Field Manual *FM 9-13No. 9-13 HEADQUARTERS

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYWashington, DC, 4 November 1986

AMMUNITION HANDBOOK

A Guide for Ammunition Specialists

PREFACEFM 9-13 is intended to serve as a ready reference for

ammunition specialists and supervisors during trainingor when assigned to an ammunition support unit oractivity in the field. It is not to be considered a compre-hensive textbook on ammunition, but it does provideuseful data on important points of ammunition servicesupport in the field. These data are equally applicable inpeacetime and wartime.

This manual covers safety, and the storage, main-tenance, handling, receipt, issue, turn-in, destruction,and transportation of ammunition in field storagefacilities. The requirements of this manual apply to unit,commands, and installations of the US Army. They donot apply to subcommands, installations, and activitiesunder direct control of the US Army Armament,Munitions, and Center Command.

The proponent of this publication is HQ, TRADOC.Submit changes for improving this publication on DAForm 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications andBlank Forms). Forward to Commandant, US ArmyOrdnance Missile and Munitions Center and School,ATTN: ATSK-TPD, Redstone Arsenal, AL 35897-6600.* This publication supersedes FM 9-13, 28 January 1981.

i

FIELD STORAGE OFAMMUNITION

The purpose of field storage is to provide ammuni-tion to Army tactical units. Unlike permanent, mag-azine storage, ammunition assets in field storage aremost often stored on the ground on unimproved sur -faces. Munitions are placed in field storage catego-ries separated from each other by appropriate mini-mum field storage quantity distances (QD), whichare based on total gross tonnage per individual stor-age unit (see Appendix C for a DODIC conversionchart). This chapter describes field storage areas,storage categories, site selection for field storage fa-cilities, and storage systems and storage planning.20

Chapter 2FIELD STORAGE AREAS

There are four areas where field storage is likelyto be used theater storage areas (TSA), corps stor-age areas (CSA), ammunition supply points (ASP),and ammunition transfer points (ATP).

THEATER STORAGE AREAThe TSA is in the communications zone

(COMMZ) where the reserve stocks are stored. Itshould have direct access to rail networks or bewithin short line-haul distance from them. In peace-time, the TSA could consist of permanent storage fa-cilities, igloos, or bunkers. In combat environments,the TSA may be open storage.

CORPS STORAGE AREALocated in the corps rear area, the CSA normally

stores up to 10 days of ammunition. Being in therear, it is more fixed than the forward combat am-munition supply points (ASP) it supports. For thisreason, it can have more permanent storage facili-ties; however, this depends on the tacticalsituation.

AMMUNITION SUPPLY POINTASPS are in the corps forward area. They provide

direct support to the combat division or portions ofthe division and must store about 3 days of ammuni-tion. The tonnage stored varies depending upon thetype of unit supported. Based on their mission, for-ward ASPS are usually temporary. This means am-munition is not stored in igloos or bunkers.

21

Chapter 2AMMUNITION TRANSFER POINT

The ATP is a transfer point in the brigade rear.The division ammunition officer (DAO) has controlof all division ATPs. ATPs stock high-tonnage, high-usage items. Since this is a transfer point, commonfield storage principles addressed in this manual donot apply. For the purposes of this manual, the ASPwill be spoken of most often because it is the mostcommon of the areas.

THEATER OF OPERATION STORAGEStorage in a theater of operation, field storage,

follows as nearly as possible the principles for stor-age in the Continental United States (CONUS).Such conditions as mobility requirements, scarce fa-cilities, or enemy air power vary a great deal in thea-ters of operation. Thus the ideal of CONUS storage,including safety, cannot be fully met or maintained.Even so, explosives and ammunition may be satisfac-torily and safely stored in the theater if CONUS reg-ulations are adapted to field conditions. Detailed in-formation on these adaptions is in TM9-1300-206.

STORAGE CATEGORIESStorage categories are the primary groups into

which ammunition is segregated for storage in thefield. The groupings are based on:

How desirable it is to store components of com-plete rounds in adjacent stacks.The hazards of spreading explosions.

22

Chapter 2The range of fragments.The spread of fires.Chemical contamination.

Conventional Ammunition. For storage, con-ventional ammunition is divided into categories Athrough G as follows:

Category A. Fixed and semifixed artillery am-munition, except incendiary and chemical.Category B. Propelling charges, fuzes, primers,flash reducers, and separate loading artillery pro-jectiles including high explosives (HE) andarmor piercing (AP) but not incendiary andchemical projectiles.Category C. Mortar ammunition and hand gre-nades, except incendiary and chemical.Category D. Pyrotechnics and chemical ammu-nition of all types, including chemical filled rock-ets; gas, smoke, and incendiary bombs; gas andsmoke artillery ammunition; incendiary andchemical grenades; smoke pots; VX-filled mines;and bulk-packed incendiary and small-armstracer cartridges.Category E. All demolition explosives, antitankand antipersonnel mines (except VX loaded),and components such as blasting caps, firing de-vices, detonating cord, and safety fuses.Category F. Rockets, rocket motors, and riflegrenades, except chemical.Category G. The following items of US AirForce Class V supply, all unfuzed high-explosivebombs, aircraft mines, aircraft torpedoes, and

23

Chapter 2fragmentation bombs; fuzes and/or primer-detonators for the above items; and fragmenta-tion bomb clusters, fuzed or unfuzed. The re-mainder of Air Force Class V items must bestored in other proper categories.

Special Ammunition. For storage, specialammunition is divided into the following generalcategories:

Inert material such as missile and large (heavy)rocket bodies (less rocket motors) and test andhandling equipment for nuclear ordnanceitems.Missile and rocket fuels.Oxidizers.Solid propellants.HE material such as detonators, HE warheads,and HE components of explosive nuclearweapons.Nuclear material.

SAFETYStorage categories help provide the basis for safety

procedures for ammunition storage. Four of the mostimportant follow.

Ammunition items with the same storage risksare grouped together in the same storagecategory.Within each storage category, QD tables (seeTable 2-1) are the guide for the maximum quan-tity of ammunition to be stored within eachstack and within each field storage unit (FSU)and the minimum distance between stacks, FSUsand categories.

24

Chapter 2

Most often, only one kind of ammunition isstored in a stack. If more than one kind is storedin a stack, use the storage compatibility mixingchart in TM 9-1300-206 (Chart 5-2). Be sureammunition is stacked so it is easy to inventoryand inspect. Where camouflage is necessary (seemore on camouflage later in this chapter), stepstacks in towards the top (terraced or pyramidstacking) to cut down shadows. Store compo-nents of complete rounds within the same FSUwhen practical.Small arms ammunition may be stored with anycategory with one exception. Bulk packed incen-diary and tracer cartridges must be stored in cat-egory D.

SITE SELECTIONThere needs to be a primary site and an alternate

site planned for.Primary Site. When selecting a primary site,

the following criteria are important. Try to incorpo-rate as many of them into the site as possible. Theyare listed in order of importance.

The area is easy to get to by the unitssupported.The area is near the main supply route (MSR)with access roads into the ASP. A roadnet within the site allows vehicles totravel under all weather conditions and requireslittle or no maintenance.The ground is as level as possible. It must beable to support the weight of the ammunition aswell as be able to drain off quickly. This also

25

Chapter 2

2 6

Chapter 2

2 7

Chapter 2

makes it easier for MHE to operate. More onMHE later in this chapter.There should be natural barricades that can sep-arate FSUs and categories.The site should be isolated from hospitals andimportant military installations.The site should be unpopulated and downwind ofany populated areas if any hazardous chemicalsare stored.There should be an adequate water supply forfire fighting and bivouacking.There should be a minimum of flammablevegetation.There should be features, including natural con-cealment, that make the site easy to defendagainst enemy ground attack.The area should be large enough to spread outammunition stocks. This protects them againstartillery or air attack and makes it easy toexpand.

Because of tactical conditions and other influenc-ing factors, an ASP site may not have all ideal fea-tures. In fact, higher headquarters may dictate wherean ASP will be.

Alternate Site. Pick an alternate ASP site closeto the primary one, because there maybe some otherunit already in the primary site. Another considera-tion: the enemy may attack with artillery, mortarfire, or chemical agents as soon as the primary ASPis set up, and the unit may have to evacuate fast. Fi-nally, some units have used their alternate sites as28

Chapter 2regular ASPs when their stockage objective expanded-far more than they expected.

