Amrut Vachanavali Gujarati

@o³e K$o³C jcR=³ jo³ jcR=³

kcKx„$ Ar“t jcR= bft!(@c©rgP“ogft)

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jkdo³M âK$oh“

jkdo³M âK$oh“

Mo³.go.îtK©$óYfof coõre (cx„aB-jxer) îtu$³g³ÞÖ hok (bñ$P)ît@“xeo]oa³“ K©$óYfof coõre(jxer) îteoj³h hok (@„K$f³íge)îtcxK³ $h “oYogU$t (@oY„u$) îtR=d³ÞÖboB ‘etL (K$o„u$tgft)ît]c£h hok (Mo³]eo) îteokººf hok (eoR=K$o³U$)îtfÿctu$oj cK$goYo (Wx$ceo) îtgëfboPod® U²$õU$, co„W$gtio³W$hM°Þ’ jÐj„M c„W$l, Rx=“oMX$ ît“e³ÞÖ hok (gW$o³u$eo)

g°R=boioMxR=eortMxR=eortMxR=eortMxR=eort

MxR=eortMxR=eort

MxR=eort

j„õK$eY qg.j„. âqr boio 1. 2047 10000 (MxR=eort) 2. 2050 5000 (g°R=boio) 3. 2060 4000 ( ) 4. 2060 5000 ( ) 5. 2060 3000 ( ) 6. 2060 2000 ( ) 7. 2060 2000 ( ) 8. 2061 3000 (qkÞu$t) 9. 2061 2000 (qkÞu$t) 10. 2061 1000 ( ) 11. 2061 1000 ( ) 12. 2062 1100 (qkÞu$t) 13. 2063 3000 (g°R=boio) 14. 2064 10000 ( ) 15. 2064 10000 (qkÞu$t) 16. 2064 2000 (MxR=eort) 17. 2064 2000 (g°R=boio) 18. 2065 4000 (MxR=eort) 19. 2066 (MxR=eort)

Kx$f âqr < 73,100 5000

âK$oh“ gi® :

âqr : 5,000 q“:hxëK$qgreYo’®

cxÖK$ :

qg.j„. 2065, îtgëfboåu$ 532, B.j.2009.

‘{g| â³j âo.qf., eoR=K$o³U$

WWW.PUSHTIMARG.NET

Loj j{P“o @“³ P³rgYt‘xõrK$ go„Pgo“t etr:�

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âÐd³K$ gP“oc©r“³ LxaR= Ýdo“’t a³-a³ gLr go„Po³ @“³ r³“o @’®-roÐ‘d®“³ qgPoeo³ :

qgPoeo³ K³$ @o gP“oc©ro³co„ K$k³f ‘xqô$coM®“o Leo qjÙoÞr âcoY³ @o‘Ï„ gr®“ Q=³ K³ $ “kt!

qgPoeo³ K³$ @o‘Yt K$’“t @“³ K$eYt co„ ¼do„K$ b³u$ ro³ “’t“³!

qgPoeo³ K³$ @o gP“oc©ro³$“³ go„Ãdo ‘k³fo @o‘Y³ R=³“³ ‘xqô$coM® jcR=ro kro @“³ @o“³ go„Ãdo ‘Q=t @o‘Y“³ R=³ ‘xqô$coM® jcÅd Q=³ r³co„ K³$U$fo³ rògr Q=³>

qgPoeo³ K³$ rcoet ‘xqô$coM® qgh³“t @no“ro“o³ õgo’| fo³K$o³ M³efob ro³ fB “’t eüo!

qgPoeo³ K³$ @„]qgígojco „ @Ðdoe jx]t rc³ K$o³B V$MbMr“o egoW³$ ro³ PX$t Mdo “ kro“³!

@Þr³ a]o gP“oc©ro³“o³ joe K$oX$o³, ‘o¼K$o³ q“]o®e K$eo³ K³$ kg³ ‘Q=t îtckoâbxÆ“t @ono’t qgexÙ K$o³B K$od® “k\ K$et@³.

Loj P³rgYt : @³gt ‘{et h¼dro Q=³ K³$ K³$U$foK$ fo³K$o³ @o Po³‘W$t“³ $ rcoeo ko’ K³$ Ne co„ Å³B“³ @g“gt PrxeoB’t r³“³ rcoet ‘oj³’t ‘W$ogt f³go“o âdojo³ K$eh³. @’go ro³ ""@o Po³‘W$t go„Pgo’t rc³ aqkcx®L ’B R=ho³'' @³go³ bd u$³LoW$h³. ‘Y rc³ @W$M ek³Å³. ‘xõrK$ ‘{et go„PÅ³.

Å³ rc³ îtckoâbxÆ“³ Mxex co“o³ Q=o³, @oc Q=ro„ îtckoâbxÆ“t jomor¹ goYt @³go io³W$hM°Þ’o³ Üoeo rc³ ‘xqô$coM®“³ jcR=go“o³ âdoj K$pu$ K$do£ “’t, Mc³ r³“o u$o³egodo u$o³ego@o³ Q=o³, ‘eÞrx @³K$ gLr îtckoâbxÆ“t @ono@o³ ÅYt ft]o ‘Q=t r³“o’t Rx=u$t @ono Å³ K$o³B

P³rgYt : @oõ’olx qgPoehtf ‘xqô$coM|@o³ coU³$

MxexR=“o³ ‘Y K$ero ko³d ro³ ‘Y r³“³ “ @“xjet“³ îtckoâbxÆ“t R= @ono“³ @“xjeo³ @³gt @U$f îÙo îtckoâbxÆ C‘e rc³ ]eogo ³ Q=o³ ro³ @o ‘xõrK$ go„Pt“³ rc“³ R=aeu$õr @oNor foMt hK³ $ Q=³. Å³ âbx@³ rc“³ qgPoehZ¼r r³cR= jcR=hZ¼r @o‘t kh³, Å³ îtckoâbxÆ âÐd³ rcoeoco„ gòu$et kh³, Å³ ‘xqô$coM®“³ glMt ek³go“t rcoet @oõ’o W$Mt “k\ ko³d ro³ @³K$ ‘Q=t @³K$ gP“oc©ro³ go„Pro-qgPoero„-jcR=ro„ rcoeo c“co„ @ogo-@ogo qgPoeo³-fo³MYt@o³“o ‘{e @ogt hK³$ Q=³ :

""@o‘Y³ ro³ kg³ft@³’t âjou$ ft]o³ @³U$f³ bdo³-bdo³ jcR=ro kro. Ädoe³ kg³ft“o³ u$³gÖìd“o³ âjou$ Logo’t ro³ “eK$co„ ‘W$od @³gt @ono îtckoâbxÆ’t fB“³ @oR= jx]t“o fMbM a]o MxexR=“o³ K$kt eüo Q=³! “goB“t gor ro ³ @³ Q=³ K³ $ R=³@o³ u$³gÖìd“o³ âjou$ @ax] g¥óYgo³“³ f³gW$ogt eüo Q=³ @³ ‘Y @³gt @ono K$et eüo Q=³ K³$ u$³gÖìd“o³ âjou$ Logo’t “eK$co„ ‘W$od!''

""u$qmYo fB“³ ’rt boMgr K$’o-K$tr®“-X$oX$tftfo gM³e³co„ joc³f ’B“³ bZ¼r K$do®“o³ keL @o‘Y³ co“ro kro. ‘Y r³“³ ro³ îtckoâbxÆ bd„K$e ux$:j„M @“³ MU$e“x„ ‘oYt ‘t]o aeoae K$kt eüo Q=³! @ogo K$’o-K$tr®“ jo„blt“³ @o“Þu$ f³“oe îtckoâbxÆ“t “R=eco„ W x$¼K$e jco“ joqar ’od Q=³!''

""R=³ kg³ft@o³co„ @q]K$oet-U²$õU$t“t R=goau$oet j³go jcÆ“³ õgtK$oet krt @³“o coU³$ ro³ Lxu$ ît“o’Æ-îtMxjo„BÆ @ono K$e³ Q=³ K³$ R=³ @q]K$oet-U² $õU$t a“h³ r³“o ³ jg®“oh ’h³!''

""‘o³ro“o V$oK$o³eÆ“o u$h®“ @g¥óYg“³ K$eog³ r³“t @³K$ gi®“t j³go q“ó`l Åd Q=³ @³c ckoo“xbog îtkpeeodÆ @ono K$e³ Q=³. ro³ gëfbKx$l ‘o³r³ ‘o³ro“o V$oK$o³eÆ“o Åk³eco „ @“³ kg³ ro³ U$t.gt. P³“fo³co„ @„reeoô²$td ]o³eY³ u$h®“ Lo³ft“³ j³go“³ mY³-mY³ q“ó`l K³$c a“ogro kh³!''

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""@c³ @³gx„ r³ hx„ ‘o‘ K$dx krx„ K³$ R=³“o u$„W$ õgñ$‘³ @c“³ ‘xqô$coM®“o “oc³ @oU$fo-@oU$fo gLr jx]t c{eL a“oggoco„ @oìdo> Leo³ ‘xqô$coM® @c“³ îtckoâbxÆ“t goYt’t K³$c jcÅggoco„ “ @oìdo³>''

""@e³, @o‘Y³ ro³ ]„]oK$td c“o³e’o³co„ b³U$-jocM°t @o‘t-@o‘t“³ bg aMoW$éo³! @o a]x„ ro³ îtckoâbxÆ“o coM®’t ju$ „re qgexÙ Q=³!''

""@o‘Y³ ro³ kg³ft ‘„’“³ ‘xqô$coM® jcR=ro kro! @k\ ro³ @oU$fo a]o @oPodo£ @³“o’t jog J]t R= gor K$kt eüo Q=³! Åk³e kg³ft, Åk³e j³go, Åk³e u$h®“, Åk³e c“o³e’ “³ ro³ ‘xqô$coM®co„ K$o³B õ’o“ R= “’t! @“³ glt u$h®““t gor ro³ îtckoâbxÆ@³ K$o³B M°Þ’co„ ¼do„d K$et R= “’t!''

""qgÑÅ j³go“o “oc³ kg³ft@³ b³U$-jocM°t ]et“³ @o‘Y³ jcR=ro kro K³ $ @o‘Yo Öìd“o³ âbxK$od®co„ qgq“do³M ’do³. ‘Y ‘xqô$coM®co„ ro³ âbx ‘oeK$o“t gõrx @„MtK$oe K$ero R= “’t! ro³ @oU$fo gio£ @o‘Y³ a]x „ eoLco„ R= ko³çdx„“³!''

K$olRx=„ K$V$Y K$et“³ gP“oc©r go„Pgo-qgPoego. ""jg®’o heY„ kpe:'' “x„ õceY K$egx„. ]teR= eoLgt. ‘eÞrx gP“oc©ro³ @³½$o³ @³K$ go„Pgo, @³K$ ‘Y Q=o³W$go “k\.

Å³ rc³ kg³ft-c„pu$eco„ u$h®“ K$ego, Ðdo„ b³U$-jocM°t “o¢]oggt, ¼doe³K$ c“o³e’o³ K$eoggo gM³e³“³ R= ‘xqô$coM® jcÆ eüo Q=o³; Å³ rc³ g¼ro“³ u$qmYo-b³U$ @o‘t“³ @odo³Årt boMgr K$’o-K$tr®“, fo³U$t CÐjg, P„xu$W$t CÐjg, jgo£ÑcdoM, jo³cdoM, ‘xexio ³ÑcdoM, dcx“odoM gM³e³“³

P³rgYt : K$o³et ‘oU$t R=³go ‘xqô$coM|@o³ coU³$

‘xqô$coM® co“t eüo Q=o³ ro³ @o ‘xõrK$ go „Pt“³ rc³ mY³-mY³ “goB ‘ocho³. ¼doe³K$ rc“³ qgPoe @ogh³ K³$ @o‘Yo’t co³U$o c{eL“o jeu$oe atÅ K$o³B “k\ ko³d. ¼doe³K$ ‘o³ro“o D‘e k„jgx„ @ogh³. ¼doe³K$ @³c ’h³ K³$ R=³“³ Mxex a“oìdo @³cY³ R= @c“³ @„]oeoco„ K³$c eo¿do> ¼doe³K$ qgPoe @ogh³ K³$ ""ro³ ‘Q=t joPx„ hx „> K$o³“t gor co“gt> ¼doe³ K$k³ft gor co“gt> kg³ hx„ K$egx„>''.

]teR= eoLÅ³. ""jg®’o heY„ kpe:'' “x„ õceY K$egx„. îÙo“³ W$Mgo “ u$³ho³. axpÙ“o ³ C‘do³M K$eÅ³. K$o³B“o³ beo³jo³ K$eho³ “k\. îtckoâbxÆ“t @ono@o³’t R=eo jeLt ‘Y Rx=u$t goro³ K$e“oe“o j„M“³ ux$ô$j„M ÅYÅ³. a]x„ Q=o³W$t“³ îtckoâbxÆ“o c{l @ou$³ho³ (io³W$hM°Þ’o³) gW³$ ‘xqô$coM®“³ jcR=go“o³ ×X$ j„K$ë‘ K$eÅ³.

""‘xqô$coM®co„ Q=³ëfo K³$U$fod u$odK$o@o³’t Åk³e c„pu$eo³, Åke³ j³go, Åk³e u$h®“, ‘oeK$o ‘¥j³ c“o³e’o³, ]„]oK$td kg³ft@o³, u$qmYo fB“³ boMgr K$’o gM³e³ Poft eüx„ Q=³. @o a]x„ Å³ Lo³Ux„$ Q=³ ro³ hx„ @o‘Yo ao‘-u$ou$o@o³ a]o c{L® kro> r³@o³ qjÙoÞr ÅYro “ kro>'' @ogx„ K$k³“oeo@o³ @o gP“oc©ro³ Loj go„P³ @“³ q“Y®d K$e³ K³$ c{L® ao‘-u$ou$o@o³ kro K³$ ‘Q=t @o‘Y³ ‘o³r ³ R= Q=t@³!

ro.K$. :

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&& qgido“x¾$cqYK$o &&

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(K$) îtMxjo„BÆ@³ îtMo³g]®“]e“³ ‘{Q¹=dx „ K³$ ""ckoeoR=! K©$óYu$oj“o³ ro³ u$ ³k Q{=U$éo³... kg³ r³’t @o‘ K$ko³ r³“³ @q]K$oet (U² $õU$t) a“ogt@³''. Ðdoe³ îtMo³g]®““o’Æ@³ K$üx„ K³$ ""

r³’t rc³ @³K$ K$oc K$eo³ K³ $ @q]K$oe“o³ C‘eYo³ ko’co„ fB“³ a]o“t joc³ K$ko³ K³$ R=³“³ @q]K$oet (U²$õU$t) ’gx„ ko³d r³ C‘eYo³ @o³X³$. Ðdoe³ R=³ @ogt“³ K$k³ r³“³ (U²$õU$t ‘u$) @o‘o³.

''.

(L) @³K$ pu$gj @³K$ g¥óYg³ pK$ho³etaoB“³ K$o„BK$ jocM°t @o‘t krt. Ðdoe³ pK$ho³etaoB@³ r³“t jocM°t qjÙ K$et“³ îtV$oK$o ³eÆ“³ bo³M jcàdo£. r³ pu$gj³ îtV$oK$o³eÆ @oeo³Mgo ‘]odo ® “k\. Ðdoe³ pK$ho³etaoB ‘o³ro“o c“co„ L{aR= L³u$ K$ego foMt. Ðdoe³ îtV$oK$o³eÆ ao³ëdo : ""

''bogâK$oh : @oco„ @³ R=roìdx„ K³$

@c³ K$o³“³ @q]K$oe (U²$õU$t“x„ ‘u$) @o‘t“³ aMoW$ K$et@³>

@c³ ‘Y K$do Æg“o³ aMoW$ K$et@³> R=³ ‘Y @q]K$oe õgtK$oeh³ (U²$õU$t a“h³) r³“o³ aMoW$ ’h³!

R=³“o³ aMoW$ ’go“o³ kh³ r³ r³“t c³l³ R= (U²$õU$t ’go) @ogh³!

r¢ coeo coU³$ jocM°t K³$c ft]t> r³ @c³ K³$gt etr³ @oeo³Mt@³>

‘oeK$t, atÅ“t jÑo, jocM°t ‘o³ro“o îtV$oK$o³eÆ“³ @oeo³Moggt “k\. @“³ K$o³B ‘Y gõrx g¥óYg ‘oj³’t fB“³ îtV$oK$o³eÆ“³ qgq“do³M “ K$eoggt. r³ îtV$oK$o³eÆ @„MtK$oe K$ero “’t.

(ît“o’Æ, 84 g¥óYggoro®, K©$óYu$oj“t goro®)

(252 g¥.goro®, pK$ho³etaoB go.â.2)

ît“o’Æ(K$)R=³ K$U$o ³et(qMeqg) c{K$t“³ jocM°t @ogt r³“o³ ro³ bo³M îtV$oKo³ $eÆ ‘o³ro“o R= Öìd“$o³ @oeo³Ádo, r³’t r³ bo³M ro³ @o‘“o³ R= ’do³.

r³’t r³ (u$ ³gÖìd“o) âjou$co„’t bo³R=“

K$ego“o³ @o‘Yo³ @q]K$oe “ kro³ r³’t r³ Modo³“³ LgW$oìdo³ @“³ îtdcx“oÆco„ ‘]eoìdo³''. @o jo„blt“³ a]o g¥óYgo³ Px‘ ’B Mdo.

.(L) îtboMgr“o³ ‘oV$ ‘o³r³ R= K$ego³ Å³B@³. fo¥pK$K$(`„W$ olo)-‘oefo¥pK$K$(c©rK$“o³ CÙoe-‘xÎd-âodZíPÑ) K$o³B ‘Y k³rx-âdo³R=“’t îtboMgr“o³ ‘oV$ K³ $ r³“x„ îgY K$egx„ “ Å³B@³. âoY K„$V$ jx]t @ogt Mdo ko³d ro³

.

R=³ îtV$oK$o³eÆ“x„ (u$ ³g) Öìd Loh³ r³ coeo³(‘xqô$coM|) “k\ K$k³god. @“³ coeo³ j³gK$ bMgu$td kh³ r³ u$ ³gÖìd ¼doe³d “k\ Lod. R=³ (u$ ³gÖìd“o³ âjou$) Loh³ r³ cko‘qrr ’h³.

b{¿do cet bf³ R=gx„ ‘Y boMgr“t K$’o dR=co“ ‘oj³’t u$qmYo fB“³ @oÆqgK$o coU³$ “ R= K$egt

( Nzgoro®-3)

(rÒgo’®u$t‘q“aÞ])(M) K$’o-K$tr®“ K$et“³ ‘o³ro“t @oÆqgK$o Pfog“oeo “tP fo³K$o³“o c“o³bog“³, r³@o³ bMg•ºYMo“ K$ero ko³d ro³ ‘Y, co³Xx„$-cl gM³e³“³ ]o³ro „ “tK$l³fo M„u$o ‘oYt“o q“K$of coU³ $ Lo³u$³fo LoW$o (j³j¹‘o³f-MU$e) R=³go ÅYgo. boMgr gM³e³“t K$’o K$et“³ u$qmYo f³“oeo K$’oK$oeo³ ‘Y @ogo “tP K$|r“K$oeo³ (MU$e) R=³go R= ko³d Q=³. r³’t

(R=fb³u$)

@ogo “tP fo³K$o³Üoeo K$egoco„ @ogro K$’o-K$tr®“ ‘xqô$coM|@o³@³ “ jo„blgo.

ckoâbx îtgëfboPod®

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...ît@oPod®Æ“³ g¥óYg³ @ogt“³ K$üx„ : ""ckoeoR=! îtÜoeK$o“o’Æ g¥bg jqkr ‘]odo® Q=³...''.

Ðdoe³ ît@oPod®Æ@³ K$üx„ : ""V$oK$o³eÆ“o³ g¥bg Å³B“³ rc³ eoÆ ’do>''.

Ðdoe³ îtMo³‘t“o’Æ@³ K$üx„ : ""

''. @o jo„blt“³ ît@oPod®Æ@³ K$üx„ : ""@coeo³

coM® ro³ @ogo³ R= Q=³''.

@o‘“o³ K$kgW$ogt“³ R=³ îtV$oK$o ³eÆ“t gõrx(u$³gÖìd) D‘e ‘o³ro“x„ c“ aMoW$h³ r³“o³ q“c{®l “oh ’h³

( 84 g¥óYggoro ®, u$oco³u$oeu$oj jçbfgolo“t goro®)

îtMo³‘t“o’âbxPeY,

îtMo³‘t“o’âbxPeY(K$) ]“ qg.“t K$oc“o@o³“³ ‘{Y® K$egocoU$ ³ R=³ hoõÓco„ arog³fo îgY-K$tr®“-j³go gM³e³ K$egoco„ @og³ Q= ³ r³“³ K$c®coM|d jcR=go Å³B@³. ‘o³ro“t @oÆqgK$o (beY-‘o³iY) PfoggocoU$ ³ ‘¥jo K$coggo“o ñ$‘co„ R=³ îgY-K$’o-K$tr®“-j³go qgM³e³ K$egoco„ @ogro„ ko³d ro³ r³c“³ ro³ L³rt-goW$t“o ]„]o“t co $K$ "fo¥pK$K$K$c®' R= K$k³go Å³B@³ (]c®-bZ¼r K$u$oq‘ “k\). (Å³ K$o³B @]c coYj) ÅR=ñ R=B“³ ‘o³ro“o cl“³ ]o³go coU³$

M„MoR=l“o³ C‘do³M K$e³ ro³ hx„ r³“³ M„Moõ“o“x„ ho”o³¼r CÃP `l clt hK³$> “o. ‘qgÓ M„Mo“o³ @ogo³ ux $ex‘do³M K$ego’t ro³ r³“³ coÓ @“³ coÓ ‘o‘ R= foM³ Q=³. @o R= âcoY³

.

(M$) îtMxjo„BÆ@³ îtMo³g]®“]e“³ ‘{Q¹=dx„ K³$ ""ckoeoR=! K©$óYu$oj“o³ ro³ u$ ³k Q{=U$éo³... kg³ r³’t @o‘ K$ko³ r³“³ @q]K$oet (U²$õU$t) a“ogt@³''. Ðdoe³ îtMo³g]®““o’Æ@³ K$üx„ K³$ ""

r³’t rc³ @³K$ K$oc K$eo³ K³ $ @q]K$oe“o³ C‘eYo³ ko’co„ fB“³ a]o“t joc³ K$ko³ K³$ R= ³“³ @q]K$oet (U²$õU$t) ’gx„ ko³d r³ C‘eYo³ @o³X³$. Ðdoe³ R=³ @ogt“³ K$k³ r³“³ (U²$õU$t ‘u$) @o‘o³.

''

R=³@o³ ‘¥jo K$coggocoU³$ âbx“t j³go-K$’o K$e³ Q=³ r³@o³“³ ‘Y r³gt j³g-K$’o“x„ K„$B ‘Y `l clrx„ “’t. CfU$o“x„, @ogo @]c @oPeY“³ K$oeY³ r³@o³ ‘o‘“o R= boMtu$oe a“³ Q=³

@c³ K$o³“³ @q]K$oe (U²$õU$t“x„ ‘u$) @o‘t“³ aMoW$ K$et@³>@c³

‘Y K$do Æg“o³ aMoW$ K$et@³> R=³ ‘Y @q]K$oe õgtK$oeh³ (U²$õU$t a“h³) r³“o³ aMoW$ ’h³!

R=³“o³ aMoW$ ’go“o³ kh³ r³ r³“t c³l³ R= (U²$õU$t ’go) @ogh³!

(îtqgU¹V$f“o’âbxPeY : bZ¼rk„j).

(84g¥óYggoro®, K©$óYu$oj“t goro®, â.10)

(L) @oÆqgK$o K³$ dh gM³e³ K$coggo coU³ $ bR=^ K$e³ ro³ ht Mqr [od> ...r³ ìdZ¼r @Þr³ ¼f³h R= _oc³ Q=³ @³go³ îtckoâbxÆô K$[^ô³ jo`jo` @[® Q=³. gor K³$gl @¥qkK$ ¼f³h _e ^[t @U$K$rt, r³ o _efo³K$ o @q]K$oe @ ³ `l ô³ _Y @ogo q^qiÙ @oPeY^³ K$oeY³ oh [od Q= ³. ... @Ðdë_ _Y no^ K³$ j„õK$oe ko³d r³ @ogx„ Kx$K©$Ðd K$et hK$ro³ [t. (qjÙoÞrcx¼rogft qgg©qr)

îtqgU¹V$f“o’âbxPeY

5 6

‘o³ro“o j³ìd õgñ‘“$t j³go År³ R= K$egt. @“³ CÐjg gM³e³ jcd @“xjoe,

, g”-@ob { iY qg qg] âK$oe“o$ c“o³e’o³ K$et jocM°t K$egt.

‘o³ro“o R= ]“ @“xjoe

( -Prx’£h : 24 gP“oc©r)

îtMo³Kx$f“o’Æ

îtMo³Kx $f“o’Æ

îtN“ídocoÐcR=

îtMo³‘thPeYj³goco„ R=ñ$et r³go ]“-jocM°t-joR= gM³e³ “ ko³d ro³ j³go K³$c

’B hK³$! @o a]x„ gjoggocoU³$ atÅ³ K$o³B C‘od “ ko³d ro³ K$o³BK$ ‘oj³’t C]oe fB“³ K³$ K$o³BK$ ‘oj³’t co„Mt“³ K³$ `„W$-òlo³ K$et“³ j³go-c“o ³e’ K$et hK$od K³ $ “k\>

C‘eo³¼r h„K$o“³ u{$e K$egocoU³$ îtckoâbxÆ "qgg³K$]¥do®îd' M°Þ’co„ @ono K$e³ Q=³ @ogt ‘peZõ’qr @ogt ‘W$t ko³d, ‘Q=t r³ âbxjxL-j³go jçaÞ]t ‘Y K³$c “ ko³d, ro³ ‘Y kV$ “ K$egt.

d’ofob jÞro³i eoLt“³ ‘o³ro“t ‘oj³ R=³ C‘få] ko³d r³“o’t R=³ a“t hK³$ r³“x„ R= âbxj³goco„ jc‘®Y K$egx„. C]oe K$et“³ K³$

. K$oeY K³$ bMgu$oîd eoLt“³ âbx R=³ jkR=ro’t K$eog³ r³ K$egx„ @ogt ‘xqô$coM|d cdo®u$oco„ ekt“³ âbx“³ R=³ jc‘®Y K$egoco„ @og³ Q=³ r³“o³ R= @„MtK$oe âbx K$e³ Q=³ @³go³ îtckoâbxÆ“o³ @ohd Q=³.

""C]oe fB“³ K³$ K$o³B ‘oj³’t co„Mt“³ ‘Y kº„ j³go-c“o³e’ K$eth R='' @ogt kV$ “ K$egt.

V$oK$o³eÆ coU³ $ co„Mt“³ j³go “ R= K$egt

(îtN“ídocoÐcR= îtMo³‘thÆ "qgg³K$]¥do®îd' qgg©qr ífo ³K$ 4)

Ädoe³ j„ruoj“x„ a]x„ ]“ “oh ‘oçdx „ Ðdoe³ îtV$oKx$eÆK$t j³go“o LP®“t ìdgõ’o r³cY³ (‘k³f³’t R= ‘o³ro“o V$oK$o³eÆcoU³$ ‘o³ro“o R= @fM’t c{K$t eoL³f) u$ ³gÖìd’t K$et. @“³ V$oK$o³eÆ“o Öìdco„’t Po³gtj U$K$o fo³“ retK³$ fB“³ r³“³ c{W$t retK³$ eoLt“³ r³“t K$o³W$t g¢Pro. (

) kg³ îtV$oK$o³eÆ“o Öìdco„’t ro³ “oeodYu$oj“o coYj“³ boW$ x„-LP® @o‘t “ hK$od. r³’t r³cY³ ‘o³ro“t K$coYt“o³ U$K$o³ r³“³ @o‘t u$t]o³. r³’t r³ pu$gj r³@o³ co³ro“t K$coB“o ‘¥jo’t V$oK$o³eÆ“³ eoR=bo³M ]et “ h¼do. r³’t R= r³cY³ r³ pu$gj³ âjou$ ‘Y “ ft]o³. K³$cK³$ r³@o³ ‘o³ro“t K$coB“o U$K$o“o fo³U$“o³ Rx=u$o³ bo³M ]ero @“³ r³“³ R= eoR=bo³M ]do£ co“ro @“³ ckoâjou$ ‘Y r³“o³ R= f³ro. V$oK$o³eÆ“o Öìd’t ro³ eo³R= NYt bo³M-jocM°t ]ero (‘eÞrx r³ ro³ u$³gÖìd“o³ bo³M kro³). “oeodYu$oj“o coYj“³ boWx„$-LP® @o‘go“³ K$oeY³ r³ pu$gj“t eoR=bo³M“t j³go ‘o³ro“t “ co“t. r³cY³ “oeodYuoj“³ f¿dx „ K³$ rcoet âbxro“³ K$oeY³ V$oK$o³eÆ“³ kº„ @³K$ pu$gj coet K$coB“o ‘¥jo’t eoR=bo³M ]eogt “ h¼do³. @o âK$oe³ jÞruoj³ qgg³K$]¥do®îd Ægt u$³LoW$éo. qgg³K$ @³ K³$ îtMxjo„BÆ“³ kŸ„W$t co³K$fogt, (r³ pu$gj³) ‘o³ro“t j³go “ ’B r³c coÞdx„, eoR=bo³M V$oK$o³eÆ “ @oeo³Ádo r³c coÞdx„.

@oîd @³ K³$ c“co„ @o“Þu$ ‘oçdo, ux:L¼f³h “ K$do£.

(bogâK$oh. 84 g¥óYggoro®-76).

r³co„’t R=³ “ò³ clro³ r³ ‘o³ro“t K$coB“o ‘¥jo’t ‘o³ro“o V$oK$o³eÆ“³ bo³M @fM’t ]ero @“³ r³ bo³M“o³ R= âjou$ ‘o³r³ f³ro. @³K$

pu$gj j„ru$oj“³ @oq’®K$ j„K$U$co„ ÅYt“³ “oeodYu$oj³ cu$u$ co³K$fogt. j„ru$oj³ r³ “ õgtK$oet @“³ “oeodYu$oj³ co³K$f³f coYj jo’³ r³ cu$u$ ‘oQ=t co³K$fogt.

]¥d® @³ K³$ îtV$oKx$eÆ“o$ Öìd“o ckoâjou$“x „ Lo“-‘o“ “ K$dx.

11co³ @_eo] : @g¥óYg Å³ ‘o³ro“o j³ìd îtV$oK$o³eÆ“o u$h®“ K$et f³

cko“xbog îtkpeeodÆ

7 8

@k\ bZ¼rgq]®“t M°Þ’co„ j³go³‘do³Mt õ’l“o ñ$‘co„ ‘o³ro“o Ne“x„ qg]o“ (M©k³ Zõ’Ðgo) ko³go’t, ‘o ³ro“o Neco„ qaeoR=ro V$oK$o³eÆ“t j³go Q=o³W$t“³ K$o³B atÆ R=Ádo@³ (@³U$f³ K³$ kg³ft@o³co„ R=³c @Ðdoe³ b³U$-jocM°t @o‘t“³ q“Ðd K³$ c“o³e’ “t So„Lt K$et f³gt r³“³ R= g¥óYgo³ @³ ‘xqô$coM®co„ ‘ec ]c® co“t ft]o³ Q=³ r³c) bMgÐj³go K$egogolo“³ ‘Y ¼doe³d bZ¼r qjÙ ’B hK$rt “’t.

îtgëfboÐcR=-îtaofK©$óYÆ( , "bZ¼rgq]®“t' ìdo¿do ífo³K$-2)

`l : âodZíPÑ :

36co³ @_eo] : `l : âodZíPÑ :

35 co³ @‘eo] : `l : âodZíPÑ :

@³K$ gi® t j³go q^ó`l [B Åd Q=³. îtV$oK$o³eÆ ³ _ÊPoc©r[t õô^ K$eoggx„.

îtV$oK$o³eÆ o oc³ co„Mgx„. j³go jg®[o q^ó`l a^t Åd Q=³. R=³U$fx„ coÁdx„ K³$ b³Mx„ K$dx

ko ³d r³ x„ _o„P MÏ„ ¥g³Û âbx ³ u$o^ ñ$_³ @o_gx „.îtckoâbxÆ“t @ono“x„ Cëf„N“.

"@qj‘Ó' gM³e³ “oc“o No³e “eK$o ³co„ ‘or ’od. g¥óYg @“³ îtckoâbxÆ“³ âjÞ“ K$ego.

(iU¹$iq›$e‘eo]õrÐ`foq“-âodZíPÑoq“ P)

ck³“roYo (Þdo³Q=oge-b³U$-‘Moe-cR{=et) retK³$ ñ$‘t@o @o‘t“³ atÅ K$o³B ‘oj³’t j³go K$eoggoco„ @ogrt ko³d ro³ r³’t qPÑco„ @k„K$oe g]³ ‘Y qPÑ K$pu bMgo“¹co„ Po¢U$³ “k\. r³ R= âcoY³, Å³ bMgÐj³go K$egocoU$³ atÅ ‘oj³’t ck³“roYo retK³$ ñ$‘t@o f³goco„ @og³ ro³ dR=co“ grt K$c ® K$e“oe Mo³e-ckoeoR=“³ R=³c dndoM“x„ $l “ cl³ ‘Y dR=co““³R= cl³ r³c ‘oeK$o ‘¥j³ j³go K$e“oe“t bMgÐj³go ‘Y

q“ó`$fl Åd Q=³. uqmYo @o‘t“³ dR=co“ Mo³e-ckoeoR=u¹goeo R=³c dndoM K$eog³ r³c bMgÐj³go (

) K$eogt f³goco„ ho³ go„]o³> CÑe : K$c®coM®co„ r³gx„ K$ego“x„ ho”co„ K$üx„ ko³go’t r³c K$et hK$od Q=³. bZ¼rcoM®co„, ‘e„rx, r³gt qgq] C‘u³hod³ft “ ko³go’t, @ogt etr³ ]“ @o‘t“³ bMgÐj³go K$eoggt “k\. bZ¼rcoM®co„ ro³ bMgux¼r âK$oe³(

)R= bMgÐj³go K$egt Å³B@³.

kofco„ R=³c g¥óYgo³ b³U$-jocM°t-c“o³e’o³ “o¢]ogt“¢ Mo³õgoqc-ckoeoÅ³u¹goeo kg³ft-cZÞu$eo³co„ K$eog³ Q=³ r³c -@“xgouK$

‘o³ro“o r“-c“-]“’t ‘o³ro“o Ne³ ‘o³ro“o ‘pegoeR=“o³“o jkdo³M’t

(qjÙoÞrcx¼rogft qgg©qr âK$oh. ífo³K$ ¾$. 2)

Mo³õgoct ît‘xzio³ÑcPeY

fo¥pK$K$ K$oc“o@o³“³ ‘{Y® K$ego“t AÃQ=o’t R=³ bMgÐj³go-K$’o K$e³ Q=³ r³ (fo³K$o’|) ue³K$ âK$oe³ ¼f³h ‘oc³ Q=³. r³’t,

r³’t j³go-K$’o K$egoco„ @oq’®K$ gM³e³ fob K³ $ ‘u$-âqr›$o “t K$oc“o eo¿do qjgod R=³co„ q“i³] “’t r³go âK$oe³ @³U$f³ K³$ ""coex„ fo¥pK$K$ qjÙ ’od'' @³gt K$oc“o’t R=³ j³go-K$’o K$ero³ ko³d r³“³ "fo³K$o’|' K$k³god Q=³.

q“.ft.Mo³.ît“©sjkfofÆ ckoeoR=

K„$BK$ b³U$-jocM°t clt ek³ r³coU³$ R=³ j³go-K$’o gM³e³ K$e³ Q=³ r³ "‘oL„W$t' @“³ "u³gfK'$ K$k³god Q=³.

( : qju¹]o.cx¼ro.U$t.ífo³.16-17).

îtgëfboÐcR= îtaofK©$óYÆ

q“.ft.Mo³.ît“©sjkfofÆ ckoeoR=

9 10

îtCud‘xe ueaoe“³ @ohtgo®u. @o’t R=Yoggoco„ @og³ Q=³ K³ $ c¢ õ’oge-R=„Mc j„‘qÑ“o @oq’®K$ r’o coqfK$td gqkgU$ @„M³, c“³ jfok @o‘gocoU$³, do³Ád ìdZ¼r@o³“t @³K$ jqcqr“t “tcY{K$ K$et Q=³. j³go qgM³e³ aoarco„ ‘xeor“ r³cR= âgr®co“ âYoft“o @“xjoe K$od® K$egoco„ @ogh³. r’o Å³ ‘xeor“ ‘e„‘eo“o³ ao] “ ’ro³ ko³d @“³ jqcqr Å³ K$o³B jx]oeo“t BÃQ=o eoLrt ko³d ro³ r³ jx]oeo@o³

õgtK$oegoco„ @ogh³. r’o

r³ Q=ro„ ‘Y coeo gW$go@o³“o jcd’t Poëdo @ogro„ coeo coqfK$t“o kK¹ $K$o³ r³R= âcoY³ K$odc ek³h³. @o cxR=aR= R=co-C]oe“t “o¢]o³ ‘Y r³-r³ Loroco„ Pofx ek³h³, R=³ cxR=a Pofx Loroco„ kof “o¢]oB eüx„ Q=³.

