruhe (TH)Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IPQ)

http://www.ipq.uni-karlsruhe.de

Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Wolfgang Freude

Institute of Photonics and Quantum Electronics (IPQ), University of Karlsruhe, Germany

An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics

The 90th OSA Annual Meeting — Frontiers in Optics 2006 / Laser Science XXIIOctober 8–12, 2006, Rochester (NY), USA

Page 2: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 1Thu, Dec 4, 2008

• Maxwell´s equations• Transverse waves• Longitudinal waves

The Beginning of All

Page 3: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 2Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Maxwell´s Equations

Page 4: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 3Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Formal Wave Solutions without External Excitation

Page 5: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 4Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Longitudinal (Compressional) Waves

Page 6: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 5Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Why Does a Local Charge Perturbation Not Propagate?

Page 7: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 6Thu, Dec 4, 2008

• Plasma density oscillation Electron density perturbation Plasma frequency and dispersion diagram

• Modeling the dielectric constant Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric constant

• Dielectric-dielectric interface Boundary conditions Fresnel’s formulae. Brewster’s angle

• Dielectric-metal interface Boundary conditions. Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) Dispersion diagram. Characteristic lengths SSP excitation. SNOM visualization

• Summary

Outline

• Plasma density oscillation Electron density perturbation Plasma frequency and dispersion diagram

Page 8: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 7Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Plasma Density Oscillation for Local Concentration Perturbation

Page 9: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 8Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Plasma Density Oscillation (Plasmon). Dispersion Diagram

Page 10: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 9Thu, Dec 4, 2008

• Plasma density oscillation Electron density perturbation Plasma frequency and dispersion diagram

• Modeling the dielectric constant Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric constant

• Dielectric-dielectric interface Boundary conditions Fresnel’s formulae. Brewster’s angle

• Dielectric-metal interface Boundary conditions. Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) Dispersion diagram. Characteristic lengths SSP excitation. SNOM visualization

• Summary

Outline

Page 11: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 10Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Medium Properties

Refractive Index and Dielectric Constant

Page 12: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 11Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Free and Bound Charge Carriers

Page 13: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 12Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Free Carriers and Dielectric Constant

Page 14: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 13Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Free Carriers and Dielectric Constant: Yet Another Approach

Page 15: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 14Thu, Dec 4, 2008

• Plasma density oscillation Electron density perturbation Plasma frequency and dispersion diagram

• Modeling the dielectric constant Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric constant

• Dielectric-dielectric interface Boundary conditions Fresnel’s formulae. Brewster’s angle

• Dielectric-metal interface Boundary conditions. Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) Dispersion diagram. Characteristic lengths SSP excitation. SNOM visualization

• Summary

Outline

Page 16: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 15Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Dielectric-Dielectric Interface — Boundary Conditions

Page 17: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 16Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Dielectric-Dielectric Interface — Fresnel´s Formulae

Page 18: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 17Thu, Dec 4, 2008

• Plasma density oscillation Electron density perturbation Plasma frequency and dispersion diagram

• Modeling the dielectric constant Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric constant

• Dielectric-dielectric interface Boundary conditions Fresnel’s formulae. Brewster’s angle

• Dielectric-metal interface Boundary conditions. Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) Dispersion diagram. Characteristic lengths SSP excitation. SNOM visualization

• Summary

Outline

Page 19: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 18Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Dielectric-Metal Interface

Page 20: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 19Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Dielectric-Metal Interface — Plane Wave Ansatz

Page 21: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 20Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Dielectric-Metal Interface — Boundary Conditions

Page 22: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 21Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Surface Plasmon Polariton Condition

Page 23: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 22Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Dielectric-Metal Interface — Dispersion Relation

Page 24: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 23Thu, Dec 4, 2008

SPP Penetration Depths

Barnes, W. L.: J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 8 (2006) S87S93

Page 25: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 24Thu, Dec 4, 2008

SPP Wavelength and Propagation Length

Barnes, W. L.: Surface plasmon-polariton length scales: a route to sub-wavelength optics. J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 8 (2006) S87S93

Page 26: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 25Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Surface Plasmon Polariton Excitation

Zayats, A. V.; Smolyaninov, I. I.; Maradudin, A. A.: Nano-optics of surface plasmon polaritons. Physics Reports 408 (2005) 131314

Page 27: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 26Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Surface Plasmon Polariton Seen by SNOM

Barnes, W. L.; Dereux, A.; Ebbesen, T. W.: Surface plasmon subwavelength optics. Nature 424 (2003) 824830

Page 28: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 27Thu, Dec 4, 2008

• Plasma density oscillation Electron density perturbation Plasma frequency and dispersion diagram

• Modeling the dielectric constant Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric constant

• Dielectric-dielectric interface Boundary conditions Fresnel’s formulae. Brewster’s angle

• Dielectric-metal interface Boundary conditions. Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) Dispersion diagram. Characteristic lengths SSP excitation. SNOM visualization

• Summary

Outline

Page 29: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 28Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Surface Plasmon Polariton — Overview

Page 30: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 29Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Surface Plasmon Polariton — Boundary Conditions

Page 31: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 30Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Surface Plasmon Polariton — Propagation Results

Page 32: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 31Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Surface Plasmon Polariton — Summary

Page 33: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 32Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Further Reading (1/2)

Page 34: An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics - KIT - IPQ · An Easy Introduction to Plasmonics. ... • Modeling the dielectric constant . Bound and free charge carriers Free carriers and dielectric

Institut für Photonik und Quantenelektronik (IHQ), Universität Karlsruhe 33Thu, Dec 4, 2008

Further Reading (2/2)