STORAGE SYSTEMSAfter the site is selected, consider what system to

use. There are several basic methods for storage ofammunition in the field. Consider the following:

The physical characteristics of the site.Where hostile forces, uniformed or clandestine,are.What the weather is expected to be.The time and resources available.The expected life of the ASP.The space available and what type operation willmost easily allow following QD requirements.Free movement of vehicles throughout the stor-age complex. Vehicles must be able to pass othervehicles being loaded or unloaded. There shouldbe no dead-end roads requiring backing or turn-ing around.The roads should be stabilized to withstand traf-fic up to fully loaded 40-ton trailers.

AREA STORAGEIn this system, the area is divided into three sec-

tions and subdivided into FSUs and stacks. Ammu-nition is stacked and is spaced to meet QD require-ments, ending up looking like a checkerboard. Thissystem provides efficient use of the total area, but itmay require a lot of road and pad construction andstabilization of the earth.

29

Chapter 2ROADSIDE STORAGE

This system allows ammunition to be stored instacks along the edges of existing roadways. FSUsand sections are spaced according to QD require-ments. Effective use of this method requires a largeroad network and a total area much larger than thearea system needs. However, little construction isnecessary. A variation of roadside storage, known as“storage in depth,” is very useful if the existing roadnetwork is limited. In this method, one or more addi-tional stacks of ammunition are stored behind theroadside stack, away from the road. The use of thissystem is restricted in wet climates or if there arepoor soil conditions or heavy forests. Under theseconditions, the stacks of ammunition would not beeasy to reach.

AREA AND ROADSIDE STORAGEA combination of area and roadside storage is

often used to lessen the bad aspects of both systems.It allows the most effective use of the existing roadnetwork in a limited area. But, while the combina-tion does not require as much land as roadside stor -age does, it does involve some road and padconstruction.

BARRICADED ABOVE-GROUND MAGAZINESThis system is designed for larger ASPS and de-

pots in the theater of operations. It is two or morestorage blocks of barricaded above-ground magazinesin various sizes, separated from each other byat least 122 meters. Items stored on an individualpad must be compatible (see TM 9-1300-206).30

Chapter 2The amount of explosives per pad must meet thenet explosive weight (NEW) limitations of TM9-1300-206.

MODULAR STORAGE SYSTEMThis is a field storage system for conventional am-

munition stored on pads within earth-barricaded ar-eas called cells. These cells are joined to form mod-ules, which may, in turn, be arranged to form moduleblocks (Figures 2-1 and 2-2). Security, real estate, oroperational requirements may force the use of thisstorage system. Unlike the other field storage sys-tems, with modular storage, NEW rather than grosstonnage is used in determining the maximum quan-tity of ammunition that maybe stored in each cell ormodule.

Before deciding to use the modular system, con-sider the advantages and disadvantages over theother field storage systems. Some of the advantagesare reduced real estate requirements, improved secu-rity with available forces, reduced danger from directfire on ammunition stocks in small barricaded areas,reduced transportation needs in the ammunitionarea, and reduced internal roadnet needs. Some ofthe disadvantages are the possibility of fire or explo-sion spreading from cell to cell because of heat orfragment dispersion, increased danger to stock fromindirect fire and aerial bombs, and the need for moreengineer support for initial construction.

The modular method should only be used if theQD requirements of the other field storage systemscannot be met due to security, real estate, or opera-tional limitations.

31

Chapter 2

32

Chapter 2

33

Chapter 2Where and How To Use Modular Storage. In

a theater there may be limited space and/or security,making it impossible to store ammunition as pre-scribed in QD and compatibility regulations for area,roadside, and area/roadaide storage. When this hap-pens, a modular system of storage may bepreferred.

In most cases, this system will only be used whenless than 2,000,000 pounds NEW per module or250,000 pounds NEW per cell, will be stored. It mayalso be the solution for storing larger quantities inrear areas where space is limited and where severalmodule blocks are needed.

This system does not provide the same degree ofprotection for personnel or ammunition stocks thatnormal QD dispersion does. For this reason, only useit as an alternate solution when other field storagemethods for class 1.1 ammunition cannot be used.The modular system can be used only when the re-quest for it is approved by the major command.

Barricaded open storage modules are useful whenhigh explosive bombs and other similar cased class1.1 ammunition have to be stored. The net weight ofexplosives in each cell of the module cannot be morethan 250,000 pounds. All items in a module must becompatible.

Use this system as the others, following the sameprinciples of ammunition storage. Some of the mostimportant of those are, maximum feasible separa-tion, proper drainage, proper safety and security, anddispersion of stocks within available cells to avoidcomplete loss of a single type munition from one ex-plosion or fire.34

Chapter 2Modular System Construction Characteris-

tics. A module is a barricaded area with not morethan eight cells separated from each other by barri-cades. The unbarricaded openings of modules andcells must not face each other. One-cell modules maybe built if required, but maximum flexibility ofstockage and internal movement should be main-tained. A module has tonnage and explosive weightlimitations specified by the major command that au-thorized its use. Normal maximum limits are2,000,000 pounds NEW per module or 250,000pounds NEW per cell. See Table 4-5, TM 9-1300-206, for construction dimensions of cells and storagepads.

All barricades are standardized earth mounds. Ifpossible, use natural barricades such as hillsides orsteep slopes. Carefully check the earth for largerocks or boulders. Make sure there are none becauseeach increases the missile hazard. The slope of thebarricade should not be steeper than 1.5 to 1, andthe crest should be at least 3 feet wide. Make barri-cades tall enough that a straight line drawn from thefar top edge of the stack (away from the barricade)at an angle 2 degrees above a horizontal line drawnalong the top of the stack will pass through the en-tire width of the barricade crest. See Figure 2-3.

Locate the center-line of barricades between cellsof the module midway between adjacent storagepads. Put back and end (outside) barricades thesame distance from the pads as those between thecells.

Make sure the distances between stacks of muni-tions in adjacent cells and between adjacent modules

35

Chapter 2follow TM 9-1300-206. Where NEWs are different-from those listed in TM 9-1300-206, determine therequired separations as follows:

The footage between stacks in adjacent cells is1.1 times the cube root of the net weight of mosthazardous explosives in the module as deter-mined by the largest required QD separation.The footage between adjacent modules is 2.5times the cube root of the net weight of the mosthazardous explosives in either module as deter-mined by the largest required QD separation.

Note: Contact a civilian or military ammuni-tion inspector for assistance if needed.

The distance between a module and a standardconcrete arch or steel arch igloo magazine must benot less than 185 feet barricaded. All straight linesdrawn between the module and the igloo must passthrough the module barricade and igloo earth cover.The distance from unbarricaded door of an igloo fac-ing a barricaded module must not be less than 360feet.

Separation distances between a modular storagearea and other supply areas, inhabited areas, orroads are the same as required for any other fieldstorage systems (TM 9-1300-206).

Compatibility in Modular Storage. Store onlyammunition items of one field storage category (TM9-1300-206) in a cell. Different kinds of ammunitionwithin one field storage category should be stored in36

Chapter 2

37

Chapter 2separate stacks if stored in the same cell and sepa-rated as far as possible without wasting storagespace.

Special Considerations for Modular Storage.The following items require special storage consider-ations when in a modular storage system.

Follow all the storage and safety considerationsfor CS and CN (riot control agents) chemicalmunitions and WP (white phosphorus) andPWP (plasticized WP) ammunition given in TM9-1300-206. Cells with these items must be in aseparate module, away from other types ofammunition.CS and CN munitions can be stored together,but be sure they are in a cell separate from allother types of ammunition. WP and PWP am-munition can also be stored together, but be surethey, too, are in a cell separate from all othertypes of ammunition.Store category D (chemical munitions, exceptWP/PWP and CS/CN) and category F muni-tions (rockets) in end cells of modules wheneverpossible. Store category F munitions pointinginto barricades and all pointed in the same direc-tion, if possible.Store blasting caps in a separate bunker built in-side the cell containing all other category E(demolition items, mines, etc.) items. Make surethe bunker has enough side and overhead coverto protect other explosives in the cell.Store category B (propellant charges) in a sepa-rate module. The module may have one or morecells, depending on the required stockage.

38

Chapter 2Store improved conventional munitions (ICM)alone in a separate module. The module mayhave one or more cells, based on the requiredstockage objective.Store unserviceable, hazardous ammunitionawaiting destruction and captured enemy ammu-nition in a separate module. The module mayhave one or more cells, based on therequirements.