îtV$oKx$eÆ (ît“o’Æ)“x„ Öìd @coeo ìdZ¼rMr g‘eohco„ “k\ @og³, R=³gt K³$ ‘e„‘eo @oR=³ ‘Y Q=³; @“³ r³“³ Ålggoco„ @ogh³.

( W³$¼f³e³h“ qcqr�boÖ-hx¼fo ‘„Pct j„.1989<ro.‘-9-1932).

R=³ îtgëfbKx$l Q=³ r³ ‘o³r“o j³ìdõgñ‘ C‘e K³$go³ õ“³k eoL³ Q=³ K³$ @³K$ aoRx= Öìd“o³ X$Mfo³ K$eo³ @“³ @³K$ aoRx= îtV$oK$o³eÆ“³ ‘]eogo³ ro³ îtgëfbKx$l @³ Öìd jocx„ Å³h³ ‘Y “qk; @“³ îtV$oK$o³eÆ“³ @qrõ“³k K$et ‘]eogt f³h³. ‘Y R=³ @o K$ql“o³ Æg Q=³ r³“³ ro³ Öìd NÏ„ qâd Q=³. coU$³ r³ ro³ îtV$oK$o³eÆ jocx„ Å³h³ “qk. @“³ K³$gl g¥bg jocx„ Å³h³ @“³ rer co³k ‘och³...

Mo³. îtcËº$Æ ckoeoR=

Mo³õgoqcqrfK$oqdr

(“o’Üoeo)q“.ft.Mo³.îtMo³g]®“fofÆ ckoeoR=

ckoeoR=“³ R=³ @ogK$ g¥óYgo³ qgM³e³co„’t @og³ r³co„’t Ne-LeP retK³$ V$oK$o³eÆ“o³ LeP ckoeoR= Pfog³ Q=³. V$oK$o³eÆ“³ coU$ ³ õ’oge K³$ R=„Mc @cxK$ qcëK$r Rx=ut K$oX$t r³co„’t LeP Pfogro “’t. V$oK$o³eÆ“o g¥bg“o³, bo³M“o³, @ob{iY-g” qgM³e³“o³ LePo³ ckoeoR= K$e³ Q=³. ...

().

V$oK$o³eÆ“t jÞcxL b³U$ ]et hK$ort “’t...V$oK$o³eÆ“t b³U$ u³gc„pueco„R= co³K$fgt ‘W³$. ckoeoR=’t r³ b ³ U $“o ³ C‘do ³ M ’B hK ³ $ “qk.

ckoeoR=ît“o @oc-cxLÐdoe : ""@c³e³ft kg³ft ìdZ¼rMr Q=³ K³$ jog®R=q“K$'' cxu¹$u$o D‘e

A.j. 1909-10 co„ ModK$goW$t gW$o³ueo eoÄd“t K$o³U$®co„ @o‘goco„ @og³ft Rx=ao“t

...r³gtR= etr³ @o‘Y³ Ðdo„

îtMo³Kx$f“o’Æ @“³ îtPÞÖcoÆ “o Neco„ kÆ @o q“dc“x„ ‘of“ ’od Q=³. Ðdo„ R=³ jÞcxLb³U$ ’od r³ K$tr®q“do³ fB Åd Q=³. @³ K$tr®q“do³ ckogq“do³ ko³d Q=³. r³ gëfbKx$f“o³, dcx“oÆ“o³ Mo³e ko³d Q=³. atÅ³ r³“x„ @“xK$eY K$e³ r³ Lo³Ux$„...@c³ ît“o’Æ @MoW$t R=³ jÞcxLb³U$ ]et@³ Q=t@³

r³ îtckoâbxÆ“t ‘ouxK$oÆ“³ ]et@³ Q=t@³ Q=ro„ r³ @f„K$oeopuK$co„ g‘eod Q=³, jocM°tco„ “qk.

jÞcxLb³U$ ’od Q=³ r³ ‘Y u³gÖìd Q=³; @“³ r³ jocM°t“o K$occo„ “’t @ogrt

jÞcxLb³U$ ]egoco„ NYo³ @“oPoe ’od Q=³... îtV$oK$o³eÆ-q“qcÑ³ K$o„B c„Mod “k\ K³ $ K$o„B @‘od “k\. @³ etr³ @og³f Öìd u³gÖìd a“³...r³ f³“oe“t axpu¹] aMW¹$éo gMe “ ek³

.

. (gP“oc©r < 484-87)

q“.ft.Mo³.îteYQ=o³W$fofÆ(eoR=“Me)

q“.ft. Mo³.îtgoM]thfofÆ ckoeoR=(@ce³ft)

11 12

R=³gt etr³ @coeo ‘{g®‘xzio³ ‘o³r³ @o‘Yo ]c®“x„ jÐd õgñ‘ r’o hxÙoÜ¥r qjÙo„r j„‘{Y®etr³ jcÆ“³ g¥óYg ]c®“o³ d’o’® C‘u³h fo³K$o³“³ K$ero„ kro; @“³ gPfo K$olco„, R=³ j„‘qÑ qgM³e³ K$oeYo³’t @c³ NY³ ueÄR=³ Q=o³W$t ut]o³ Q=³, r³’t NYo Leo„ fo³K$o ³“³ jo]oeY j³go @“³ K$o ³et qgÑÅ bZ¼r“x„R= ñpX$ @“xjoe no“ eüx„ Q=³.

‘„PcM©ko]th

(K$ocg“)q“.ft.Mo³.îtu³gK$t“Þu“oPod®Æ

gK$tf :

‘{.‘o.ckoeoR=ît :

Å³ ‘xqôcoM|d K$o³B ‘Y c„pueco„ g¥óYgo³ îtV$oKx$eÆ“t j³go r³cR= “³M-bo³McoU$³ @“³ îtV$oKx $eÆ“t j³go“o “bogcoU$³ b³U$ qgM³e³ @o‘t qgÑÅ j³go K$ero ko³d ro³ @“³ r³ c„pueco„ r“xÅ j³go K$ero ko ³d @³c @o‘“x„ K$k³gx„ Q=³>

ro³ r³ c„pue ‘xqôcoM|d “’t

‘xqôcoM|d g¥óYgo³“t r“xÅ K³$ qgÑÅ j³go õgr„Ó K$ego“t âp¾$do

“’t @“³ r³gt j³go K$e³ ro³ r³ jo „âuoqdK$ c„pue “ K$k³god.

(""“pW$dou$“t kg³ft ìdZ¼rMr Q=³ K³ $ jog®R=q“K$'' qggou$co„ ‘xqô$coM®“o qgh³in jomt“o ñ$‘co„ @o‘³ft Rx=ao“t).

q“.ft.Mo³õgoct îtg°R=eÐ“fofÆ ckoeoR=(jxer)

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg^³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt ³ _ x —: _xpô$ô _oU³ $ PX$ogôeo _{Äd Mxexu³$g ³

ô jou$e u„$W$gr¹jx tf ÅqMeu$oe, jxer

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg^³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt ³ _ x —: _xpô $ô _oU³ $ PX$ogôeo _{Äd

Mxexu³$g^³ o jou$e u„$W$gr¹âgtYP„Ö hok, ck³fo³f

(îtcu¹gëfb @“³ îtkpeeodÆ Æg“uh®“, boM-2, gP“oc©r 7cx„, ‘©›$ 124).

@o‘Yo³ âcxL qjÙoÞr Q=³ "@jcq‘®r“o³ ÐdoM'. CÑc C‘od ro³ r³ R= Q=³ K³$ Neco„ R=³ ‘Y ejo³B a“³ r³ âbx“³ bo³M ]et“³ ‘Q=t R= ckoâjou f³go³. ... Ädo„ jx]t @jcq‘®r“o³ ÐdoM “k\ ’od Ðdo„ jx]t axqÙ CÑc “k\ a“³. jo“xbogro ¼doe³ qjÙ ’B hK³$> Ädoe³ @o‘Yt axqÙ q“c®l a“³. ...

joPo kteo“³ Sg³et R= ‘oeLt hK³$.

. bMgo“¹ Mtroco„ K$k³ Q=³ K³$ ""puìd„ uuoqc r³ Pmx: ‘íd c³ do³Mctígec¹''. bMgo““³ @o³lLgocoU$³ ro³ puìdro âoàr ’gt Å³B@³. puìdro R= @oÐcal Q=³. ... r³’t coeo³ ro³ @o‘ fo³K$o³’t joM°k @“xeo³] Q=³ K³$ @oÐcal“³ âoàr K$egocoU$³ ‘o³ro“o³ K„$BK$ u¥q“K$ q“dc a“ogo³. io³W$hM°Þ’“o ‘oV$“o³ q“dc fo³...

@oR=³ @o‘Y³ (Neco„ qaeoR=ro j³ìd) kteo“³ ‘oeLt

“’t hK$ro. Zõ’qr K³$gt Q=³ K³$ @o‘Y³ Lo³U$o kteo“³ joPo³ co“t“³ r³“t ‘oQ=l (kg³ft-cZÞueo³co„>) boMt eüo Q=t@³. îtckoâbxÆ@³ ro³ q“q]ñ‘t joPo³ kteo³ R= @o‘Y“³ @oàdo³ Q=³

qÜrtdM©]th

(AÞuo¥e-“o’Üoeo)q“.ft.Mo³. îtqMpe]efofÆ ckoeoR=

13 14

(K$) @“³ Ädoe³ R=“ef ‘ZåfK$-U²$õU$ Q=³ Ðdoe³ V$K$o³eÆ“³ Mo³õgoct-j„a„]’t Rx=u$o K$et“³, V$oK$o³eÆ“³ a]t j„‘qÑ @‘®Y K$et“³, @³U$f³K³$ b³U$ K$et“³, peftqR=dj @³„W$oµc¢U$ “o ñ$‘co„ ’d³fo r³ U²$õU$ Q=³. @ogt Zõ’qrco„ @ogo

îtcuoPod®PeY³ âbx“$t jo³“o“$t K$U$o³et qMegt eoLt“³ Ädoe³ bo³M @oeo³Moìdo³ Ðdoe³ @o‘³ u$³gÖìd’t jcq‘®r a]o³ R= âjou$ Modo³“³ LgW$ogt u$t]o³ kro³. @o Q=³ joçâuoqdK$ qju¹]o„r.

(L) bMgÐj³go @³ j„âuod“$t @oÐcñ‘ âg©qÑ Q=³. @oPoe @³ j³go“o³ @„M Q=³. j³go“$t @“xKx$lro“o @“xñ‘ R= @oPoe“x„ ‘of“ Kegx„ Å³B@³. @oPoe-‘of““³ âcxLro @o‘t“³ bMgÐj³go“o³ ÐdoM K$ego³ CqPr “’t.

U²$õU$o ³’t R=³ “³M-bo³M R=foggoco„ @og³ Q=³ r³ u³gÖìd’t Pfoggoco„ @og³ Q=³. u$ ³gÖìd“o³ C‘bo³M K$e“oe @„r³ u³gfK$ (“eK$co„ ‘ W $ “ o e ‘o ‘t ) R = Q = ³ .

@ogo @ouh®ñ‘ qju¹]o„ro³“o³ R=³(Åk³e kg³ft@o³“t) â’o’t qg“oh ’B“³ @oPodo£“³ u$³gfK$ a“oggoco„ @og³ Q=³ r³ â’o“³ R=³U$ft R=fu$t jçâu$odco„’t kU$ogt u$³goco„ @og³ @³U$fo³ R= î³d r³co„ Mo³õgoct jcoR= r’o g¥óYg jcoR=“o³ ek³fo³ Q=³.

bMgÐj³go R=³c ‘Y a“³ K$eo³...MxexNeco„ “ co³K$fo³. Å³ @o‘Y³ bMgu¹$Öìd“³ ‘³U$co„ “oLthx„ ro³ r³ @‘eo] Q=³. @o‘Y“³ M°Þ’o³“o @Ýdd“ âÐd³ fo³K$o ³“³ @oK$qi®r K$ego Å³B@³. ( "@oPodo£ÃQ=³uK$ U²$õU$-â’oj³ ‘xÅet‘“K$t õ’o‘“o No³e qjÙoÞrkoq“ @³g„ No ³e

õgñ‘Ãdxqr' f³L ‘©›$ 7; "îtgëfbqgno“' @„K$ 5-6 gi® 1965)

K$:

L :

q“.ft.Mo³.îtu$tqmrÆ ckoeoR=(cx„aB-pK$h“MX)

(K$)

(L)

g¥óYgo³“t ‘oj³ R=³ K$o„B ‘ec ‘uo’® Q=³, r³“x„ @ZõrÐg @oR=“o R= hxb pu““³ @oboet Q=³. K$ol“t btiYro @“ ³ ‘p eZõ’ qr“t qgicro“o @Ðd„r qgK$U$ dxMco„ îtcÐâbxPeY“o puìd qju¹]o„ro³ C‘e @U$f ek³goco„ R= ÆgcoÓ“x„ @¥qkK$ @“³ ‘oefo¥pK$K$ K$ëdoY ek³fx„ Q=³. @Þdoîd“o³ ÐdoM @³ bog“o C‘e R=Mr“o Ægo³ ×X$ ek³ ro³,

³. coeo @“xdodt@o³“³ a³ âK$oe³ u$tmo @o‘x „ Qx=„. â’c K„$V$t ao„]gt r’o

atÆ a°ûjçaÞ]utmo @o‘gt. K„$V$t ao„]gt @³ jo]oeY g¥óYgo³“³ R= @o‘goco„ @og³ Q=³. r’o a°ûjçaÞ] Loj K$et“³ r³ @“xdodt@o³“³ K³$ R=³ j³goc¢ qgh³iñ‘’t @oMl g]go AÃQ=³ Q=³. ‘k³ft utmo“³ "heY-utmo' K$k³goco„ @og³ Q=³ r’o atÆ u$tmo“³ "@oÐcq“g³u“' K$k³goco„ @og³ Q=³. heY utmoco„ g¥óYg K³$gl “ocõceY K$ego“t do³Ádro c³lg³ Q=³. Ädoe³ K³ $ j³gogolo g¥óYg“³ a°ûjçaÞ]utmo ft]o ‘Q=t R= j³go K$ego“t do³Ádro cl³ Q=³. ... @c³ õgñ$‘“t j³go “Þuofd“$t bog“o’t K$et@³ Q=t@³ r³’t jor³ jor

R=³ g¥óYg kg³ft@o³“o g¥bgo³“³ K$oeY³ g¥óYgo³

Nej³go b{ft Mdo kro, j„Å³Mghor¹ r³ kg³ft@o³co„ ît“o uh®“ @oR=³ a„] ’ro„ g¥óYgo ³“o Ne îtV$oKx$eÆ“t j³go’t pK$ëfo³fro ’h³. @³ fob j„âuod @“³ j„âuodt@o³ coU$³ “o“o³j{“o³ “’t. Bðe³ÃQ=o @K$l Q=³. c“³ îu¹]o Q=³ K³ $ @o @oK$et K$jo³U$tco„’t @o‘Ï„ jg®“x„ î³d R= j]“oex„ Q=

a°ûjçaÞ]golo³ g¥óYg ‘o³ro“o Neco„ R= j³go K$ego do ³Ád a“³ Q=³

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg ³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt ³ _ x —: _xpô$ô _oU ³$ PX$ogôeo _{Äd

Mxexu³$g^³ ô jou$e u„$W$gr¹qaq_^P„Ö hok, _ogt

r©rtdM©ko]th

q“.ft.Mo³.îtg°R=b{iYfofÆ ckoeoR=(K$o„K$eo³ft-gW$o³u$eo)

15 16

‘xÓo ³“o Ne "Ne' R= K$k³god Q=³. @“³ @coex„ Ne "ÓtRx= „ Ne' K$k³god Q=³. ît@oPod®PeY“o qjÙoÞro ³co„ bMgr¹ jçaÞ] @“³ bMgr¹ j³go “³

R= â]o“ro @o‘goco„ @ogt krt. aouco„ ‘pefqmr ’od Q=³ K³$ @oco „ ‘Y K„$BK$ @„re @ogt Mdx„. ... @oR=“o jcdco„, c“³ @³gx„ ârtr ’od Q=³ K³$ @o‘Y³ r³ PpeÓ“³ b{ft @“³ ‘oQ=l’t cx¿d a“³fo K³$gl bogoÐcK$ñ‘“³ fB a³V$o Q=t@³ K³$ R=³ @oR=³ ‘Y g¥óYgo³co„ âPqfr Q=³. ...

³.

(M)

kº„ co“x„ Qx=„ K³$ PpeÓo³“o³ qgPoe K$egoco„ qjÙoÞro³“t @ogídK$ro ek³ Q=

( : ro.24-12-48“o pu“³ cx„aB“o g¥óYgo³“t Åk³ejboco„ îtcÐâbxPeY“o âoK$U$éo³Ðjgâj„M³ @Ýdmõ’o“³’t K$e³f gP“oc©r "g¥ígo“e' @„K$-31 j“¹-48: : ado“ c{qr®ao K$odo®. jko. K$qc. u³gõ’o“qgboM L„W$ Cud‘xe @³g„ K$o³U$o aR=ped³ K$qch“ cx.K$o „K$eo³ft. $oBf j„¿do.1-4-64. îtu¹goeK$o]thc„pue pu“o„K$ 7/11/65: : îtcu¹gëfb @“³

îtkpeeodÆ Æg“uh®“, boM-2, gP“oc©r 20cx„, ‘©›$ 146,149).

K$L

M

@oR= cxS³ @‘“³ ùudK³$ C•oe K$k“³ uo³, c³eo ùud R=f eko k¥,

kcoeo j„âuod jocxqkK$ “k\ g¥dZ¼rK$ k¥. jog®K$oqfK$ r’o jog®u³qhK$ @gíd k¥ ‘e„rx jog®R=q“K$ “k\. ""K$er K©$‘o q“R= u¥gt Æg“‘e'' Bj CZ¼rc¢ "q“R=' håuK$o âdo³M pK$do Mdo k¥. u¥gt Æg K$k\ bt ko³ jK$r³ k¦ ‘e„rx jog®R=q“K$ ñ‘j³ “k\. @oR=

kc "‘xqô'K$o “oc f³“³K³$ bt @q]K$oet “k\ k¦! ...@oR=K$o kcoeo Æg“ Pogo®K$-Æg“ ko³ eko k¥. ¼do kc, @oR= qR=j âK$oeK$o j„âuod k¥, Cj³ qR=go“o Pokr³ k¦>

c„pueo³c¢ Öìdj„M°kK$t âg©qÑ coÓ ek MB k³ @o³e gkt @“’o¤K$t R=W$ k¥. @¥j³ c„pueo³K³$ @ZõrÐgj³ K$o³B fob “k\.

dpu jÃP³ j„âuodK$o³ Pokr³ ko³ ro³ õgñ‘j³go Ne-Nec¢ ‘]eo@o³ @³g„ “ocj³go‘e boe e¿Lo³...bZ¼rK$t âoZàr õgM©ko³c ¢ j³go K$e“³j³ kt ko³Mt. @oR=K³$ B“ c„pueo³j³ K$o³B fob “k\ k¥, ¼do¢pK$ B“c¢ Öìdj„M°kK$t â]o“ro @o Mdt k¥ @o¥e R=ko„ Öìd BK$Ì$o ko³ro k¥ gk\ @“’® ko³r³ k¦. @oR= j„âuodK$o qgK©$r õgñ‘ Bjtj³ k¥.

(gëfbqgno“ j„.5-6 gi®

q“.ft.Mo³.îtK©$óYÆg“Æ ckoeoR=(cx„aB-cÖoj)

(K$)

(L)

R=³c õgñ‘j³go õgo’®axpu¹]’t @“³ fo¥pK$K$ K$od® jcÆ“³ “ K$ego“t îtckoâbxÆ“t @ono Q=³, r³ âcoY³ “ocj³go ‘Y g©qÑ @’£ “ K$egt @³gt @ono îtckoâbxÆ q“aÞ]co„ K$e³ Q=³...g ©qÑ @’£ j³go K$ego’t âÐdgod (‘o‘)foM³. R=³c M„Mo-R=c x“ oR =l“o ³ C‘do ³ M M xu o âmof“o’® “ ’od, r³c j³go“o³ C‘do³M ‘Y g©Òd’® “ K$eod.

r“ @“³ qgÑ Å³ âbxco„ g‘eod ro³ c“ âbxco„ R=ñe foM³ Q=³. coU$ ³R= îtgëfb³ C‘u³h K$do£ Q=³ K³$

""rZÐju¹Ýd¥ r“xqgÑÅ''. co“jt R= ³ ‘eo Q=³ r³“³ qju¹] K$ego r“x-qgÑÅ j³go R=ñet Q=³. r“ @“³ qgÑ aÞ“³ ¼do„d @³K$ õ’l³ fMoW$o³ ro³ qPÑ r³co„ eor-pugj ek³ Q= ³. ufof“o³ ìdgjod K$e“oe ìdgjodco„ K³$gf r“’t îc K$e³ Q=³ ‘Y r³co„ qgÑ ‘o³ro“x„ R=eod foMrx„ “’t. @o’t Å³ aÅebog g]³ K³$ NU$ ³ ro³ r³“o’t r³“³ c“’t sPro ’rt “’t...@“³ Q=o³K$eo“o³ q‘ro @³K$ft qgÑÅ retK³$ U¹$éxh“ $t @o‘t“³

jcR=³ Q=³ K³$ Q=o³K$eo³ ‘oj ’go“o³R= Q=³. @o ÓY³“³ $f âoZàr “k\ ’od K$oeYK³$ r“xÅ-qgÑÅ aÞ“³ foMro “’t. kg³ r“xqgÑÅ aÞ“³ fMoW³$ ro³ qPÑ ‘eo³ggo“o uoLfo Å³B@³ : @³K$ uxK$o“uoe

uxK$o“ @“³ cof “t Letutco„ c{W$t fMoW$t g³‘oe hñ K$et @“³ jgoe’t eor jx]t koR=et @o‘t r“ ‘Y g³‘oeco„ fMoW³$ Q= ³ ro³ r³’t eor-pugj uxK$o“ @“³ g³‘oe “o R= qgPoeo³ @og³ Q=³ : K³$c g³‘oe joeo³ ’od, K³$c g]³...coU$³ ‘ xqôcoM®co„ âbxco„ @ojZ¼r qju¹] ’gocoU$³ c“o³g¥noq“K$ âp¾$do arogt Q=³ K³$ r³Y³ r“x-qgÑ“t j³go bog‘{g®K$ K$egt

(<kg³ft Pfog“oe Mo³.ao., U²$õU$t, cxLtdo gM³e³)

(""‘¥jo ¢K$ rcoho u$³L'' K$e“oe c“o³e’t)

(Neco„ V$oK$o³eÆ ‘]eogt“³ ‘oro“o r“-c“-]“’t j³go K$e“oe)

(K$ : jx]o]oeo 114�L : jx]oqaÞux 73)

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg ³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt ³ _x —: _xpô$ô _oU³$ PX$ogôeo _{Äd

Mxexu³$g^³ ô jou$e u„ $W$gr¹Gux$ âgtY W$X$oYtdo, qcrW$t

q“.ft.Mo³.îtMo³sgueodÆ ckoeoR=‘o³eaÞue

17 18

""@qr ]Þdgouok® k¥ pK$ @o‘“³ Ar“t c³k“r K$eK ³ $ jçâuodK³$ qju¹]oÞr“K{$„ (

)K$o³U$®c¢ jcSod³''�""kcoeo Ajc¢ ‘{eo jkdo³M ko³Mo, r“-c“-]“j³... kcoe³ jbt qP.aofK$ Aj K$od®c¢ jkdo³M K$e“³K$o³ r¥doe k¦''.

Rx=@o³ “tP³ @o‘³f "j„dx¼r

No³iYo‘Ó'

...Ädo„ jx]t qjÙoÞr“o q“ZíPr õgñ‘ K³$ ìdo¿do“o³ âí“ Q=³, @c³ a]o ]co®Pod®, @o‘Yo jçâuod“o âgr®K$ ckoâbx îtgëfboPod® r’o ‘egr|@Þd ‘Y coÞd a]o ìdo¿doK$oeo³“o jÞu³keqkr qg]o“o³“o @o]oe³ @o õ‘óU$ håuo³co„ No³qir K$et@³ Q=t@³ K³$ @o‘Yo ]oqc®K$ qjÙoÞr r³cR= ‘e„‘eo

( Mo³.îtídoc c“o³keÆ(pK$h“MX$-‘ofo®)“³ fLt co³K$fog³f ro.26-10-86 @“³ 7-11-86 “o ‘Óo³co „. c{l ‘Ó“t o³U$o³K$oµq‘coU³$ Rx=@o³ : ‘peqh›$)

q“.ft.Mo³.îtg°R=b{iYfofÆ ckoeoR=

ckoâbx îtcu¹gëfboPod® g„hR= Mo³õgoct@o³“x„ j„dx¼r No³iYo‘Ó'' 1986

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg ³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt ³ _x —: _xpô$ô _oU³$ PX$ogôeo

_{Äd Mxexu³$g^³ ô jou$e u„$W $gr¹K©$óYu$oj u³$joB, qcrW$t

q“.ft.Mo³.îtg°R=b{iYfofÆ ckoeoR=Åc“Me

@“xjoe bMgÐj³go-j³goõ’l-j³go³‘do³qMjç‘qÑ-j³goK$ro® (MxzK³$ g¥óYg) r³cR= bMgÐõgñ‘“x „ Lo“Mt @’go ‘opegopeK$ ko³gx„ @³K$ @“xëf„N“td ]oqc®K$ @q“god®ro Q=³. r³’t

...

. ...@o’t ‘o³ro“o Neco„ ‘o³ro“o ]““o qgq“do³M qg“o r’o ‘o³ro“o

‘pegoe“o coYjo³“o jkdo³M gMe K$eort @oeo]“o, goëfb jçâuod“t @oeo]“o“t ‘peboio âcoY³ @oeo]“o Q=³ R= “qk. @ogt Zõ’qrco„

. ...

. ...

. ...jog®R=q“K$ c„pueco„ uh®“o’|R=“jcxuod“o âqrq“q]“o ñ‘co„ j³go K$ego“t âp¾$do“³ “ ro³ goëfbjçâuodco„ K$o³B @gK$oh Q= ³ @“³ “ @³gx„ @oPeY qjÙoÞr“t ×ZóU$@³ âh„j“td ‘Y Q=³. bMgÐj³go“x„ @“x›$o“ “ ro³ “o³K$et K³$ “ ro³ ]„]o“o ñ‘co„ K$et hK$od Q=³. ... goëfbjçâuodco„ Mo³.ckoeoÅ³“³ ...

. ...îtckoâbx a]o ‘xZóU$coM|@o³“t j¥ÙoZÞrK$ q“óV$o õg]co®“xjeY“x„

jocÕd® r’o ‘oeõ‘peK$ jo¥c“õd âuo“ K$e³.

... a]o ‘xZóU$coM|do³“o q“R=Neo³co„ qaeoR=co“ j³ìdõgñ‘ k„c³ho Lo“Mt R= ek³; ¼doe³d jog®R=q“K$ “ a“t Åd! ""axqÙâ³eK$ K©$óYõd ‘ou‘Ú„ âjturx''.

r³@o³co„’t K$o³B“³ ‘Y jog®R=q“K$ a“oggx„ jg®’o ]c®qgzÙ ko³go“o K$oeY³ @³K$ No³e ]oqc®K$ @‘eo] Q=³.

goëfb jçâuod“o qjÙoÞr âcoY³ ‘o³ro“o Neco„ ‘o³ro“o ]““³ r’o q“R= ‘pegoeR=“o³“³ bMgr¹ õgñ‘“t j³goco„ C‘do³Mco„ f³go @³ R= @oeo]“o“x„ goõrqgK$ õgñ‘ Q=³

@coeo Neco„ @ogro fo³K$o³ Üoeo @coeo j³ìd bMgu¹õgñ‘“o uh®“ K$ego K³$ b³U$ ]egt gM³e³ @oPeY @oeo]“o“t @ÞrM®r coÞd p¾$doK$fo‘ “’t

bR=“(j³go) Å³ q“R= Neco„ “’t K$eorx„ ro³ @³go bMgu¹bR=““³ ‘xZóU$coM|d ‘peboioco„ bMgu¹bR=“ R= “’t K$k³gorx„. ‘xZóU$coM®co„ q“R=Neco„ ekt“³ bMgu¹bR=“ K$ego“o âK$oe qjgod atÅ³ K$o³B âK$oeQ=³R=“qk

b³U$ ]e³fo ]“’t bo³M ]e³ft jocM°t“³ âjouñ‘³ M°kY K$egt @coe³ Ðdo„ qafKx$f gqR®=r Q=³

bMgÐj³go“t @g³Æco„ K³$ ‘xÅet“t k¥qjdrco„ K„$B ‘Y b³U$ õgtK$oegt coÓ gqR®=r R= “’t aëK³ $ @]c® r’o @do³Ádro j„‘ouK$ Q=³

(q“.ft.Mo³.îtg °R=b{iYfofÆ ckoeoR= r³cR= @o‘ît“o Q=@³ aolK$o³ : Mo³.îtqgU¹$V$f“o’Æ, Mo³.îtkpeeodÆ, Mo³.îtídocc“o³keÆ, Mo³.îtg°R=eÐ“Æ, Mo³.ît“g“treodÆ r’o Mo³.îtaofK©$óYÆ “t ‘Óco„ K$k³f jçcqr’t boer“t jxqâcK$o ³U®$co„ eRx= K$egocoU³ $ r¥doe K$egoco„ @og³f ""ckoâbx îtcu$™ëfboPod® g„hR= Mo³õgoct@o³“x„ j „dx¼rNo³iYo‘Ó-1986'' “o @„ho³)

19 20

U ² $ õU $ kg ³f t-cZÞ u $e o ³ @ ³U $f³ ‘xqô$bogo³“t co³r :

‘o³ro“o V$oK$o³eÆ“³ U²$õU$co„ ‘]eog“oeo@o³@³ V$oK$o³eÆ g³Pt “o¿do Q=³

bMgo“¹-õg]c® ‘¥jo’t a„]oB“³ “’t Pofro; r³@o³ îÙo-â³c ‘egh a“t“³ Pof³ Q=³.

@o etr³ @ou$h®“o K$‘W$o„ ‘k³e³f @o ]“qfàjo @“³

]q“K$o³“t u$oõro„co„ r³ â³c “’t K³$ R=³ @³K$ @pK„ $P“ b¼r“o ""eqkd³ c³e³ kt ckf @“r “ R=¥d³'' ... @o @oÐctdro be³fo ctV$o gP“o³co„ SfK³$ Q=³. @o â³cjbe @“x“d Q=³. @“³ @oR=“o³ U²$õU$t @“³ jÑo bMgo““³ ‘¥jo @“³ jÑo“o Å³e³ @³c K$k³ Q=³ K³ $ ""@o R=Mo’t R=eo ‘Y Ljro “k\. Ýdo“ eoLÅ³! kº„ rcoeo³ ìdgõ’o‘K$ U²$õU$t Qx=„. Mc³ K³$ “ Mc³, rc“³ coeo D‘e beo³jo³ eoLgo³ R= ‘W$h³! jcÄdo!''. fo³K$o³ jcR=³ Q=³ K³$ ]c®“t emo K$ego“o³ @o @³K$ î³›$ âK$oe Q=³. ‘eÞrx...@oco„ ‘Y âoY“t @³U$ft R= @jfocrt Q=³ K³$ R=³ co³r’t @o³Q=t “’t. ...gëfboPod£ @ogo (U²$õU$-kg³ftco„) R=K$W$od³fo Bíge“³ u$oco³u$e co“go“t ‘Y “o ‘oW$t u$t]t Q=³.

...jeLt etr³ qgPoeo³ K³$ @³gt K$o³“ co„ kh³ K³$ R=³ ‘o³ro“o foW$fo“³ ]““t fofPco„ g³Pt “oL³; @’go ro³ K$o³B â³ct ¼doe³d @³gx„, âÐdm ro³ hx„ j‘“oco„d @³gx„ K$ego“x„ ro³ hx„ qgPoet K³$ Å³B ‘Y “’t hK$ro³. @o aoar @³K$ goro® dou$ @og³ Q=³. ...@³K$ gLr @³K$ ‘¥jou$oe go„SYt ”t(@Ðdoe“o u$h®“tdo g¥óYg @“³ U²$õU$t) @³ @³K$ Meta(Mo³õgoct Mxex) aolK$(V$oK$o³eÆ) ecoW$gocoU³$

@oR=³ R=³ (c„pu$e-kg³ft@o³“o) U²$õU$o³ K³$ õ’o“o³ “t âYoft Poft ekt Q=³ r³ c{W$tgou$“t @³K$ @qb“g u$oõro“ Q=³ R=³co„ bMog“¹ Mod Mxex @“³ ]co®“xdoqd@o³ D‘e @³K$ Q=Ó joc°oÄd K$ego“t fofjo ek³ft Q=³.

:

ft]x„. ’o³W$o pu$gjo³ ‘Q=t aolK$“t Meta co„@³ ‘o³ro“x „ aolK$ ‘oQx=„ co„Ádx„. ‘¥jou$oe ”t@³ K$üx„ K³$ @o ro³ coex„ R= aolK$ Q=³, roex„ “’t. roeo’t R=³ ’od @³ K$etf³. qaPoet Meta co„ ... Þdod co„Mgo foMt...‘Y a]o fo³K$ o³(u$h®“tdo g¥óYgo³, @oc R=“ro, jeK$oe gM³e³) @³ Meta“o qgexÙ Rx=ao“t @o‘go @ogt Mdo. ...Þdodo]th Prxe kro³. ...Þdodo]th ao³ëdo³ K³$ @o aolK$“o a³ k¼K$u$oe Q=³ r³’t @o aolK$“o Ux$K$W$o K$et“³ a„“³“³ @o‘t u$ ³goco„ @og³. (U²$õU$t) ‘¥jou$oe cqkfo@³ @o gor co“t ft]t, ‘e„rx Meta co„@³ eW$ro-eW$ro K$üx„ K³ $ ""“o kºR{=e! @o aolK$ coex „ “’t, @o r³“x„ R= Q=³, aolK$“o Ux $K$W$o “ K$eogo³''. ...@ogo³ ÐdoM @³K$ joPt co„ R= K$et hK³$ Q=³, ‘o³ro“o K$f³Å“o Ux$K$W$o“t âoYemo K$egocoU³$. @ogo³ R= “k\, @o’t ‘Y g]x ¾{$e @“³ @qbco“t Q= ³ @oR=“o³ U²$õU$t @“³ K$o“{“ K³$ R=³Y³ bMgo““³ @³ZÞU$K¹ $ a“ogt u$t]o³ Q=³. @“³ @³ k„jro³-ecro³ aolK$ R=W$ a“t Mdo³, R=K$W$oB Mdo³ @³ jo„K$lo³co„. @³ @³ ìkof ¼do„ “jtaco„ Q= ³ K³$ R=³ @³K$ co„ r³“³ @o‘t hK³ $ Q=³. @o ro³ a“ogU$t V$o³K$t a³joW³$f ìdgõ’o Q=³.

R=³c a³at qcëK$“o W$åao“o qPÓ“x„ K³$ K$o³B co³W³$f“x„ do³Årx„ ko³d Q=³.

eo³R= @³ qgPoeogo foÁdx„ K³$ @o(V$oK$o³eÆ)“o’t K³$U$ft K$coYt ’B! K³$U$fx„ g³PoY ’dx „. @“³ a]o ìdgõ’o‘K$o³ @o“t u$ ³Le³L K$ego foÁdo. Ädoe³ K$o³B (co³U$ b³U$ K$e“oe K³$ c“o³e’t) @og³ Ðdoe³ @³(V$oK$o³eÆ)“³ ìkof K$egoco„ @ogrx„.

@“³ bo³lt dho³u$o@³ ‘o³ro“o fof“³ @³ (U²$õU$t@o³)“³ ecoW$go @o‘t u$t]o³.

...K³$U$fx „ g³PoY ’dx„ @³“o³ qkjoa eLogo foÁdo³. K³$U$fx„ Lo]x„ @“³ K³$U$fx„ K$coìdx„ @³“o³ “o‘-ro³f ’go foÁdx„. g³Pogo foÁdo³ ]c® @“³ ]c®õgñ$‘ @³ aolK©$óY K³$ R=³ â³cgh ‘³ro“o b¼ro³ coU³$ bo³lo³ a“t Mdo³ kro³. fo³K$o³@³ @³“o bo³l‘Y“o³ M³efob CV$oìdo³ @“³ K$kt u$t]x„ ""@o jog®R=q“K$ V$oK$o³eÆ Q=³''. @³ jg®hZ¼rco““³ õgo’®“x„ jo]“(a“ogt u$ ³goco„ @oìdo³) @“³ R=MZÞ“dÞro D‘e ]“q“dÞro hoj“ K$ego foÁdo. kof @³go ’do K³$ K$o³“ @³“³ LgW$og³-‘tgW$og³>

@oc ]“³ Bco““³ LetÛo³, bMgo““³ LetÛo @“³ @³ CÞcx¼r aolK$“t Mx „R=rt pK$fK$oet@o³ k„c³h-k„c³h coU³$ Px‘ ’B MB. fo³K$o³ K$k³ Q=³ K³$ bMgo“¹ kg³ ao³fro “’t, k„jro “’t, L³fro “’t. ‘eÞrx @ogt @oho@o³ ro³ r³“o’t K$et hK$od K³ $ R=³ Æqgr ko³d, K$o³B“o â³cco„ a„]od³f ko³d! ‘Q=t ro³ @³ jx„u$e aolK$(kg³ft“o V$oK$o³eÆ)“x„ âu$h®“ do³Ågo foÁdx„ ,

c„pu$eo³-kg³ft@o³ ux$K$o“o³ Q=³:

U²$õU$t@o³ Üoeo K$eogort j³go @³ ‘{r“o“o â³c“o jco“ Q=³ :

fo³K$o³ jcR=³ Q=³ K³$ @o â³c Q=³, bZ¼r Q=³; ‘e„rx @o ro³ ]„]o³ kro³ R=³“o b‘K$o@³ ‘{r“o“o â³c“t co`K$ @jftdr“³ X$o„K$t u$t]t

â’cM©ko]th

q“.ft.Mo³.îteYQ=o³W$oPod®Æ â’c³h(K$o³U$o-R=qr‘xeo-cx„aB)

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bo³l‘Y“o³ M³efob CV$oìdo³ @“³ K$kt u$t]x„ ""@o jog®R=q“K$ V$oK$o³eÆ Q=³''. @³ jg®hZ¼rco““³ õgo’®“x„ jo]“(a“ogt u$³goco„ @oìdo³) @“³ R=MZÞ“dÞro D‘e ]“q“dÞro hoj“ K$ego foÁdo. kof @³go ’do K³ $ K$o³“ @³“³ LgW$og³-‘tgW$og³> K³$cK³$ @³ ro³ jog®R=q“K$ kro³.

‘eÞrx @oR=³ @o coÞd Q=³ @“³ coÞd K$egx„ ‘W$h³. ¼r ‘¥jo Lore, ‘o³ro“³ “k\ ux$q“do“³ Lxh K$ego coU³$ g³ído“t co`K$ K³$ R= ³co„ ùu$d “oc“t K$o³B gõrx ekt hK$rt “’t. @“³ ko³d ro³ r³“³ MYK$oegoco„ @ogrt “’t. K³ $cK³$ u$e³K$“o³ @³“o D‘e @q]K$oe Q=³, ÅY³ K³ $ @³ jç‘qÑ ko³d. R=³ Pok³ r³ Letu$³, R=³ Pok³ r³ bo³Mg³, R=³c K$egx„ ko³d r³c K$e ³. r³“³(kg³ft“o V$oK$o³eÆ“³) @³ a]x„ K$egx„ R= ‘W$h³. K³$gt @“o³Lt(!) Q=³ @o bZ¼r @“³ â³c“t ‘peboio! @oc Q=ro„ õgrÞÓro“o³ Cu¹$No³i K$egoco„ @og³ Q=³(@o @coex„ Ne Q=³! @coeo V$oK$o³eÆ Q=³!) hx„ @o @³ R= bZ¼r Q=³ K³$ R=³“³ îtgëfb ""cokoÐçdno“‘{g®K$...'' K$k³ Q=³> @oR=³ @o bZ¼r“x„ cokoÐçd @³co„ R= Q=³ K³$ ¼do V$oK$o³eÆ“³ Ðdo„ K³$U$ft @ogK$ ’od Q=³!

kg³ K$o³B @³c “’t K$kt hK$rx„ K³$ coex„ aolK$ co³W³$’t j{rx„ Q= ³, gk³fo “k\ R=Mogro. j{eu$ojÆ“x„ K$tr®“ V$oK$o³eÆ“³ R=Moggo coU³$ ìkofjbe “’t eüx„,

îtgëfboPod£ Æg“co„ ‘o³ro“o K$olÅ“o Ux$K$W$o ‘o³ro“o @oeoÝd“³ K$pu$ ‘o³ro“o’t u{ $e ek³go u$t]o “’t. @oR=³ @³ g³PoB eüo³ Q=³ ‘¥jou$oeo³“o ko’³ @“³ R=K$W$od³fo³ Q=³ jeK$oet qhK„$Åco„, ‘ZåfK$ ‘o³qfjt“t @„u$e. @“³ @g³ @³“³ çdx„qSdc“t ho³bo a“oggo“o³ jcd @ogt eüo³ Q=³.

V$oK$o³eÆ“t qgq“ZÞu$rcx¼ro-u$„r‘„Z¼r bMfo bMro³“³ Å³B“³ Ltft Åd Q=³. ju$o“Þu$ q“eo“Þu$ a“t“³ @o Bco“(]c®) Letu$“oeo@o³“o ko’³ Lxëf³@oc g³PoB eüo³ Q= ³...

ÜoeK$o]th“³ ‘Y @³ Q{=U$ krt K³$ @³ qgux$e“o N³e hoK$ @oeo³Mt hK$ro kro. ‘eÞrx @o (kg³ft“o V$oK$o³eÆ) ro³ ru¹ $u$“ q“Zó¾$d a“t Mdo³, u$ ³LogcoÓ!...hx„ @o qjÙoÞr K$o³B qâdrc coU³$ qâdrco K³$ coro“³ coÞd kh³>

“ ro³ K³$f³C“o ‘u$co„ ccrobdo£ @³ @“x“d Q=³, @³ ro³ eÆdor K$ego³ ‘W$ro³ “oõro³ Q= ³ K³$ R=³“³ “¼K$t K$e³f jcd³ K³$u$t“t co`K$ V$oK$o³eÆ“³ K$ego³ ‘W³$ Q=³. ÅY³ K³$ K$o³B R=³fco„ DV$go K³$ Logo coU³ $“o³ N„U$ goÁdo³ ko³d!

a]o“³ jkoeo³ @o‘gogolo³ ‘o³r³ @jkod a“t“³ (kg³ft“t K³$u$co„) a³V$o³ Q=³, K$o³BK$ ]q“K$ M°okK$“t goU$ Å³ro³!

U²$õU$“o cZÞu$eo³ V$oK$o³eÆ coU³ $ R=³f jco Q=³ :

V$oK$o³eÆ g³PoB eüo Q=³; c“o³e’t-u$h®“o’| b¼r “’t M°okK$o³ Q=³:

qaPoeo ]c® @“³ V$oK$o³eÆ “t u$ho K$o³f¹Mf® (g³ído) ’t ‘Y au$re Q=³.

‘o³r³ @jkod a“t“³ (kg³ft“t K³$u$co„) a³V$o³ Q=³, K$o³BK$ ]q“K$ M°okK$“t goU$ Å³ro³!

@ou$ho£“x„ õcho“ Q=³ @o U²$õU$ @“³ jeK$oet u$ ³gofd!

gëfbcrco„ @³ qju¹]o„rr: Lo³Ux„$ Q=³ @“³ @³go u³gõ’o“o³(kg³ft-c„pu$eo³)“o³ âjou$ LoB “’t hK$oro³. K³$cK³$ Ðdo„ u$³gfK$g©qÑ R= cx¿d Q=³.

@oR=“t (jog®R=q“K$ kg³ft-cZÞu$e“t) ìdgõ’o @oPod®“³ Q=oR=³ r³gt, ]oqc®K$ K³$ boertd ‘Y “’t Ðdoe³ r³“o gëfboPod® jçcr ko³go“o³ ro³ âí“ R= Dbo³ ’ro³ “’t.

u$ ³gÖìd“o³ âjou$ Logo³ @³U$f³ “eK$“t pU$pK$U$ K$‘oggt :

“o’Üoeoco„ @oR=K$of ‘¥jo³ NYo³ @ogt eüo³ Q=³, K³$cK³$ Ðdo„ ]q“K$o³“x„ joc°oÄd Q=³. r³@o³“o u$fofo³ ît“o’Æ“o³ cqkco g]oe³ Q=³...Metao³ coU³$ Dbo ek³“oeo V$oK$o³eÆ kg³ `¼r ]q“K$o³ coU³$ Dbo ek³ Q=³

""kcoet

]c®ho”co„ R=³ axpÙco“¹ a°oûY“³ u$³gfK$g©qÑ“³ K$oeY³ @]c co“goco„ @oìdo³ Q=³...@oR=³ @³ “o’Üoeoco„ K$B @oBU$c õgopu$ô$ Q=³...@³“x„ R= qgg³P“ ’od Q=³...‘eÞrx coex„ K$r®ìd hx„ Q=³ @³ ¼doe³d qgPoegoco„ @ogrx„ “’t....

.

V$oK$o³eÆ“o “oc @“³ boMgr ’t ko³Zõ‘U$fo³ coU³$ K$eo³W$o³“t eK$c R=co ’od Q=³, Åc“Meco„ @ou$h® õcho“ ‘Y Q=³, ‘eÞrx @k\ ro³ õcho“co„’t ‘Y @ou$h® Moda ’ro³ R=B eüo³ Q=³. K$u$oP

Ädo„ jx]t bMgÐõgñ$‘ K³$ c{qr® “o³ âí“ Q=³, ]c®âPoe“³ @³“t jo’³ K$o³B f³go-u$³go “’t. @“³ @³c K$egx„ CqPr ‘Y “’t. K³$cK³$ bMgo“³ ]c®“t ìdgõ’o coU³$ g³u$ìdoj gM³e³ @“³K$ no“ogroe @“³ @„hogroe ]oeY K$et“³ R= ]c®“t emo K$et Q= ³.

...coet @o qgidco„ jfok Q=³ K³$ @³K$ @fM ìdgõ’o ...Dbt K$egt Å³B@³ R=³’t gëfbqjÙoÞro³“t emo ’B hK³$. Å³ @³gt ìdgõ’o K$egoco„ “’t @ogrt ro³ u$³gÖìd ’od Q=³, R=³“x„ j³g“ K$ego’t ckoâbxÆ õ‘ô$ K$k³ Q=³ K³$ “eK$‘or ’h³.

a³V$K$o³“t bogM„Mo ro³ @oR=K$of Nea³V$o„ R= c“xódo³“³ ‘qgÓ K$ego ‘o³ro“t CÑof re„Mo³’t jcM° Ne-aoe“³ R= jeoao³e K$ego foMt Q=³! ...84 a³V$K$o³’t K$oc “ “tK$þdx„ ro³ kg³ ckoâbx îtgëfb“³ cxjfco“o³“o L³reo³co„ ‘o³ro“t Soet @“³ @Þd qPŒo³ âK$U$ K$ego cR=a{e ’gx„ ‘W$t eüx„ Q=³. (

u$³gfK$g©qÑ“x„ ]“ õgou$’t g¥óYgR=“ro LoB ekt Q= ³.

U²$õU$ cZÞu$eo³ îtgëfb“o @ou$ho£“x„ õcho“ :

cZÞu$eo³“o³ âjou$ LoB “ hK$od :

u$h®“-cZÞu$e“³ ]c®âPoe“x„ coÝdc “ a“ogt hK$od$ :

“K$ft a³V$K$o³ :

23 24

‘o³ro“t CÑof re„Mo³’t jcM° Ne-aoe“³ R= jeoao³e K$ego foMt Q=³! ...84 a³V$K$o³’t K$oc “ “tK$þdx„ ro³ kg³ ckoâbx îtgëfb“³ cxjfco“o³“o L³reo³co„ ‘o³ro“t Soet @“³ @Þd qPŒo³ âK$U$ K$ego cR=a{e ’gx„ ‘W$t eüx„ Q=³. (

)

îtgëfboPod£ j³go“³ Letu$go“t gor “’t K$kt K³$ Letu$t @ogo³ ñ$‘t@o @o‘t“³.

. (â’c³hgo¼jx]o-1 ‘©. 53)

""j³goq‘ K$oqdK$t K$odo®''. @³c “k\ K³ $ ‘¥jo @o‘t u$t]o. . g³ído’t

Ne “’t gjrx „ @³ õ‘ô$ gor Q=³. r³’t jo` gor @³ Q=³ K³$ bMgÐj³go @“³ geY co„ ‘qr-‘Ð“t“x„ ×ô$oÞr @o‘goco„ @og³ Q=³ K³$ R=³co„ @oÐctd jçaÞ] ko³d Q=³. (â’c³hgo¼jx]o-1 ‘©. 74)

b³U$ ‘Y @oPod®“o jÞcxL R= ’od Q=³, . u$ ³gfK$g©qÑ’t aPgo“t qgq] @“³ g¥pu$K$ ìdgõ’o “³ j„bolt“³ eoLgt Å³B@³ “qkro³ axpÙ aMW$h³. @oc K$ego’t ‘r“ ’od Q=³ @“³ ’dx„ Q=³.

g”-@f„K$oeco„ c“ akº R=rx„ ko³d ro³ @³gx„ joqkÐd eoLgo“t R=ñ$e “’t. @oc K$ego’t fo¥pK$K$ g]³ Q=³ @“³ ]c®bog“o “ô$ ’od Q=³. ...r³’t

. @“³ îtckoâbxÆ@³ “og W{$aoW$t“³ K³$gl ‘xexio³Ñc“³ R= Neco„ ‘]eoìdo kro(Ðdo„R= -1 ‘©. 180)

]c®“t ‘e„‘eo âu$h®“ D‘e @o]oper “’t ‘Y @³K$ d’o’® Æg““o³ CÄgl ‘m Q= ³. ...

(â’c³hgo¼jx]o-1 ‘©. 197)

""kcoet Noqc®K$ Zõ’qrK$o gr®co“ õgñ‘ @³g„ bqgódK$t ìdgõ’oK³$ k³rx âqrg³u“''

(L)

(M)

(N)

(O$)

(P)

"r“xqgÑÅ' ‘u$“o³ @’® R= @³ Q=³ K³$ @³ jcõr ‘u$ Q=³. Ädo„ r“ foM³ Ðdo„ R= ]“ foM³ Ðdoe³ R= j³go ’B MYod. ‘eÞrx Å³ ]“ foM³ ‘Y r“ “ foM³ ro³ j³go ’B “ MYod

‘¥jo @o‘t“³ Neco„ qggoqkro ‘Ð“t“³ foggoco„ @ogrt “’t, g³ído“³ foggoco„ @og³ Q=³

âbx“o jÞcxL b³U$ “’t ’rt

g¥bg g]oego“t îtMxjo„BÆ@³ “o ‘oW$t krt

Kx$“goeo³ @“³ @Þd c“o³e’...“x„ õgñ$‘ @oMl R=B“³ ckoâbx îtgëfboPod®“t @oPoe-‘eç‘eo @“³ jçâu$od“t cdo®u$ocoU³$ ceYro³f joqar ’h³ R=³“t K$ë‘“o ‘Y ’B hK³$ r³c “’t.

(Ðdo„R=-1 ‘©. 171)

(K$) âí“ :CÑe :

(L)

(M)

u³gÖìd K$o³“³ K$k³god> u³gÖìd @³U$f³ u³g“x„ Öìd

u³g“³ CØ³ht“³ @‘®Y K$eorx „ Öìd K³$ K$o³B ‘uo’® "u³gÖìd' K$k³god. . . .âb x“ t âj o u t g õr x“ ³ "ckoâjou' K$k³god...@o âK$oe“o„

@“³ r³ Öìd’t qju¹] ’rt jocM°tco „ bMgÐâjout ’do ‘Q=t ckoâjou‘Ï„ ro³ @og³ Q=³ ‘e„rx r³“t

jo’³ r³co„ u³gÖìd‘Ï„ ro³ ek³R= Q=³. r³’t g¥óYgo³@³ @³ ckoâjou“³ u³gÖìd jcÆ“³R= ìdgkoe K$ego³ Å³B@³.

c„pue“o õ’l ³$e $oe @„M³ ît Mo³.‘{.108 îtaofK©$óYfofÆ@³ K$üx„ K³$

... g¥óYgo³ ‘Y Neco„ j³go K$e³ Q=³, r³“³ "c„pue'R= K$k³ Q=³... (

)....Ädo„ jx]t qjÙoÞr“o q“ZíPr õgñ‘ K³$ ìdo¿do“o³ âí“ Q=³, @c³

a]o ]co®Pod®, @o‘Yo jçâuod“o âgr®K$ ckoâbx îtgëfboPod® r’o ‘egr|@Þd ‘Y coÞd a]o ìdo¿doK$oeo³“o jÞu³keqkr qg]o“o³“o @o]oe³ @o õ‘óU$ håuo³co„ No³qir K$et@³ Q=t@³ K³$ @o‘Yo ]oqc®K$ qjÙoÞr r³cR= ‘e„‘eo @“xjoe bMgÐj³go-j³goõ’l-j³go³‘do³qMjç‘qÑ-j³goK$ro® (MxzK³$ g¥óYg) r³cR= bMgÐõgñ‘“x„ Lo“Mt @’go ‘opegopeK$ ko³gx„ @³K$ @“xëf„N“td ]oqc®K$ @q“god®ro Q=³. r³’t r³@o³co„’t K$o³B“³ ‘Y jog®R=q“K$ a“oggx„ jg®’o ]c®qgzÙ ko³go“o K$oeY³ @³K$ No³e ]oqc®K$ @‘eo] Q=³.

c„pueo³co„ ro³ jÞcxLco „ b³U$ ]eorx„ Öìd r³cR= U²$õU$“t @o³p`$jco„ @ogrx „ Öìd r³“³ õ‘ô "u³gÖìd' K$kt hK$od

r³ ckoâjou f³goco„ u³gÖìd“o³ ao] ro³ ek³fo³ R= Q=³.

‘xqôcoM®co„ jog®R=q“K$ c„pue“t ‘e„‘eo R= “’t. @³co„ ìdZ¼rMr õgñ‘, q“Æ õgñ‘, “t R= gor Q=³.

K$ : g ¥.go.@„K$.3.gi®.coP® 1983� L : "MxR=eor

jcoPoe' @„K$ 25-5-93co„’t joboe

q“.ft.Mo³.îtaofK©$óYfofÆ cko³ud(j{er)

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro „ @_qjÙoÞr o âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg ³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt^³ _x —: _xpô$ô _oU³$ PX$ogôeo

_{Äd Mxexu³ $g ³ ô jou$e u„$W$gr¹ftô _U³$f, coYogu$e

...goëfb jçâuod“o qjÙoÞr âcoY³ ‘o³ro“o Neco„ ‘o³ro“o ]““³ r’o q“R= ‘pegoeR=“o³“³ bMgr¹ õgñ‘“t j³goco„ C‘do³Mco„ f³go @³ R= @oeo]“o“x„ goõrqgK$ õgñ‘ Q=³.

...@o’t ‘o³ro“o Neco„ ‘o³ro“o ]““o qgq“do³M qg“o r’o ‘o³ro“o ‘pegoe“o coYjo³“o jkdo³M gMe K$eort @oeo]“o, goëfb jçâuod“t @oeo]“o“t ‘peboio âcoY³ @oeo]“o Q=³ R= “qk. @ogt Zõ’qrco„ @coeo Neco„ @ogro fo³K$o³ Üoeo @coeo j³ìd bMgu¹õgñ‘“o uh®“ K$ego K³$ b³U$ ]egt gM³e³ @oPeY @oeo]“o“t @ÞrM®r coÞd p¾$doK$fo‘ “’t.

...bR=“(j³go) Å³ q“R= Neco„ “’t K$eorx„ ro³ @³go bMgu¹bR=““³ ‘xZóU$coM|d ‘peboioco„ bMgu¹bR=“ R= “’t K$k³gorx„. ‘xZóU$coM®co„ q“R=Neco„ ekt“³ bMgu¹bR=“ K$ego“o âK$oe qjgod atÅ³ K$o³B âK$oeQ=³R=“qk.

...b³U$ ]e³fo ]“’t bo³M ]e³ft jocM°t“³ âjouñ‘³ M°kY K$egt @coe ³ Ðdo„ qafKx $f gqR®=r Q=³. ...jog ®R= q“K$ c„pueco„ uh®“o’|R=“jcxuod“o âqrq“q]“o ñ‘co„ j³go K$ego“t âp¾$do“³ “ ro³ goëfbjçâuodco„ K$o³B @gK$oh Q=³ @“³ “ @³gx„ @oPeY qjÙoÞr“t ×ZóU$@³ âh„j“td ‘Y Q=³. bMgÐj³go“x„ @“x›$o“ “ ro³ “o³K$et K³$ “ ro³ ]„]o“o ñ‘co„ K$et hK$od Q=³. ... goëfbjçâuodco„ Mo³.ckoeoÅ³“³ ... bMgÐj³go“t @g³Æco„ K³$ ‘xÅet“t k¥qjdrco„ K„$B ‘Y b³U$ õgtK$oegt coÓ gqR®=r R= “’t aëK³$ @]c® r’o @do³Ádro j„‘ouK$ Q=³.

...îtckoâbx a]o ‘xZóU$coM|@o³“t j¥ÙoZÞrK$ q“óV$o õg]co®“xjeY“x„ jocÕd® r’o ‘oeõ‘peK$ jo¥c“õd âuo“ K$e³. ... a]o ‘xZóU$coM|do³“o q“R=Neo³co„ qaeoR=co“ j³ìdõgñ‘ k„c³ho Lo“Mt R= ek³; ¼doe³d jog®R=q“K$ “ a“t Åd! ""axqÙâ³eK$ K©$óYõd ‘ou‘Ú„ âjturx''.(

³)

q“.ft.Mo³.îtaofK©$óYfofÆ cko³u$d“t ‘ÓÜoeo cl³f jçcqr’t boer“t jxqâcK$o³U®$co„ eRx= K$egocoU³$ r¥doe K$egoco„ @og³f ""ckoâbx îtcu$™ëfboPod® g„hR= Mo³õgoct@o³“x„ j „dx¼rNo³iYo‘Ó-1986'' “o @„ho

...Ädo„ jx]t qjÙoÞr“o q“ZíPr õgñ‘ K³$ ìdo¿do“o³ âí“ Q=³, @c³ a]o ]co ®Pod®, @o‘Yo jçâuod“o âgr®K $ ckoâbx îtgëfboPod® r’o ‘egr|@Þd ‘Y coÞd a]o ìdo¿doK$oeo³“o jÞu³keqkr qg]o“o³“o @o]oe³ @o õ‘óU$ håuo³co„ No³qir K$et@³ Q=t@³ K³$ @o‘Yo ]oqc®K$ qjÙoÞr r³cR= ‘e „‘eo @“xjoe bMgÐj³go-j³goõ’l-j³go ³‘do³qMjç‘qÑ-j³goK$ro® (MxzK³$ g¥óYg) r³cR= bMgÐõgñ‘“x„ Lo“Mt @’go

‘opegopeK$ ko³gx„ @³K$ @“xëf„N“td ]oqc®K$ @q“god®ro Q=³. r³’t r³@o³co„’t K$o³B“³ ‘Y jog®R=q“K$ a“oggx„ jg®’o ]c®qgzÙ ko³go“o K$oeY³ @³K$ No³e ]oqc®K$ @‘eo] Q=³.



_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg ³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt ³ _x —: _xpô$ô _oU³$ PX$ogôeo _{Äd

Mxexu³$g^³ o jou$e u„ $W$gr¹ ho³bô ec³hboB, Lo„bfo

q“.ft.Mo³.îtK©$óYKx$coeÆ îtecYfofÆ(K$o„u$tgoft-K$ocg“)

25 26

...bR=“(j³go) Å³ q“R= Neco„ “’t K$eorx„ ro³ @³go bMgu¹bR=““³ ‘xZóU$coM|d ‘peboioco„ bMgu¹bR=“ R= “’t K$k³gorx„. ‘xZóU$coM®co„ q“R=Neco„ ekt“³ bMgu¹bR=“ K$ego“o âK$oe qjgod atÅ³ K$o³B âK$oeQ=³R=“qk.

...b³U$ ]e³fo ]“’t bo³M ]e³ft jocM°t“³ âjouñ‘³ M°kY K$egt @coe³ Ðdo„ qafKx$f gqR®=r Q=³. ...jog®R=q“K$ c„pueco„ uh®“o’|R=“jcxuod“o âqrq“q]“o ñ‘co„ j³go K$ego“t âp¾$do“³ “ ro³ goëfbjçâuodco„ K$o³B @gK$oh Q=³ @“³ “ @³gx„ @oPeY qjÙoÞr“t ×ZóU$@³ âh„j“td ‘Y Q=³. bMgÐj³go“x„ @“x›$o“ “ ro³ “o³K$et K³ $ “ ro³ ]„]o“o ñ‘co„ K$et hK$od Q=³. ... goëfbjçâuodco„ Mo³.ckoeoÅ³“³ ... bMgÐj³go“t @g³Æco„ K³$ ‘xÅet“t k¥qjdrco„ K„$B ‘Y b³U$ õgtK$oegt coÓ gqR®=r R= “’t aëK³$ @]c® r’o @do³Ádro j„‘ouK$ Q=³.

...îtckoâbx a]o ‘xZóU$coM|@o³“t j¥ÙoZÞrK$ q“óV$o õg]co®“xjeY“x„ jocÕd® r’o ‘oeõ‘peK$ jo¥c“õd âuo“ K$e³.

... a]o ‘xZóU$coM|do³“o q“R=Neo ³co„ qaeoR=co“ j³ìdõgñ‘ k„c³ho Lo“Mt R= ek³; ¼doe³d jog®R=q“K$ “ a“t Åd! ""axqÙâ³eK$ K©$óYõd ‘ou‘Ú„ âjturx''.

(

)

q“.ft.Mo³.îtK©$óYK x$coeÆ“t kõromper jçcqr’t boer“t jxqâcK$o³U®$co„ eRx= K $egocoU³ $ r¥doe K$egoco„ @og³f ""ckoâbx îtcu$™ëfboPod® g„hR= Mo³õgoct@o³“x„ j„dx¼rNo³iYo‘Ó-1986'' “o @„ho³

K$o³B _xexi K©$óYj³goco„ rÐ_e Q=³ K³$ k\, u$çbopu$ ux $Mx®Yo³[t eqkr Q=³ K³$ k\; r³cR= îtc◊oMgr_xeoY o cc® o³ ÅYK$oe Q=³ K³$ k\ @oU$ft goro³ jeLt etr³ PK$ojt ft]o _Q=t R= r³ t _oj³ MxexaxpÙ eoLt^³ R=gx „ Å³B@³....r³go fmYo³[t dx¼r Mxex algo^ K$qldxM^³ K$oeY³ ^ cl³ ro³ ...År³ R= bMgÐj³goco„ âg©Ñ [B R=gx „ Å³B@³.

_oÓo_oÓ o³ qgg³K$ eo¿do qgô Å³ ôcu$tmo^x„ u$o^ @o_goco„ @og³ ro³ ôcqg¾$dô³ u$o³i foM³ R= Q=³ K³$ R=³ ³ K$oeY³ u$tmou$oro @_eo]t a^³ Q=³.

_¥jo @o_t ³ K$o³B atÅ coYj [K$t K$eoggoco„ @ogrt j³go ...@^³ ...K©$óYj³gocoU³$ K$o³BK$ atÅ coYj _oj³[t _¥jo fB^³ K$egoco„ @ogrt j³go... @ogo aÞ^³ âK$oe³ K$egoco„ @ogrt j³go@o³ ³ K$oeY³ qPÑ

¼doe³ _Y K©$óYâgY a^t hK$rx „ [t. ... j³go ...qgÑ @o_t ³ K$eoggoco„ @ogrt ko ³d Ðdoe³ r³ qgÑÅ j³go qPÑ^³ eoR=jbog u$_®-u$çb[t dx¼r a og³ Q=³ ...Mo³e ckoeoR= ³ R=³c dn-doM^x„ `l clrx„ ^[t r³c _oeK$o _¥jo[t K$egoco„ @ogrt r^xÅ j³go K$eôe^³ _Y K©$óYâgYroñ$_ `l ¼doe³d clrx„ [t.

R=³@o³ _o³roô õgR=^ ko³d @ ³ b¼r ko³d r³@o³ ³ R= îtV$oK$o³eÆô u$h® K$eoggo Å³B@³.

11co³ @_eo] : @g¥óYg jcm _o³roô Ne³ qaeoR=ro îtV$oK$o³eÆ x„ âu$h® K$egx„. `l : @³K$ gi® t j³go q^ó`l [B Åd Q=³.

âodZíPÑ : îtV$oK$o³eÆ^³ _ÊPoc©r[t õô^ K$eoggx„.36co³ @_eo] : îtV$oK$o³eÆô oc³ co„Mgx „. `l : j³go jg®[o

q^ó`l a^t Åd Q=³. âodZíPÑ : R=³U$fx „ coÁdx„ K³$ b³Mx„ K$dx ko³d r³ o[t _o„P MÏ„ ¥g³Û âbx ³ u$o^ ñ$_³ @o_gx„.

@oÆqgK$o K³$ dh gM³e³ K$coggo coU³$ bR=^ K$e³ ro³ ht Mqr [od> ...r³ ìdZ¼r @Þr³ ¼f³h R= _oc³ Q=³ @³go³ îtckoâbxÆô K$[^ o³ jo`jo` @[® Q=³. gor K³$gl @¥qkK$ ¼f³h _e ^[t @U$K$rt, r³ o _efo³K$ô @q]K$oe @^³ l o³ _Y @ogo q^qiÙ @oPeY^³ K$oeY³ oh [od Q=³. ... @Ðdë_ _Y no^ K³$ j„õK$oe ko³d r³ @ogx„ Kx$K©$Ðd K$et hK$ro³ [t.

Å³ _o³roô Neco„ paeoR=ro âbx x„ bR=^ Q=o³W$t^³ atR=³ K$h³ bR=^(j³go) K$egoco„ @og³ ro³ r³ ³ bZ¼r K$k³god.

boMgrô³ _oV$ âdÐ^_{g®K$, @Þd K$o³B _Y k³rx qgô R= K$ego³ Å³B@³. âoY @o_Yo K$ÎV$ jx]t _Y K³$c ^ @ogt Åd _eÞrx @oÆqgK$o[® ro³ boMgrô³ C_do³M R= K$ego³ Å³B@³.

co³Xx „$ gM³e³ ]o³go coU³$ g_eod³f @_qgÓ _oYt^³ b³Mx„ K$egocoU³ $ R=ct^co„ R=³ LoW$o³ Lo ³u$goco„ @og³ Q=³ r³ o R=³go ^tP bMg•oô³_Ægt@o³ ko ³d Q=³. @o[t... g_eod³f„x M„ux$ _oYt R=³c g_eohco„ f³gorx„ ^[t r³c bMg•oô³_Ægt@o³ o bogo³ joeo c xódo³ coU³$ M°oü ^[t ko³ro. ... @oÆqgK$o[£ _xeoYK$[o K$eôeo@o³ _Y @ogo Modo ³K$o³ jco^ Q=³.

k³ îtgëfb! @o_³ K$k³f (C_eo³¼r) gPô³[t qg_etr R=³@o³ K$o³B K$„B$ K$k³ Q=³ ro³ r³@o³ a]o b°oÞr @ ³ K³ $gl @Þ]Þrc êK$ ³ âoàr [ oeo jkR= @ojxet Æg Q=³.

( _xqô$qjÙoÞr PPo®jboco„ qgPoeo[® âõrxr K$egoco„ @og³f qjÙoÞrgPôgft o @„ho³. kõrome coU³$ Rx=@o³ : ‘³R= “. )

q“.ft.Mo ³.îtK©$óYKx$coeÆ“t kõromper jçcqr’t

27 28

29 30

‘„PcM©ko]th

q“.ft.Mo³.îtqMpe]efofÆ ckoeoR=(K$ocg“-qgÛo“Me)

_xqô$coM® t @oR=³ C_³mo [B ekt Q=³. r³ t _eç_eo R= kg³ U{$U$rt R=B ekt Q=³. @oô c{lco„ Å³ K„$B Q=³ ro³ r³ Q=³ @oR=^t jo]^-jç_qÑ. r³ R= @o_Yo j„õK$oe aMoW$t ekt Q=³. kÆ _Y

. (Rx=foB 2007 _©. 6).

. ...îtMxjo„BÆô jcdco„ Q=à_^bo³M

R=³go cô³e[o³ t hex@or K$ert gLr³ (r³co„) K³$gl fo¥pK$K$ro R= g]h³ @³gt õ_óU$ j{Pô @_oB krt.

. (Rx=foB 2007 _©. 6)

R=³ Neco„ @fo¥pK$K$ (âbx)j³go kh³ Ðdo„ _xZóU$coM® R=ñ$e ^bh³

c„pu$eo³ x„ jç_{Y® ìdo_oetK$eY [go foÁdx„ Q= ³. ...jç_qÑ âoàr K$ego^t fofP g]go[t âbx (õgñ$_-j³go)^³ _Y @o_Y³ g³_oeô ñ$_co„ _pegqr®r K$ego foÁdo Q=t@³

...@oR=K$of ... c„pu$eo³ o³ C_do³M dh-K$tqr® âoàr K$ego coU³$ [go foÁdo³ Q= ³. c„pu$eo³co„ âo]oÞd cô³e[t^x„ [go foÁdx„ Q=³. ît(V$oK$o³eÆ), Mxe x r[o j³gobogô ô³ C_koj [go foÁdo³ Q= ³. Ädoe[t coM|d qjÙoÞro³ o³ C_koj [go foÁdo³ Q=³ Ðdoe[t c„pu$e^t, r³ o j„PofK$o³ t g©qÑ R= _fU$oB MB Q=³. @oW„ $ae @^³ dh ³ _xóU$ K$ego coU³$ ...u$e-u$e bU$K$go^t Zõ[qr _³u$o [B MB Q=³. ... @o a]o o³ joPo³ C_od @o K$qfK$ofco„ @o_Yo jÞroô³ ³ R=ñ$et j„õK$oeo³ @o_Yo Neco„[t R= @o_goco„ @og³ @³ R= Q=³.

îtcu$oPod®PeYô cro^xjoe M©kj³go @^³ _o³roô co[³ qaeoR=ro V$oK$o³eÆ x „ @qr õ^³k[t R=r^ K$egx„ @³ R= joPo j„õK $oe^x „ c{l Q=³

V$oK$o³eÆ^t j³go Po³e^t co`K$ K$egt Å³B@³. ... j³ìdõgñ$_ô³ ky „ j³gK$

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg^³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt ³ _x^—: _ xpô$ô _oU³$ PX$ogôeo _{Äd

Mxexu³$g^³ ô jou$e u„$W$gr¹_td{i hok, @cu$ogou$

Qx= „ r³ o³ X„$X³$eo³ _tU$go³ K³$ r³ x„ âu$h® K$egx„ r³ _Y Ægô u¥ $Þdco„ qgm³_ CÐ_Þ^ K$et hK³ $ Q=³. ... @o_Yo Neco„ qaeoR=ro V$oK$o³eÆ t j³goco„ @oU$ft Mxáro R=ñ$et Q=³.

@oR=³ ro³ ît o[Æ-ô[Üoeo, P„u$aogo-K$ocg^ @^³ @Þd V$oK$o³eÆô u$h® K$ero„ R= _o³roô co[³ qaeoR=ro V$oK$o³eÆ bxfoB Åd Q=³. _xqô$co®Mco„ ro³ "îtÆ'ô³ @[® R= _o³roô co[³ qaeoR=ro V$oK$o³eÆ [od Q=³.