Review all other provisions of TM 9-1300-206 re-garding safety, storage, handling, etc.

STORAGE PLANNINGAfter the site and the system of storage is known,

lay out the site, draw up a storage plan and a de-struction plan, and write SOPs for each ASP opera-tion. (See AMC Reg 385-1 and TM 9-1300-206,Chapter 2) A good plan makes a smooth-flowing,safe operation possible.

Organize the ASP into areas with specific func-tions. This makes it easier to do the mission and iso-late hazards, Figure 2-4 is a typical layout and showsthe areas most likely needed. Table 2-2 is a list of theASP areas with important information needed to de-velop plans.

STORAGE PLANMake sure the storage plan agrees with the area

layout plan. Use the following checklist when creat-ing the storage plan.

What is the maximum tonnage expected to be ineach storage category?

39

Chapter 2

40

Chapter 2

41

Chapter 2

What are the expected average daily receipts andissues?What is the time available before first shipmentsof ammunition arrive?What is the expected lifetime of the ASP?What is the system of storage that will be used?What are the physical characteristics of the ter -rain that can be used as natural barricades, orthat deny or restrict using certain areas?What natural cover and concealment arethere?What engineer construction and other requiredsupport is available and necessary?What are the area security problems andrequirements?What are the special security requirementsneeded for classified ammunition?What section, FSU, and stack numbering se-quences are needed to be sure placement and re-trieval of stocks is fast and accurate?

While the storage plan is being prepared, makesure all storage areas are clearly marked. Make suresigns are posted showing traffic direction, entrances,and exits. Make up and have reproduced a map ofthe storage areas. Use it to direct customer units tothe proper storage area.

To reduce customer waiting, group ammunition bycombat arms. Name roads to describe the ammuni-tion stored along them, for example, Artillery Rowor Tanker Road.

Prepare and maintain enough directional signs,fire symbols, and FSU stack signs for two ASPS.42

Chapter 2

ASP Planning. Some guidance based on field ex-perience is given below. Be familiar with it whenplanning an ASP.

In laying out an ASP, locate the office far enoughfrom the entrance so a convoy can park until thetrucks are directed to various stacks. Make a map ofthe area showing the location of each stack, whatitems should be stored there, and the amount to bestored. Make sure there is enough dunnage near pro-posed storage locations to save time when ammuni-tion receipts arrive.

Be sure that traffic flow is smooth. Have one-waytraffic wherever possible, few turn-arounds, parkingareas at entrances and exits so ammunition can beissued fast, and vehicle holding areas and vehicle as-sembly areas. Do not allow trucks to back up withouta ground guide. Make sure there is a large parkingarea in case several trucks arrive at once.

Stack Location. Ammunition stacks should befar enough back from the road to allow trucks to beloaded or unloaded without interfering with traffic.Do not jam containers together; stack containers sothe markings are plainly seen.

Standard Identifiers. Some units use a stan-dard layout system both as a standard layout prac-tice wherever they are and as a way to identify andlocate ammunition. With this system, there are ei-ther lettered or numbered locations that always con-tain certain types of ammunition. Subdepots are des-ignated by letter; storage sections, by number FSUs,by letter; and stacks, by number. For example, if am-munition is stored in subdepot A, section 1, FSU-A,

43

Chapter 2stack 1; it can be labeled A1A1. Each time a newASP is established and similar stocks are required,they are placed in the same relative positions as theold ASPS. Of course, ground features must be similarto the old site. There needs to be at least one longroad through the area as a reference point before astandard identification system can be used.

Lot Number Storage. All ammunition must bestored by lot number, and each lot number must beseparated from other lot numbers. See Appendix D.Ammunition is numbered by lot when it is made.The lot number helps identify the ammunition and isvital for accountability, issue, and storage. Be sureindividual lots are marked with tags or signs andeach lot is segregated in its storage location—awayfrom other lots.

Protection from the Weather. Basically, fourthings are necessary to protect ammunition from theweather: adequate shelter, enough dunnage, gooddrainage, and good ventilation. Tarpaulins (tarps)over stacks help (see Figure 2-5), but unless the tarpsare raised clear of the stack (18-in minimum), theywill be useless. Tarps can also be used as improvisedshelters for VT fuzes and pyrotechnics.

In most areas, stacks have to be at least 4 to 6inches off the ground. If they are not, the ammuni-tion gets wet and air does not circulate. Rounds getrusty and become unserviceable. Lumber on theground beneath containers acts as dunnage to raisethem the appropriate distance. If there is no lumber,or trees are not available for dunnage, try usingempty ammunition boxes or use ration boxes filled44

Chapter 2

45

Chapter 2with sand or dirt. Bricks, wood from crates, and ma-terials from wrecked buildings will also work. Put-ting strips of lumber between containers lets air cir-culate better and makes the stack more stable. Butbecause wood rots and falls apart, check it fre-quently. Dig ditches around stacks of ammunition ifdrainage is going to be a problem. If propellantcharges are stacked, turn lids down slightly so waterwill not seep in or accumulate.

Guided Missile Storage. Guided missiles re-quire special care. Try to store guided missile assem-blies in permanent structures. The bodies of thesemissiles have delicate electronic components thatmust be protected. If they must be stored in theopen, protect the containers with tarps or other suit-able cover. In any event, the storage areas shouldhave hard, level surfaces, and all the humidity indi-cators should be able to be read easily.

Security. Security is a major concern when han-dling classified missile and rocket components. Donot store classified components with unclassifiedcomponents. Keep an accurate check on personnelwho must enter classified storage areas or structures.If open storage must be used, there must beguards.SLING-OUT AREAS

Plan for sling-out areas in or near CSAs or ASPSso there can be limited helicopter resupply for usingunits. Some factors to be considered during the con-struction and operation of sling-out areas follow:

They must be at least 550 meters from ammuni-46

Chapter 2tion storage locations, working areas, and inhab-ited areas.Consider prevailing winds because helicopters

must come in with the wind and take off into thewind. This is also important in limiting down-wind contamination in case there is an accidentinvolving chemical weapons.Sling-out areas must be set up where aircraft willnever pass over storage locations, inhabited ar-eas, or public roads while coming to the area,landing, taking off, or leaving the storagearea.Sling-out areas should be at least 25 meterssquare. They should be made out of the best ma-terial available. Perforated steel planking is agood field expedient.Have on site only that ammunition to be placedin cargo nets. If the situation dictates, cargo netsmay be loaded at the designated stock locationsand then transported to the sling-out area.Do not use the sling-out area for storing ammu-nition because compatibility and quantity dis-tances cannot be maintained at the sling-out ar-eas. Clear immediately all incoming shipmentand field returns, and store them properly in thestorage facility.Load and stage cargo nets so aircraft can pick upthe load while hovering. Make sure there is astatic electricity discharge probe to be used byhookup personnel before they connect the loadto the cargo hook. Make sure hookup personnelare properly trained to use the dischargeprobe.

47

Chapter 2Keep MHE clear of the area while aircraft islanding or taking off.Make sure there is working fire fighting andother emergency equipment at the area wheneverthe area is being used.Make sure helicopter teams know the properhook-up procedures and hand and arm signals.

When planning air shipments, be sure to considerthe allowable gross weights for military cargo aircraftas shown in Table 2-3.

See Appendix B for information on helicopterrearm points.CAMOUFLAGE

The ASP must be hidden and blended into thecountryside. Its location and size must be disguised.Use natural cover and concealment as much as possi-ble. Using camouflage wisely goes a long way towardkeeping the ASP from being discovered.

General use of camouflage material is in FM 90-2and TM 5-200. In ASPs, however, the requirementsfor camouflage may conflict with the requirements

48

Chapter 2for firebreaks and ammunition shelters. Command-ers must carefully weight their decisions and try touse camouflage as much as possible without violatingexplosive safety and proper ammunition storage pro-cedures. Camouflaging should not slow the initial orcontinual operation of the ASP.

MATERIALS HANDLING EQUIPMENTMHE is equipment that helps ammunition per-

sonnel store, handle, and ship ammunition. It makesit possible for vehicles to be loaded or unloaded rap-idly upon their arrival and for ammunition to beproperly handled. Included are forklift trucks, towingtractors, cranes, pallets, jacks, platform trucks, con-veyor systems, etc. The most common of these aredescribed below. Whatever is used, there are twothings to consider when planning for MHE: The in-dividual unit pack, size, and weight of the materiel tobe shipped; and the type and size of the means oftransport. All MHE must be load tested, and date oftest stenciled on equipment.