""âtr qkd³c¢ eoLtd³ âK$U$ pK$d³ ej Åd'' t etr³ rcoeo âoYâ³›$ rc^³ R=³ ej^t âoZàr K$eog³ r³ ³ ¼doe³d âK$U$ K$et hK$orx „ [t. (jàU³$çae 2004, _©. 7)

fÿcYaofoÆco„ _Y "qrex_qr' håu$ o³ âdo³M [od Q=³ R= ³co„ "qrex' o³ @[® ît @^³ "_qr'ô³ @[® ô[(@³U$f³ ît o[) R= [od Q= ³. @[o®r¹

@k\ ro³ @³ o[t CfU$t M„Mo gkt ekt Q= ³. _o³ro o j³ìd V$oK$o³eÆco„ a]o q^q]õgñ$_o³ o u$h® [go^³ V³$K$oY³ kg³ ro³ a]oco„ @e³, Ðdo„ jx]t K³$ ÆgcoÓco„ @o_Y³³ @o_Yo V$oK$o³eÆô u$h® K$egoô³ qgPoe K$et eüo Q=t@³! @ ³ _oQ=t axpÙ^t PrxeoB _Y go_et eüo Q=t@³ K³$ a]oco„ V$oK$o³eÆô³ @„h Q=³ r³[t Neco„ âbx t j³go K$et@³ K³$ @Þd^t j³go K$et@³ gor @³K$ R= Q=³!! r³[t @Þd^t j³goco„[t jÞro³i f³go x„ hex K$dx. @o o[t hete, _¥jo, K$tqr® a]o t emo [od @^³ D_e[t bMgu$td K$k³goro [do!!! (jàU¢$ae, 2007, _©. 7)

. @³U$f³ R= a°ûj„a„] jcd³ jNlx„ jcq‘®r K$ego“t @ono K$et Q=³ K³$ R=³’t bMgÐâjou$ õgñ$‘³ rc³ fB hK$o³. @’® õ‘ô$ R= Q= ³ K³$ âbx“o³ ‘¥jo³ Mxexu$³g K³$ j³gK$ K$o³B’t go‘et “ hK$od. (`³a°x@oet, 2009, ‘©.7)

_o³roô Neco„ qaeoR=ro V$oK$o³eÆco„ R= _o³ro o jg®õg ko³go x „ u$h® [gx„ Å³B@³. @³c^³ @oeo³Moìdx„ crfa jcõr R=Mr¹ ³ âjou$ f³gW$ogt u$t]o³ @³go³ bog qjÙ [go³ Å³B@³.

Mc³ r³gt qgK$U$ Zõ’qr ko³d Q=ro„ u$³gÖìd K$u$oq‘ K$o³B’t fB hK$orx„ “’t

îtgëfb V$oK$o³eÆ-õgoqc“tÆ“o Cbd õgñ$‘³ qaeoR=³ Q=³ r³’t fÿct r³c“t u$ojt MYod. @³U$f³ K³$ îtgëfb“³ ro³ K$o³B R= @oq’®K$ âí“ ko³d R= “k\. Q=ro„ @o‘“o goro® âj„Mco„ õ‘ô$ arog³ Q=³ K³$ @oR=³ j³go (Mxexb³U$) “’t @ogt ro³ V$oK$o³eÆ“t K$U$o³et Mteg³ eoLt ‘¥jo fogt jocM°t fogo³ @“³ bo³M ]e³. âbxj³go ro³ ’od ‘Y r³ âjou$ @o‘ ‘Y @oeo³M³ “k\ K³$ j³gK$“³ ‘Y f³go “ u$ ³. goro® âj„Mco„ jcÅg³ft @ogt Zõ’qr @o‘Yo R=³go“³ htL @o‘go coU³$ Q=³ K³$

.(coqjK$_Ó-g¥óYgro, jo„P³ ao³f qrkoe³, âK$ohK$- , gëfbqgÛo^Me-K$ocg^)

_„Pc M©ko]th Mo ³.îtqg¼K$taogo

K$o³B _xexi K©$óYj³goco„ rÐ_e Q=³ K³$ k\, u$çbopu$ ux $Mx®Yo³[t eqkr Q=³ K³$ k\; r³cR= îtc◊oMgr_xeoYô cc® o³ ÅYK$oe Q=³ K³$ k\ @oU$ft goro³ jeLt etr³ PK$ojt ft]o _Q=t R= r³ t _oj³ MxexaxpÙ eoLt ³ R=gx„ Å³B@³....r³go fmYo³[t dx¼r Mxex algo^ K$qldxM^³ K$oeY³ ^ cl³ ro³ ...År³

31 32

K$o³B _xexi K©$óYj³goco„ rÐ_e Q=³ K³$ k\, u$çbopu$ ux$Mx ®Yo³[t eqkr Q=³ K³$ ^k\; r³cR= îtc◊oMgr_xeoYô cc® o ³ ÅYK$oe Q=³ K ³$ k\ @oU $ft goro³ jeLt etr³ PK$ojt ft]o _Q=t R= r³ t _oj³ MxexaxpÙ eoLt ³ R=gx „ Å³B@³. ...r³go fmYo³[t dx¼r Mxex algo K$qldxM^³ K $oeY³ cl³ ro³ ...År ³ R= bMgÐj³goco„ âg©Ñ [B R=gx„ Å³B@³.

_oÓo_oÓô³ qgg³K$ eo¿do qgô Å³ ôcu$tmo x„ u$o^ @o_goco„ @og³ ro³ ôcqg¾$dô³ u$o³i foM³ R= Q=³ K³ $ R=³ ³ K$oeY³ u$tmou$ oro @_eo]t a^³ Q=³.

_¥jo @o_t^³ K $o³B atÅ coYj [K$t K$eoggoco„ @ogrt j³go ...@ ³ ...K©$óYj³gocoU³$ K $o³BK$ atÅ coYj _oj³[t _¥jo fB^³ K$egoco„ @ogrt j³go... @ogo aÞ ³ âK$oe³ K $egoco„ @ogrt j³go@o³ ³ K $oeY³ qPÑ ¼doe³ _Y K ©$óYâgY a^t hK$rx„ ^[t. ... j³go ...qgÑ @o_t ³ K$eoggoco„ @ogrt ko³d Ðdoe³ r³ qgÑÅ j³go qPÑ ³ eoR=jbog u$_®-u$çb[t dx¼r aôg³ Q=³ ...Mo³eckoeoR=^³ R=³c dn-doM^x„ `l clrx„ ^[t r³c _oeK$o _¥jo[t K$egoco„ @ogrt r^xÅ j³go K $eôe ³ _Y K©$óYâgYroñ$_ l ¼doe³d clrx„ ^[t. ....R=³@o³ _o³roô õgR=^ ko³d @^³ b¼r ko³d r³@o³ ³ R= îtV$oK$o³eÆô u$h® K$eoggo Å³B@³.

11co³ @_eo] : @g¥óYg jcm _o³r o o Ne³ qaeoR=ro îtV$oK $o³eÆ x„ âu$h® K$egx„. `l : @³K $ gi® t j³go q^ó`l [B Åd Q=³. âodZíPÑ : îtV$oK$o ³eÆ ³ _ÊPoc©r[t õô K$eoggx„. 36co³ @_eo] : îtV$oK$o³eÆô oc³ co„Mgx„. `l : j³go jg®[o q^ó`l a^t Åd Q=³. âodZíPÑ : R=³U$fx„ coÁdx„ K³$ b³Mx„ K $dx ko³d r³ o[t _o„P MÏ„ ¥g ³Û âbx ³ u$o^ ñ$_³ @o_gx „.

@oÆqgK$o K³$ dh gM³e³ K$coggo coU³$ bR=^ K$e³ ro³ ht Mqr [od> ...r³ ìdZ¼r @Þr³ ¼f³h R= _oc³ Q=³ @³go³ îtckoâbxÆô K$[^ô³ jo`jo` @[® Q=³. gor K³$gl @¥qkK$ ¼f³h _e ^[t @U$K$rt, r³ o _efo³K$ô @q]K$oe @ ³ `l ô³ _Y @ogo q^qiÙ @oPeY ³ K$oeY³ ôh [od Q=³. ... @Ðdë_ _Y no K³$ j„õK$oe ko³d r³ @ogx„ Kx$K ©$Ðd K$et hK$ro³ [t.

Å³ _o³ro o Neco„ paeoR=ro âbx^x„ bR=^ Q=o³W$t ³ atR=³ K$h³ bR=^(j³go) K$egoco„ @og³ ro³ r³ ³ bZ¼r K$k³god.

boMgrô³ _oV$ âdÐ^_{g®K$, @Þd K$o³B _Y k³rx qgô R= K$ego³ Å³B@³. âoY @o_Yo K$ÎV$ jx]t _Y K ³$c @ogt Åd _eÞrx @oÆqgK$o[® ro³ boMgrô³ C_do³M R= K$ego³ Å³B@³. ... co³Xx„$ gM³e³ ]o³go coU³$ g_eod³f @_qgÓ _oYt ³ b³Mx„ K$egocoU³$ R=ct^co„ R=³ LoW$o ³ Lo³u$goco„ @og³ Q=³ r³ o R=³go ^tP bMg•oô³_Ægt@o³ ko³d Q=³. @o[t... g_eod³f„x M„ux$ _oYt R=³c g_eohco„ f³gorx„ ^[t r ³c bMg•oô³_Ægt@o³ o bogo³ joeo c^xódo³ coU³$ M°oü ^[t ko³ro. ... @oÆqgK$o[£ _xeoYK$[o K $eôeo@o³ _Y @ogo Modo³K$o³ jco^ Q=³.

k³ îtgëfb! @o_ ³ K$k³f (C_eo³¼r) gPô³[t qg_etr R=³@o³ K$o ³B K$„B$ K $k³ Q=³ ro³ r³@o³ a]o b°oÞr @ ³ K³$gl @Þ]Þrc eK$ ³ âoàr [ôeo jkR= @ojxet Æg Q=³.(_xqô$qjÙoÞr PPo®jboco„ qgPoeo[® âõrxr K$egoco„ @og³f qjÙoÞrgPôgftô @„ho³.)

...Ädo„ jx]t qjÙoÞr“o q“ZíPr õgñ‘ K³$ ìdo¿do“o³ âí“ Q=³, @c³ a]o ]co®Pod®, @o‘Yo jçâuod“o âgr®K$ ckoâbx îtgëfboPod® r’o ‘egr|@Þd ‘Y coÞd a]o ìdo¿doK$oeo³“o jÞu³keqkr qg]o“o³“o @o]oe³ @o õ‘óU$ håuo³co„ No³qir K$et@³ Q=t@³ K³$ @o‘Yo ]oqc®K$ qjÙoÞr r³cR= ‘e„‘eo @“xjoe bMgÐj³go-j³goõ’l-j³go³‘do³qMjç‘qÑ-j³goK$ro® (MxzK³$ g¥óYg) r³cR= bMgÐõgñ‘“x „ Lo“Mt @’go ‘opegopeK$ ko³gx„ @³K$ @“xëf„N“td ]oqc®K$ @q“god®ro Q=³. r³’t r³@o³co„’t K$o³B“³ ‘Y jog®R=q“K$ a“oggx„ jg®’o ]c®qgzÙ ko³go“o K$oeY³ @³K$ No³e ]oqc®K$ @‘eo] Q=³.


...@o’t ‘o³ro“o Neco„ ‘o³ro“o ]““o qgq“do³M qg“o r’o ‘o³ro“o ‘pegoe“o coYjo³“o jkdo³M gMe K$eort @oeo]“o, goëfb jçâuod“t @oeo]“o“t ‘peboio âcoY³ @oeo]“o Q= ³ R= “qk. @ogt Zõ’qrco„ @coeo Neco„ @ogro fo³K$o³ Üoeo @coeo j³ìd bMgu¹õgñ‘“o uh®“ K$ego K³$ b³U$ ]egt gM³e³ @oPeY @oeo]“o“t @ÞrM®r coÞd p¾$doK$fo‘ “’t.

...bR=“(j³go) Å³ q“R= Neco„ “’t K$eorx „ ro³ @³go bMgu¹bR=““³ ‘xZóU$coM|d ‘peboioco„ bMgu¹bR=“ R= “’t K$k³gorx„. ‘xZóU$coM®co„ q“R=Neco„ ekt“³ bMgu¹bR=“ K$ego“o âK$oe qjgod atÅ³ K$o³B âK$oeQ=³R=“qk.

...b³U$ ]e³fo ]“’t bo³M ]e³ft jocM°t“³ âjouñ‘³ M°kY K$egt @coe³ Ðdo„ qafKx$f gqR®=r Q=³. ...jog®R=q“K$ c„pueco„ uh®“o’|R=“jcxuod“o âqrq“q]“o ñ‘co„ j³go K$ego“t âp¾$do“³ “ ro³ goëfbjçâuodco„ K$o³B @gK$oh Q= ³ @“³ “ @³gx„ @oPeY qjÙoÞr“t ×ZóU$@³ âh„j“td ‘Y Q=³. bMgÐj³go“x„ @“x›$o“ “ ro³ “o³K$et K³$ “ ro³ ]„]o“o ñ‘co„ K$et hK$od Q= ³. ... goëfbjçâuodco„ Mo³.ckoeoÅ³“³ ... bMgÐj³go“t @g³Æco„ K³$ ‘xÅet“t k¥qjdrco„ K„$B ‘Y b³U$ õgtK$oegt coÓ gqR® =r R= “’t aëK³$ @]c® r’o @do³Ádro j„‘ouK$ Q=³.


... a]o ‘xZóU$coM|do³“o q“R=Neo³co„ qaeoR=co“ j³ìdõgñ‘ k„c³ho Lo“Mt R= ek³; ¼doe³d jog®R=q“K$ “ a“t Åd! ""axqÙâ³eK$ K©$óYõd ‘ou‘Ú„ âjturx''.(

³)"ckoâbx îtcu$™ëfboPod® g„hR= Mo³õgoct@o³“ x„ j „dx¼rNo³iYo‘Ó-1986'' “o

@„ho

33 34

(K$)

(L)

. îtMxjo„BÆ@³ îtqMe]eÆ³“³ jorõgñ‘“o³ c“o³e’ K$ero jcd³ @o

R= âK$oe“t P³rgYt @o‘t krt. cZÞu$e“t õ’o‘“o K$ero jcd³ r³c“³ W$e kro³ K³$ Neco„’t V$oK$o³eÆ cZÞu$eco„ ‘]oet R=h³. coeo q‘roÆ ( =)@³ K$of³ R=³ K$üx„ krx „ ( „) r³ @meh: jÐd Q=³.

. ‘xqôcoM|d âYoqfK$oco „ U²$õU$ Lex „ Crerx„ “’t. ît@oPod®PeY³ ue³K$

a°ûj„a„]t Æg“³ @ono K$et Q=³ K³$ ""M©k³ Zõ’Ðgo õg]c®r:'' (bZ¼rgq]®“t) @’o®r¹...‘o³ro“o Neco„ ekt“³ õg]co®PeY K$egx„. Mo³õgoqcaolK$o³ ‘Y @oPod® ko³go’t g¥óYg ‘Y Q=³. @³U$f³ @oPod®ît“t C‘eo³¼r @ono ‘of“ K$ego“t r³c“t ‘Y $eR= Q=³...coU$ ³ coz„ co“gx„ ro³ @o R= Q=³ K³ $ @oPod®PeY“o„ qju¹]o„r âcoY³

³ ... U²$õU$ @³ ‘xqôcoM|d âYoqfK$oco„ a„]-a³jrx„ “’t aëK³$ @o‘Yt âYoft“o³ b„M K$e³ Q=³.

@o‘Y³ îtgëfboPod®Æ“$t @ono“x„ ‘of“ ¼do„ K$et eüo Q=t@³> @o‘Y³ Ðdo„ M©kj³go ¼do„ aPt Q=³> K³$gl c„pueo³co„ u$h®“’t hx„ fob Q=³> îtckoâbxÆ“$t @ono Q=³ ""K©$óYj³go juo K$odo ®''. Å³ îtckoâbxÆ c„pue“³ cx¿d co“ro ko³r ro³ ‘o³ro“t ÓY ‘pe¾$co@o³co„ @“³K$ c„pue õ’oq‘r K$et u³r

rc³ ‘o³ro“o Neo³co„ V$oK$o ³eÆ“³ ‘]eogo³ @“³ r³c“t j³go K$eo³

g¥óYgo³ ‘o³ro“o Ne³ îtV$oK$o³eÆ“t j³go K$e³ @“³ ]c®M°Þ’o³“x„ go„P“ K$e³, “qk K³$ cZÞueo³co„ R=B“

q“.ft.Mo³.îtK©$óYÆg“Æ ckoeoR @MoC U$o„K³$f x

(K$: "gëfbqgno“' @„K$5-6 gi® 1965, 20/L : "“gâK$oh' @„K$ 8, gi® 8).

q“.ft.Mo³.îtg°Å]thÆ ckoeoR=(cx „aB-uktje)

q“.ft.Mo³.îtg°R=eodÆ ckoeoR=(ît“U$geMo³‘ofÆ-@cu$ogou$)

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg^³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt ³ _ x —: _xpô$ô _oU³ $ PX$ogôeo _{Äd

Mxexu³$g^³ ô jou$e u„$W$gr¹P„pÖK$o co„W$ftdo, co³eat

K$o ³B _xexi K©$óYj³goco„ rÐ_e Q=³ K³$ ^k\, u$çbopu$ ux$Mx®Yo³[t eqkr Q=³ K³$ ^k\; r³cR= îtc◊oMgr_xeoYô cc® o³ ÅYK$oe Q=³ K³$ ^k\ @oU$ft goro³ jeLt etr³ PK$ojt ft]o _Q=t R= r³ t _oj³ MxexaxpÙ eoLt^³ R=gx„ Å³B@³. ...r³go fmYo³[t dx¼r Mxex algo^ K$qldxM^³ K$oeY³ ^ cl³ ro³ ...År³ R= bMgÐj³goco„ âg©Ñ [B R=gx„ Å³B@³._oÓo_oÓô³ qgg³K$ eo¿do qgô Å³

ôcu$tmo x„ u$o^ @o_goco„ @og³ ro³ ôcqg¾$dô³ u$o³i foM³ R= Q=³ K³$ R=³ ³ K$oeY³ u$tmou$oro @_eo]t a ³ Q=³._¥jo @o_t ³ K$o³B atÅ coYj [K$t

K$eoggoco„ @ogrt j³go ...@^³ ...K©$óYj³gocoU³$ K$o ³BK$ atÅ coYj _oj³[t _ ¥jo fB ³ K$egoco„ @ogrt j³go... @ogo aÞ ³ âK$oe³ K $egoco„ @ogrt j³go@o³ ³ K$oeY³ qPÑ ¼doe³ _Y K ©$óYâgY a^t hK$rx „ [t. ... j³go ...qgÑ @o_t ³ K$eoggoco„ @ogrt ko³d Ðdoe³ r³ qgÑÅ j³go qPÑ ³ eoR=jbog u$_®-u$çb[t dx¼r aôg³ Q=³ ...Mo³eckoeoR= ³ R=³c dn-doM x„ l clrx„ [t r³c _oeK$o _¥jo[t K$egoco„ @ogrt r xÅ j³go K$eôe ³ _Y K©$óYâgYroñ$_ l ¼doe³d clrx „ [t. ....R=³@o³ _o³roô õgR=^ ko³d @^³ b¼r ko³d r³@o³ ³ R= îtV$oK$o³eÆô u$h® K$eoggo Å³B@³.

11co³ @_eo] : @g¥óYg jcm _o³roô Ne³ qaeoR=ro îtV$oK$ o³eÆ x„ âu$h® K$egx„. `l : @³K $ gi® t j³go q^ó`l [B Åd Q=³. âodZíPÑ : îtV$oK$o³eÆ ³ _ÊPoc©r[t õô^ K$eoggx„. 36co³ @_eo] : îtV$oK$o ³eÆô oc³ co„Mgx„. `l : j³go jg®[o q^ó`l a^t Åd Q=³. âodZíPÑ : R=³U$fx „ coÁdx„ K³$ b³Mx „ K$dx ko³d r³ o[t _o„P MÏ„ ^¥g ³Û âbx ³ u$o^ ñ$_³ @o_gx„.

@oÆqgK$o K³$ dh gM³e³ K$coggo coU ³$ bR=^ K$e³ ro³ ht Mqr [od> ...r³ ìdZ¼r @Þr³ ¼f³h R= _oc³ Q=³ @³go³ îtckoâbxÆô K$[^ô³ jo`jo` @[® Q=³. gor K³$gl @¥qkK$ ¼f³h _e ^[t @U$K$rt, r³ô _efo³K$ô @q]K$oe @ ³ `l ô³ _Y @ogo q^qiÙ @oPeY ³ K$oeY³ ôh [od Q=³. ... @Ðdë_ _Y no^ K³$ j„õK$oe ko³d r³ @ogx„ Kx$K ©$Ðd K$et hK$ro³ [t.

Å³ _o³roô Neco„ paeoR=ro âbx x„ bR=^ Q=o³W$t^³ atR=³ K $h³ bR=^(j³go)

35 36

K$egoco„ @og³ ro³ r³ ³ bZ¼r K$k ³god.boMgrô³ _oV$ âdÐ^_{g®K $, @Þd K$o ³B _Y k³rx qgô R= K$ego³ Å³B@³. âoY

@o_Yo K$ÎV$ jx]t _Y K³$c @ogt Åd _eÞrx @oÆqgK$o[® ro³ boMgrô³ C_do³M R= K$ego³ Å³B@³. ... co³Xx„ $ gM³e³ ]o³go coU³$ g_eod³f @_qgÓ _oYt ³ b³Mx„ K$egocoU³$ R=ct co„ R=³ LoW$o³ Lo³u$goco„ @og³ Q=³ r³ o R=³go ^tP bMg•oô³_Ægt@o³ ko³d Q=³. @o[t... g_eod³f„x M„ux$ _oYt R=³c g_eohco„ f³gorx„ ^[t r³c bMg•o o³_Ægt@o³ o bogo³ joeo c xódo³ coU³ $ M°oü ^[t ko³ro. ... @oÆqgK$o[£ _ xeoYK$[o K$eôeo@o³ _Y @ogo Modo³K$o³ jco^ Q=³.

k³ îtgëfb! @o_³ K$k³f (C_eo³¼r) gPô³[t qg_etr R=³@o³ K $o³B K$„B$ K$k³ Q=³ ro³ r³@o³ a]o b°oÞr @ ³ K³$gl @Þ]Þrc eK$ ³ âoàr [ôeo jkR= @ojxet Æg Q=³.

(Mo ³. ît“U$geMo ³‘ofÆ“t kõromper jçcqr’t _xqô$qjÙoÞr PPo®jboco„ qgPoeo[® âõrxr K$egoco„ @og³f qjÙoÞrgPôgft o @„ho ³.)

j„dx¼r No³iYo‘Ó : @cuogou

1. ‘xqôcoM|d j³ìdõgñ‘ ‘{Y®‘xzio³Ñc õgñ‘’t R= qaeoR=³ Q=³, r³ õgñ‘ ‘Q=t Mxz“o j³ìd ko³d K³$ qhód(g¥óYg)“o j³ìd ko³d. aÞ“³(õgñ‘o³)co„’t K$o³Bco„ ‘Y ‘xzio³Ñc‘Ï„ Þd{“oq]K$ ko³rx„ “’t.

2. ‘xqôcoM|d qjÙoÞr @“xjoe K©$óYj³go K$ego“x „ õ’o“ Ne R= ko³B hK³$ Q=³,

@oR=³ $et’t @³ jcd @oìdo³ Q=³. r³“o’t ‘Y cxíK³$f jcd @oìdo³ Q=³. r³ jcd³ ro³ @ÞdcoM|d fo³K $o³ cro³“³ âõrxr K$et“³ b°c CÐ‘Þ“ K$ero kro. ‘Y @oR=³ ro³ @o‘Yo jçâuod“o R= "jxnR=“o³' îtckoâbxÆ“t goYt“o³ qg‘etr @’® K$et eüo Q=³. fo³K$o ³“³ ‘’b°ô K$et eüo Q=³, u¥gtÆgo³“t jo’³ No³e @Þdod K$et eüo Q=³. r³’t R= kofco„ ckoâbx îtgëf]th“ o g „hR= ‘x qôcoM |d d xgo @oPodo £@³ @³K $ "j„gouõ’o‘K$cÎW$l'“t õ’o‘“o K$et“³ cxçaBco„ ... Poe pugj jx]t @³K$ ‘ xqôqjÙoÞr PPo®jbo“x„ @odo³R=“ K$d®x„ krx„. ... jboco„ 35 cko“xbog @oPodo£ C‘Zõ’r kro. 28 Mo³õgoct @oPod® cko“xbogo³@³ Mo³.îtídocc“o³keÆ ckoeoR=ît(pK $h“MX$-‘ofo®)“o "qjÙoÞrgP“ogft'“o bogo“xgou“³ jkcqr @o‘t krt. K³$U $foK$ @oPod® cko“xbogo³@³ @jkcqr @o‘t krt @“³ K³ $U$foK$ co¥“ eüo kro. @jkcqr âK$U$ K$egogolo ‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtkpeeodÆ g°R=b{iYfofÆ ckoeoR=ît, Åc“Megolo@³ ‘{Äd Mo³õgoct îtídocc“o³keÆ ckoeoR=ît“t jo’³ r³cY³ K$e³f bogo“xgou“o cxu¹uo@o³ C‘e PPo® âoeçb K$et krt. ... jcd“o @bog³ PPo® q“Y®d‘e ‘ko¢Pt “ hK$t. ‘eÞrx gr®co“co„ K ³$U$foK$ PPo®õ‘u, j„hdoõ‘u cxu¹uo@o³“t õ‘ôro @o PPo®co„ âoàr ’B r³ Le³Le @³K$ co³U$t qjqÙ Q=³. @³U$fx„ R= “k\ ‘eÞrx “tP³ arog³f cxu¹uo@o³“o qgíf³iYco„ ‘{Äd îtídocc“o³keÆ“t jo’³ jkcr ’B“³ ‘{Äd îtkpeeodÆ@³ @o‘Yo jçâuod“t CÑc j³go K$et Q=³:

jog®R=q“K$(õ’l) “k\.3. ‘xqôcoM|d bMgÐj³go“³ ]““t âoZàr“x„ jo]“ a“oggx„ “ Å³B@³.

4. u³gfK$ ìdZ¼r (<bMgÐj³ìdõgñ‘“³ ]““t âoZàr“x„ jo]“ @’go @oÆqgK$o“x„ jo]“ a“og“oe) “t j³go q“qiÙ K$mo“t ko³go’t (r³) j³go“o³ @q]K$oet “’t.

5. îtV $oK$o³eÆ“³ coU$³ K$o³B ‘Y âK$oe“t uo“-b³U$ co„Mgt @’go õgtK$oegt @³ ho”Üoeo q“qiÙ Q= ³. @³U$fx„ R= “k\ ‘eÞrx fob-‘{Å“o k³rx’t ‘o³ro“ocoU$³ Öìd @’go

K$o³B gõrx“³ õgtK$oegt r³ ho”“t ×qôco„ EYo“xaÞ]t uo³i“³ CÐ‘Þ“ K$e“oe ko³go’t aÞ]“K$oeK$ Q=³.

6. ‘xqôcoM®“o qjÙoÞr @“xjoe îtV$oK$o³eÆ“³ q“g³u“ K$e³fo ‘uo’®“x„ R= jc‘®Y ’B hK³$ Q=³ @“³ jcq‘®r ‘uo’o£“o³ R= bMgu¹ CZÃQ=ôñ‘co„ âjou fB hK$od Q=³. îtV$oK$o³eÆ coU$ ³ uo“ K³$ b³U$ “o ñ‘co„ @og³f jocM°t“³ âjou“o ñ‘co„ fB hK$ort “’t K³$cK³$ îtV$oK$o³eÆ coU$³ uo“ @’go b³U$ “o ñ‘co„ âoàr ’d³f ‘uo’®(Öìd)’t @og³f jocM°t“³ âjou“o ñ‘co„ ‘oQ=t f³go’t "uÑo‘koe'“x„ ‘o‘ foM³ Q=³.

7. j³go ro³ ho”“o³ qgid Q=³. r³’t j³go“o jçaÞ]co„ ho”’t�îtckoâbxÆ“o M°Þ’o³’t R= a]o³ q“Y®d ’B hK³$ Q=³, @Þd K$o³B âK$oe³ “k\.

( j„dx¼r Mo³. ît“U$geMo³‘ofÆ r’o Mo³.îtg°R=³ÞÖKx$coeÆ “t jkt-jo „L’t âqjÙ ’d³f

jàrcM©ko]th

K$ocg“)K³$cK³ $ ît“o’Æ õgd„ r³“o bo³K$ro Q=³, pK$Þrx g¥óYgg©„u r’o j³gK$MY ‘Y r³“o³ ³$ ckoâjou ‘Y fB hK$ro “’t. @o @oPod®PeY“o (K$U$o³et“o âj„Mgolo) Aqrkoj’t âÐdm âcoYb{r Q=³. r³ (kg³ft)“o³ ckoâjou K³$gl Modo³R= fB hK³$ Q=³. “qkro ³ r³

‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtN“ídocfofÆ (

u$³gÖìd“³ Logo’t Po ³¼K$j @]:‘r“ Q=³.

37 38

...@“³K$ âK$oe“o u$o“-b³U$“o³ @“³ gj{f-gj{ft K$ego“o³ Cëf³L (“o’Üoeo c„pu$e“t ìdgõ’oco„) K$egoco„ @oìdo ³ Q=³ r³ ‘Y jçâu$od“o qjÙo„r’t ju$„re qgzu¹] Q=³. @coeo j„âu$od“t âYoft @“xjoe R=³@o³ @coeo jçâu$od“o j³gK$o ³ Q=³ r³c“x„ R= Öìd Mxex-qhód“o j„a„]’t õgtK$oet“³ r³“o³ j³goco„ C‘do³M K$et hK$od Q=³. jçâu$odco„ a]o âK$oe“o u$o“-b³U$“o³ C‘do³M j³goco„ K$egoco„ @ogro³ “’t. @“³ Å³ K$u$oP ¼do„K$ K$egoco„ @ogro³ ko ³d ro³ r³ j„âu$od“o q“dc’t qgexÙ ko³go“³ K$oeY³ a„] K$et u$³gx„ Å³B@³.

( : ît“o’u¹goeo pV$K$o“³K³$ âa„]K$t puëftdo³R=“oK$t @ofo³P“o ro.1-2-1956).

‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtN“ídocfofÆ ckoeoR=

...Ädo„ jx]t qjÙoÞr“o q“ZíPr õgñ‘ K³ $ ìdo¿do“o³ âí“ Q=³, @c³ a]o ]co®Pod®, @o‘Yo jçâuod“o âgr®K$ ck oâbx îtg ëfboP od ® r’o ‘egr|@Þd ‘Y coÞd a]o ìdo¿doK$oeo³“o jÞu³keqkr qg]o“o³“o @o]oe³ @o õ‘óU$ håuo³co„ No³qir K$et@³ Q=t@³ K³$ @o‘Yo ]oqc®K$ qjÙoÞr r³cR= ‘e„‘eo @“xjoe bMgÐj³go-j³ g oõ’l-j ³g o ³ ‘d o ³ qMjç‘ qÑ-j³goK$ro® (MxzK³ $ g¥óYg) r ³cR= bMgÐõgñ‘“ x „ Lo“Mt @’go

‘opegopeK$ ko³gx„ @³K$ @“xëf„N“td ]oqc®K$ @q“god®ro Q= ³. r³’t r³@o³co„’t K$o³B“³ ‘Y jog®R=q“K$ a“oggx„ jg®’o ]c®qgzÙ ko³go“o K$oeY³ @³K$ No³e ]oqc®K$ @‘eo] Q=³.


p“.ft. Mo³.îtco]geodÆ ckoeoR=‘{.‘o.Mo³.ît“teR=Kx$coeÆ îtco]geodÆ

(“oqhK$-cx „aB)

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg^³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt ³ _x —: _xpô$ô _oU³ $ PX$ogôeo _{Äd

Mxexu³$g^³ ô jou$e u„$W$gr¹jx]te h³V$, go‘t

...@o’t ‘o³ro“o Neco„ ‘o³ro“o ]““o qgq“do³M qg“o r’o ‘o³ro“o ‘pegoe“o coYjo³“o jkdo³M gMe K$eort @oeo]“o, goëfb jçâuod“t @oeo]“o“t ‘peboio âcoY³ @oeo]“o Q=³ R= “qk. @ogt Zõ’qrco„ @coeo Neco„ @ogro fo³K$o³ Üoeo @coeo j³ìd bMgu¹õgñ‘“o uh®“ K$ego K³$ b³U$ ]egt gM³e³ @oPeY @oe o]“ o“ t @ÞrM ®r co Þd p¾$doK$fo‘ “’t.

...bR=“(j³go) Å³ q“R= Neco„ “’t K $e or x„ ro ³ @ ³go

bMgu¹bR=““³ ‘ xZóU$coM|d ‘peboioco„ bMgu¹bR=“ R= “’t K$k³gorx„. ‘xZóU$coM®co„ q“R=Neco„ ekt“³ bMgu¹bR=“ K$ego“o âK$oe qjgod atÅ³ K$o³B âK$oe Q= ³ R= “qk.

...b³U$ ]e³fo ]“’t bo³M ]e³ft jocM°t“³ âjouñ‘³ M°kY K$egt @coe³ Ðdo„ qafKx$f gqR®=r Q=³. ...jog®R=q“K$ c„pueco„ uh®“o’|R=“jcxuod“o âqrq“q]“o ñ‘co„ j³go K$ego“t âp¾$do“³ “ ro³ goëfbjçâuodco„ K$o³B @gK$oh Q=³ @“³ “ @³gx„ @oPeY qjÙoÞr“t ×ZóU$@³ âh„j“td ‘Y Q=³. bMgÐj³go“x„ @“x›$o“ “ ro³ “o³K$et K³$ “ ro³ ]„]o“o ñ‘co„ K$et hK$od Q=³. ... goëfbjçâuodco„ Mo³.ckoeoÅ³“³ ... bMgÐj³go“t @g³Æco„ K³$ ‘xÅet“t k¥qjdrco„ K„$B ‘Y b³U$ õgtK$oegt coÓ gqR®=r R= “’t aëK³$ @]c® r’o @do³Ádro j„‘ouK$ Q=³.

...îtckoâbx a]o ‘xZóU$coM|@o³“t j¥ÙoZÞrK$ q“óV$o õg]co®“ xjeY“x„ jocÕd® r’o ‘oeõ‘peK$ jo¥c“õd âuo“ K$e³. .. a]o ‘xZóU$coM|do³“o q“R=Neo³co„ qaeoR=co“ j³ìdõgñ‘ k„c³ho Lo“Mt R= ek³; ¼doe³d jog®R=q“K$ “ a“t Åd! ""axqÙâ³eK$ K© $óYõd ‘ou‘Ú„ âjturx''.

(Mo ³.îtco]geodÆ r’o Mo³.ît“teR=Kx$coeÆ “t jkt-jo„L’t âqjÙ ’d³f

39 40

(K$)Mo³.îtkpeeodÆ :

Mo³.îtídocc“o³keÆ :

Mo³.îtkpeeodÆ :Mo³.îtídocc“o³keÆ :

Mo³.îtkpeeodÆ :

(L)

R=eo Ýdo“’t jo„blÅ³ ... ""rÓ @dc¹ @’®:.

fob‘{Å’®dÐ“õd C‘]c®Ðg-u³gfK$Ðgopu'' õ‘ô jo„blÅ³, ""jç‘ouK$Ðgor¹''.

...fob-‘{Å’® dÐ“ K$e³ Q=³ R=³ j³go K$et“³, Ädoe³ r³ fob-‘{Å’® âdÐ“ K$e³ Q=³ ro³ r³ C‘]c® ’dx„; u³gfK$Ðg gM³e³ R=³ uo³io³ Q=³ r³ r³“t @„ue âg³h³ Q= ³. ...

@³U$f³ Loj Ýdo“co„ eoLÅ³ ko¢, K³$ bogâqr›$o R= ³

õgñ‘“t ’B ko³d r³ õgñ‘“t ‘Y fob @’go ‘{Å coU$ ³ Å³ j³go K$egoco„ @og³ ro³ j³goK$ro® u³gfK$ (‘o‘t) ’B eüo³ Q=³ ...

@“³ C‘]c®Ðg @ogt eüx„ Q=³ ...@“³ @o q“qiÙQ=³. ... @o Zõ’qrco„ Mxz‘o³ro“t fob K³$ ‘{Å“³coU$ ³ qhód’t K$o„B

‘Y V$oK$o³eÆcoU$³ co„Mro³ ko³d r³ ... ho”q“qiÙ ko³go’t ... uo“ ko³go’t

u³gÖìd ko³go’t C‘do³M K$egodo³Ád ko³rx„ “’t. ko, qafKx $f. ... @o ro³ qafKx$f õ‘ô Q= ³. ... "õgg©qÑgou'’t

‘Y õ‘ô ’od Q=³. îtcu$oPod®PeY³ ""rZÐjÙé¥ r“xqgÑÅ'' @oc K$üx„ Q= ³. K$oeY K³$ a³ @fM-

‘{.‘o.Mo³. îtkpeeodÆ ckoeoR=(Åc“Me)

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ r“xÅ-qgÑÅ j³go“o @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg^³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt ³ _x^—: _xpô$_’ _e$

PX$ogôeo _{Äd Mxexu³$g^ ô jou$e u„$W$gr¹ ³ j„u$t_ eodPxeo, coYogu$e

@fM ìdZ¼r r“xÅ qgÑÅ K$e³ Q=³ ro³ co“jt qjÙ “’t ’rt. ...@o R=

@qbâod“³ jcÅggo coU³$ @oPod®PeY³ "r“xqgÑÅ' @o jcõr‘u$ K$üx„ Q=³.

...cR{=et ‘³U³$ ‘¥jo fB“³ K³$ u$B“³ a³ ‘xexio³ Üoeo K$egoco„ @og³ft @³gt r“xÅ-qgÑÅ j³go@o³ co“jt“t jo]K$ “’t a“rt @o @qbâod jcÅggo coU³$

"r“xqgÑÅ' jcõr‘u$ K$k³fx„ Q=³ . “k\re ro³ r“xqgÑÅ “ K$kt“³ r“xÅ-qgÑÅ

K$k³r...Å³ a³ Rx=u$t-Rx=u$t ìdZ¼r r“xÅ @“³ qgÑÅ K$e³ ro³ a„“³ j³go@o³“t @³K$ j„dx¼r @gõ’o r“xqgÑÅ “’t a“t hK$rt. r³’t R= co“jt qjÙ “’t ’rt.

Ädo„ jx]t fob-‘{Å’® dÐ““o³ âí“ Q=³ ro³ r³ ro³ K$o³B ‘Y K$mo“o³ b¼r K$eh³

ro³ u$³gfK$ R= ’h³...Å³ K$o³B õgfob-‘{Å’® u$h®“-c“o³e’-ckoâjou$ gM³e³ K$e³ Q=³ ro³ @³ Po³¼K$j u$ ³gfK$ Q=³...

kg³ eüo³ âí“ U²$õU$“t @ogK$ @“³ “ò³, ro³ U²$õU$“t @ogK$-“ò“o³ fob @c³ “’t f³ro. CfU$o“x„ bMgr¹ ho”o³¼r jg®fobo³‘keY Þdod’t U²$õU$“o³ a]o³ R=

“ò³ bMgu$’® K³$ Mo³-a°oûY“³ coU³$ go‘et@³ Q=t@³...@coeo âbx“o³ q“Ðd“³M-

bo³M ‘o³ro“o ‘¥jo’t @oeo³Mogt@³ Q=t@³. ‘xqô$coM|d g¥óYg“³ coU³$ boMgrK$’o K$et“³ @oÆqgK$o Pfoggt q“qiÙ Q=³.

( ‘xqôqjÙoÞrPPo®jbo, qgõr©r qggeY ‘©›$164,193. @q“pu$ ®ô$‘©›$j„¿doK$ ""rZÐjÙé¥ r“xqgÑÅ''.)

(M)

atÅ“o Neco„, atÅ“o ‘¥jo’t, atÅ“o

V$oK$o³eÆ“o bo³M“o³ ckoâjou$ f³go³ No³e qjÙoÞr qgexÙ Q=³.(N)

(O$)K$ : L-P :

‘xqôcoM® Mxàr Q=³, u³LoW$o³ K$ego coU$³ ro³ Q=³ R= “k\, b¼r @“³ bMgo“¹ gÃP³ @oÞrpeK$ jçaÞ] ×X$ K$ego“o³ coM® Q=³...aÞ“³“o jçaÞ]o³ @³go ko³go Å³A@³ K³$ K$o³A ÓtÅ ìdZ¼r“³ @³“t ÅYK$oet “ ’od. @o‘Yo³ @o‘Yo bMgo“¹ jo’³ K³$go³ jçaÞ] Q= ³, r³ atÆ K$o³A ìdZ¼r“³ R=Yoggo“t R=ñer hx„> “oc“o c³lggo coU$³> ‘o³ro“x„ ckoÐçd g]oegocoU$³> @o ro³ a]x ao]K$ Q=³.

("‘xqô“g“tr' ‘©.12).

‘{.‘o.Mo³.qP.îtu¹goeK³$hfofÆ cko³ud(@ce³ft-K$o„u$tgft-Po„‘oSe)

41 42

Ädo„ îtckoâbxÆ ""K©$óY-j³go ju$o K$odo® co“jt jo ‘eo cro'' C‘u$³h’t @o‘Y“³ u$³k-A ZÞÖd -âoY-@Þr:K $ eY “o @Ýdojo³’t Q{=U$K$oeo³ @‘og³ Q=³ Ðdo„ @o‘Y³ @³K$ “go K¢$je“³ ¼do„ R=Þc @o‘t u$t]o³ @³ coet jcR=co„ “ @ o ì d x „ ! u $ ³ k ³ Z Þ Ö d - â o Y @Þr:K$eYoÝdojo³’t @o‘Y³ j³go K$ero-K$ero Q{=U$éo “ kro r³goco„ ro³

"@Ýdoj' @³U$f³ R=³ gõrx R= ³gt ko³d r³gt “ u$³Lod ‘Y atÆ R= u$³Lod r³. ...ro³ c“o³e’o³“o³ @o‘Y“³ @Ýdoj ’B Mdo³. @o‘Y³ R=³“³ c“o³e’ jcR=ro kro @oR= jx]t ...r³ c“o³e’ R= “’t, ‘Y K„$BK$ atRx= „ R= Q=³ R=³ @o‘Y“³ @kÞro-ccro re` ]K³$ft eüx„ Q= ³.

...@o‘Y³ foWx $ Letu$t“ ³ fogt@³ Q=t@³, ‘Y r³co„ @o‘Y“³ âjou$“o³ b °c ’B Mdo³ Q=³.

..R= ³ bMgu¹$u$h®““³ @o‘Y³ @o‘Yt @kÞro-ccro“³ “tPgt“³ bMgÐâoZàr re` fB R=gogolo jcR=ro kro r³

...‘{r“o“o³ @’® îtckoâbxÆ jxao³q]“tco„ K$e³ Q=³ ""‘{r„ “dqr Aqr ‘{r“o''. R=³ @o‘Yo ‘xÓo³“³ C‘oW$t Åd, @o‘Yt ‘qgÓ gõrx@o³“³ @o‘Y³ Ðdo„’t fB Åd r³“³ @o‘Y³ "‘{r“o' K$kt@³ Q=t@³. r³’t fo³K$co„ gok-gokt c³lggo“t @“³ ]“ c³lggo“t R=³ fofP Q=³ r³ ‘{r“o Q=³ K³$ R= ³ @o‘Yo ""g°R=

c “ o ³ e ’ o Ý d o j , b M g r ¹ â u $h ® “o Ýd oj, âjo u $ oÝdoj, @jÐj „MoÝdoj @og o a]o

@Ýdojo³ (b°cYo@o³) @³ clt“³ @o‘Y“³ @o‘Yo qjÙoÞro³“t qgõc©qr K$eogt u$t]t.

R=³“³ @oR= jx]t @o‘Y³ âjou$ jcR=ro kro @“³ ñ$‘t@o’t Letu$t eüo kro r³ ¼r NjtU$oeoc“t qcV$oB“o foW$go Q=³, atRx= „ K„$B “k\.

]„]oK$td k³rx’t K$eoggoco„ @ogro bMgu¹$u$h®“ @o‘Yo coU³ $ @‘qjÙoÞr“o³ o„jo³ Q=³.

â’cM©ko]th

Mo³.îtfofcYtÆ ckoeoR=(K$o³U$o-cx„aB-R=qr‘xeo)

bdo³ ckeK³$ ‘{r''“³ ¼doe³ @o‘Y³ Ðdo„’t C‘oW$t“³ fB MB, @o‘Y³ ¼doe³ ]“qfàjo“o r©Yogr®“³ r³“³ jo¢‘t u$t]o³ r³“t @o‘Y“³ Lae ‘Y “ ‘W$t.

c“³ u$cfo“t goro® dou$ @og³ Q=³. ckoâbxÆ@³ Ädoe³ ‘{Q¹=d„x K³$ ît“o’Æ“t @ono r³ jo„blt > Ðdoe³ u$cfo@³ K$üx„ K³$ ""jo„blt ‘Y jcÄdo³ “k\''. Å³ @o‘Y³ ‘Y ...îtídocu$ou$o“t @ono jo„blt“³ aoke Poëdo R=B@³ K³$ ""jo„bþdx„ ‘Y jcÄdo “k\'' @“³ ‘oQ=o c“o³e’oÝdoj, âjou$oÝdoj @“³ bMgÐâu$h®“oÝdoj co„ foMt R=B@³ ro³ @o‘Y³ ckoâbxÆ“t “R=eco„ Mu¹$u$oe V$ethx„. @“³ îtckoâbxÆ“t ‘t“fK$o³W$co„ ""du$o aqkcx®Lo d{d„'' “o @q]K$oet ’Bhx„. @“³ ídocxu$ou$o“o håu$o³co„ ‘qrrro“o³ PoR=® @o‘Yo C‘e foMh³.

...îtMxjo„BÆ @³K$ gLr ko„jt L³f K$et eüo kro Ðdoe³ u$cfo@³ r³c“³ ‘o³ro“t ‘xqô$âo¥X$t’t U$o³¼do kro K³ $ ""ckoeoR=, @o ko„jt-L³f“o³ coM® “’t, @o ro³ ro‘-¼f³h“o³ coM® Q=³''.

...r³’t Å³ rc³ akoe R=B“³ @³c K$k³ho³ K³$ ""jo„bþdx „ ‘Y jcÄdo “k\'' ro³ rcoeoco„ u$cfo“x„ “k\, ‘qrro“x„ âoK$U$é Q=³. rc³ coke R=B“³ ‘o³ro“o Mxex“³ K$ko³ K³$ ckoeoR=, @o ko„jt-L³f“o³ coM® “’t, c“o³e’ @“³ âu$h®“ “o³ coM® “’t, @o ro³ ""“tK³$ eoqL dho³u$o c¥do “oeodY M©k @odo³''“³ Mxàr eoLgo“o³ coM® Q=³.

...R= ³ pu$gj³ rcoeoco„ u$cfo âK$U$ ’h³ r³ pu$gj³ @coeoco„ îtckoâbxÆ âK$U$ ’h³.

(Mo ³.îtídoc c“o³keÆ -pK$h“MX$-‘ofo®- Üoeo ’d³f "“geÐ“'M°Þ’“o âj„M³ K$e³f jco‘“ g¼rìd. ro. 31-08-1984)

îtckoâbxÆ @ono K$e³ Q=³ K³$ uxq“doco„ bU$K$rx„ ek³rx„ @o‘Ï„ c“-qPÑ îtV$oK$o³eÆ jo’³ Å³W$t“³ r³c“t r“xqgÑÅ j³go K$egt. ... r“xqgÑ“t j³go @³U$f³ @o‘Y³ K$cod³fo ‘o³ro“o ]“’t, ‘o³ro“o Neco„ îtV$oK$o³eÆ“t ‘o³ro“o hete’t j³go K$egt r³. ("gëfbtd P³r“o', @o³¼U$o³. 15, 2003, ‘©.4)

‘{.‘o.Mo³.qP.îtgoMthKx$coeÆ(K$o„K$eo³ft-gW$o³u$e)

43 44

(K$)

(L)

...a°ûj„aÞ] fB“³ j³go K$ e g o’t âÐ d³ K $ AZ ÞÖd“o ³ bMgo“¹co„ qgq“do³M ’od Q=³ ...

@oR=³ NYo Neo³co„ j³go ’od Q=³, ‘e„rx hx„ @o‘Y³ qgígoj ‘{g®K$ K$kt hK$t@³ Q=t@³ K³$ @o j³go joPt j³go Q=³> hx „ @oR=“t j³go ""P³rõrÐâgY„ j³go''“x„ @meh:

jo’®K$ õgñ$‘ Q=³.>

. r³’t õ‘ô$ Q=³ K³$ Å³ @coeo Mo ³õgoct@o³co „ j³go“t @“³ îtckoâbxÆÜoeo C‘u$³hod³fo qjÙoÞro³“o ‘{Y® ‘pe‘of““t mcro kh³ ro³ R= @coeo @“xdodt @o‘ c³l³ j³go @“³ qjÙoÞr “o ‘pe‘of“co„ jmc a“t hK$h³, aoK$t ro³ “k\. K³$cK³$ @c³ Mo³õgoct @“³ g¥óYg @³K$ R= rÒg“o a³ âK$oe Q=³. gëfbKx$l qaÞux$j©qô$ Q=³ ro³ g¥óYg “ou$j©qô$ Q=³. @o Zõ’qrco„

.

MxzNe K³$gl C‘u³h M°kY K$ego coU³$ Q=³. j³go @o‘Y“³ @o‘Yo Neco„ K$ego“t Q=³.

kK$tK$rco„ ro³ @c³ Lxu$ gëfbg„hR= Mo³õgoct ‘Y @ogo³ u$ogo³ K$et R= “’t hK$ro K³$ @oR=³ @c³ joPt j³go K$et eüo Q=t@³. @ogx „ K$k³goco „ c“³ R=eo ‘Y j„K$o³P “’t ’B eüo³, K³$cK³$ kº„ u$„b“x„ j„emY K$ego “’t coMro³

îtckoâbxÆ @“³ îtMxjo„BÆ âbxPeY Üeo K$egoco„ @og³ft @ono gëfbKx$l @“³ g¥óYg a„“³“o coU³$ ‘pe‘of“td Q=³

(K$ : gëf.qgno. @„K$5-6 gi® 1965 L : ‘xqô$ao³] boM-1, ‘©.23, qg.j„.2034).

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg^³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt ³ _x —: _xpô$ô _oU³$ PX$ogôeo

_{Äd Mxexu³$g ³ o u„$W$gr¹ âYocki®gu$^ hok, gW$o³u$eo

r©rtdM©ko]th

‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtg°R=³hKx$coeÆ(K$o„K$eo³ft-gW$o³u$eo)

(K$) âí“ :

CÑe :cZÞu$e

coÓ @³K$ R= Q=³; atR=³ a]³ Ne“t Zõ’qr krt.

(L) @oR=’t uo³X$jo³ gi® ‘{g£, îtckoâbxÆ“o jcd’t Ðdo„ jx]t, ‘xqôcoM®co„ K$o³B bMgu¹ cZÞue Lo³fgo“o³ ¾$c “ kro³. âÐd³K$ g¥óYg“³ Ne³-Ne³ j³go ’od r³“o³ @oM°k eLoro³.

(M)

K³$gl PeYõ‘h® coÓ“t ìd¼r p¾$do Å³B“³ fo³K$o³ @³“³ R= ‘xô$ K$ego“t qgq] co“t a³j³ Q=³.(N) r“xqgÑÅ j³go :

@oR=³ Poft ek³fo qggou$co„ K³$U$foK$ qjÙoÞro³ PPo®B eüo Q=³ R= ³go K³$ “go cZÞu$eo³ “ Lo³fgo, U²$õU$ cZÞu$eo³ “ a“oggo, V$oK$o³eÆ“o “oc³ Öìd “ f³gx„, V$oK$o³eÆ“o u$h®“ “ K$eoggo @“³ jcÄdo-qgPodo® qg“o Mc³ r³“³ a°ûjçaÞ] “ @o‘gx„. @o a]o qgidco„ @o‘“o³ hx„ @qbâod Q=³>

Rx=@o³, cZÞu$e“t Ädo„ jx]t Zõ’qr Q=³ ro³ @³ go jÐd Q= ³ K³$ ...

...

g¥óYgo³ ‘o³ro“³ Ne³ îtV$oK$o³eÆ“o õgñ‘“³ j³ìd K$et ‘]eogt MxzNe“t âYoqfK$o cxR=a j³go K$ero.

@oc ro³ @no“ @oR=³ õgñ$‘bog“o õ’o‘“ K$et“³ j³ìd K$ego“t âp¾$doco„ ‘Y Q=³. îtMxjo„BÆ@³ fL³ft ît‘xexio³Ñcâqr›$oâK$oe“o @ÞrM®r bog¾$c“o @“xjoe MxexcxLo³pu$r coM®’t j³ìd K$ego“x„ ‘Y b{foB Mdx„ Q=³.

""rZÐjÙé¥ r“xqgÑÅ'' @o“³ @³c jcR=gx „ Å³B@³ K³$ u$ ³k @“³ Öìd @’go kº„ @“³ coex„, @oc“o³ qgq“do³M Ädoe³ bMgu$’£ K$et@³ Q=t@³ ro³ r³“o’t c““t q“dZÞÓr @³K$ro“ro“o³ fob ’od Q=³. ...r“xÅ @“³ qgÑÅ j³go“o³ @’® @o R= jcR=go³ Å³B@³. @o håu$o³ @“³ r³“o @’o£ “o b°ocK$

@oR=³ c„Zu$e R= ³U$fo Q= ³ ... r³“³ @o‘Y³ cdo®u$o‘xqô$ c„pu$e K$kt hK$t@³ Q=t@³, ‘qô$c„pu$e “k\. ‘xqô$“o³

âK$oe ro³ coÓ M©kj³goco„ R= Q=³.

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg ³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt^³ _x —: _x pô$ô _oU³$ PX$ogôeo_{Äd Mxexu³$g ³ bo x Mo³e, kofo³f ô jou$e u„$W$gr¹ âYoc

‘{.‘o.Mo³. îtc’xe³ígeÆ(gW$o³u$eo-jxer)

45 46

âdo³Mo³’t b°qcr “ ’gx„ Å³B@³.R=³c coU$t @“³ ‘oYt fro$“³ ‘ëfqgr @“³ ‘xZó‘r a“oggoco„ cu$u$ñ$‘

a“³ Q= ³ r³ R= âcoY³ bMgu$td R=“o³“x „ goÐjëd @“³ bog ñ$‘ atR= @o coU$t- @“³ ‘oYt- “o jkdo³M’t co“jt j³goñ$‘t fro“³ ‘ëfqgr K$et“³ `fgrt a“ogtu$³ Q= ³.

L³reco„ beod³fo ‘oYt“³ ‘t “ hK$od...r³ @“oR= ‘³u$o K$et hK³$ Q=³. r³ ‘o³ro“x„ K³$gl ‘³U$ bego“x„ jo]“ R= K$e³ Q=³. r³ K$o³B atÅ“³ coU³$ C‘do³Mt ’rx„ “’t. ...‘o³ro“x„ ‘³U$ begocoU³$ bMgu¹$MxYMo“ K$e³ Q=³ r³@o³ @ogo âK$oe“o ko³d Q=³ K³$ R=³c L³reco„ be³fx„ ‘oYt ko³d Q=³. ‘Ú“obu$ojÆ ...@oPod®PeY“o q“aÞ]“o³ ífo³K$ jcÅgro„“t jo’³R= ‘o³ro“t ‘o¥eoqYK$ g©qÑ Q=o³W$t u$t]t! ...@o‘Yo cK$o“co„ gojY ]o³go“o ‘e“olo Q=³ r³co„ R= ³ ‘oYt Åd Q=³ r³ @³K$ LoW$oco„ b³Mx„ ’od Q= ³...r³ ‘oYt ro³ coÓ (ux$e¹)M„] R= coe³ Q=³ ...bMgu¹$bog ko³go Q=ro„ ‘Y R=³“o õgbogco„ ux$:j„M Üoeo u$o³i CÐ‘Þ“ ’B Åd Q=³ @ogo c“xódo³ r³ M„u$o LoW$o R=³go a“t Åd Q=³ K³$ R=³co„ ‘oYt ro³ be³fx „ ko³d Q=³ ‘e„rx r³ ‘oYt K$o³B C‘do³M“x„ “’t ko³rx „. r³ beod³fx„ ‘oYt coÓ ux$M] ‘³u$o K$e³ Q=³...‘o„Pco (bMgu¹$MxYMo“ K$et“³ ‘o³ro“t @oÆqgK$o Pfg“oeo “tP g¼ro@o³“o³ bog) MU$e“o R= ³go³R= ux$M®Þ]dx¼r...õ‘h® ‘Y “ K$et hK$od r³go³ ko³d Q=³.

r“qgÑ

(N)

( r©rtd³h 30/K$ : "@oPod®îtgëfb' @oµMõU$ 1994, @„K$5, ‘xqôcoM®gr®co“, âí“-CÑe 4, ‘©.7. 30/L : a°R= co³k³ qajer “ok\, ‘©.140-41.

‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtg°R=³hKx$coeÆ

...@³K$ c„pue“t aoRx=co„ @³K$ ak³“ ek³. @³c“³ Ðdo„ V$oK$o³eÆ qaeoR=³. c„pue“t @oert“o N„U$o @³c“³ j„bW$od. j³go K$ero a³V$³ft @³ ak³“ V$oK$o³eÆ“o g”o³ K$oX$t õ“o“ K$eogrt krt Ðdo„ @oert“o N„U$o ‘W$éo. ‘³ft V$oK$o³eÆ“³ ‘W$ro cxK$t“³ c„pue³ uo³W$t. ’o³W$t goe³ N³e @ogt. kg³ qgPoe K$eo³,

@ogt etr³ K$o³B j³go K$e³ ro³ @³co„ j³go“o³ @o“„u @og³ Leo³> @k\ ro³ âÐd³K$ g¥óYg“x„ Ne “Þuofd Q=³.

îtckoâbx@³ Rx=uo-Rx=uo c„pueo³“t âYoft Dbt K$et “’t; ‘Y @³co„ R=Mu¹MxzîtgëfboPod®“o³ @³K$ fo„ao³ ×qôK$o³Y kro³ : âÐd³K$ g¥óYg“x„ Ne “Þuofd a“gx„ Å³B@³

(g¥.‘.@„K$ R{=“ 1990).

‘{.‘o.jxîtAZÞueoa³U$tÆ(gW$o³u$eo)

R=³@o³ Neco„ ekt ³ âbx t j³go K$e³ Q=³ r³ _o³r³ ro³ K© $ro[® [od R= Q=³ pK$Þrx r³cô _peR=ô³ _Y K©$ro[® [od Q=³. ...a]t AZÞÖdo ³[t @Þr:K$ eY[ t bR=ô^Þu $ô ³ @ xbg Neco„ ekt^³ îtV$oK$o ³eÆ^t j³go K$ego[t [B Åd Q=³. ... r³[t Mxex _oj³[t îtV$oK$o³eÆ^³ _xô$ K$eogt ³ Neco„ _]eogo³ @^³ jcd ³ j³gocd aôgo³ ... îtV$oK$o³eÆ R=³ Neco„ qaeoR=³ Q=³ r³ Ne Ne ekt ³ ... ^Þu$ofd^t ftfo x„ õ[l a^t Åd Q=³.

... cxKx$Þu$u$oj ... eocu$oj jo„Po³eo ... pK$ho³etaoB ... Ægû$oj... @o a]o cko^xbogo³@³ ... ÅÎdo³. ... îtV$oK$o³eÆ @o_Yt q^q] Q=³. ...@ogo _{Y®_xexio³Ñc ît^Þu$eoR=Kx$coe^³ îtckoâbxÆ@³ @o_Yo Lo³loco„ _]eogt @o_t ³ @o_Y^³ boÁdholt aôìdo Q=³. @o[t co³Ux„$ atRx=„ K$dx„ l Q=³! ...

. ... ³...r³ R= q^Ðdftfoô @o^Þu$ o³ @ xbg K$eogh³. r³ @o_Yo _qr Q=³ R=³ bd[t emo @^x jxemo _Y K$e³ Q=³. K$u$oq_ ^k\. ...Neô _peR= o³ @o jo„Lt ^k\ hK³$. ...

r³[t “NeK³$ V$oKx $eK³$

ît o[Æ r[o Ne o V$oKo³$eÆco„ b³u$ [t

jo„jopeK$ K$oc o[t R=³ îtV$oK$o³eÆô... u$h® -õceY-j³go K$e³ Q=³ r³ ³ ¼f³hR= ko[foM³ Q³ Neô îtV$oK$o³eÆ R= jg®õg Q=

hx„ K$o³B ÷t @Þd õ[l³ R=B ³ K$o³B atÅ^t j³go K$et hK³ $ Q=³>r³ R= âcoY³ @o_Yo co[³

R=³ îtV$oK$o³eÆ @o_Yo Neco„ qaeoR=³ Q=³ r³cô @o_Y³ c^Mcro„ ^go-^go _xqô$coM|d cô³e[K$et^³, jocM°t qjÙ K$et^³ fW$ fW$ogt hK$t@³ Q=t@³ _eÞrx @³go³ @q]K$oe K$o³B atR=³ V³$K$oY³ [o³W$o³ clt hK³$ Q=³!

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg^³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt ³ _ x —: _ xpô$ô _oU³ $ PX$ogôeo

_{Äd Mxexu³$g ³ ô jou$e u„$W$gr¹ âYoceokyf hok, gW$o³u$eo

‘{.‘o.Mo³. îtMo³Kx$fo³ÐjgÆ ckoeoR=(AÞu$o¥e-“o’Üoeo)

47 48

jxr Ådo³ Þu$u$oj rko„ ja jxL _odo³”.

“ìdoR=„ fo ¥pK $K $coqîÐd îtqgU¹$V$fM©k³?Mcr¹”. r³[t îtô[Æô³ r³ R= _oU$o³Ðjg cx¿d c od Q=³ K³$ R=³ oMY jxu$ jorcô @og³ Q=³. ... r³[t Neô îtV$oK$o³eÆ^x„ õgñ$_ jcR=gx „ LxaR= R=ñ$et Q=³. ...K$o³B _Ð^t _o³roô _qr^t j³go ^ K$e³ @ ³ r³ o `¼r MxYMo^ K$ert ek³ ro³ hx„ r³[t r³ o³ _qr jÞrxô$ [h³>

(qgóÏ_xeoY) r³[t j³go[t j³ìd^³ jÞro³i cl³ Q=³ @o R= g¥óYgô³ õg]c® Q=³. (252 g¥óYg goro® t b{qcK$o)

îtô[Æ^³ _Y u³$gofd^t ftfo Q=o³W$t ³ ^Þu$ofd^t ftfo K$egocoU³$ îtMxjo „BÆô Ne³ _]oegx „ _W$éx „.

...R=³ K© $óY-K©$óY MxYMo^ K$ero ek³ Q=³ _Y j³go õg]c®[t qgcxL Q=³ r³ kpeô Ü³ht Q=³

i›$M©ko]th

(gW$o³ueo)qPÑ bMÐâ³cco„ ‘pe‘{Y® ’B Åd Q=³, ‘{Y®r: bMgo“¹co„ Å³W$oB Åd Q=³, rÞcd @“³ rëft“ ’B Åd Q=³ Ðdoe³ ‘eoj³go ’od Q=³. @o“³ "co“jt' j³go K$k³god Q=³. @o“t jo’³ c“xód³ hete’t ‘Y j³go K$egt Å³B@³. ... r“xÅ j³go’t hete“t hxqÙ ’od Q=³. @k„ro-kº‘Yo “o³ “oh ’od Q=³. ]“’t K$eort j³go "qgÑÅ' j³go Q=³. r³“o’t ccro-coeo‘Yo“o³ “oh ’od Q=³. @k„ro @“³ ccro @³K$atÅ jo’³ Å³W$od³fo ek³ Q=³

@o’t

( "îtc◊Mg•tro ‘xqôuh®“' ‘©.125)

‘{.‘o.Mo³.qP.îtu¹goeK³$hfofÆ cko³ud

r“xÅ @“³ qgÑÅ j³go jo’³ ’gt Å³B@³. @oco„ â]o“ro r“xÅ j³go“t Q=³. K³$gl ]“ @o‘t u³go’t j³go ’rt “’t. @³“o’t eoR=jt g©qÑ @og³ Q=³.

@o (‘xqô$qjÙoÞrPPo®jbo) K$od®¾$c u¹goeo a“³ @³U$fo³ âdoj @o‘ît@³ cx„SgY u{e K$ego“o³ K$do£ Q=³; atÅ³ K$o³A @oco„ @ohd c“³ u³Loro³ “’t. @„rco kº„ ro³ @³K$ R= gõrx K$kth K³$ jcoR=“t @„ue; @“³ @o‘Yo j„âuodco„ @³U$fx„ a]x„ qju¹]oÞrg¥‘etÐd ’A Mdx„ Q=³ K³$ MxR=eor“o @³K$ Mocco„ kº„ Md³fo³...@³ Mocco„ ‘xqôcoM®“o R= @o‘Yo j„âuod“o a³ c„pueo³ Q=³ @“³ c„pueo³“t pugof ‘Y @³K$ R= Q=³. ‘e„rx

fo³K$oq’®Ðg, R= ³c @o‘³ @ono K$et MA K$of³ ""fo³K$o’|P³u¹ bR=³r¹ K©$óY„ Z¼fôo³ bgqr jg®’o'', @³U$fx„ a]x„ fo³K$oq’®Ðg jcoR=co„ CÐ‘Þ“ ’dx„ Q= ³. ‘peYoc @³ @oìdx„ K³$ aÞ“³ c„pueo³“t pugofo³ @³K$ R=.... @³K$ c„pue ro³ aofK©$óYfof“x„ Q=³ @“³ atRx=„ c„pue PÞÖcoÆ“x„ Q=³. jgoe ‘W³$ @³U$f³ PÞÖcoÆgolo g¥óYgo³ aofK©$óYfof“o³ R=³ c³go³ ko³d r³ PÞÖcoÆco„ fA Åd @“³ aofK©$óYfofÆgolo R=³ g¥óYgo³ ko³d @³ PÞÖcoÆ“o³ R=³ c³go³ @“³ âjou ko³d r³ aofK©$óYfofÆco„ fA @og³! @ogt R=aeuõr ko¢joro³jt g¥óYgjcoR=co„ CÐ‘Þ“ ’A; ÅY³ @³K$atÅ“t õ‘]o® K$ero ko³d @³c. Aio®-u¹g³i“x„ gorogeY Ädoe³ j³go“o m³Óco„ CÐ‘Þ“ ’od @³“o’t co³Ux$„ fo³K$oq’®Ðg K$dx „ ko³A hK³$! @o a]o K³$U$foK$ qgPoeo³ @“³ R= ³ ho³-atS“³j j„âuodco„ ’do³ @³ a]o“x„ q“goeY ’od @³ coU$³ @o @oLx„ @³K$ jx„ue PPo®jbo“x„ @odo³R=“ ’dx „. ...

. boMgrÆco„ ‘Y f¿dx„ Q=³ ""MxR=®e³ ÆY®ro„ Mro:'' bZ¼r Å³ ÆY® ’B ko³d ro³ MxR=eorco„. MoW$pedo³ âgok gÝdo³ ko³d ro³ MxR=eorco„. @³U$f³ qju¹]oÞr“t jÐdq“›$o“³ ...@“³ ckoâbxÆ“o ‘xqôqju¹]oÞro³“x„

@ogo a]o qju¹]oÞrg¥‘etÐd“o³ bgoW$o³ Å³ g]oe³ ’ro³ ko³d ro³ MxR=eorco„ ’od Q=³

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg^³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt ³ _x —: _xpô$ô _oU³$ PX$ogôeo

_{Äd Mxexu³$g ³ o jou$e u„$W$gr¹ âYocK$oqc^t hok, bñ$P

‘{.‘o.Mo³.qP.îtÖºqcfKx$coeÆ cko³ud(gW$o³u$eo)

49 50

ju¹ÅMeY ... @³co„ coeo’t a“ro³ jkK$oe kº„ @o‘go r¥doe Qx=„.("‘xqôqju¹]oÞr-PPo®jbo ro.10-13 ÅÞdx@oet 92 ‘ofo®, cx„aA, qgõr©r

qggeY ‘©.317-318).

Mo ³.îtÖºqcfKx $coeÆ“t kõromper jçcqr’t

K$o ³B _xexi K©$óYj³goco„ rÐ_e Q=³ K³ $ k\, u$çbopu$ ux$Mx®Yo³[t eqkr Q=³ K³$ k\; r³cR= îtc◊oMgr_xeoYô cc® o³ ÅYK$oe Q=³ K³$ k\ @oU$ft goro³ jeLt etr³ PK$ojt ft]o _Q=t R= r³ t _oj³ MxexaxpÙ eoLt ³ R=gx„ Å³B@³. ...r³go fmYo³[t dx¼r Mxex algo K$qldxM ³ K$oeY³ ^ cl³ ro³ ...År³ R= bMgÐj³goco„ âg©Ñ [B R=gx „ Å³B@³. _oÓo_oÓô³ qgg³K $ eo¿do qgô Å³ ôcu$tmo^x„ u$o^ @o_goco„ @og³ ro³ ôcqg¾$dô³ u$o³i foM³ R= Q=³ K³$ R=³ ³ K$oeY³ u $tmou$oro @_eo]t a ³ Q=³.

_¥jo @o_t ³ K$o³B atÅ coYj [K$t K $eoggoco„ @ogrt j³go ...@^³ ...K©$óYj³gocoU³$ K$o³BK$ atÅ coYj _oj³[t _¥jo fB^³ K$egoco„ @ogrt j³go... @ogo aÞ ³ âK$oe³ K$egoco„ @ogrt j³go@o³ ³ K$oeY³ qPÑ ¼doe³ _Y K©$óYâgY a^t hK$rx „ ^[t. ... j³go ...qgÑ @o_t ³ K$eoggoco„ @ogrt ko³d Ðdoe³ r³ qgÑÅ j³go qPÑ^³ eoR=jbog u$_®-u$çb[t dx¼r aôg³ Q=³ ...Mo³eckoeoR=^ ³ R=³c dn-doM x„ `l clrx „ ^[t r³c _oeK$o _¥jo[t K$egoco„ @ogrt r xÅ j³go K$eôe^³ _Y K©$óYâgYroñ$_ l ¼doe³d clrx„ [t. R=³@o³ _o³roô õgR=^ ko³d @ ³ b¼r ko³d r³@o³ ³ R= îtV$oK$o³eÆô u$h® K$eoggo Å³B@³.

@g¥óYg jcm _o³roô Ne³ qaeoR=ro îtV$oK$o³eÆ x„ âu$h® K$egx„. @³K$ gi® t j³go q^ó`l [B Åd Q=³. îtV$oK$o³eÆ^³ _ÊPoc©r[t õô K $eoggx„ . îtV$oK$o³eÆô ôc³ co„Mgx„. j³go jg®[o q ó`l a^t Åd Q=³. R=³U$fx„ coÁdx„ K³$ b³Mx„ K$dx ko³d r³ o[t _o„P MÏ„ ¥g ³Û âbx ³ u$ o ñ$_ ³ @o_gx„. @oÆqgK$o K³ $ dh gM³e³ K$coggo coU³$ bR=^ K$e³ ro³ ht Mqr

[od> ...r³ ìdZ¼r @Þr³ ¼f³h R= _oc³ Q=³ @³go³ îtckoâbxÆô K$[^ô³ jo jo` @[® Q=³. gor K³$gl @¥qkK$ ¼f³h _e [t @U$K$rt, r³ o _efo³K$ô @q]K$oe @ ³ l o ³ _Y @ogo q^qiÙ @oPeY^³ K$oeY³ ôh [od Q=³. ... @Ðdë_ _Y no^ K³$ j„õK$oe ko³d r³ @ogx„ Kx$K©$Ðd K$et hK$ro³ [t. Å³ _o³ro o Neco„ paeoR=ro âbx x„ bR=^ Q=o³W $t ³ atR=³ K$h³ bR=^(j³go) K$egoco„ @og³ ro³ r³ ³ bZ¼r K$k³god. boMgrô³ _oV$ âdÐ^_{g®K$, @Þd K$o³B _Y k³rx qgô R= K$ego³ Å³B@³. âoY @o_Yo K$ÎV$ jx]t _Y K³$c @ogt Åd _eÞrx @oÆqgK$o[® ro³ boMgrô³ C_do³M R= K$ego³ Å³B@³. co³Xx„$ gM³e³ ]o³go coU³$ g_eod³f @_qgÓ _oYt ³ b³Mx„ K$egocoU³$ R=ct^co„ R=³ LoW$o³ Lo³u$goco„ @og³ Q=³ r³ o R=³go tP bMg•oô³_Ægt@o³ ko³d Q=³. @o[t... g_eod³f„x M„ux $ _oYt R=³c g_eohco„ f³gorx„ ^[t r³c bMg•oô³_Ægt@o³ o bogo³ joeo c^xódo ³ coU³$ M°oü ^[t ko³ro. ... @oÆqgK$o[£ _xeoYK$[o K$ e oeo@o³ _Y @ogo Modo³K$o³ jco^ Q=³. k³ îtgëfb! @o_ ³ K$k³f (C_eo³¼r) gPô³[t qg_etr R=³@o³ K$o ³B K $„B$ K $k³ Q=³ ro³ r³@o³ a]o b°oÞr @ ³ K³ $gl @Þ]Þrc eK$^³ âoàr [ôeo jkR= @ojxet Æg Q=³.