Forklift Trucks. These pick up, carry, and stackunit loads of supplies and equipment and may bepowered by gasoline, diesel, liquid petroleum gas, orbattery. Under each of these categories, forklifttrucks are broken down by lifting capabilities rang-ing from 2,000 to 15,000 pounds. Electric (battery-powered) forklift trucks are important because theyare the only forklift trucks that may operate in theholds of ships transporting ammunition. They canlift from 2,000 to 10,000 pounds and are generally re-stricted to hard surfaces.

49

Chapter 2The forklift most commonly used at field storage

activities is the rough terrain forklift (RTFL). It isan off-road vehicle with pneumatic tires so it can beused on prepared or unstable surfaces includingbeaches and other deep sand and can be used forloading and unloading flatbed trailers, landing craft,or other similar small cargo vessels. RTFLs can per-form the functions of three types of MHE, a forklifttruck, a towing tractor, and an RT crane (when theRT crane attachment is installed in place on thework carriage). The RTFL can be used for fording ifthe water is not over 5 feet (if there are waves, notmore than 5 feet to their crest). The RTFL has frontand rear -axle steering, so it can move sideways at20-degree angles and turn with a short radius. It alsohas 2-wheel and 4-wheel drive so it can go overpaved roads, sand, mud, snow, and steep grades withequal ease.

Towing Tractors. Towing tractors are vehiclesthat pull trailers. Towing vehicles (truck tractors,etc.) are important for moving ammunition effi-ciently. To get the most benefit, each tractor shouldbe shuttled so that each can be used with at leasttwo trailers. This reduces the time tractors wait forjust one trailer to be loaded or unloaded. There ismore information on types and characteristics oftowing tractors and trailers in TM 9-500. When am-munition is transported by tractor-trailers, precau-tions in TM 9-1300-206 should be followed.

Cranes. Cranes raise, shift, and lower heavyweights with a projecting boom, swinging arm, or50

Chapter 2other hoisting device that is supported on an over-head track. The crane and the forklift truckequipped with a crane boom both suspend theirloads. This makes it unsafe for either to handle aload unless it has been prepared by proper lashing orunless a sling is used, such as a pallet sling for pal-lets. Cranes in ASPs are used mostly to handle pro-jectiles. Since they can move more than one pallet ata time, they are more efficient than the RTFL,which is limited to one pallet at a time.

Pallets. Essential to the use of MHE are pallets.They are portable platforms of wood or other materi-als that come in many sizes and are vital to han-dling, storing, and moving ammunition.

STORAGE SAFETY

Because ammunition is so dangerous, it demandsspecial safety regulations, which are more stringentthat those for other classes of supply. Make sure ahighly qualified individual has the authority forplanning, coordinating, and supervising the ASPsafety program. This person must make sure the QDcriteria, storage compatibility groupings, are fol-lowed. This is the only way to reduce the chance offire or sympathetic detonation. Consult Chapter 1for more details on safety programs.

There are times the unit will not be able to ob-serve all these requirements, but it must be kept inmind that, as tonnage is increased and distance re-duced, the chance of fires and explosions isincreased.

51

Chapter 2DISPERSION

If assets are dispersed enough, the ASP will not bean inviting target from the air. When possible, storequantities of each type of ammunition in two orthree widely separated areas. Then, if the contents ofone area are destroyed, the entire supply of any oneitem will not be lost. When there is not enough spaceto spread out, it is better to increase the quantity ofammunition in stacks and FSUs than to reduce thesafety distances.INTERSTACK DISTANCE

Interstack distances, the minimum distance be-tween the near edge of adjacent stacks, are setup byappropriate QD tables and help prevent spreading ofdetonation from blast pressures. Be aware, however,that interstack distances are not always protectionfrom missile fragments resulting from explosions orfire.

Aggressive fire fighting can usually help preventfire spreading from one stack to another at these dis-tances. In fact, the greater the distance betweenstacks the less likely fire will spread from stack tostack. With this in mind, try to separate stacks bygreater distances than those prescribed. This willhelp prevent fires and make fire fighting easier.INTER-FSU DISTANCE

The inter-FSU distance, the distance between thenearest edge of the nearest stacks in adjacent FSUs,also helps prevent fire spreading. When distancescannot be met, use extra care when setting up andmaintaining fire protection, fire guards, and firefighting measures.52

Chapter 2INTERCATEGORY DISTANCE

The intercategory distance, the distance from anFSU of one category to the nearest FSU of anothercategory, is based on the hazards of each category ofammunition. This distance cannot be reduced bybarricades.OPTIMUM SAFETY DISTANCE

The optimum safety distance is the limit insidewhich structural damage from a blast or from missilefragments will be serious. Be sure this distance isconsidered if ASPS have to be located near gasolineor other storage facilities, hospitals, permanent radiotransmitters, railroads, and highways.BARRICADES

The effect of sympathetic detonation can be re-duced if there are sand or earth barricades at least 3feet wide at the top and 1 foot higher than the stack.Natural barriers of the same dimensions give thesame effect. In some cases, barriers can reduce theinterstack distance up to 50 percent IAW the appli-cable QD tables.CHEMICAL AMMUNITION

Store chemical filled ammunition (Category D) sothat each container, item, or bomb can be inspectedand easily removed. Keep projectiles containingphosphorus out of the direct sun, and store themwith their bases down.TOXIC AMMUNITION

Store toxic chemical-filled ammunition in the partof the ASP with the lowest elevation and at least 1mile downwind from inhabited ASP buildings or

53

Chapter 2

other storage areas. Make sure there are no inhab-ited buildings or storage areas within 2 miles down-wind of the storage site. Make sure there is maxi-mum security for this kind of area. Water-filledbarrels for immersion of leakers should be placednearby.ROCKETS

The safety requirements for storage of rockets arestricter than for most other types of conventionalammunition. Store both small caliber rockets andlarge caliber, free-flight rockets on the outer edge ofthe ASP. Point their noses away from all otherstored ammunition and from all inhabited areas.Store small caliber rockets so they are pointed intoan artificial or natural barrier of sand or earth atleast 3 feet thick. Locate the rockets so that there isnothing, other than their own containers, betweenthe rockets and the barrier. Do not make stacks morethan one row deep.CATEGORY G AMMUNITION (BOMBS)

Category G ammunition is usually stored and is-sued by the US Air Force. However, depot and ASPcommanders handle it in emergencies. For this rea-son, the following restrictions must be studied. TheFSU is the smallest storage unit authorized. Fuzedfragmentation bombs in the same FSU may not bestored with other bombs. Components of bombs(fins, fuzes, primer-detonators, etc.) can be storedbetween the FSUs. If that is done, remember to pro-tect fuzes and primer-detonators from heat andmoisture. Category G photoflash bombs can bestored with Category F. If this is done, do not store

54

Chapter 2

them in the same FSU with other Category G-ammunition.FIREBREAKS

Build firebreaks wide enough (at least 50 feet) toprevent the spread of fire. If they are available, usebulldozers with specially constructed ground clearingmachinery. Underbrush and grass can also be burnedover. Any burning must be done before ammunitionis received.

55

ISSUE, RECEIPT, SHIPMENT,AND TURN-IN PROCEDURES

This chapter provides the guidelines, documenta-tion, and procedures for the issue, receipt, shipment,and turn-in of ammunition.

ISSUEIssue, as used here, is the transfer of ammunition

stocks from an ASP or depot to an authorized user.GUIDELINES

The following guidelines will help ammunitionunits provide efficient support to using units:

Issue only serviceable ammunition. See Appen-dix E for ammunition condition codes.Advise using units of limitations on the use ofrestricted ammunition and ammunition sus-pended from issue and use except for emergency

56

Chapter 3combat. Use TB 9-1300-385 or other pertinentdirective by HOTLINE message for guidance.Never issue ammunition classified by TB 9-1300-385 as “suspended from issue, movement anduse” or “suspended from issue and use.”Closely monitor issues of miscellaneous smalllots of artillery ammunition so the using unitwill not get overburdened with small lots. This isimportant to artillery units in combat to reduceregistration with the Fire Direction Center dueto change in lot numbers.Ammunition must be issued in the order of thepriorities given below.