11co³ @_eo] :`l : âodZíPÑ :

36co³ @_eo] : `l :âodZíPÑ :

( _xqô$qjÙoÞr PPo®jboco „ qgPoeo[® âõrxr K$egoco „ @og³f qjÙoÞrgPôgft o @„ho³. kõrome coU³$ Rx=@o³ : ‘³R= “. )

...Ädo„ jx]t qjÙoÞr“o q“ZíPr õgñ‘ K³$ ìdo¿do“o³ âí“ Q=³, @c³ a]o ]co®Pod®, @o‘Yo jçâuod“o âgr®K$ ckoâbx îtgëfboPod® r’o ‘egr|@Þd ‘Y coÞd a]o ìdo¿doK$oeo³“o jÞu³keqkr qg]o“o³“o @o]oe³ @o õ‘óU$ håuo³co„ No³qir K$et@³ Q=t@³ K³$ @o‘Yo ]oqc®K$ qjÙoÞr r³cR= ‘e„‘eo @“xjoe bMgÐj³go-j³goõ’l-j³go ³‘do ³qM-jç‘qÑ-j³goK$ro® (MxzK³$ g¥óYg) r³cR=

bMgÐõgñ‘“x„ Lo“Mt @’go ‘opegopeK$ ko³gx„ @³K$ @“xëf„N“td ]oqc®K$ @q“god®ro Q=³. r³’t r³@o³co„’t K$o³B“³ ‘Y jog®R=q“K$ a“oggx„ jg®’o ]c®qgzÙ ko³go“o K$oeY³ @³K$ No³e ]oqc®K$ @‘eo] Q= ³.


...@o’t ‘o³ro“o Neco„ ‘o³ro“o ]““o qgq“do³M qg“o r’o ‘o³ro“o ‘pegoe“o coYjo³“o jkdo³M gMe K$eort @oeo]“o, goëfb jçâuod“t @oeo]“o“t ‘peboio âcoY³ @oeo]“o Q=³ R= “qk. @ogt Zõ’qrco„ @coeo Neco„ @ogro fo³K$o³ Üoeo @coeo j³ìd bMgu¹õgñ‘“o uh®“ K$ego K³$ b³U$ ]egt

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg^³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt ³ _ x —: _xpô$ô _oU³ $ PX$ogôeo

_{Äd Mxexu³$g ³ ô jou$e u„$W$gr¹ âYocÄdo³qra³^ hok, K$W$t

q“.ft.Mo³. îtMo³qgÞu$fofÆ ckoeoR=‘{.‘o.Mo³. îtg°R=³hKx$coeÆ ckoeoR=‘{.‘o.Mo³. îteoR=³hKx$coeÆ ckoeoR=‘{.‘o.Mo³. îtqgR=dKx$coeÆ ckoeoR‘{.‘o.Mo³. îtgëfbfofÆ ckoeoR

(K$W$t-@cu$ogou$)


_{Äd Mxexu³$g^³ ô jou$e u„$W$gÐâYocqâdo„K$ bË$, K³ $ ³W$o


_{Äd Mxexu³ $g^³ ô jou$e u„ $W$gÐâYocc^^ hok, bñ$P

gM³e³ @oPeY @oeo]“o“t @ÞrM®r coÞd p¾$doK$fo‘ “’t.

‘ xZ ó U $coM ® co „ q “R=Neco „ ekt“³ bMgu¹bR=“ K$ego“o âK$oe qjgod atÅ³ K$o³B âK$oe Q= ³ R= “qk.

...jog®R=q“K$ c„pueco„ uh®“o’|R=“jcxuod“o âqrq“q]“o ñ‘co„ j³go K$ego“t âp¾$do“³ “ ro³ goëfbjçâuodco„ K$o³B @gK$oh Q=³ @“³ “ @³gx„ @oPeY qjÙoÞr“t ×ZóU$@³ âh„j“td ‘Y Q=³. bMgÐj³go“x„ @“x›$o“ “ ro³ “o³K$et K³$ “ ro³ ]„]o“o ñ‘co„ K$et hK$od Q=³. ... goëfb jçâuodco„ Mo³.ckoeoÅ³“³ ... bMgÐj³go“t @g³Æco„ K³$ ‘xÅet“t k¥qjdrco„ K„ $B ‘Y b³U$ õgtK$oegt coÓ gqR®=r R= “’t aëK³ $ @]c® r’o @do³Ádro j„‘ouK$ Q=³.

...îtckoâbx a]o ‘xZóU$coM|@o³“t j¥ÙoZÞrK$ q“óV$o õg]co®“xjeY“x„ jocÕd® r’o ‘oeõ‘peK$ jo¥c“õd âuo“ K$e³. ... a]o ‘xZóU$coM|do³“o q“R=Neo³co„ qaeoR=co“ j³ìdõgñ‘ k„c³ho Lo“Mt R= ek³; ¼doe³d jog®R=q“K$ “ a“t Åd! ""axqÙâ³eK$ K©$óYõd ‘ou‘Ú„ âjturx''

...bR=“(j³go) Å³ q“R= Neco„ “’t K$eorx„ ro³ @³go bMgu¹bR=““³ ‘xZóU$coM|d ‘peboioco„ bMgu¹bR=“ R= “’t K$k³gorx„.

...b³U$ ]e³fo ]“’t bo³M ]e³ft jocM°t“³ âjouñ‘³ M°kY K$egt @coe³ Ðdo„

qafKx$f gqR®=r Q=³.

.(q“.ft.Mo³.îtMo³qgÞu$fofÆ ckoeoR=, Mo ³.îtg°R=³hKx$coeÆ ckoeoR=, Mo³.îteoR=³hKx$coeÆ ckoeoR, =Mo³.îtqgR=dKx$coeÆ ckoeoR r³cR= Mo ³.îtgëfbfofÆ ckoeoR“t kõromper jçcqr’t boer“t jxqâcK$o ³U®$co„ eRx= K$egocoU³$ r¥doe K$egoco „ @og³f ""ckoâbx îtcu$™ëfboPod® g„hR= Mo³õgoct@o³“x„ j„d x¼rNo³iYo‘Ó-1986'' “o @„ho ³)

K$o³B _xexi K© $óYj³goco„ rÐ_e Q=³ K³$ k\, u$çbopu$ ux$Mx®Yo³[t eqkr Q= ³ K³$ ^k\; r³cR= îtc◊oMgr_xeoYô cc® o³ ÅYK$oe Q=³ K³ $ k\ @oU$ft goro³ jeLt etr³ PK$ojt ft]o _Q=t R= r³ t _oj³ MxexaxpÙ eoLt ³ R=gx„ Å³B@³....r³go fmYo³[t dx¼r Mxex algo^ K$qldxM ³ K$oeY³ ^ cl³ ro³ ...År³ R= bMgÐj³goco„ âg©Ñ [B R=gx„ Å³B@³.

_oÓo_oÓô³ qgg³K$ eo¿do qgô Å³ ocu$tmo x „ u$o^ @o_goco„ @og³ ro³

ôcqg¾$dô³ u$o³i foM³ R= Q=³ K³$ R=³ ³ K$oeY³ u$tmou$oro @_eo]t a^³ Q=³.

_¥jo @o_t^³ K$o³B atÅ coYj [K$t K $eoggoco „ @ogrt j³go ...@^³ ...K©$óYj³gocoU³$ K$o³BK$ atÅ coYj _oj³[t _¥jo fB ³ K$egoco„ @ogrt j³go... @ogo aÞ ³ âK$oe³ K$egoco„ @ogrt j³go@o³ ³ K$oeY³ qPÑ ¼doe³ _Y K©$óYâgY a^t hK$rx„ ^[t. ... j³go ...qgÑ @o_t^³ K$eoggoco„ @ogrt ko³d Ðdoe³ r³ qgÑÅ j³go qPÑ^³ eoR=jbog u$_®-u$çb[t dx¼r aôg³ Q=³ ...Mo³eckoeoR= ³ R=³c dn-

doM x „ `l clrx„ ^[t r³c _oeK$o _¥jo[t K$egoco„ @ogrt r xÅ j³go K$eôe^³ _Y K©$óYâgYroñ$_ l ¼doe³d clrx„ [t.

R= ³@o³ _o³roô õgR=^ ko³d @ ³ b¼r ko³d r³@o³ ³ R= îtV$oK$o³eÆô u$h® K$eoggo Å³B@³.

@g¥óYg jcm _o³ro o Ne³ qaeoR=ro îtV$oK$o³eÆ^x„ âu$h® K$egx„. `l : @³K$ gi® t j³go q^ó`l [B Åd Q=³. âodZíPÑ : îtV$oK$o³eÆ^³ _ÊPoc©r[t õô^ K$eoggx„.

îtV$oK$o³eÆô oc³ co„Mgx„. l : j³go jg®[o q^ó`l a^t Åd Q=³. âodZíPÑ : R= ³U$fx„ coÁdx„ K³$ b³Mx„ K$dx ko³d r³ o[t _o„P MÏ„ ^¥g³Û âbx ³ u$ o ñ$_³ @o_gx„.

@oÆqgK$o K³$ dh gM³e³ K$coggo coU³$ bR=^ K$e³ ro³ ht Mqr [od> ...r³ ìdZ¼r @Þr³ ¼f³h R= _oc³ Q=³ @³go³ îtckoâbxÆô K$[^ô³ jo`jo` @[® Q=³. gor K³$gl @¥qkK$ ¼f³h _e ^[t @U$K$rt, r³ o _efo³K$ o @q]K$oe @ ³ `l ô³ _Y @ogo q^qiÙ @oPeY^³ K$oeY³ ôh [od Q=³. ... @Ðdë_ _Y no^ K³$ j„õK$oe ko³d r³ @ogx„ Kx$K©$Ðd K$et hK$ro³ [t.

Å³ _o³roô Neco„ paeoR=ro âbx x„ bR=^ Q=o³W$ t ³ atR=³ K$h³ bR=^(j³go) K$egoco„ @og³ ro³ r³ ³ bZ¼r K$k³god.

boMgrô³ _oV$ âdÐ^_{g®K$, @Þd K$o³B _Y k³rx qgô R= K$ego³ Å³B@³. âoY @o_Yo K$ÎV$ jx]t _Y K³$c @ogt Åd _eÞrx @oÆqgK$o[® ro³ boMgrô³ C_do³M R= K$ego³ Å³B@³.

11co³ @_eo] :

36co³ @_eo] :

51 52

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg ³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt^³ _x —: _xpô$ô _oU³$ PX$ogôeo

_{Äd Mxexu³$g ³ o jou$e u„$W$gÐâYoceoK³$h eoR=_eo, dx.K³$.

co³Xx„ $ gM³e³ ]o³go coU³$ g_eod³f @_qgÓ _oYt ³ b³Mx„ K$egocoU³$ R=ct^co„ R=³ LoW$o³ Lo³u$goco„ @og³ Q=³ r³ o R=³go ^tP bMg•oô³_Ægt@o³ ko³d Q=³. @o[t... g_eod³f„x M„ux$ _oYt R= ³c g_eohco„ f³gorx„ ^[t r³c bMg•oô³_Ægt@o³ o bogo³ joeo c^xódo³ coU³$ M°oü ^[t ko³ro. ... @oÆqgK$o[£ _xeoYK$[o K$eôeo@o³ _Y @ogo Modo³K$o³ jco^ Q=³.

k³ îtgëfb! @o_³ K$k³f (C_eo³¼r) gPô³[t qg_etr R=³@o³ K$o³B K$„B$ K$k³ Q=³ ro³

r³@o³ a]o b°oÞr @^³ K³$gl @Þ]Þrc êK$ ³ âoàr [ôeo jkR= @ojxet Æg Q= ³.

(_xqô$qjÙoÞr PPo®jboco„ qgPoeo[® âõrxr K$egoco„ @og³f

qjÙoÞrgP ogftô @„ho³. kõrome coU³$ Rx=@o ³ : ‘³R= “. )

Mo ³.îtg°R=³hKx$coeÆ, Mo³.îteoR=³hKx $coeÆ r’o Mo³.îtqgR=dKx$coeÆ “t kõromper jçcqr’t

j„dx¼r No³iYo‘Ó : @cuogou@oR=³ $et’t @³ jcd @oìdo³ Q=³. r³“o’t ‘Y cxíK³$f jcd @oìdo³ Q=³. r³

jcd³ ro³ @ÞdcoM|d fo³K$o ³ cro³“³ âõrxr K$et“³ b °c CÐ‘Þ“ K$ero kro. ‘Y @oR=³ ro³

@o‘Yo jçâuod“o R= "jxnR=“o³' îtckoâbxÆ“t goYt“o³ qg‘etr @’® K$et eüo Q=³. fo³K$o ³“³ ‘’b°ô K$et eüo Q=³, u¥gtÆgo³“t jo’³ No³e @Þdod K$et eüo Q=³. r³’t R= kofco„

ckoâb x îtgëf] th“o g „hR= ‘ xqôcoM |d d xgo @ oPodo £@³ @ ³K $ "j„gouõ’o‘K$cÎW$l'“t õ’o‘“o K$et“ ³ cxçaBco„ ... Poe pugj jx]t @³K$ ‘xqôqjÙoÞr

PPo®jbo“x„ @odo³R=“ K$d®x„ krx„. ... jboco„ 35 cko“xbog @oPodo£ C‘Zõ’r kro. 28

Mo³õgoct @oPod® cko“xbogo³@³ Mo³.îtídocc“o³keÆ ckoeoR=ît(pK $h“MX$-‘ofo®)“o "qjÙoÞrgP“ogft'“o bogo“xgou“³ jkcqr @o‘t krt. K³$U$foK $ @oPod® cko“xbogo³@³

@jkcqr @o‘t krt @“³ K³$U$foK$ co¥“ eüo kro. @jkcqr âK$U$ K$egogolo ‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtkpeeodÆ g°R=b{iYfofÆ ckoeoR=ît, Åc“Megolo@³ ‘ {Äd Mo³õgoct

îtídocc“o³keÆ ckoeoR=ît“t jo’³ r³cY³ K$e³f bogo“xgou“o cxu¹uo@o³ C‘e PPo®

âoeçb K$et krt. ... jcd“o @bog³ PPo® q“Y®d‘e ‘ko¢Pt “ hK$t. ‘eÞrx gr®co“co„

K³$U$foK$ PPo®õ‘u, j„hdoõ‘u cxu¹uo@o³“t

õ‘ôro @o PPo®co„ âoàr ’B r³ Le³Le @³K$ co³U$t qjqÙ Q=³. @³U$fx„ R= “k\ ‘eÞrx “tP³

arog ³f cxu¹uo@o³“o qgíf³iYco„ ‘{Äd îtídocc“o³keÆ“t jo’³ jkcr ’B“³ ‘{Äd

îtkpeeodÆ@³ @o‘Yo jçâuod“t CÑc j³go K$et Q=³:

1. ‘xqôcoM|d j³ìdõgñ‘ ‘{Y®‘xzio³Ñc õgñ‘’t R= qaeoR=³ Q=³, r³ õgñ‘ ‘Q=t Mxz“o j³ìd ko³d K³$ qhód(g¥óYg)“o j³ìd ko³d. aÞ“³(õgñ‘o³)co„’t K$o³Bco„ ‘Y ‘xzio³Ñc‘Ï„ Þd{“oq]K$ ko³rx„ “’t.

2. ‘xqôcoM|d qjÙoÞr @“xjoe K©$óYj³go K$ego“x„ õ’o“ Ne R= ko³B hK³$ Q=³, jog®R=q“K$(õ’l) “k\.

3. ‘xqôcoM|d bMgÐj³go“³ ]““t âoZàr“x„ jo]“ a“oggx„ “ Å³B@³.4. u³gfK$ ìdZ¼r (<bMgÐj³ìdõgñ‘“³ ]““t âoZàr“x„ jo]“ @’go @oÆqgK$o“x„ jo]“ a“og“oe) “t j³go q“qiÙ K$mo“t ko³go’t (r³) j³go“o³ @q]K$oet “’t.

5. îtV$oK$o³eÆ“³ coU$³ K$o³B ‘Y âK$oe“t uo“-b³U$ co„Mgt @’go õgtK$oegt @³ ho”Üoeo q“qiÙ Q=³. @³U$fx„ R= “k\ ‘eÞrx fob-‘{Å“o k³rx’t ‘o³ro“ocoU$ ³ Öìd @’go K$o³B gõrx“³ õgtK$oegt r³ ho”“t ×qôco„ EYo“xaÞ]t uo³i“³ CÐ‘Þ“ K$e“oe ko³go’t aÞ]“K$oeK$ Q=³.

6. ‘xqôcoM®“o qjÙoÞr @“xjoe îtV$oK$o³eÆ“³ q“g³u“ K$e³fo ‘uo’®“x„ R= jc‘®Y ’B hK³$ Q=³ @“³ jcq‘®r ‘uo’o£“o³ R= bMgu¹ CZÃQ=ôñ‘co„ âjou fB hK$od Q=³. îtV$oK$o³eÆ coU$³ uo“ @’go b³U$ “o ñ‘co„ @og³f jocM°t“³ âjou“o ñ‘co„ fB hK$ort “’t K³$cK³$ îtV$oK$o³eÆ coU$³ uo“ @’go b³U$ “o ñ‘co„ âoàr ’d³f ‘uo’®(Öìd)’t @og³f jocM°t“³ âjou“o ñ‘co„ ‘oQ=t f³go’t "uÑo‘koe'“x „ ‘o‘ foM³ Q=³.

7. j³go ro³ ho”“o³ qgid Q=³. r³’t j³go“o jçaÞ]co„ ho”’t�îtckoâbxÆ“o M°Þ’o³’t R= a]o³ q“Y®d ’B hK³$ Q=³, @Þd K$o³B âK$oe³ “k\.

(j„dx¼r No³iYo‘Ó : @cuogou'', qcqr $oëMx“ jxut7,

Mo³.îtg°R=³hKx$coeÆ, Mo³.îteoR=³hKx$coeÆ r’o Mo³.îtgëfbfofÆ “t kõromper j„cqr’t âK$oqhr ’d³f ""

53 54

55 56

âí“ :

CÑe :

u³gofd“o ñ‘co„ c„pue R=³gt j„õ’o“x„ ‘xqôcoM®co„ @ZõrÐg “’t.

³

@o‘Yo j„âuodco„ c„pue“³ "c„pue' “ K$k³ro„ "kg³ft' hocoU$³ K$k³goco @og³ Q=³>

jocoÞd etr³ Are skux j„âuodco„ "c„pue' håu u³gofd“o @’®co„ g‘eod Q=³ ‘e„rx @o etr³

K$oeY K³$ ‘xqôcoM®co„ R=³ âbx @o‘Yo co’³ ‘]eoggoco„ @og³ Q=³ r³ âbx-õgñ‘ @“ ³ r³c“t j ³g o u e ³K $“o ìdZ¼rMrñ‘ ³ r³c“t bog“o

@“xjoe ‘]eogt @o‘goco„ @og³ Q=³.

R=³c fo³K$co„ ‘Ð“t @’go coro “o³ ‘qr @’go ‘xÓ “t j³go“o³ K³$ goÐjëd @o‘go“o³ r³“o³ ìdZ¼rMr ]c® `$eR= @“³ @q]K$oe ko³d Q=³, r³ R= âcoY³ R=³ j³gK$“x„ R=³ j³ìdõgñ‘ ko³d r³ j³ìd“t j³go“o³ r³“o³ ìdZ¼rMr ]c® @“³ @q]K$oe Q=³. ‘e„rx j³go @³ ‘o³ro“o @o„rpeK$ Æg“ jo’³ j„a„] ]eogrt ko³go’t

...coU$³ Bre kg³ft@o³“t R=³c "ît“o’Æ“x„ c„pue' håu ñX$ ’B Md³fo³ ko³go’t r³ g‘eod Q=³. kK$tK$rco„ jocxqkK$ uh®“ K³$ j³go Ädo„ ’rt ko³d r³go @ÞdcoM|d Åk³e u³gõ’o“ R=³gx„ @³ c„pue “’t. (‘xqô.htr.Q=o„dW³$ ‘©.157-58)

‘o³ro“o îtV$oK$o³eÆ“t j³go ‘xqôcoM|d Æg“x„ @³K$ coÓ ‘o³ro“t $eR= a“t R=rx„ ‘o ³ro“x„R= ]co®PeY Q=³. ‘xqôcoM®co„ j³go jocxqkK$ Æg““o³ qgid “qk ‘Y ìdZ¼rMr Æg““o³ qgid Q=³.

j³go @³ Åk³e K$od® K³ $ Åk³e âg©qÑ “’tr³ @o‘Yo Æg““t

@o‘Yo q“R=Neco„ ’rt õg]c®ñ‘ âg©qÑ Q=

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg^³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt^³ _x —: _xpô$ô _oU³$ PX$ogôeo

_{Äd Mxexu³$g ³ ô jou$e u„$W$gÐ¹âYocôeodY coeW$tdo, jxer

‘{.‘o.Mo³. îtgëfbeodÆ(jxer)

‘{.‘o.Mo³. îtdo³M³ígeÆ(jxer-gW$o³u$eo)

...Ädo„ jx]t qjÙoÞr“o q“ZíPr õgñ‘ K³$ ìdo¿do“o³ âí“ Q=³, @c³ a]o ]co®Pod®, @o‘Yo jçâuod“o âgr®K$ ckoâbx îtgëfboPod® r’o ‘egr|@Þd ‘Y coÞd a]o ìdo¿doK$oeo³“o jÞu³keqkr qg]o“o³“o @o]oe³ @o õ‘óU$ håuo³co„ No³qir K$et@³ Q=t@³ K³$ @o‘Yo ]oqc®K$ qjÙoÞr r³cR= ‘e„‘eo @“xjoe b M g Ð j ³ g o - j ³ g o õ ’ l -j³go³‘do³qMjç‘qÑ-j³goK$ro® (MxzK³$ g ¥óYg) r³cR= bMgÐõgñ‘“x „

Lo“Mt @’go ‘opegopeK$ ko³gx„ @³K$ @“xëf„N“td ]oqc®K$ @q“god®ro Q=³. r³’t r³@o³co„’t K$o³B“³ ‘Y jog®R=q“K$ a“oggx„ jg®’o ]c®qgzÙ ko³go“o K$oeY³ @³K$ No³e ]oqc®K$ @‘eo] Q=³.



...bR=“(j³go) Å³ q“R= Neco„ “’t K$eorx„ ro³ @³go bMgu¹bR=““³ ‘xZóU$coM|d ‘peboioco„ bMgu¹bR=“ R= “’t K$k³gorx„. ‘xZóU$coM®co„ q“R=Neco„ ekt“³ bMgu¹bR=“ K$ego“o âK$oe qjgod atÅ³ K$o³B âK$oe Q= ³ R= “qk.

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg^³ @ogo h xÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt^³ _x^—: _ xpô$ô _oU³$ PX$ogôeo

_{Äd Mxexu³$g ³ ô jou$e u„$W$gr¹ âYocber hok, eoR=_oeW$t

57 58

...b³U$ ]e³fo ]“’t bo³M ]e³ft jocM°t“³ âjouñ‘³ M°kY K$egt @coe³ Ðdo„ qafKx$f gqR®=r Q=³. ...jog®R=q“K$ c„pueco„ uh®“o’|R=“jcxuod“o âqrq“q]“o ñ‘co„ j³go K$ego“t âp¾$do“³ “ ro³ goëfbjçâuodco„ K$o³B @gK$oh Q=³ @“³ “ @³gx„ @oPeY qjÙoÞr“t ×ZóU$@³ âh„j“td ‘Y Q= ³. bMgÐj³go“x„ @“x›$o“ “ ro³ “o³K$et K³$ “ ro³ ]„]o“o ñ‘co„ K$et hK$od Q=³. ... goëfbjçâuodco„ Mo³.ckoeoÅ³“³ ... bMgÐj³go“t @g³Æco„ K³$ ‘xÅet“t k¥qjdrco„ K„$B ‘Y b³U$ õgtK$oegt coÓ gqR®=r R= “’t aëK³$ @]c® r’o @do³Ádro j„‘ouK$ Q=³.

...îtckoâbx a]o ‘xZóU$coM|@o³“t j¥ÙoZÞrK$ q“óV$o õg]co®“xjeY“x„ jocÕd® r’o ‘oeõ‘peK$ jo¥c“õd âuo“ K$e³. ... a]o ‘xZóU$coM|do³“o q“R= Neo³co„ qaeoR=co“ j³ìdõgñ‘ k„c³ho Lo“Mt R= ek³; ¼doe³d jog®R=q“K$ “ a“t Åd! ""axqÙâ³eK$ K©$óYõd ‘ou‘Ú„ âjturx''.

(‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtdo³M³ígeÆ“t kõromper jçcqr’t boer“t jxqâcK$o³U®$co„ eRx = K$egocoU³$ r¥doe K$egoco„ @og³f ""ckoâbx îtcu$™ëfboPod® g„hR= Mo³õgoct@o³“x„ j„dx¼rNo³iYo‘Ó-1986'' “o @„ho³)

...Ädo„ j x]t qjÙoÞr“o q“ZíPr õgñ‘ K³$ ìdo¿do“o³ âí“ Q= ³, @c³ a]o ]co®Pod®, @o‘Yo jçâu o d“o âgr® K $ ckoâbx îtgëfboPod® r’o ‘egr|@Þd ‘Y coÞd a]o ìdo¿doK$oeo³“o jÞu³keqkr qg]o“o³“o @o]oe³ @o õ‘óU$ håuo³co„ No³qir K$et@³ Q=t@³ K³$ @o‘Yo ]oqc®K$ qjÙoÞr r³cR= ‘e„‘eo @“xjoe

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg ³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt^³ _x —: _xpô$ô _oU³$ PX$ogôeo

_{Äd Mxexu³$g ³ ô jou$e u„$W$gr¹ âYoccodo rÞô, Mo¢W$f

‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtkpeeodÆ ckoeoR=(‘o³ea„u$e)

bMgÐj³go-j³goõ’l-j³go³‘do³qMjç‘qÑ-j³goK$ro® (MxzK³$ g¥óYg) r³cR= bMgÐõgñ‘“x„ Lo“Mt @’go ‘opegopeK$ ko³gx„ @³K$ @“xëf„N“td ]oqc®K$ @q“god®ro Q=³. r³’t r³@o³co„’t K$o³B“³ ‘Y jog®R=q“K$ a“oggx „ jg®’o ]c®qgzÙ ko³go“o K$oeY³ @³K$ No³e ]oqc®K$ @‘eo] Q=³.



...bR=“(j³go) Å³ q“R= Neco„ “’t K$eorx„ ro³ @³go bMgu¹bR=““³ ‘xZóU$coM|d ‘peboioco„ bMgu¹bR=“ R= “’t K$k³gorx „. ‘xZóU$coM®co„ q“R=Neco„ ekt“³ bMgu¹bR=“ K$ego“o âK$oe qjgod atÅ³ K$o³B âK$oeQ=³R=“qk.

...b³U$ ]e³fo ]“’t bo³M ]e³ft jocM°t“³ âjouñ‘³ M°kY K$egt @coe³ Ðdo„ qafKx$f gqR®=r Q=³. ...jog®R=q“K$ c„pueco„ uh®“o’|R=“jcxuod“o âqrq“q]“o ñ‘co„ j³go K$ego“t âp¾$do“³ “ ro³ goëfbjçâuodco„ K$o³B @gK$oh Q= ³ @“³ “ @³gx„ @oPeY qjÙoÞr“t ×ZóU$@³ âh„j“td ‘Y Q=³. bMgÐj³go“x„ @“x›$o“ “ ro³ “o³K$et K³$ “ ro³ ]„]o“o ñ‘co„ K$et hK$od Q=³. ... goëfbjçâuodco„ Mo³.ckoeoÅ³“³ ... bMgÐj³go“t @g³Æco„ K³$ ‘xÅet“t k¥qjdrco„ K„ $B ‘Y b³U$ õgtK$oegt coÓ gqR®=r R= “’t aëK³ $ @]c® r’o @do³Ádro j„‘ouK$ Q=³.



(Mo³. îtkpeeodÆ“t kõromper jçcqr’t boer“t jxqâcK$o³U®$co„ eRx=

K$egocoU³$ r¥doe K$egoco„ @og³f ""ckoâbx îtcu$™ëfboPod® g„hR= Mo³õgoct@o³“x„

j„dx¼rNo³iYo‘Ó-1986'' “o @„ho³)

59 60

r“xÅ j³go @“³ qgÑÅ j³go @³K$ R= ìdZ¼r K$e³ Ðdoe³ R=B“³ r³ co“jt“³ qjÙ K$e³ Q=³. K³$gl r“xÅ K$et ft]t K³$ K³$gl qgÑÅ K$et ft]t ro³ r³“o’t @kÞro-ccro ux$e “k\ ’od... K³$gt etr³> kŸ„ rc“³ @³K$ CuokeY @o‘x„ Qx=„. R=³@o³ Neco„ j³go K$e³ Q=³ r³c“o coU³$ ro³ K$o³ jcõdo R= “’t. ‘Y Å³ K$o³B qgÑÅ j³go K$eh³, jcÅ³ K³$ r³Y³ cZÞu$eco„ b³U$ @o‘t. c“o³e’ K$eoìdo³. r³“t rc³ ejtu$ f³ho³. ...Ðdoe³ rc³ K$k³ho³ K³$ ""c¢ j³go fLogt Q=³''. rc³ K$ko³ Q=o³ ""c¢ j³go fLogt

Q= ³'' Ðdoe³ (qgPoeo³ K³$) @kÞro ¼do„ ux $e ’B> kg³ rc³ ck³roÆ ‘oj³’t hx„ co„Mho³> ""@o coet ejtu$ Q=³, coeo³ âjou$ fgo³''. ro³ Rx=@o³, @kÞro-ccroco„ @o‘Y³ g]x a„]oB Mdo. ro³ @ogt j³go j„joe“³ ux$e “k\ K$e³, j„joeco„ ao„]h³. .... Å³ @o‘Y³ K³$gl qgÑÅ K$et@³ Q=t@³ ro³ @o‘Y³ @o‘Yo @k„K$oe“³ g]oet@³ Q=t@³. @“³ @kÞro ux$e “k\ ’od, ccro ux$e “k\ ’od ro³ co“jt K³$c qjÙ ’h³> K³$c K³$ a]o aÞ]“o³“x„ c{l ro³ @kÞro-ccro R= Q=³!

(qjÙoÞrcx¼rogft âgP“, bñP, R=Þdx@oet 2005)K$o ³B _xexi K ©$óYj³goco„ rÐ_e Q=³ K³$ k\, u$çbopu$ ux$Mx®Yo³[t eqkr Q=³ K³$ k\;

r³cR= îtc◊oMgr_xeoYô cc® o³ ÅYK$oe Q=³ K³$ k\ @oU$ft goro³ jeLt etr³ PK$ojt ft]o _Q=t R= r³ t _oj³ MxexaxpÙ eoLt ³ R=gx„ Å³B@³....r³go fmYo³[t dx¼r Mxex algo^ K$qldxM ³ K$oeY³ ^ cl³ ro³ ...År³ R= bMgÐj³goco„ âg©Ñ [B R=g x„ Å³B@³.

_oÓo_oÓô³ qgg³K$ eo¿do qgô Å³ ocu$ tmo x„ u$o^ @o_goco„ @og³ ro³

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg^³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt ³ _x —: _xpô$ô _oU³ $ PX$ogôeo

_{Äd Mxexu³$g ³ $ o jou$e u„$W$gr¹ âYocber hok, Cce³V

‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtÜoeK³$hfofÆ ckoeoR=K$ocg“-jxer

ôcqg¾$dô³ u$o³i foM³ R= Q=³ K³$ R=³ ³ K$oeY³ u$tmou$oro @_eo]t a^³ Q=³._¥jo @o_t ³ K$o³B atÅ coYj [K$t K$eoggoco„ @ogrt j³go ...@^³

...K©$óYj³gocoU³$ K $o³BK$ atÅ coYj _oj³[t _¥jo fB^³ K$egoco„ @ogrt j³go... @ogo aÞ^³ âK$oe³ K$egoco„ @ogrt j³go@o³ ³ K$oeY³ qPÑ ¼doe³ _Y K©$óYâgY a^t hK$rx„ ^[t. ... j³go ...qgÑ @o_t^³ K$eoggoco„ @ogrt ko³d Ðdoe³ r³ qgÑÅ j³go qPÑ^³ eoR=jbog u$_®-u$çb[t dx¼r aôg³ Q=³ ...Mo³eckoeoR=^³ R=³c dn-doM x „ l clrx„ ^[t r³c _oeK$o _¥jo[t K$egoco„ @ogrt r xÅ j³go K$eôe ³ _Y K©$óYâgYroñ$_ l ¼doe³d clrx„ [t.

R=³@o³ _o³ro o õgR=^ ko³d @^³ b¼r ko³d r³@o³ ³ R= îtV$oK$ o³eÆô u$h® K$eoggo Å³B@³.

@g¥óYg jcm _o³ro o Ne³ qaeoR=ro îtV$oK$o³eÆ^x„ âu$h® K$egx„. @³K$ gi® t j³go q^ó`l [B Åd Q=³. : îtV$oK$o³eÆ^³ _ÊPoc©r[t õô^ K$eoggx„. îtV$oK$o ³eÆô oc³ co„Mgx„. j³go jg®[o q^ó`l a^t Åd Q=³. âodZíPÑ : R=³U$fx„ coÁdx„ K³$ b³Mx„ K$dx ko³d r³ o[t _o„P MÏ„ ¥g³Û âbx ³ u$o^ ñ$_ ³ @o_gx„.

@oÆqgK$o K³$ dh gM³e³ K$coggo coU³$ bR=^ K$e³ ro³ ht Mqr [od> ...r³ ìdZ¼r @Þr³ ¼f³h R= _oc³ Q=³ @³go³ îtckoâbxÆô K$[^ô³ jo jo` @[® Q=³. gor K³$gl @¥qkK$ ¼f³h _e ^[t @U$K$rt, r³ o _efo³K$ô @q]K$oe @ ³ `l ô³ _Y @ogo q^qiÙ @oPeY^³ K$oeY³ oh [od Q=³. ... @Ðdë_ _Y no K³ $ j „õK $oe ko³d r³ @ogx„ Kx$K©$Ðd K$et hK$ro³ [t. Å³ _o³roô Neco„ paeoR=ro âbx x„ bR=^ Q=o³W$t ³ atR=³ K$h ³ bR=^(j³go) K$egoco„ @og³ ro³ r³ ³ bZ¼r K$k³god.

boMgrô³ _oV$ âdÐ^_{g®K$, @Þd K$o³B _Y k³rx qgô R= K $ego³ Å³B@³. âoY @o_Yo K$ÎV$ jx]t _Y K³$c @ogt Åd _eÞrx @oÆqgK$o[® ro³ boMgrô³ C_do³M R= K$ego³ Å ³B@³. co³Xx„$ gM³e³ ]o³go coU³$ g_eod³f @_qgÓ _oYt ³ b³Mx„ K$ego coU³$ R=ct co„ R=³ LoW$o ³ Lo³u$goco„ @og³ Q=³ r³ o R=³go ^tP bMg•oô³_Ægt@o³ ko³d Q=³. @o[t... g_eod³f„x M„ux$ _oYt R=³c g_eohco„ f³gorx„ ^[t r³c bMg•oô³_Ægt@o³ô bogo³ joeo c xódo³ coU³$ M°oü ^[t ko³ro. ... @oÆqgK$o[£ _xeoYK$[o K$eôeo@o³ _Y @ogo Modo³K$ o³ jco^ Q=³.

k³ îtgëfb! @o_³ K $k³f (C_eo³¼r) gPô³[t qg_etr R=³@o³ K $o³B K $„B$ K$k ³ Q=³ ro³ r³@o³ a]o b°oÞr @ ³ K³$gl @Þ]Þrc eK$ ³ âoàr [ôeo jkR= @ojxet Æg Q=³.

11co³ @_eo] :`l : âodZíPÑ

36co³ @_eo] : `l :

( _x qô$qjÙoÞr PPo®jboco„ qgPoeo[® âõrxr K$egoco„ @og³f qjÙoÞrgPôgftô @„ho³. kõrome coU³$ Rx=@o³ : ‘³R= “. )

Mo ³.îtÜoeK³$hfofÆ“t kõromper jçcqr’t

61 62

K$B aoe âbx jocM°t_e coÓ ×qô$ K$er³ k¦, Cj³ @eo³Mr³ ^k\ k¦. qR=j âjou$K$o³ f³ ³K$o @ocÞÓY _kf³ kt u³$ pu$do Mdo ko³ Cj³ ...g¥óYgo¢K$o³ _kf³j³ q^cÞÓY b³Å Åro k¥ pK$ kg³ft _e u$o³_ke aoek aR=³ âjou$ f³ ³ @o o k¥. dk aor V$tK$ k\ k¥.