Priority 1. Smallest lots of ammunition beingissued.Priority 2. Ammunition designated as “priorityissue.”Priority 3. Acceptable substitute from excessstocks. Coordinate with the requisitioner forthis substitution.Priority 4. Oldest ammunition of type beingissued.Priority 5. All other stocks.

DOCUMENTATIONThe forms listed below are necessary for issuing

ammunition. Whenever a form has an R after itsnumber, it can be reproduced in the unit.

DA Form 581 (Request for Issue and Turn-inof Ammunition). The requesting unit preparesthis form and presents it to the ASP forissue.

57

Chapter 3

DA Form 1687 (Notification of Delegation ofAuthority—Receipt for Supplies). Using unitsmust present a properly completed copy of a DAForm 1687 to the ASP providing support. TheASP uses the form to insure that DA Forms 581have the proper signatures. See DA Pam 710 se-ries for more details.DA Form 3151-R (Ammunition Stores Slip).The operations office at the ASP prepares a DAForm 3151-R. Use TM 38-L69-11-1* for instruc-tions for filling out. Use this form to track themovement of ammunition within the storage fa-cility, to include issue to and receipt from userunits.DD Form 626 (Motor Vehicle Inspection(Transporting Hazardous Material)). Inspectusing unit vehicles using this form, before andimmediately after loading, before they leave theASP or depot. Instructions are in AR 55-355.There is more information in FM 9-38 and TM9-1300-206.DD Form 836 (Special Instructions for MotorVehicle Drivers). The ASP shipping officer pre-pares one form for each driver of a vehicle thatleaves the ASP or depot loaded with ammuni-tion. Drivers must keep these forms in their pos-session at all times while driving ammunition-laden vehicles. Instructions for preparation are

*This TM is being rescinded. It will become Chapter 25, DAPam 710-2-2. The Supply Support Activity (SSA) SupplySystem.

58

Chapter 3

in AR 55-355, FM 9-38, TM 9-1300-206, and FM55-70.DA Form 3020-R (Magazine Data Card(MDC)). When they issue ammunition from astorage location, checkers post and initial thetransaction on the proper MDC. Each checkerand the soldier in charge of each respective mag-azine or stack must ensure the accuracy of theMDC.

PROCEDURESThe requesting unit must have its ammunition

issue request, DA Form 581, authenticated by acommand-designated officer, before it arrives at theASP or depot. In the division, the DAO authenti-cates requests; in the corps artillery, the S4 may doit. Authentication gives tactical commanders a wayto control ammunition issues.

The flowchart in Figure 3-1 is a guide for ASP, ordepots in planning for and conducting efficient issueoperations. Use it when writing SOPs for ammuni-tion issues. RECEIPT

Receipt, as used here, refers to a shipment fromanother ASP or depot or directly from the port.ASPs normally receive regular replenishment ship-ments from the CSA. That may mean one convoyper day, a convoy every other day, or some other ar-rangement. Some receipts, such as emergency replen-ishment, are unscheduled and may arrive at theASP at any time. The ASP must have establishedprocedures for the orderly and efficient receipt ofammunition.

59

Chapter 3

GUIDELINESThe following general guidelines make receiving

ammunition safer and easier to control:Be aware that mixed lots may be in a single ship-ment. If they are, there will have to be a detailedinventory after unloading.Use advance notices of receipts for planningASP operation. They will increase efficiency.Inspect the ammunition received for damage andsafety hazards.To prepare for incoming shipments, check theunit SOP for guidance concerning the particularmethod of transportation the Class V items arearriving on.There may be so many items that rewarehousingwill be necessary to make room in the plannedlocation to store them. To determine if this isnecessary, check the planographs. For magazinestorage at a CSA or TSA, also check the maga-zine drawings; for outdoor storage, check theFSU size. Finish rewarehousing before the ship-ment arrives.Consider the amount of labor and MHE that mayhave to be used to download the shipment.

Motor Vehicles. Inspect motor vehicles againstthe destination portion of the DD Form 626, whichis carried with each shipment, as each vehicle arrivesat the ASP. Asterisked items must be checked, anddeficiencies must be corrected before the vehiclecomes into the ASP/depot. Make sure the ASP con-trol section gives the storage section personnel a DAForm 3151-R before they leave for the storage area60

Chapter 3with a truck. The form gives the location and quan-tity of ammunition to be stored. Finally use what-ever types of MHE on hand (IAW the TOE) andthat can be used on the ASP terrain.

Railcars. Make sure that a civilian QASAS ormilitary ammunition inspector (MOS 55X) is onhand when the railcar is spotted and opened. Allrailcars transporting explosives should be inspectedwhen they enter the ASP and before they are openedfor unloading. Make this inspection at a designatedinspection area, and make sure technically qualifiedpersonnel, such as the QASAS or 55X, do the in-specting. If sabotage or any unsafe condition is sus-pected, move the car immediately to the suspect-cartrack so it can be inspected by authorized securityand EOD personnel. If the car passes the inspection,downloading can be restarted as soon as possible.The use of MHE, whether forklift or conveyor roll-ers, depends on the particular situation and requiresplanning and coordination.

Aircraft and Vessels. The help of other servicesis necessary for these means of transportation. AQASAS or 55X is also necessary. Transporting withaircraft or vessels uses motor vehicles or railcars atsome point to move munitions to and from the actualstorage site. Refer to TM 9-1300-206 for moreinformation.

DOCUMENTATIONUse the following documentation when receiving

ammunition:DA Form 3151-R (Ammunition Stores Slip).

61

Chapter 3

The receiving ASP or depot uses this form to re-cord where the incoming shipment is to bestored. Prepare a DA Form 3151-R for all am-munition items arriving at the ASP on a vehicle.TM 38-L69-11-1 has instructions for filling outthe form.DD Form 1348-1 (DOD Single Line ItemRelease/Receipt Document). DD Form 1348-1 isprepared by the shipper and is used as a receiptand as documentation of the shipment. It is alsoused as advance notice of an incomingshipment.DA Form 5210-R (Ammunition TransactionCard, XBT (Intransit-In Receipt)). This card isprepared by the ASP and is forwarded to theproper MMC to notify the MMC that a ship-ment of ammunition has been received by theASP.DD Form 1384 (Transportation Control andMovement Document (TCMD)). The shipperprepares the TCMD, and it stays with the am-munition during shipment. This form providesvital transportation data to each level, includingthe receiving ASP, concerning the ammunitionshipment.DD Form 626 (Motor Vehicle Inspection(Transporting Hazardous Material)). The ASPuses this form to inspect arriving vehicles beforethey unload. Personnel named by the ASP com-mander prepare this form IAW AR 55-355. FM9-38, and TM 9-1300-206.

DA Form 3020-R (Magazine Data Card62

Chapter 3(MDC)). The ammunition storage unit preparesthe MDC for each lot and stack of ammunitionstored during receiving operations except whenthe ammunition received is going to an alreadyexisting stack. In this case, the checker mustpost the transaction to the proper MDC. Check-ers and the soldier in charge of each magazine orstack are responsible for the accuracy of thiscard.

PROCEDURESThe flowchart in Figure 3-2 is a guide for plan-

ning and conducting receiving operations. It can alsobe used for writing SOPs for ammunition receipts.

SHIPMENT

Shipment, as used here, is the movement andtransfer of ammunition stocks from one storage ac-tivity to another storage activity using transporta-tion assets not organic to the shipping ammunitionunit.GUIDELINES

Efficient ammunition shipping operations arelargely the result of thorough advanced planning.Most accidents involving Class V items are duringtransportation, movement, or handling. When a ma-teriel release order (MRO), shipping instructions, orother authority directing a shipment is received,carefully plan the mechanics of each shipment, be-cause each is different. See Appendix C for a DODICconversion chart and Appendix F for DOT hazard-ous materials information.

63

Chapter 3

64

65

Chapter 3

66

Chapter 3

67

Chapter 3Before any plan is begun, a detailed step-by-step

SOP must be written, which will make transporta-tion and movement activities much more effective.Consider the following basic factors, although theymay vary because of prevailing operational environ-ments, types of shipment, and existing workloads:

Try to establish close liaison with the supportinglocal transportation movements office (TMO) tomake coordinating external transportation assetseasier.Bear in mind that most shipments are on a“throughput” basis, as directed by the appropri-ate MMC. Maintain as much contact as possiblewith the MMC to get the most advancednotice.Ammunition should be palletized for shipment asmuch as possible to make loading and unloadingvehicles easier.All carriers must be inspected throughly (IAWDD Form 626) before they are loaded.Verify the availability of Class V items for ship-ment. Immediately report quantities not avail-able to the activity issuing the shippingdirective.Know the selection of lots and storage locationsfrom which specific quantities are to beloaded.Make sure items are compatible. This is critical.For more information, see TM 9-1300-206.Once the amount of ammunition to be shipped isknown, verify it against on-hand assets, condi-tion codes, and storage locations. The compati-

68

Chapter 3bility of assets according to the method of trans-port (compatibility varies depending on whetherrail, air, motor vehicle, or vessels are used) mustbe known, as well as the size, type, and numberof vehicles, railcars, etc., in which the ammuni-tion is to be loaded. Be aware of the MHE andthe number of soldiers available to do the load-ing. Make sure palletization and outloadingdrawings are available as well as the equipmentand lumber to follow these drawings.Within CONUS, the basic documents that mustbe followed are DOT Motor Carrier Regulationsand AR 55-355. In addition, comply with all localand state rules, regulations, and laws. Follow allthe recommended routes through which ship-ments will pass in order to make sure bridges,tunnels, and congested areas are avoided.Within a Theater of Operations (TO), make sureshipments of ammunition comply with theaterand DA directives and safety regulations. To alarge degree, these directives and safety regula-tions are the same as those in CONUS.Whether CONUS or OCONUS, the followingpublications apply to shipments: AR 55-38, AR55-355, AR 190-11, AR 710-2 series, AR 735-11-2, BOE 6000, DOD Reg 5100.76M, FM 9-38,FM 55-70, DOD 4500.32R, and TM9-1300-206.If the shipment is to be handled by commercialcarrier or other external transportation assets,alert the supporting transportation movementsofficer (TMO) as far in advance as possible. Co-ordinate with the customer unit on type and

69

Chapter 3

quantity of vehicles if the shipment is to be bymilitary vehicles belonging to the customer unit.By making requirements known to the TMO andby keeping up with technical matters, the opera-tion will be more efficient.

Compatibility. There are handling and loadingrequirements for maintaining transportation com-patibility for explosives and other hazardous cargo.Compatibility for transportation has the same prior-ity as for storage, only the standards for which typesof items may be mixed are different. Figure 3-3, anextract from BOE 6000, shows which items can beloaded together.

The chart in figure 3-3 (in pocket on inside backcover) uses the Department of Transportation(DOT) shipping names. These names are available inthe ammunition data catalog (in microfiche), theDOD Hazardous Classification Guide, or the manu-facturer’s data on the top of the box being shipped.Once the DOT shipping name is known, cross-reference it to the BOE chart to see if the items canbe loaded together.

Motor Vehicles. When a documented request forshipment (DA Form 3151-R, DA Form 581, DAForm 1348, etc.) is received, determine what typeand how many vehicles will be necessary. Coordinatethis with the TMO or the unit responsible for trans-porting the ammunition. Determinations are asfollows:

Number of Trucks. Determining the grossweight to be put on military trucks is up to theusing unit and should be coordinated with the

70

Chapter 3

control and QA/QC section of the ASP. Deter-mine the cube/square of the load by measuringthe pallets. Make sure the cube and weight arechecked for total quantity to be put on the vehi-cle. If commercial vehicles are to be used, theASP control section is responsible for determin-ing how much will be loaded on each vehicle andwhat size vehicles will be used (the TMO pro-vides this information).Preparation for Loading. Know what kind oftrucks (2 l/2-ton, S&P, etc.) are going to be usedbefore they arrive at the ASP. Unlike for com-mercial vehicles, this information is provided bythe unit responsible for transporting the ammu-nition or by the TMO. Furthermore, ASP per-sonnel should have sufficient advance notice sothey can plan for the job. See Appendix A.Palletized Loads. Make sure loading proce-dures follow DA Pam 75-5. Always useoutloading drawings, and follow them as closelyas possible. After the drawing is obtained, re-quest the materials for blocking and bracingneeded. If the item needs to be palletized orrepalletized, the procedure in DARCOM Draw-ing 19-48-4116-20-PA10002 should be followed.Get the specific drawing for a particular kind ofammunition by using the appendixes toDARCOM Drawing 19-48-4116-20-PA10002.These drawings give details on the equipmentneeded and procedures for unitizing specificitems. The ASP SOP should list the safetyequipment necessary for these procedures.

71

Chapter 3

MHE is necessary if the ammunition is palle-tized. What kind of MHE and how much will beneeded depend on the terrain, weather, andMHE available. With experience, comes betterjudgment of what MHE will be needed for an op-eration. Along with the MHE, additional itemsof handling gear, such as nylon cargo straps,steel slings, and conveyors are often needed.Unpalletized Loads. These loads are mostoften shipped to tactical units. This makes plan-ning difficult because of the small quantities anddifferent kinds of boxes being put on one truck.The ASP QA section can advise the best methodfor loading.Incoming Inspection. When it arrives at theASP, the motor vehicle should be inspected lAWTM 9-1300-206 or Chapter 216, AR 55-355. DDForm 626 is used when Class A and B shipmentswill be over public highways; local forms areoften made for other situations. Soldiers in thestorage section, control section, or qualified per-sonnel should complete blocks 1-22 of the DDForm 626 before the vehicle enters the ammuni-tion storage area. Instructions for filling out thisform are on the back of it, and TM 9-1300-206has additional information, such as the correctfire extinguishers.Placarding Requirement. The proper plac-ards must be on all motor vehicles transportinghazardous cargo over highways. Make sure oneplacard is displayed on each of the four aides ofthe vehicle and the trailer, if applicable. Make

72

Chapter 3sure the placard on the trailer is visible from thefront. If vehicles are transporting explosives A orB, try to get reflectorized placards. Display theplacard of the most dangerous item being trans-ported. See BOE 6000 for more specific detailson how to placard vehicles, and see FM 55-70and TM 9-1300-206 for the NSN of the differentsizes of placards. In an overseas theater, theplacards of the host nation or placards that showboth English and the native language may haveto be used.Transport Protection. The load should bewell braced and stayed IAW the properoutloading drawing. If it is not in a closed van,the load needs to be covered with fire-resistanttarps. Tarps are not needed when sealed metalcontainers are being transported.Outgoing Inspection. When the load is ready,the DD Form 626 should be filled out. Have aQASAS or 55X ammunition inspector fill inblocks 23-30, which includes completion of a DDForm 836. Use Chapter 216, AR 55-355, to fillout the DD Form 836, and use the fire fightingguidance and the DOT shipping name in Appen-dix F.

Railcars. Before working with railcars, there areseveral references soldiers need to be familiar with.Follow carefully the guidance for loading compatibil-ities as given in BOE 6000. There are also specificprocedures that govern rail shipments, dealing withsafety precautions, loading, blocking, and bracing in

73

Chapter 3

the outloading drawings in DA Pam 75-5 and TM9-1300-206. Railcar inspection procedures and certi-fication are in TM 9-1300-206 and Chapter 216, AR55-355.

Aircraft. Air shipment operations can be con-ducted at any airfield operated by the US Air Forceor US Army, at heliports, or at ASP helicopter sling-out areas. The US Air Force controls air terminaloperations at its airfields. The Army transportationservice controls transfer points operated by the fieldArmy. Technical assistance in this case is supplied byammunition supply units. Helicopter loading sites(sling-out areas) at Class V installations are operatedby that installation. The local TMO can providetechnical assistance. For more on aircraft operations,see TM 38-250 and TM 9-1300-206. TM 9-1300-206has a detailed discussion of sling-out operations.

Plan for sling-out areas in or near CSAs or ASPsso there can be limited helicopter resupply for usingunits.

Vessels. Loading and unloading of vessels is thespecific responsibility of transportation units in thetheater of operations and the US Army MilitaryTraffic Management and Terminal Services. Theyare governed, however, by the regulations of the USCoast Guard. These regulations cover the classifica-tion, compatibility, and storage of ammunition andother dangerous cargo aboard a vessel and are in theUS Army’s FM 55-70. The Coast Guard also securesand supervises vessels, including barges, unless theyare specifically exempt.