. ... ""kc Nec¢ j³go ^k\ K$e jK$r³, q^Ðd _oV$opu$ bt k\ ko³ _or³ k¦ Ajqfd³ q^dqcr cZÞu$ec¢ u$h® K$e @or³ k¦'' dk ro³ c^ cô ³K$t aor k¥ . dk qgPoe V$tK$ k\ k¥.

.@oîd, ³a°x@oet 2005, _o x„ 12)

(@oîd, coP® 2005, _o x„ 12)îtckoâbxÆK$t õ_ô$ @ono k¥

pK$ âÐd³K$ g¥óYgK$o cx¿d K$r®ìd âbxj³go k¥.

(

@_^³ Nec¢ qaeoR=r³ âbxK$t j³go K$eô kt g¥óYgK$o _ec ]c® k¥

j³go q^Ðdq^dc @gíd K$e^³ Poqkd³. j³goK$o qgK$ë_ cZÞu$e Åô k\ ko³ jK$ro

K$o³B _xexi K©$óYj³goco„ rÐ_e Q=³ K³$ ^k\, u$çbopu$ ux $Mx®Yo³[t eqkr Q=³ K³$ ^k\; r³cR= îtc◊oMgr_xeoYô cc® o³ ÅYK$oe Q= ³ K³$ k\ @oU$ft goro³ jeLt

etr³ PK$ojt ft]o _Q=t R= r³ t _oj³ MxexaxpÙ eoLt ³ R=gx„ Å³B@³....r³go fmYo³[t dx¼r Mxex algo K$qldxM ³ K$oeY³ ^ cl³ ro³ ...År³ R= bMgÐj³goco„ âg©Ñ [B R=gx„ Å³B@³.

_oÓo_oÓô³ qgg³K$ eo¿do qgô Å³ ocu$tmo x„ u$o^ @o_goco„ @og³ ro³ ôcqg¾$dô³ u$o³i foM³ R= Q=³ K³$ R=³ ³ K$oeY³ u$tmou$oro @_eo]t a^³ Q=³.

_¥jo @o_t ³ K$o³B atÅ coYj [K$t K$eoggoco„ @ogrt j³go ...@^³ ...K© $óYj³gocoU³$ K$o³BK$ atÅ coYj _oj³[t _¥jo fB^³ K$egoco„ @ogrt j³go... @ogo aÞ^³ âK$oe³ K$egoco„ @ogrt j³go@o³ ³ K$oeY³ qPÑ ¼doe³ _Y K©$óYâgY a^t hK$rx„ [t. ... j³go ...qgÑ @o_t ³ K$eoggoco„ @ogrt ko³d Ðdoe³ r³ qgÑÅ

‘{.‘o.Mo³.ît“g“trfofÆ ckoeoR=K$ocg“-jxer

j³go qPÑ^³ eoR=jbog u$_®-u$çb[t dx¼r aôg³ Q=³ ...Mo³eckoeoR= ³ R=³c dn-doM x „ `l clrx„ ^[t r³c _oeK$o _¥jo[t K$egoco„ @ogrt r xÅ j³go K$eôe^³ _Y K©$óYâgYroñ$_ l ¼doe³d clrx„ [t.

R=³@o³ _o³roô õgR=^ ko³d @ ³ b¼r ko³d r³@o³ ³ R= îtV$oK$o³eÆô u$h® K$eoggo Å³B@³.

@g¥óYg jcm _o³roô Ne³ qaeoR=ro îtV$oK$o³eÆ^x„

âu$h® K$egx„. @³K$ gi®^t j³go q^ó`l [B Åd Q=³. : îtV$oK$o³eÆ ³ _ÊPoc©r[t õô^ K$eoggx„. îtV$oK$o³eÆô ôc³ co„Mgx„. j³go jg®[o q^ó`l a^t Åd Q=³. âodZíPÑ : R=³U$fx „ coÁdx„ K³$ b³Mx„ K$dx ko³d r³ o[t _o„P MÏ„ ¥g³Û âbx ³ u$o ñ$_³ @o_gx„.

@oÆqgK$o K³$ dh gM³e³ K$coggo coU³$ bR=^ K$e³ ro³ ht Mqr [od> ...r³ ìdZ¼r @Þr³ ¼f³h R= _oc³ Q=³ @³go³ îtckoâbxÆô K$[^ô³ jo`jo` @[® Q= ³.

gor K³$gl @¥qkK$ ¼f³h _e [t @U$K$rt, r³ o _efo³K$ o @q]K$oe @ ³ `l o³ _Y @ogo q qiÙ @oPeY^³ K$oeY³ ôh [od Q= ³. ... @Ðdë_ _Y no^ K³$ j„õK$oe ko³d r³ @ogx„ Kx$K© $Ðd K$et hK$ro³ ^[t. Å³ _o³roô Neco„ paeoR=ro âbx x„ bR=^ Q=o³W$t ³ atR=³ K$h³ bR=^(j³go) K$egoco„ @og³ ro³ r³ ³ bZ¼r K$k³god.

boMgrô³ _oV$ âdÐ^_{g®K$, @Þd K$o³B _Y k³rx qgô R= K$ego³ Å³B@³. âoY @o_Yo K$ÎV$ jx]t _Y K³$c @ogt Åd _eÞrx @oÆqgK$o[® ro³ boMgrô³ C_do³M R= K$ego³ Å³B@³. co³Xx „$ gM³e³ ]o³go coU³$ g_eod³f @_qgÓ _oYt^³ b³Mx„

K$ego coU³$ R=ct^co„ R=³ LoW$o³ Lo³u$goco„ @og³ Q=³ r³ o R=³go ^tP bMg•oô³_Ægt@o³ ko³d Q=³. @o[t... g_eod³f„x M„ux$ _oYt R=³c g_eohco„ f³gorx„ ^[t r³c bMg•oô³_Ægt@o³ o bogo³ joeo c^xódo³ coU³$ M°oü ^[t ko³ro. ... @oÆqgK$o[£ _xeoYK$[o K$eôeo@o³ _Y @ogo Modo³K$o³ jco Q=³.

k³ îtgëfb! @o_³ K$k³f (C_eo³¼r) gPô³[t qg_etr R=³@o³ K$o³B K$„B$ K$k³ Q=³ ro³ r³@o³ a]o b°oÞr @^³ K³$gl @Þ]Þrc êK$ ³ âoàr [ôeo jkR= @ojxet Æg Q=³.

11co³ @_eo] :

`l : âodZíPÑ 36co³ @_eo] :

`l :

( _xqô$qjÙoÞr PPo®jboco„ qgPoeo[® âõrxr K$egoco„ @og³f qjÙoÞrgPôgftô @„ho³. kõrome coU³ $ Rx=@o³ : ‘³R= “. )

Mo³.ît“g“trfofÆ“t kõromper jçcqr’t

K$o³B _xexi K©$óYj³goco„ rÐ_e Q=³ K³$ ^k\, u$çbopu$ ux$Mx®Yo³[t eqkr Q=³ K³$ ^k\; r³cR= îtc◊oMgr_xeoYô cc® o ³ ÅYK$oe Q=³ K³$ ^k\ @oU$ft goro³ jeLt etr³ PK$ojt ft]o _Q=t R= r³ t _oj³ MxexaxpÙ eoLt ³ R=gx„ Å³B@³....r³go fmYo³[t dx¼r Mxex algo^ K$qldxM ³ K$oeY³ ^ cl³ ro³ ...År³ R= bMgÐj³goco„ âg©Ñ [B R=gx„ Å³B@³.

_oÓo_oÓô³ qgg³K$ eo¿do qgô Å³ ocu$tmo x „ u$o^ @o_goco„ @og³ ro³ ocqg¾$dô³ u$o³i foM³ R= Q=³ K³$ R=³ ³ K$oeY³ u$tmou$oro @_eo]t a^³ Q=³.

_¥jo @o_t ³ K$o³B atÅ coYj [K$t K$eoggoco„ @ogrt j³go ...@^³ ...K©$óYj³gocoU³$ K$o³BK$ atÅ coYj _oj³[t _¥jo fB^³ K$egoco„ @ogrt j³go... @ogo aÞ ³ âK$oe³ K$egoco„ @ogrt j³go@o³ ³ K$oeY³ qPÑ ¼doe³ _Y K©$óYâgY a^t hK$rx„ [t. ... j³go ...qgÑ @o_t ³ K$eoggoco„ @ogrt ko³d Ðdoe³ r³ qgÑÅ j³go qPÑ^³ eoR=jbog u$_®-u$çb[t dx¼r aôg³ Q=³ ...Mo³eckoeoR=^³ R=³c dn-doM x„ `l clrx„ ^[t r³c _oeK$o _¥jo[t K$egoco„ @ogrt r^xÅ j³go K$eôe^³ _Y K©$óYâgYroñ$_ `l ¼doe³d clrx „ [t.

‘„PcM©ko]th

(îtqg¼K$taogo-K$ocg“-qgÛo“Me)

‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtgëfbfofÆ ckoeoR=

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg ³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt ³ _x —: _xpô$ o _oU³$ PX$ogôeo

_{Äd Mxexu³$g ³ $ô jou$e u„$W$gr¹ âYoceoj³h hok, @„K$f³íge

R=³@o³ _o³roô õgR=^ ko³d @^³ b¼r ko³d r³@o ³ ³ R= îtV$oK$o³eÆô u$h® K$eoggo Å³B@³.

@g¥óYg jcm _o³roô Ne³ qaeoR=ro îtV$oK$o³eÆ x„ âu$h® K$egx„. @³K$ gi® t j³go q^ó`l [B Åd Q=³.

: îtV$oK$o³eÆ^³ _ÊPoc©r[t õô^ K$eoggx„. îtV$oK$o³eÆô oc³ co„Mgx„. j³go jg®[o q^ó`l a^t Åd Q=³. âodZíPÑ : R=³U$fx„ coÁdx„ K³$ b³Mx„ K$dx ko³d r³ o[t _o„P MÏ„ ¥g³Û âbx ³ u$o^ ñ$_³ @o_gx„.

@oÆqgK$o K³$ dh gM³e³ K$coggo coU³$ bR=^ K$e³ ro³ ht Mqr [od> ...r³ ìdZ¼r @Þr³ ¼f³h R= _oc³ Q=³ @³go³ îtckoâbxÆô K$[^ô³ jo`jo` @[® Q=³. gor K³$gl @¥qkK$ ¼f³h _e [t @U$K$rt, r³ o _efo³K$ o @q]K$oe @^³ l o³ _Y @ogo q^qiÙ @oPeY^³ K$oeY³ oh [od Q=³. ... @Ðdë_ _Y no^ K³$ j„õK$oe ko³d r³ @ogx„ Kx$K©$Ðd K$et hK$ro³ [t. Å³ _o³roô Neco„ paeoR=ro âbx x„ bR=^ Q=o³W$t ³ atR=³ K$h³ bR=^(j³go) K$egoco „ @og³ ro³ r³ ³ bZ¼r K$k³god.

boMgrô³ _oV$ âdÐ^_{g®K$, @Þd K$o³B _Y k³rx qgô R= K$ego³ Å³B@³. âoY @o_Yo K$ÎV$ jx]t _Y K³$c @ogt Åd _eÞrx @oÆqgK$o[® ro³ boMgrô³ C_do³M R= K$ego³ Å³B@³. co³Xx„$ gM³e³ ]o³go coU³ $ g_eod³f @_qgÓ _oYt ³ b³Mx„ K$ego coU³ $ R=ct^co„ R=³ LoW$o³ Lo³u$goco„ @og³ Q=³ r³ o R=³go ^tP bMg•oô³_Ægt@o³ ko³d Q=³. @o[t... g_eod³f„x M„ux$ _oYt R=³c g_eohco„ f³gorx„ [t r³c bMg•oô³_Ægt@o³ o bogo³ joeo c^xódo³ coU³$ M°oü [t ko³ro. ... @oÆqgK$o[£ _xeoYK$[o K$eôeo@o³ _Y @ogo Modo³K$o³ jco^ Q=³.


11co³ @_eo] :`l :

âodZíPÑ 36co³ @_eo] :`l :

( _xqô$qjÙoÞr PPo®jboco„ qgPoeo[® âõrxr K$egoco „ @og³f qjÙoÞrgPôgft o @„ho³. kõrome coU³$ Rx=@o³ : ‘³R= “. )

Mo³.îtqg¼K$taogo“t kõromper jçcqr’t

63 64

...Ädo„ jx]t qjÙoÞr“o q“ZíPr õgñ‘ K³$ ìdo¿do“o³ âí“ Q= ³, @c³ a]o ]co®Pod®, @o‘Yo jçâu od “o âgr ® K $ ck oâbx îtgëfboPod® r’o ‘egr|@Þd ‘Y coÞd a]o ìdo¿doK$oeo³“o jÞu³keqkr qg]o“o³“o @o]oe³ @o õ‘óU$ håuo³co„ No³qir K$et@³ Q=t@³ K³$ @o‘Yo ]oqc®K$ qjÙoÞr r³cR= ‘e„‘eo @“xjoe b M g Ð j ³ g o - j ³ g o õ ’ l -j³go³‘do³qMjç‘qÑ-j³goK$ro® (MxzK³$ g¥óYg) r³cR= bMgÐõgñ‘“x„ Lo“Mt

@’go ‘opegopeK$ ko³gx„ @³K$ @“xëf„N“td ]oqc®K$ @q“god®ro Q= ³. r³’t r³@o³co„’t K$o³B“³ ‘Y jog®R=q“K$ a“oggx„ jg®’o ]c®qgzÙ ko³go“o K$oeY³ @³K$ No³e ]oqc®K$ @‘eo] Q=³.



...bR=“(j³go) Å³ q“R= Neco„ “’t K$eorx„ ro³ @³go bMgu¹bR=““³ ‘xZóU$coM|d ‘peboioco„ bMgu¹bR=“ R= “’t K$k³gorx„. ‘xZóU$coM®co„ q“R=Neco„


_{Äd Mxexu³$g ³ ô jou$e u„$W$gr¹ âYocat“o ân³h jç‘U$, co³eat

‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtec³hKx$coeÆ ckoeoR=(“oqhK$-cx„aA)

ekt“³ bMgu¹bR=“ K$ego“o âK$oe qjgod atÅ³ K$o³B âK$oeQ=³R=“qk. ...b³U$ ]e³fo ]“’t bo³M ]e³ft jocM°t“³ âjouñ‘³ M°kY K$egt @coe³

Ðdo„ qafKx$f gqR®=r Q= ³. ...jog®R=q“K$ c„pueco„ uh®“o’|R=“jcxuod“o âqrq“q]“o ñ‘co„ j³go K$ego“t âp¾$do“³ “ ro³ goëfbjçâuodco„ K$o³B @gK$oh Q= ³ @“³ “ @³gx„ @oPeY qjÙoÞr“t ×ZóU$@³ âh„j“td ‘Y Q=³. bMgÐj³go“x„ @“x›$o“ “ ro³ “o³K$et K³$ “ ro³ ]„]o“o ñ‘co„ K$et hK$od Q=³. ... goëfbjçâuodco„ Mo³.ckoeoÅ³“³ ... bMgÐj³go“t @g³Æco„ K³$ ‘xÅet“t k¥qjdrco„ K„$B ‘Y b³U$ õgtK$oegt coÓ gqR®=r R= “’t aëK³$ @]c® r’o @do³Ádro j„‘ouK$ Q=³.

...îtckoâbx a]o ‘xZóU$coM|@o³“t j¥ÙoZÞrK$ q“óV$o õg]co®“xjeY“x„ jocÕd® r’o ‘oeõ‘peK$ jo¥c“õd âuo“ K$e³. ... a]o ‘xZóU$coM|do³“o q“R=Neo³co„ qaeoR=co“ j³ìdõgñ‘ k„c³ho Lo“Mt R= ek³; ¼doe³d jog®R=q“K$ “ a“t Åd! ""axqÙâ³eK$ K©$óYõd ‘ou‘Ú„ âjturx''.

(Mo³. îtec³hK x$coeÆ“t kõromper jçcqr’t boer“t jxqâcK$o ³U®$co„ eRx= K$egocoU³$ r¥doe K$egoco„ @og ³f ""ckoâbx îtcu$ ™ëfboPod® g„hR= Mo³õgoct@o³“x„ j„dx¼rNo³iYo‘Ó-1986'' “o @„ho³)

K$o³B _xexi K©$óYj³goco„ rÐ_e Q=³ K³$ k\, u$çbopu$ ux $Mx ®Yo ³[t eqkr Q= ³ K³ $ ^k\; r³cR= îtc◊oMgr_xeoY o cc® o³ ÅYK$oe Q=³ K³$ ^k\ @oU$ft goro³ jeLt etr³ PK$ojt ft]o _Q=t R= r³ t _oj³ MxexaxpÙ eoLt ³ R=gx„ Å³B@³....r³go fmYo³[t dx¼r Mxex algo^ K$qldxM^³ K$oeY³ cl³ ro³ ...År³ R= bMgÐj³goco„ âg©Ñ [B R=gx „ Å³B@³.

_oÓo_oÓô³ qgg³K$ eo¿do qgô Å³

‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtco]geodÆ ckoeoR=(g³eogl)

_xqô$coM®co„ @oìdo Q=ro„ @_qjÙoÞrô âgokco„ rYoro coeo R=³go _oce Æg^³ @ogo hxÙ qjÙoÞro³ jcÅgt ³ _x —: _xpô$ o _oU³$ PX$ogôeo _{Äd Mxexu³$g ³ $ô jou$e u„$W$gr¹ K¥$foh fÿctu$oj cK$goYo, Wx$ceo

65 66

Zõ’qrco„ @coeo Neco„ @ogro fo³K$o ³ Üoeo @coeo j³ìd bMgu¹õgñ‘“o uh®“ K$ego K³$ b³U$ ]egt gM³e³ @oPeY @oeo]“o“t @ÞrM®r coÞd p¾$doK$fo‘ “’t.

...bR=“(j³go) Å³ q“R= Neco„ “’t K$eorx„ ro³ @³go bMgu¹bR=““³ ‘xZóU$coM|d ‘peboioco„ bMgu¹bR=“ R= “’t K$k³gorx„. ‘xZóU$coM®co„ q“R=Neco„ ekt“³ bMgu¹bR=“ K$ego“o âK$oe qjgod atÅ³ K$o³B âK$oe Q=³ R= “qk.

...b³U$ ]e³fo ]“’t bo³M ]e³ft jocM°t“³ âjouñ‘³ M°kY K$egt @coe³ Ðdo„ qafKx$f gqR®=r Q=³.

...jog®R=q“K$ c„pueco„ uh®“o’|R=“jcxuod“o âqrq“q]“o ñ‘co„ j³go K$ego“t âp¾$do“³ “ ro³ goëfbjçâuodco„ K$o³B @gK$oh Q=³ @“³ “ @³gx„ @oPeY qjÙoÞr“t ×ZóU$@³ âh„j“td ‘Y Q=³. bMgÐj³go“x„ @“x›$o“ “ ro³ “o³K$et K³$ “ ro³ ]„]o“o ñ‘co„ K$et hK$od Q=³.

... goëfbjçâuodco„ Mo³.ckoeoÅ³“³ ... bMgÐj³go“t @g³Æco„ K³$ ‘xÅet“t k¥qjdrco„ K„$B ‘Y b³U$ õgtK$oegt coÓ gqR®=r R= “’t aëK³$ @]c® r’o @do³Ádro j„‘ouK$ Q=³.



(Mo³.îthtf{aogo r’o Mo³.îtPÞux$aogo “t kõromper jçcqr’t boer“t jxqâcK$o ³U®$co„ eRx= K$egocoU³$ r¥doe K$egoco„ @og³f ""ckoâbx îtcu$™ëfboPod® g„hR= Mo³õgoct@o³“x„ j „dx¼rNo³iYo‘Ó-1986'' “o @„ho³)

...Ädo„ jx]t qjÙoÞr“o

q“ZíPr õgñ‘ K³$ ìdo¿do“o³ âí“ Q=³,

@c³ a]o ]co®Pod®, @o‘Yo

j çâuod“o âgr ®K $ ckoâbx

îtgëfboPod® r’o ‘egr|@Þd ‘Y coÞd a]o ìdo¿doK$oeo ³“o

jÞu³keqkr qg]o“o³“o @o]oe³ @o

õ‘óU$ håuo³co„ No³qir K$et@³ Q=t@³ K³$

@o‘Yo ]oqc®K$ qjÙoÞr r³cR=

‘e„‘eo @“xjoe bMgÐj³go-j³goõ’l-j³go³‘do³qM-jç‘qÑ-j ³goK$ro® (MxzK³ $ g¥óYg) r³cR=

bMgÐõgñ‘“x„ Lo“Mt @’go ‘opegopeK$ ko³gx„ @³K$ @“xëf„N“td ]oqc®K$

@q“god®ro Q=³. r³’t r³@o³co„’t K$o³B“³ ‘Y jog®R=q“K$ a“oggx„ jg®’o

]c®qgzÙ ko³go“o K$oeY³ @³K$ No³e ]oqc®K$ @‘eo] Q=³. ...goëfb jçâuod“o qjÙoÞr âcoY³ ‘o³ro“o Neco„ ‘o³ro“o

]““³ r’o q“R= ‘pegoeR=“o³“³ bMgr¹ õgñ‘“t j³goco„ C‘do³Mco„ f³go @³

R= @oeo]“o“x„ goõrqgK$ õgñ‘ Q=³. ...@o’t ‘o³ro“o Neco„ ‘o³ro“o ]““o qgq“do³M qg“o r’o

‘o³ro“o ‘pegoe“o coYjo³“o jkdo³M gMe K$eort @oeo]“o, goëfb

jçâuod“t @oeo]“o“t ‘peboio âcoY³ @oeo]“o Q=³ R= “qk. @ogt

Zõ’qrco„ @coeo Neco„ @ogro fo ³K$o³ Üoeo @coeo j³ìd bMgu¹õgñ‘“o uh®“ K$ego K³$ b³U$ ]egt gM³e³ @oPeY @oeo]“o“t @ÞrM®r coÞd

p¾$doK$fo‘ “’t.

‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtídocjx„u$eÆ ckoeoR=‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtg°R=qâdÆ=ckoeoR=

(ao³etgft)

69 70

...bR=“(j³go) Å³ q“R=

Neco„ “’t K$eorx„ ro³ @³go

bMgu ¹bR =““ ³ ‘x ZóU $c oM |d

‘peboioco„ bMgu¹bR=“ R= “’t K$k³gorx„. ‘xZóU$coM®co„ q“R=Neco„

ekt“³ bMgu¹bR=“ K$ego“o âK$oe

qjgod atÅ³ K$o³B âK$oe Q=³ R= “qk. ...b³U$ ]e³fo ]“’t bo³M

]e³ft jocM°t“³ âjouñ‘³ M°kY

K$egt @coe³ Ðdo„ qafKx $f gqR®=r

Q=³. ...jog®R=q“K$ c„pueco„ uh®“o’|R=“jcxuod“o âqrq“q]“o ñ‘co„

j³go K$ego“t âp¾$do“³ “ ro³ goëfbjçâuodco„ K$o³B @gK$oh Q=³ @“³ “ @³gx„

@oPeY qjÙoÞr“t ×ZóU$@³ âh„j“td ‘Y Q=³. bMgÐj³go“x„ @“x›$o“ “

ro³ “o³K$et K³$ “ ro³ ]„]o“o ñ‘co„ K$et hK$od Q=³. ... goëfbjçâuodco„ Mo³.ckoeoÅ³“³ ... bMgÐj³go“t @g³Æco„

K³$ ‘xÅet“t k¥qjdrco„ K„$B ‘Y b³U$ õgtK$oegt coÓ gqR®=r R= “’t aëK³$

@]c® r’o @do³Ádro j„‘ouK$ Q=³. ...îtckoâbx a]o ‘xZóU$coM|@o³“t j¥ÙoZÞrK$ q“óV$o

õg]co®“xjeY“x„ jocÕd® r’o ‘oeõ‘peK$ jo¥c“õd âuo“ K$e³. ... a]o ‘xZóU$coM|do³“o q“R=Neo ³co„ qaeoR=co“ j³ìdõgñ‘

k„c³ho Lo“Mt R= ek³; ¼doe³d jog®R=q“K$ “ a“t Åd! ""axqÙâ³eK$ K©$óYõd

‘ou‘Ú„ âjturx''.

(Mo³.îtídocjx „u$eÆ r’o Mo³.îtg°R=qâdÆ “t kõromper jçcqr’t

boer“t jxqâcK$o³U®$co„ eRx= K$egocoU³$ r¥doe K$egoco„ @og³f ""ckoâbx îtcu$™ëfboPod®

g„hR= Mo³õgoct@o³“x„ j„dx¼rNo³iYo‘Ó-1986'' “o @„ho³)

...Ädo„ jx]t qjÙoÞr“o

q“ZíPr õgñ‘ K³$ ìdo¿do“o³ âí“

Q=³, @c³ a]o ]co®Pod®, @o‘Yo

jçâuod“o âgr®K $ ckoâbx îtgëfboPod® r’o ‘egr|@Þd

‘Y coÞd a]o ìdo¿doK$oeo³“o

jÞu³keqkr qg]o“o³“o @o]oe³ @o

õ‘óU$ håuo³co„ No³qir K$et@³ Q=t@³

K³$ @o‘Yo ]oqc®K$ qjÙoÞr r³cR= ‘e„‘eo @“xjoe bMgÐj³go-

j³goõ’l-j³go³‘do³qM-jç‘qÑ-j³goK$ro ® (MxzK³ $ g¥óYg) r³cR=

bMgÐõgñ‘“x„ Lo“Mt @’go ‘opegopeK$ ko³gx„ @³K$ @“xëf„N“td ]oqc®K$

@q“god®ro Q=³. r³’t r³@o³co„’t K$o³B“³ ‘Y jog®R=q“K$ a“oggx„ jg®’o

]c®qgzÙ ko³go“o K$oeY³ @³K$ No³e ]oqc®K$ @‘eo] Q=³. ...goëfb jçâuod“o qjÙoÞr âcoY³ ‘o³ro“o Neco„ ‘o³ro“o

]““³ r’o q“R= ‘pegoeR=“o³“³ bMgr¹ õgñ‘“t j³goco„ C‘do³Mco„ f³go @³

R= @oeo]“o“x„ goõrqgK$ õgñ‘ Q=³. ...@o’t ‘o ³ro“o Neco„ ‘o³ro“o ]““o qgq“do³M qg“o r’o

‘o³ro“o ‘pegoe“o coYjo³“o jkdo³M gMe K$eort @oeo]“o, goëfb

jçâuod“t @oeo]“o“t ‘peboio âcoY³ @oeo]“o Q=³ R= “qk. @ogt Zõ’qrco„ @coeo Neco„ @ogro fo³K$o³ Üoeo @coeo j³ìd bMgu¹õgñ‘“o

uh®“ K$ego K³$ b³U$ ]egt gM³e³ @oPeY @oeo]“o“t @ÞrM®r coÞd

p¾$doK$fo‘ “’t.

Mo³.îtdo³M³hKx$coeÆ îtqhhxKx$coeÆ Mo³.ît@R=dKx$coeÆ îtídocjx„u$eÆ

(K$o„u$tgft - cÖoj)

71 72

...bR=“(j³go) Å³ q“R= Neco„ “’t K$eorx„ ro³ @³go

bMgu¹bR=““³ ‘xZóU$coM|d ‘peboioco„ bMgu¹bR=“ R= “’t K$k³gorx„. ‘xZóU$coM®co„ q“R=Neco„ ekt“³ bMgu¹bR=“ K$ego“o âK$oe qjgod atÅ³ K$o³B

âK$oe Q=³ R= “qk. ...b³U$ ]e³fo ]“’t bo³M ]e³ft jocM°t“³ âjouñ‘³ M°kY K$egt

@coe³ Ðdo„ qafKx$f gqR®=r Q=³. ...jog®R=q“K$ c„pueco„ uh®“o’|R=“jcxuod“o âqrq“q]“o ñ‘co„

j³go K$ego“t âp¾$do“³ “ ro³ goëfbjçâuodco„ K$o³B @gK$oh Q=³ @“³ “ @³gx„ @oPeY qjÙoÞr“t ×ZóU$@³ âh„j“td ‘Y Q=³. bMgÐj³go“x„ @“x›$o“ “

ro³ “o ³K$et K³$ “ ro³ ]„]o“o ñ‘co„ K$et hK$od Q=³. ... goëfbjçâuodco„ Mo³.ckoeoÅ³“³ ... bMgÐj³go“t @g³Æco„

K³$ ‘xÅet“t k¥qjdrco„ K„$B ‘Y b³U$ õgtK$oegt coÓ gqR®=r R= “’t aëK³$

@]c® r’o @do³Ádro j„‘ouK$ Q=³. ...îtckoâbx a]o ‘xZóU$coM|@o³“t j¥ÙoZÞrK$ q“óV$o

õg]co®“xjeY“x„ jocÕd® r’o ‘oeõ‘peK$ jo¥c“õd âuo“ K$e³. ... a]o ‘xZóU$coM|do³“o q“R=Neo³co„ qaeoR=co“ j³ìdõgñ‘

k„c³ho Lo“Mt R= ek³; ¼doe³d jog®R=q“K$ “ a“t Åd! ""axqÙâ³eK$ K©$óYõd

‘ou‘Ú„ âjturx''.

(Mo³.îtdo³M³hKx $coeÆ r’o Mo³.ît@R=dKx$coeÆ “t kõromper jçcqr’t

boer“t jxqâcK$o³U®$co„ eRx= K$egocoU³$ r¥doe K$egoco„ @og ³f ""ckoâbx îtcu$™ëfboPod® g„hR= Mo³õgoct@o³“x„ j„dx¼rNo³iYo‘Ó-1986'' “o @„ho³)

K$o³B _xexi K©$óYj³goco„ rÐ_e Q=³ K³$ k\, u$çbopu$ ux$Mx®Yo³[t eqkr Q=³ K³$ k\; r³cR= îtc◊oMgr_xeoYô cc® o³ ÅYK$oe Q=³ K³$ ^k\ @oU$ft goro³ jeLt etr³ PK$ojt ft]o _Q=t R= r³ t _oj³ MxexaxpÙ eoLt ³ R=gx„ Å³B@³....r³go fmYo³[t dx¼r Mxex algo^ K$qldxM ³ K$oeY³ ^ cl³ ro³ ...År³ R= bMgÐj³goco„ âg©Ñ [B R=gx„ Å³B@³.

_oÓo_oÓ o³ qgg³K$ eo¿do qgô Å³ ôcu$tmo^x„ u$o^ @o_goco„ @og³ ro³ ocqg¾$dô³ u$o³i foM³ R= Q=³ K³$ R=³ ³ K$oeY³ u$tmou$oro @_eo]t a ³ Q=³.

_¥jo @o_t^³ K$o³B atÅ coYj [K$t K$eoggoco„ @ogrt j³go ...@^³ ...K©$óYj³gocoU³ $ K$o³BK$ atÅ coYj _oj³[t _¥jo fB^³ K$egoco„ @ogrt j³go... @ogo aÞ ³ âK$oe³ K$egoco„ @ogrt j³go@o³ ³ K$oeY³ qPÑ ¼doe³ _Y K©$óYâgY a t hK$rx„ ^[t. ... j³go ...qgÑ @o_t^³ K$eoggoco„ @ogrt ko³d Ðdoe³ r³ qgÑÅ j³go qPÑ^³ eoR=jbog u$_®-u$çb[t dx¼r aôg³ Q=³ ...Mo³eckoeoR= ³ R=³c dn-doM x„ `l clrx„ ^[t r³c _oeK$o _¥jo[t K$egoco„ @ogrt r^xÅ j³go K$eôe^³ _Y K©$óYâgYroñ$_ `l ¼doe³d clrx„ [t

R=³@o³ _o³roô õgR=^ ko³d @ ³ b¼r ko³d r³@o³ ³ R= îtV$oK$o³eÆ o u$h® K$eoggo Å³B@³.

@g¥óYg jcm _o³roô Ne³ qaeoR=ro îtV$oK$o³eÆ x„ âu$h® K$egx„. @³K$ gi® t j³go q^ó`l [B Åd Q=³.

11co³ @_eo] :`l :

Mo³.îteqjK$eodÆ ckoeoR= Mo³.îtMo³q‘K$of„K$oeÆ îtgëfbfofÆ

(C‘f³U$o - eoR=K$o³U$)

73 74

âodZíPÑ 36co ³ @_eo] :`l :

: îtV$oK$o³eÆ^³ _ÊPoc©r[t õô^ K$eoggx„. îtV$oK$o³eÆ o oc³ co„Mgx„. j³go jg®[o q^ó`l a^t Åd Q=³. âodZíPÑ : R=³U$fx„ coÁdx„ K³$ b³Mx„ K$dx ko³d r³ o[t _o„P MÏ„ ¥g³Û âbx ³ u$o^ ñ$_³ @o_gx„.

@oÆqgK$o K³$ dh gM³e³ K$coggo coU³$ bR= K$e³ ro³ ht Mqr [od> ...r³ ìdZ¼r @Þr³ ¼f³h R= _oc³ Q=³ @³go³ îtckoâbxÆô K$[^ô³ jo`jo` @[® Q=³. gor K³$gl @¥qkK$ ¼f³h _e ^[t @U$K$rt, r³ o _efo³K$ o @q]K$oe @^³ l o³ _Y @ogo q qiÙ @oPeY^³ K$oeY³ oh [od Q=³. ... @Ðdë_ _Y no^ K³$ j„õK$oe ko³d r³ @ogx„ Kx$K©$Ðd K$et hK$ro³ ^[t. Å³ _o³ro o Neco„ paeoR=ro âbx x„ bR= Q=o³W$t ³ atR=³ K$h³ bR= (j³go) K$egoco„ @og³ ro³ r³ ³ bZ¼r K$k³god.

boMgrô³ _oV$ âdÐ^_{g®K$, @Þd K$o³B _Y k³rx qgô R= K$ego³ Å³B@³. âoY @o_Yo K$ÎV$ jx]t _Y K³$c @ogt Åd _eÞrx @oÆqgK$o[® ro³ boMgr o ³ C_do³M ^ R= K$ego³ Å³B@³. co ³Xx„$ gM³e³ ]o³go coU³$ g_eod³f @_qgÓ _oYt ³ b³Mx„ K$ego coU³ $ R=ct^co„ R=³ LoW$o³ Lo³u$goco„ @og³ Q=³ r³ o R=³go ^tP bMg•oô³_Ægt@o³ ko³d Q=³. @o[t... g_eod³f„x M„ux$ _oYt R=³c g_eohco„ f³gorx„ [t r³c bMg•oô³_Ægt@o³ o bogo³ joeo c^xódo³ coU³$ M°oü [t ko³ro. ... @oÆqgK$o[£ _xeoYK$[o K$eôeo@o³ _Y @ogo Modo³K$o³ jco^ Q=³.


(_xqô$qjÙoÞr PPo®jboco„ qgPoeo[® âõrxr K$egoco„ @og³f

qjÙoÞrgPôgftô @„ho³. kõromeo³ coU³$ Rx=@o³ ‘o“o ¾$. )

Mo³.îteqjK$eodÆ r’o Mo³.îtMo³q‘K$of„K$oeÆ “t kõromper jçcqr’t

75 76

‘{.‘o.Mo³.qP.ît‘xzio³ÑcfofÆRx=“oMX$

(K$)

(L)

îtckoâbxÆ gëfboPod®Æô

_xqô$jçâu$odco„ a³ u$tmo @o_goco„ @og³ Q=³. aÞ^³ u$tmo x „ âdo³R=^ @^³ rÐ_íPor¹

K$r®ìdô³ _Y qgPoe LxaR= @ogídK$ Q=³. K³$gl qhód³iYo[t â³eoB^³ g]oe³ qhódo³

aôggocoU ³ $ @o_goco„ @ogrt

a°ûjçaÞ] u$tmo[t K$o³B @[® jero³ ^[t. R=³ ìdZ¼r bMgÐj³go K$egocoU³$

r¥doe [t r³Y³ K$u$oq_ a°ûjçaÞ] u$tmo f³gt Å³B@³ ^k\. _Y îtckoâbxÆô

qjÙoÞrco„ q^›$ogolo³ Å³ ko³d ro³ r³Y³ K³$gl ocu$tmo M°kY K$egt Å³B@³. @ ³

@Þdoîdô³ ÐdoM K$et îtK ©$óYô³ @oîd

×X$ K$ego âdÐ^htf ekt ôcj³goer ek³g x„ Å³B@³. _eÞrx a°ûjçaÞ] u$tmo ft]o _Q=t îtK©$óY^t j³go @q^god® Q=³.