74

Chapter 3DOCUMENTATION

The following forms and labels are used when am-munition is shipped

DA Form 3151-R (Ammunition Stores Slip).Prepare a DA Form 3151-R for each DODAC inthe shipment, so checkers can use them as tallysheets during upload of the ammunition. Fillthem out following TM 38-L69-11-1.DD Form 1384 (Transportation MovementControl Document (TCMD)). The TCMD is pre-pared by the shipping ASP. It provides: advanceplanning information for scheduling transporta-tion, the way to control and identify shipmentsthroughout their movement, and the essential in-formation needed to trace, locate, and divertshipments.DD Form 626 (Motor Vehicle Inspection(Transporting Hazardous Material)). The ship-ping activity uses DD Form 626 to inspect vehi-cles before and immediately after they areloaded, before they leave the ASP or depot. UseAR 55-355 to fill it out, and use FM 9-38 andTM 9-1300-206 for additional guidance.DD Form 836 (Special Instructions for MotorVehicle Drivers). The driver of each vehicleloaded with ammunition gets a DD Form 836 be-fore leaving the ASP or depot. The transporta-tion officer prepares DD Forms 836 IAW AR 55-355, FM 9-38, and TM 9-1300-206.DA Form 3020-R (Magazine Data Card(MDC)). Checkers post the transaction to the

75

Chapter 3

MDC when ammunition is shipped from a stor-age location. Both checkers and soldiers incharge of the magazines or stacks make sure theMDC is accurate.DD Form 1348 Series. For shipping, thereare many ways the MILSTRIP documents inthe DD Form 1348-series are used. Furthermore,the series can be used manually or electronicallyin automatic data processing (ADP). See TM 38-L69-11-1 for complete information on using ofthis series of forms. Their primary uses are asmateriel release orders, materiel release conform-ations, materiel release denials, redistribution or-ders, and advanced notices of shipment.Shipping Labels. The shipping activity marksand labels ammunition that is being shippedwith the proper shipping labels IAW AR 725-50,FM 55-70, BOE 6000, TM 738-250, and AR 55-355. The proper way to fill out address labels isin MIL-STD 129H. The proper way to handlehazardous cargo is in AR 55-355 and FM 55-70.Be sure all appropriate placards are put on thevehicle before it is loaded. They must be affixedproperly because they will not be taken off untilthe vehicle is unloaded.

PROCEDURESThe flowchart in Figure 3-4 will help to plan and

conduct efficient shipping operations. It can also beused to write SOPs for ammunition shipments.Every shipment and every shipping activity has spe-cial requirements that make their operations differ-ent, so modify the chart as necessary.76

Chapter 3Figure 3-4 shows a routine “throughput” replen-

ishment shipment by motor convoy. With minorchanges, it can apply to air or rail shipments, highpriority shipments, cross-leveling shipments, and ret-rograde shipments.

TURN-INTurn-in, as used here, is the return to the ASP of

unexpended ammunition and salvage items. Ammu-nition may be turned in to the supporting ASP ordepot by using units. Reasons for turn-ins are be-cause operations are complete, missions change,basic loads change, items on hand are suspended, orthe serviceability of ammunition items is question-able. ASPS and depots also receive salvage ammuni-tion materiel and such residue from the using unit asexpended cartridge cases, grenade pins, containers,wooden boxes, and metal cans. See Appendix G for abrass conversion chart.

GUIDELINESThe following guidelines make turning in ammu-

nition safer and easier to control:Encourage using units to return ammunitionitems in their original packs.Discourage using units from opening morerounds and packages than they need and thatthey may have to turn in later.Inspect turn-ins thoroughly. This is becauseturn-ins may be in mixed lots and varying quan-tities and there may also be unserviceable andhazardous ammunition.

77

Chapter 3

Salvage material must get a 100-percent inspec-tion and be certified by the QA section as free ofexplosives.

DOCUMENTATIONThe following documentation is necessary for

turn-ins:DA Form 581 (Request for Issue and Turn-inof Ammunition). The using unit making aturn-in prepares a DA Form 581 and gives it tothe ASP office.DA Form 3151-R (Ammunition Stores Slip).DA Form 3151-R is used for turn-ins as a tem-porary receipt or a storage document, preparedby the ASP office, that directs the relocation ofspecific items from the segregation area to spe-cific storage locations.DD Form 626 (Motor Vehicle Inspection(Transporting Hazardous Material)). The receiv-ing ASP or depot uses this form to inspect vehi-cles for hazardous conditions before they are un-loaded. Prepare this form IAW AR 55-355, FM9-38, and TM 9-1300-206.DA Form 3020-R (Magazine Data Card(MDC)). Prepare an MDC for each lot and stackof ammunition turned in except when the re-turned ammunition goes back to an already ex-isting stack. In this case, the checker simplyposts the transaction to the existing MDC forthat stack. Checkers and soldiers responsible foreach magazine or stack make sure the MDC isaccurate.

78

Chapter 3

PROCEDURESThe flowchart in Figure 3-5 will help to plan for

and efficiently conduct receipts of using unit turn-ins. It can be used when SOPs for turn-ins are writ-ten. Salvage turn-ins are handled much the same asthe ammunition turn-in procedures in Figure 3-5,with the following exceptions:

Inspect and certify items to be sure that theycontain no explosives.Store salvage items in an area designated for allsalvage items.Keep a separate account in the ASP stock re-cords office. This account reflects the item byquantity or tonnage, condition code, lot number,and DODIC or part number.Report turn-ins to higher headquarters IAW es-tablished procedures.

79

Chapter 3

80

Chapter 3

81

Chapter 3

82

Chapter 3

83

AMMUNITION MAINTENANCE,INSPECTION, AND SURVEILLANCEThis chapter provides general information and

guidance for ammunition personnel who are respon-sible for the maintenance of conventional ammuni-tion, to include its demilitarization. Detailed mainte-nance and surveillance procedures for specific itemsof ammunition are in TM 9-1300 series publications.Still more surveillance procedures are covered in SB742-1. Doctrine and policies that apply to direct sup-port (DS) and general support (GS) ammunitioncompanies are in FM 9-6 and FM 9-38.

MAINTENANCEREPAIR PARTS, TOOLS, AND EQUIPMENT.

Tables of allowance (TA), tables of organizationand equipment (TOE), and the repair parts and spe-cial tools lists (RPSTL) of the technical manual for

84

Chapter 4

the specific class of ammunition all authorize thetools and equipment ammunition handlers need.Special tools are also listed in SC 4940-95-CL-A11for DS units and in SC 4925-95-CL-A03 for GSunits. Consumable and expendable supplies neededfor maintenance are listed in the proper technicalmanual. Packing materials are listed as repairparts.LEVELS

There are three levels of maintenance for whichArmy ammunition personnel are responsible. Theyare detailed in technical manuals and related publi-cations and regulations as listed earlier. Levels ofammunition maintenance are briefly discussedbelow.

Organizational. All activities having conven-tional ammunition on hand, including using units,perform organizational maintenance. It prevents de-terioration of ammunition from rough handling andexposure. It involves cleaning, removing minor rustand corrosion, repairing and replacing boxes, andrestenciling containers as prescribed in the proper-10, -12, or -20 technical manual and as required bythe maintenance allocation chart (MAC).

Direct Support. TOE 9-64 conventional ammu-nition companies perform direct support (DS) main-tenance. It includes surveillance and limited mainte-nance of stocks under the companies’ control. DSmaintenance involves cleaning and protecting indi-vidual items and/or packing material; removing lightrust; making minor repairs on boxes, containers, andcrates; spot painting and restenciling, and replacing

85

Chapter 4

readily removal external parts and components suchas fuzes of artillery and mortar ammunition, propel-ling charges and primed cartridge cases for semifixedand mortar ammunition, grommets, and noseplugs.

Packing containers and packing material author-ized at DS level are limited because storage space forthem is limited. These materials are listed in TM9-1300-250.

General Support. TOE 9-74 conventional am-munition companies in the COMMZ perform GSmaintenance. GS maintenance units perform thatpart of the maintenance mission that the DS ammu-nition company cannot.