îtK ©$óY^t j³go _Y îtckoâbxÆ@³ arog³f etqr @ xjoe R [B hK ³$. _o³ro o Neco„ _o³roô _pegoeô jædo³ jo[³ _o³roô Öìd[t R= bMgÐj³go K$egt Å³B@³. K$o ³B^³ Öìd @o_t ³ K³$ fB ³ K$egoco„ @ogrt j³go @³ bMgÐj³go ro³ K$u$oq_ [t R= _Y îtckoâbxÆô³ Öo³k ko³go[t Mxex @_eo][t M°qjr aôgt @oñ$X$_qrr aôg³ Q=³. @ ³ @o bZ¼rcoM®[t b°ô$ K$e³ Q=³. _o³ro^x„ MxR=eo Pfoggo coU³$ K$egoco„ @ogrt ]„]ou$oet j³go[t ro³ Po„W$of jco^ kt^ u³$gfK$ [B R=god Q=³. @r—: bMgÐj³go _o³ro o Neco„ @ ³ _o³roô Öìd @ ³ r^ [t R= [B hK³$.

j³go^t R=³c R= K$[o _Y _o³r³ @[go q^óK$oc bMgu$tdo³ jo[³ clt ³ R= K$egt Å³B@³. ]„]ou$oet K$[oK$oeo³ _oj³ Öìd @o_t ³ K$eoggoco„ @ogrt K$[o _Y eoLco„ Nt ko³cgo aeoae Q=³. @ogt K$[o@o³, _oeodYo³, K$ tr® o³ K³ $ jáoko³ _xqô$coM|d qjÙoÞr[t ju$Þre qgexÙ Q=³. @r—: j³go @^³ K$[o aÞ ³, Öìd @o_t ³ K³$ fB ³ K$ego[t K$o ³B _Y @fo¥pK$K$ _xqô$`l^t âoZàr õgà ³d [B hK³$ _Y aqkcx®L @gíd [god.

@c³ ro³ eoR=“o Lojo Lgoj cxZ¼r c“ “ @og³ e³'' g°Åq]‘“x„ j³g“ K$e“oeo @c³ cxZ¼r co„Mro “’t. Q=ro„ ‘xqôcoM|g¥óYgo³ boMgr jàrok a³joW$t“³ ‘o³ro“o q‘r©@o³“³

co³mcoM£ co³K$f³ Q=³! q‘r©co³mo’£ boMgr jàrok! K$o³B @³K$jo³ @oV$! K$o³B @³K$ kÅe

@oV$! ... @o‘Yo q‘r©@o³ ro³ Mo³fo³K$co„ Åd Q=³ @³c“³ ‘oQ=o co³mco„ ho coU$ ³ co³K$fo³

Q=o³> ... boMgr jàrok ‘{et K$et“ ³ ‘Q=t colo ‘k³eocYt K$e³ @“³ K$k³ K³$ Mo³fo³K $]oc... kg ³ Mo³fo³K $ ]occo„ co³K$fgo Q=³! @³U$f³ q‘r©@o³“ ³ @k\’t Ðdo„ uo ³W$o-uo³W$t R= K$eoggt Q=³!

@o‘Ï„ K$o ³B Ýd³d R= “¼K$t “’t!! @o‘Y³ îtckoâbxÆ“o M°Þ’o³ Lo³ëdo “’t @³“x„ @o uxó‘peYoc Q=³ K³$ R=³ @o‘Yo ‘{g ®Å³“³ ‘Y bo³Mggx„ ‘W³$ Q=³.

( Rx=“oMX$ îtdcx“oôK$ âgP“, eoR=K$o ³U$, 2006)‘{.‘o.Mo³.qP.ît‘xzio³ÑcfofÆ,

77 78

@ o R = ³ R = ³ e t r ³ a°ûjçaÞ]u$tmo âu$o“ K$egoco„ @og³ Q=³ @³co„’t NYo Leo u$tmo’|@o³ @³go ko³d Q=³ R=³c“³ ‘xqô$coM® hx„ Q=³, u$tmo ‘Q=t @³c“x„ K$r®ìd hx„ Q=³, ‘xqô$coM®“o ‘odoMr qjÙo„ro³ hx„ Q=³ @³“o jo’³ @³c“³ K$o³B ‘Y âK$oe“t q“õar “’t ko³rt. @ogo u$tmo’|@o³ ro³ `¼r År“³ g¥óYg K$k³W$oggo“t @o¥‘PopeK$ro ‘{et K$e³ Q=³. ...

. @o‘Yo j³ìd âbxco„ q“eo³] qjÙ ’od, âbx“o³ jo“xbog-jomor¹ âK$U$ ’gx„-’od @³ R= ‘xqô$coM|do³“x „ `l Q=³ @“³ @³ R= u$e³K$ ‘xqô$coM|“o³ Ýd³d ko³go³ Å³B@³. ...‘xqô$coM®“o joPo Ýd³d“³ R= @oR=³ ‘xqô$coM|do³ qgjet Mdo Q=³. ...coM®“o M°Þ’o³“o @Ýdd“co„ @“xdodt gM®“t NU$rt R=rt exqP @o ‘peZõ’qr“t NYo @„h³ R=goau$oe Q=³. ît@oPod®PeYo³“o C‘u$³ho³ R= @o‘Y“³ @o ‘peZõ’qrco„’t CMoet hKh³. ...‘o³ro“o qjÙoÞr“o³ q“íPd K$ero îtgëfb @o‘Y“³ ""K©$óYj³go ju$o K$odo®''“o³ R= C‘u$ ³h K$e³ Q=³. ‘Y

. ...ît@oPod®PeY“t K©$‘o’t g°R=“o @q]‘qr @³go jomor¹ ‘{Y®‘xexio³Ñc @o‘Y³ Ðdo„ ‘]oet @o‘Yt j³go @„MtK$oe K$e³ Q=³ @³’t qgh³i K©$‘o atÆ K$B ko³B hK³$> ...@³go ‘xqô$âbx“³ ‘o³ro“³ Ne³

R=³c“o³ Ýd³d eoj-Meao, u$h®“ @“³ âjou$ ‘{ero³ R= jtqcr Q=³

coM®co„ g]ro R=ro ìdo‘oetK$eY“³ K$oeY³ îtgëfbo]th“o M©kj³go“o qjÙoÞr“³ K³$U$ft ko“t ‘ko¢Pt Q= ³ r³ @o‘Y³ jkº Å³B hK$t@³ Q=t@³

‘{.‘o.Mo³.qP.ît@mdKx$coeÆ cko³u$d(eoR=K$o ³U$)

‘]eogt jg®jc‘®Y ‘{g®K$ @³c“t j³go K$ego“³ au$f³ Åk³e õ’o“o³ (kg³ft@o³)co„ ‘¥jo u$B j³go K$eogt“³ R= @“xdodtgM® j„ro³i co“t f³ Q=³. ‘Q=t Ne³ j³go K$ego“t @³c“³ K$o³B R=ñ$e “’t foMrt. îtgëfb“t @ono ‘e q“›$o‘{g®K$ Pofgogolo (qjÙoÞrgou$t) ‘Y @oR=³ coM®co„ NYo @“xdodt@o³ Q=³. ‘Y coM®(kg³ft@o³)co„ j³go“o “oc³ ’ro Åk³e âu$h®“o³’t @³c“o ùu$d ‘Y g\]od Q=³. @³go Åk³e c„pu$eo³ K³$ Ädo„ a]o“³ “ò-“xK$ho““o³ qgPoe Q= ³, c“o³e’t“o³ qgPoe Q=³ ‘Y âbx“o jxL“o³ K$o³B qgPoe “’t. @³go gorogeYco„ îtckoâbxÆ“o³ ""P³rj¹ rÐâgY„ j³go''“o³ C‘u$ ³h K³$U$ft ku$³ h¼d Q=³> @³go gorogeYco„ qPÑ“t âgYro K³$gt etr³ ’B hK³$ Q=³ K³ $

.îtckoâbxÆ @ono K$e³ Q=³ K³$ R=³co„ qPÑ ‘eo³goB Åd @³ R= j³go Q=³.

qPÑ“t âgYro K³$gt etr³ ’od> ""rZÐjÙé¥ r“xqgÑÅ''...‘o³ro“o u$ ³k(hete)’t @“³ ‘o³ro“o qgÑ(]“)’t âbxj³go K$egt Å³B@³. îtâbxPeY @ono K$e³ Q=³...

@³U$fo coU³ $ ît@oPod®PeY³ ""r“xÅ-qgÑÅ'' @fM “ K$kt "r“xqgÑÅ' jcõr‘u$ K$üx„. @o qgid‘e ît‘xexio³ÑcPeY f³L³ Q=³ ...Å³

@“³ Å³ qgÑ g³r““t R= ³c fB“³ j³go K$egoco„ @og³ ro³ R=³gt etr³ a°oûY“x„ geY ko³d ‘Y r³“³ dn“x„ `l “’t clrx„ (r³c j³go-c“o³e’“o “oc³ ‘¥jo f³“oe Mo³.ao., U²$õU$, cxqLdo gM³e³“t j³go q“ó`l Åd Q=³). @o’t õ‘ô$ ’od Q=³ K³$ qgÑ-‘¥jo u$B“³ K$eoggoco„ @ogrt qgÑÅ j³go @’go qgÑ fB“³ K$egoco„ @ogrt r“xÅ j³go co“jtñ$‘ `l“³ “’t jo]t hK$rt. @o a„“³ j³go Ädoe³ jo’³ ’od Q=³, ‘o³ro“o r“’t @“³ ‘o³ro“o ]“’t Ädoe³ r“qgÑÅ jo’³ K$egoco„ @og³ Q=³ Ðdoe³ @³ co“jt qjÙ K$e³ Q= ³. ...‘ec K©$‘olx îtgëfb³ @o‘Y“³ @³c“o jg®õg @³go g°Åq]‘qr ‘]eogt @oàdo. @³go âbx“³ ‘o³ro“o jg®õg co“t“³ @³c“t j³go K$ego“³ au$f³ @³

NYo³ @³go³ gM® Q=³ R= ³“³ (j³go-c“o³e’-K$’o-K$tr®“ gM³e ³“o) ìdo‘oetK$eY“o³ qgeo³] R=eo ‘Y ‘j„u$ “’t. r³c“t u$ftf ko³d Q=³ K³$ @o“o’t âPoe ’od Q=³, ìdo‘ g]³ Q=³. ‘Y r³go ìdo‘ g]oego’t hx„ odu$o³ K³$ R=³co„ K$o³B

Ädo„ ]c®“o “oc³ (kg³ft-K$’o-doÓo-K$tr®“-X$oX$tftfo-eojftf gM³e³co„) g³‘oe Pofro³ ko³d. ]c®“o “oc³ ’rt @ogt ìdogjoqdK$ âg©qÑ Pofrt Å³B“³ foM³ Q=³ K³$ @o‘Yo @oPod®PeY âÐd³“t @o‘Yt q“›$o cet ‘egoet Q=³

]“ u$B“³ @’go fB“³ K$egoco„ @ogrt j³go fñ$‘o co“jt j³go“³ jo]t hK$rt “’t

qgÑ g³r““t R=³c u$B“³ j³go K$eoggoco„ @og³ ro³ r³“o’t qPÑco„ eoR=j g]³ Q=³, @k„K$oe @og³ Q=³.

âbx“o³ R= C‘do³M K$et ‘o³ro“o @’® jo]gogolo (kg³ftgolo@o³“t) hx„ Mqr ’h³ @³ ro³ âbx R= ÅY³.(L)

`fîxqr R= “ ko³d! ...‘k³fo Ädoe³ Öìd L{aR= g]t R=rx„ ro³ r³“o³ bMgu¹$ qgq“do³M ’od r³ bog’t âbx“³ Q=à‘“bo³M @eo³Moggoco„ @ogro³.

³. ...@o (]„]oK$td c“o³e’o³“o) u{$iY“o K$oeY³ g]oe³ ‘W$ro g¥óYgo³“t @³gt co“qjK$ro a„]oB MB K³$ b¢U$ ]et u$t]t @³U$f³ ]c® q“bogt ft]o³.

‘Y u$e³K$ ‘xqô$coM|@³ jcR=gx„ ‘W$h³ K³$ ¼r b¢U$ ]et u$ ³go’t ]c® “’t ’B R=ro³. K³ $cK³$ . ...atÅ“³ jx]oero ‘k³fo @o‘Y³ jx]etd³ ro³ ...j„âu$od @o ìdo‘oetK$eY“o u{$iY’t cx¼r ’h³.

@oR=³ Öìd NU$t Åd ro³ Q=à‘“bo³M K$egoco„ @og³ Q=³ @“³ btW$ b³Mt K$egoco„ @og³ Q=

(j³go-c“o³e’-u$h®““³) g³Pgogolo(kg³ftgol)“³ Letu$gogolo clt Mdo @³U$f³ u{$iY pu$gj³“³ pu$gj³ g]rx„ Mdx„.

]c® K$o³B g³Pgo K³ $ Letu$go “t gõrx “’t

( eoR=K$o ³U$. K$: îtgëfbod“ co]xd® ‘{.‘o.Mo³.qP.ît@mdKx$coeÆ cko³u$d, îtK©$óYoîd kg³ft,

""@o‘ j³go K$et htLg³ îtkpe''. gëfb³ ‘o³r³ j³go K$et @“³ g¥óYg“³ j³go htLgoW$t Q= ³. V$oK$o³eÆ@³ K$t]x„ K³$ kº„ K$o³B u$³gt “’t ‘Y jomor¹ K$ëdoYeodÆ“x„ õgñ$‘ Qx=„. @“³ rx gëfb“t ‘oj³ Å. gëfb ’K$t jkº ‘W³$ jk³fx„. @“³ rx @³c“t Å³W³$ a°ûjçaÞ] f³. @“³ ‘Q=t rx coet aeoae etr³ j³go K$e. gëfb ³ a°ûjçaÞ] @oàd x „. ‘xqô$etqr qhLgoW$t @“³ ‘Q=t @³ Neco„ @o“Þu$’t ""M©k³ Zõ’Ðgo

õg]c®r: @ìdog©Ño³ bR=³r¹ K©$óYc¹'' “t etr³ j³go jx„u$e etr³ K$ego foMt Mdo. @o goro®“o³ bogo’® @³ R= Q=³ K³$

.gëfb R=³c @ono K$e³ Q=³ @³ R= âcoY³ j³go

K$egt @Þd’o j³go K$ego“o³ K$o³B fob ’ro³ “’t

(Mo³.îtR=du$³gfofÆ. gP“oc©r : 84 g¥óYggoro® @ÞrM®r goro® : aoaog³Ï u$oj)

‘{.‘o.Mo³.qP.îtR=du$³gfofÆ îtg°R=³hKx$coeÆ(K$W$t-@cu$ogou$)

79 80

j„dx¼r No³iYo‘Ó : @cuogou

@oR=³ $et’t @³ jcd @oìdo³ Q= ³. r³“o’t ‘Y cxíK³ $f jcd @oìdo³ Q=³. r³ jcd³ ro³ @ÞdcoM|d fo³K$o³ cro³“³ âõrxr K$et“³ b°c CÐ‘Þ“ K$ero kro. ‘Y @oR=³ ro³ @o‘Yo jçâuod“o R= "jxnR=“o³' îtckoâbxÆ“t goYt“o³ qg‘etr @’® K$et eüo Q=³. fo³K$o³“³ ‘’b°ô K$et eüo Q=³, u¥gtÆgo³“t jo’³ No³e @Þdod K$et eüo Q=³. r³’t R= kofco„ ckoâbx îtgëf]th“o g„hR= ‘xqôcoM|d dxgo @oPodo£@³ @³K$ "j„gouõ’o‘K$cÎW$l'“t õ’o‘“o K$et“³ cxçaBco„ ... Poe pugj jx]t @³K$ ‘xqôqjÙoÞr PPo®jbo“x„ @odo³R=“ K$d®x„ krx„. ... jboco„ 35 cko“xbog @oPodo£ C‘Zõ’r kro. 28 Mo³õgoct @oPod® cko“xbogo³@³ Mo³.îtídocc“o³keÆ ckoeoR=ît (pK$h“MX$-‘ofo®)“o "qjÙoÞrgP“ogft'“o bogo“xgou“³ jkcqr @o‘t krt. K³ $U$foK$ @oPod® cko“xbogo³@³ @jkcqr @o‘t krt @“³ K³$U$foK$ co¥“ eüo kro. @jkcqr âK$U$ K$egogolo ‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtkpeeodÆ g°R=b{iYfofÆ ckoeoR=ît, Åc“Megolo@³ ‘{Äd Mo³õgoct îtídocc“o³keÆ ckoeoR=ît“t jo’³ r³cY³ K$e³f bogo“xgou“o cxu¹uo@o³ C‘e PPo® âoeçb K$et krt. ... jcd“o @bog³ PPo® q“Y®d‘e ‘ko¢Pt “ hK$t. ‘eÞrx gr®co“co„ K³$U$foK$ PPo®õ‘u, j„hdoõ‘u cxu¹uo@o³“t õ‘ôro @o PPo®co„ âoàr ’B r³ Le³Le @³K$ co³U$t qjqÙ Q= ³. @³U$fx„ R= “k\ ‘eÞrx “tP³ arog³f cxu¹uo@o³“o qgíf³iYco„ ‘{Äd îtídocc“o³keÆ“t jo’³ jkcr ’B“³ ‘{Äd îtkpeeodÆ@³ @o‘Yo jçâuod“t CÑc j³go K$et Q=³:1. ‘xqôcoM|d j³ìdõgñ‘ ‘{Y®‘xzio³Ñc õgñ‘’t R= qaeoR=³ Q=³, r³ õgñ‘ ‘Q=t Mxz“o j³ìd ko³d K³$ qhód (g¥óYg)“o j³ìd ko³d. aÞ“³ (õgñ‘o³)co„’t K$o³Bco„ ‘Y ‘xzio³Ñc‘Ï„ Þd{“oq]K$ ko³rx„ “’t.

2. ‘xqôcoM|d qjÙoÞr @“xjoe K©$óYj³go K$ego“x„ õ’o“ Ne R= ko³B hK³ $ Q=³, jog®R=q“K$(õ’l) “k\.

3. ‘xqôcoM|d bMgÐj³go“³ ]““t âoZàr“x„ jo]“ a“oggx„ “ Å³B@³.4. u³gfK$ ìdZ¼r (<bMgÐj³ìdõgñ‘“³ ]““t âoZàr“x„ jo]“ @’go @oÆqgK$o“x„ jo]“ a“og“oe) “t j³go q“qiÙ K$mo“t ko³go’t (r³) j³go“o³ @q]K$oet “’t.

5. îtV$oK$o³eÆ“³ coU$ ³ K$o³B ‘Y âK$oe“t uo“-b³U$ co„Mgt @’go õgtK$oegt @³ ho”Üoeo q“qiÙ Q=³. @³U$fx„ R= “k\ ‘eÞrx fob-‘{Å“o k³rx’t ‘o³ro“ocoU$³ Öìd @’go K$o³B gõrx“³ õgtK$oegt r³ ho”“t ×qôco„

EYo“xaÞ]t uo³i“³ CÐ‘Þ“ K$e“oe ko ³go’t aÞ]“K$oeK$ Q= ³.6. ‘xqôcoM®“o qjÙoÞr @“xjoe îtV$oK$o³eÆ“³ q“g³u“ K$e³fo ‘uo’®“x„ R= jc‘®Y ’B hK³ $ Q=³ @“³ jcq‘®r ‘uo’o£“o³ R= bMgu¹ CZÃQ=ôñ‘co„ âjou fB hK$od Q=³. îtV$oK$o³eÆ coU$³ uo“ @’go b³U$ “o ñ‘co„ @og³f jocM°t“³ âjou“o ñ‘co„ fB hK$ort “’t K³$cK³$ îtV$oK$o³eÆ coU$³ uo“ @ ’ g o b³U$“o ñ‘co „ âoàr ’d³f ‘uo’®(Öìd)’t @og³f jocM°t“³ âjou“o ñ‘co„ ‘oQ=t f³go’t "uÑo‘koe'“x„ ‘o‘ foM³ Q=³.

7. j³go ro³ ho”“o³ qgid Q=³. r³’t j³go“o jçaÞ]co„ ho”’t� îtckoâbxÆ“o M°Þ’o³’t R= a]o³ q“Y®d ’B hK³ $ Q=³, @Þd K$o³B âK$oe³ “k\.

(j„dx¼r No³iYo‘Ó : @cuogou, qcqr $oëMx“ jxut7, îtgëfboåu 514, pu“o„$K$ : 11 coP® 1992)

C‘eo³¼r qjÙoÞr MR=®“o K$e“oeo Mo³õgoct cko“xbogo³“o kõrome :

q“.ft.Mo³.îtg°R=eodÆ ckoeoR= (@cuogou)‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtg°R=³ÞÖKx$coeÆ ckoeoR= (@cuogou)‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtu³gK$t“Þu“oPod®Æ, Prx’£h(Mo³Kx$f-@cuogou)‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtg°R=³hKx$coeÆ ckoeoR=(K$W$t-@cuogou)‘{.‘o.Mo³.îteoR=³hKx$coeÆ ckoeoR=(K$W$t-@cuogou) ‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtgëfbfofÆ ckoeoR=(K$W$t-@cuogou)‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtR=du³gfofÆ ckoeoR= (K$oco-gtecMoc-@cuogou)‘{.‘o.Mo³.îtc’xe³hÆ ckoeoR= (K$oco-gtecMoc-@cuogou)

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""ckoâbx îtcu¹gëfboPod® g„hR Mo³õgoct@o³“x„ j„dx¼r No³iYo‘Ó'' 1986

...Ädo„ jx]t qjÙoÞr“o q“ZíPr õgñ‘ K³$ ìdo¿do“o³ âí“ Q=³, @c³ a]o ]co®Pod®, @o‘Yo jçâuod“o âgr®K$ ckoâbx îtgëfboPod® r’o ‘egr|@Þd ‘Y coÞd a]o ìdo¿doK$oeo³“o jÞu³keqkr qg]o“o³“o @o]oe³ @o õ‘óU$ håuo³co„ No³qir K$et@³ Q=t@³ K³$ @o‘Yo ]oqc®K$ qjÙoÞr r³cR= ‘e„‘eo @“xjoe bMgÐj³go-j³goõ’l-j³go³‘do ³qMjç‘qÑ-j³goK$ro® (MxzK³ $ g¥óYg) r³cR= bMgÐõgñ‘“x„ Lo“Mt @’go ‘opegopeK$ ko³gx „ @³K$ @“xëf„N“td ]oqc®K$ @q“god®ro Q=³. r³’t r³@o³co„’t K$o³B“³ ‘Y jog®R=q“K$ a“oggx „ jg®’o ]c®qgzÙ ko³go“o K$oeY³ @³K$ No³e ]oqc®K$ @‘eo] Q=³.



...bR=“(j³go) Å³ q“R= Neco„ “’t K$eorx„ ro³ @³go bMgu¹bR=““³ ‘xZóU$coM|d ‘peboioco„ bMgu¹bR=“ R= “’t K$k³gorx„. ‘xZóU$coM®co„ q“R=Neco„ ekt“³ bMgu¹bR=“ K$ego“o âK$oe qjgod atÅ³ K$o³B âK$oeQ= ³R=“qk.

...b³U$ ]e³fo ]“’t bo³M ]e³ft jocM°t“³ âjouñ‘³ M°kY K$egt @coe³ Ðdo„ qafKx$f gqR®=r Q=³. ...jog®R=q“K$ c„pueco„ uh®“o’|R=“jcxuod“o âqrq“q]“o ñ‘co„ j³go K$ego“t âp¾$do“³ “ ro³ goëfbjçâuodco„ K$o³B @gK$oh Q=³ @“³ “ @³gx„ @oPeY qjÙoÞr“t ×ZóU$@³ âh„j“td ‘Y Q=³. bMgÐj³go“x„ @“x›$o“ “ ro³ “o³K$et K³$ “ ro³ ] „]o“o ñ‘co„ K$et hK$od Q=³. ... goëfbjçâuodco„ Mo³.ckoeoÅ³“³ ... bMgÐj³go“t @g³Æco„ K³$ ‘ xÅet“t k¥qjdrco„ K„$B ‘Y b³U$ õgtK$oegt coÓ gqR®=r R= “’t aëK³$ @]c® r’o @do³Ádro j„‘ouK$ Q=³.

...îtckoâbx a]o ‘xZóU$coM|@o³“t j¥ÙoZÞrK$ q“óV$o õg]co®“ xjeY“x„ jocÕd® r’o ‘oeõ‘peK$ jo¥c“õd âuo“ K$e³.

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(""ckoâbx îtcu¹gëfboPod® g„hR= Mo³õgoct@o³“x„ j„dx¼r No³iYo‘Ó''

1986. ‘xqôqjÙoÞrPPo®jbo j„qmàr qggeY, ‘©›$ 49-78)

boer“t jgo£ÃP @u$ofrco„C‘eo³¼r qjÙoÞr MR=®“o K$e“oeo Mo³õgoct cko“xbogo³“o kõrome

boer“t jgo£ÃP @u$ofrco„C‘eo³¼r qjÙoÞr MR=®“o K$e“oeo Mo³õgoct cko“xbogo³

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1. Mo³. heu¹$Kx$coeÆ ît@q“exÙÆ (co„W$gt)2. Mo³. pK$ho³ePÞÖÆ (Rx=“oMX$)3. Mo³. @R=dKx $coeÆ îtídocjx„ueÆ (cÖoj)4. Mo³. c“co³k“Æ ît“©ÐdMo ³‘ofÆ (gjB)5. Mo³. ídocjxÞueÆ îtcxeft]eÆ (ao³etgft)6. Mo³. K© $óYPÞÖÆ îtK© $óYÆg“Æ (cx„aB)7. Mo³. gëfbfofÆ îtMo³sgufofÆ (K$W$t-@cuogou)8. Mo³. kpeeodÆ îtMo³sgueodÆ (‘o³ea„ue)9. q“.ft.Mo³.îtg°Å]tiÆ îtK©$óYÆg“Æ (uqkje)10. Mo³. ídoc c“o³keÆ îtu$tqmrÆ (pK$h“MX$-‘ofo®)11. Mo³. g°R=³hKx$coeÆ îtMo ³sgufofÆ (K$W$t-@cuogou)12. q“.ft.Mo³.îtK©$óYKx $coeÆ îtecYfofÆ (K$o „utgft-K$ocg“)13. Mo³. eoR=³hKx$coeÆ îtMo³sgufofÆ (K$W$t-@cuogou)14. Mo³. qgR=dKx$coeÆ îtMo³sgufofÆ (K$W$t-@cuogou)15. Mo³. do³M³ígeÆ îtc’xe³ígeÆ (gW$o³ueo-jxer)16. Mo³. eNx“o’fofÆ îtecYfofÆ (cx„aB-Mo ³Kx$f-K$ ocg“)17. Mo³. u$³gK$t“Þu$“oPod® (Mo³Kx$f-@cu$ogou$)18. Mo³. “g“trfofÆ îtMo³sgufofÆ (K$ocg“-bog“Me)19. Mo³. PÞÖMo ³‘ofÆ îtcxeft]eÆ (‘o³ea„ue)20. Mo³. cxeftc“o³keÆ îtg°Å]thÆ (uqkje)21. q“.ft.Mo³.îtco]geodÆ îtMo³Kx$f“o’Æ (“oqhK$-cx„aB)22. Mo³. ec³hKx$coeÆ îtMo³‘t“o’Æ (cxfx„W$-“oqjK$)23. Mo³. K$ëdoYeodÆ (gtecMoc-@cu$ogou$)24. Mo³. do³M³hKx$coeÆ qhhxKx$coeÆ (K$o „u$tgft)25. Mo³. g°R=qâdÆ îtcxeft]eÆ (ao³etgft)26. Mo³. g°R=³hKx$coeÆ (gtecMoc-@cu$ogou$)27. Mo³. @q“exÙfofÆ îtÜoeK³$hfofÆ (co„W$gt)28. q“.ft.Mo³.îtg°R=b{iYfofÆ ckoeoR= (Åc“Me)

‘ÓÜoeo

‘ÓÜoeo

29. Mo³. qgU¹$V $f“o’Æ îtg°R=b{iYfofÆ ckoeoR= (Rx=“oMX$)30. Mo³. kpeeodÆ îtg°R=b{iYfofÆ ckoeoR= (Åc“Me)31. Mo³.îtídocc“o³keÆ îtg°R=b{iYfofÆ ckoeoR= (K$oht)32. Mo³. g°R=eÐ“Æ îtg°R=b{iYfofÆ ckoeoR= (“W$tdou$)33. Mo³. “g“trfofÆ îtg°R=b{iYfofÆ ckoeoR= (Rx=“oMX$)34. Mo³. aofK©$óYÆ îtg°R=b{iYfofÆ ckoeoR= (R=³r‘xe)35. Mo³. “teR=Kx$coeÆ îtco]geodÆ (cx„aB-“oqjK$)36. Mo³. c]xj{u$“Æ îtK©$óYPÞÖÆ (P³Þ“B)37. q“.ft.Mo³.îtc’xe³hÆ (gtecMoc-@cu$ogou$)38. q“.ft.Mo³.ît“©ÐdMo³‘ofÆ îtK© $óYPÞÖÆ (cx„aB)39. Mo³.heuKx$coeÆ (htf{aogo) îtcxeft]eÆ (‘o³ea„ue)40. q“.ft.Mo³.îtaofK©$óYfofÆ îtMo³sgueodÆ (jxer)41. ‘ÊPc‘tV$o]tíge q“.ft.Mo³.îtqMpe]efofÆ (K$ocg“-gëfbqgÛo“Me)42. q“.ft.Mo³.îtMo³sgufofÆ (K$o³U$o)43. Mo³. kpeeodÆ îtK©$óYÆg“Æ (cx„aB-K³$ho³u$)

‘ÓÜoeo

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‘ÓÜoeo

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boer“t jgo£ÃP @u$ofrco„ @oc³R= K$ego r¥doe K$e³f‘xqô$qjÙoÞr j„dx¼rNo³iYo‘Ó“³ jçcqr @o‘ro ‘Óo³

q“.ft.Mo³.îtg°R=b{iYfofÆ ckoeoR= (Åc“Me-Po³‘oj“t)

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92

‘xqô$qjÙoÞr PPo®jboco„ Mo³.îtídoc c“o³keÆ(pK$h“MX$-‘ofo®) @³ qgPoeo’£ âõrxr K$e³f "qjÙoÞrgP“ogft' “o qgqg] qgido³“o bogo“xgou$co„

C‘Zõ’r cko“xbogo³@³ u$ho®g³f ‘o³ro“t jkcqr /@jkcqr “x„ � �

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h‘’‘ÓîtckoâbxÆ“o qjÙoÞr’t jg®’o qg‘etr ko³go Q=ro„d Åk³e U²$õU$

c„pu$eo³ / Åk³e Lo“Mt c„pu$eo³ co„ ’ro bMgÐj³go“o bgoW$oco„ b³Mo ’B“³, Ðdo„ q“Ðdq“dc³ u$h®“ K$ego R=go“o ux$eoM°k’t, ]“o³‘oR=®“coU³$ K$egoco„ @ogro c“o³e’o³“t So„Lt“o ]srM“³ @oq’®K$ K³$ atÆ etr³ jp¾$d âo³Ðjok“ @o‘t, u$ ³gÖìd’t ]egoco„ @og³f bo³M-jocM°t“³ K³$ R=³“o³ âjou$ f³ro„, îtckoâbxÆ @o‘Y“³ "cko‘qrr' MY³, r³“³ ‘Y co³kgh fB“³ r³cR= b„W$o³lt boMgr K$’o@o³“³ @oq’®K$ K³$ atÆ etr³ âo³Ðjok“ @o‘t @o‘Y³ @o‘Yo îtcu$oPod®PeY jo’³ R=aeu$õr qgígojNor K$do£ Q=³.

r³“o ‘peYoc ñ$‘³ @oR=³ @o‘Yo u$ ³h“t jgo£ÃP @u$ofr³ @o‘Yo qjÙoÞro³“t @gMY“o K$et“³ ÓY-ÓY PxK$ou$o@o³ @o‘Yo qgexÙ @oàdo Q=³. ...‘opegopeK$ bog“o’t ‘{g®co„ `¼r u$h®“ coU³$ @o‘goco„ @og³ft Q{=U$“o ux$ó‘peYoc ñ$‘³ @oR=³ jçâu$od“o ]c®Mxex@o³“³ ‘xÅet‘Yo“t kfK$t ‘odet D‘e a]t etr³ ‘U$K$t u$³go coU³$ jçâu$od qgeo³]t Kx$“³k j`l ’go Åd Q=³. R=r³ u$koW³$ kroh Mo³õgoctgM® ‘o³ro“³ u$³gfK$ ‘xÅet co“t a³jgo“t co“qjK$ro’t N³eoB R=h³. @o‘Yo pu$ìd jçâu$od“t @ogt ux$M®qr K$ego“t R=goau$oet g¥óYgo³ D‘e Q= ³ K³ $ ckoeoR=ît@o³ D‘e @³ qggou$“o³ qgid kg³ gtrt Mdo³ Q=³.

@ogo³ @o‘Y³ îtckoâbxÆ’t @o‘Yo ux$óK©$Ðdo³“t mco-doP“o co„Mtd³, jo³M„u$ fB@³ K³$(1) ‘o³ro“o co’³ qaeoR=ro “ ko³d r³go K$o³B ‘Y îtV$oK$o³eÆ“o u$h®““o³

q“Ðdq“dc “k\ fB@³, K³$ R=³’t ‘xqô$âbx“³ “Þu$odf Q=o³W$t Åk³e @“o’ofdco„ qaeoR=go“o³ ‘peîc ’od. K³ $cK³$ @o‘Yo @ogo ux$óK©$Ðd’t (r³ V$oK$o³eÆ“o u$h®“-j³go K$ego“o³) Åk³e R=“ro“o³ K$o“{“t @q]K$oe Dbo³ ’ro³ ko³d Q=³.

(2) R=³ c“o³e’o³ c“o³e’t“o ‘o³ro“o ]“’t ‘o³ro“o co’³ @“³ ‘o³ro“³ Ne³ qaeoR=ro õgñ$‘o³“o ‘o³ro“o @„Mr bMgu$tdo³ jo’³ CR=ggocoU³$ “’t r³go c“o³e’o³co„ b³U$-jocM°t @o‘t K³$ u$h®“ K$ego R=B“³ ckoâbxÆ“o îtq“q]õgñ$‘, jçâu$od K³$ qjÙoÞr “³ kg³ @o‘Y³ K$pu$ u$Mo³ “k\ @o‘t@³.

(3) Åk³e c„pu$eo³co„ îtckoâbxÆ“o„ qjÙoÞro³’t qg‘etr, u$ ³gÖìd’t

jocM°t ît‘xqô$âbx @oeo³Mro„ R= “’t. r³’t r³ âjou$ Q=³ R= “qk, aëK³$ K$o³B ‘Y j„Å³Mo³co„ ‘oqrÐdK$oeK$ R= Q=³. r³’t kg³ @o‘Y³ r³ (u$³gÖìd“o³ âjou$) K$pu$ ‘Y fBhx„ “k\.

(4) b„W$o³l b³Mx„ K$ego coU³$ Åk³eco„ K$egoco„ @ogro bMgÞc“o³e’o³ K³$ boMgrK$’o co„ u$h®“-îgY coU³$ kg³ K$pu$ ‘Y b³Mo ’Bhx„ “k\ K³$ R=³’t r³gt ux$óâg©qÑ@o³“³ âoÐjk“ (@oq’®K$ K³$ jp¾$d jkdo³M“o ñ$‘³) clt ek³.

@oR= pu$gj jx]t @oc R=³ îtckoâbxÆ“t @ono“x„ Cëf„N“ @no“gh K³$ co³kgh ’B Mdx„ r³ @coeo @‘eo]“³ ît‘xqô$âbx, îtckoâbxÆ @“³ îtâbxPeYo³ mco K$e³! r³@o³ ‘o³ro“t ‘xqô$j©qô$“o Ægo³“³ ‘xqô$‘’“t doÓoco„ @M°je ’go cqr, eqr @“³ p¾$dohZ¼r âu$o“ K$e³! ""axpÙâ³eK$K©$óYõd ‘ou$‘Ú„ âjtu$rx!''.

(h‘’‘Ó õ’l : c“x bg“, bMrsjk eo³W $, ‘oef³ (‘ZíPc), c„ xaB-56, roetL : 12-9-1986)

(Rx=“oMX$) (Mo³Kx$l-‘ofo®) (pK$h“MX$-‘ofo®)

h‘’ f³“oe“t jkt :

pK$ho³ePÞÖ Mo³õgoct eNx“o’ Mo³õgoct ídoc c“o³ke Mo³õgoct

do³M³h Mo³õgoct heu¹$ Mo³õgoct (Mo³Kx$l-‘ofo®) (co„W$gt)

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Amrut Vachanavali Gujarati