DS/GS Maintenance Planning. The objectiveof all DS/GS planning is the construction of a main-tenance line that processes an item as efficiently aspossible. The planning process is as follows:

DS/GS support units perform ammunitionmaintenance and demilitarization only after theyreceive a properly validated work authorization.Such work authorization may be a maintenancerequest (DA Form 2407), an endorsement to theAmmunition Condition Report (DA Form 2415),or a letter of authorization. Instructions forusing these forms are in DA Pam 738-750. Themaintenance officer may create an assignmentsheet (work order) when the validated work au-thorization does not furnish enoughinformation.All the information on the item to be processed

86

Chapter 4

should be collected from the validated work au-theorization and/or the appropriate data sheetsand carefully studied in order to decide how thejob can be completed. A process flow sheetshould then be prepared. This is a compact chartfor recording the proper sequence of everythingthat has to be done. For more details on makingone see TM 9-1300-250. Next, write the SOP tosupplement the flow sheet. Get instructions forpreparing the SOP in TM 9-1300-250. Depotmaintenance work requirements (DMWRs) forrenovation, repair, or demilitarization of ammu-nition provide information concerning the tech-nical features of various maintenance operations.They consist of a series of sheets in pamphletform. Approval for the DMWR is by the com-manding officer of the US Army ArmamentMuntions and Chemical Command, Rock Island,IL, but a qualified staff member can also be dele-gated the responsibility for reviewing and the au-thority for approving the DMWR. When aDMWR is received in the field, it should be usedas a guide for making up the maintenance SOPfor that particular operation. TM 9-1300-250provides a sample page of a DMWR.

When flow sheet and SOP (to include the indexof operations and operations format) are done,the ammunition officer with the help of the keyNCOs should give the service section a list of allthe special tools that will be needed.Now, determine the shape of the maintenanceline based on the flow sheet. It is usually a

87

Chapter 4

straight line or a “U” shaped line. The straightline is most often used when two roads are avail-able, one at the incoming end of the line and theother at the outgoing. TM 9-1300-250 shows asample straight-line operation. The U line isusually used when there is only one road avail-able for supplying and removing processed items,TM 9-1300-250 also shows a sample U lineoperation.

SAFETYSafety in ammunition maintenance is covered in

AR 385-10, TM 9-1300-206, and maintenance manu-als for specific items of ammunition. Explosivessafety, covering fire fighting procedures, the handlingand storing of ammunition, operational precautions,QD requirements, barricades, operational shields,personnel and explosives limits, and safety tools andequipment, is covered in Chapter 1 of thismanual.

AMMUNITION INSPECTIONSAND SURVEILLANCE

INSPECTIONSInspections in maintenance organizations are one

of the requirements of the Ammunition Surveillanceand Quality Evaluation Program (see AR 702-6, AR740-1, and SB 742-l).

A QASAS, or MOS 55X soldier under the guid-ance of a QASAS, periodically inspects ammunitionitems to determine the serviceability of the ammuni-tion according to SB 742-1 as well as other pertinent

88

Chapter 4

SBs for the specific classes of ammunition. Inspec-tions to determine serviceability will also be donewhen ammunition is turned in by using units. An ad-ditional inspection will be done after maintenance tosee if unserviceable items have been made servicea-ble. The inspector performs and certifies this inspec-tion before the ordnance goes back to the storagearea.

SURVEILLANCEAmmunition surveillance is the observation, in-

spection, and classification of ammunition and am-munition components during movement, storage, andmaintenance. It includes the inspection of all ammu-nition, equipment, facilities, and operations. Surveil-lance is conducted at all theater installations respon-sible for the storage, maintenance, disposal, andshipment of ammunition and components. Surveil-lance ends when the ammunition is expended ordestroyed.

Within theater ammunition units, surveillance isperformed by attached civilian and assigned militaryammunition inspectors. The civilians, the QASAS,are inspectors with over a year of technical trainingplus an apprenticeship. Periodically, throughout theircareers, they receive additional resident training.The military inspector (MOS-55X) is recruited fromthe ammunition career management field and re-ceives additional formal school training. This train-ing concentrates on the practical inspection of con-ventional ammunition and small missiles. Thetraining and experience of the military inspectorsprovide adequate technical expertise for them to

89

Chapter 4

work with QASAS. Surveillance will in general beaccomplished as specified in SB 742-1.

Responsibilities. Theater Army headquartershas general supervision over ammunition surveil-lance in the theater of operations. The COSCOM orammunition group has this function within thecorps. The commanding officer of any ammunitionservice unit conducts a Quality Assurance Ammuni-tion Surveillance Program for all ammunition andammunition operations under that command. Theammunition inspectors carry out this responsibility.Military inspectors help conduct the surveillanceprogram as directed by the proper battalion or groupcommander.

Functions. The duties of military and civilianammunition inspectors are as follows:

Inspect storage buildings and outdoor storagesites to make sure they comply with all safetystandards of storage.Inspect surrounding areas for fire hazards andother nonstandard conditions.Take and record maximum and minimum tem-perature and humidity readings.Look for nonstandard conditions that couldspeed up the normal deterioration rate of theitems in storage, thus create a hazard.Help inspect and test the lightning protectionsystem in magazines or explosives areas.Help pick samples to ship to CONUS provinggrounds and laboratories for ballistic and surveil-lance tests or investigations.

90

Chapter 4

Teach surveillance and ammunition safety.Prepare and keep proper correspondence, re-cords, and reports to cover all ammunitionactivities.Observe, inspect, and investigate to determinethe current degree of serviceability of ammuni-tion and components.Monitor methods of storage, handling, and main-tenance, and recommend changes for increasedsafety or operational effectiveness.Recommend to the commanding officer the con-trols needed to maintain approved standards ofsecurity.Act as technical advisors to the commanding of-ficer on all ammunition surveillance matters.Conduct unit basic load inspections.Help investigate ammunition malfunctions andaccidents.Help plan, coordinate, and administer the explo-sives safety program. The program includes re-view, evaluation, and inspection of all operations,procedures, equipment, and facilities used withammunition and explosives operations to assureapplication of and compliance with pertinentsafety standards.Help plan construction of explosives storage fa-cilities based on current QD and storagecriteria.Help prepare waivers for ammunition facilitiesas required.

91

Chapter 4

Prepare and maintain accurate records of all ob-servations, inspections, and investigationsperformed.Maintain files and indexes for all drawings andspecifications covering ammunition and methodsof packing and storing.Inspect all incoming and outgoing shipments ofammunition for sabotage devices; proper block-ing, bracing, and loading condition andserviceablilty, and compliance with existing in-structions and regulations.Inspect dunnage used and methods of storage forcompliance with specifications, drawings, andsafety regulations.Furnish safety advice to the unit’s operating ele-ments. Inspect all facilities and methods used inconnection with storage, handling, shipping, as-sembling, loading, preserving, maintaining, sal-vaging, and destroying ammunition for compli-ance with existing regulations.Maintain and update ammunition suspensionfile, both local and worldwide. Refer to AppendixE for ammunition condition codes.

92

DESTRUCTION OPERATIONSThis chapter is for soldiers who have to destroy

conventional ammunition. It is divided into twoparts, routine destruction and emergency des-truction.

ROUTINE DESTRUCTIONPROCEDURES

Before any destruction, the surveillance sectionmust fill out a DA Form 2415 (Ammunition Condi-tion Report). The form must then be submitted tothe proper authority in order to get disposition onthe ammunition. (see DA Pam 738-750 for prepara-tion and distribution details). The only exception iswhen the ammunition or explosives are an immedi-ate danger to ammunition storage personnel andproperty. In this case, the commanding officer of the

93

Chapter 5

ammunition company can order the destruction andsubmit a DA Form 2415 as a follow up. Proceduresto be followed must be included in the destructionSOP.

Local regulations concerning the destruction ofammunition should be reviewed and adhered to bythe surveillance section as well.

The ammunition inspector, to include civilianQASAS and/or military MOS 55X personnel, is re-sponsible for disposition instructions. The ammuni-tion unit commander is in charge of the actual de-struction of the materiel.

TRAININGAll ammunition unit commanders must ensure

that all unit personnel are properly trained in theprocedures and safety standards for the routine de-struction of ammunition explosives. Such trainingmust be routinely scheduled to keep soldiers ready.See FM 5-25, TM 9-1300-205, and TM 9-1375-213-12 for details. Local EOD teams can be con-tacted to provide technical assistance duringhands-on training sessions.

The training program for routine destruction mustinclude at least the following

Methods and procedures for priming and capping(nonelectric and electric).Methods and procedures for destruction by deto-nation and burning.Guidelines for selecting the site.General and specific safety procedures for de-stroying ammunition.

94

Chapter 5

DESTRUCTION SITESite Selection. Site selection involves different

factors depending on whether destruction is to be byburning or by detonation.

Destruction by Burning. The overriding con-sideration in selecting a burning site should be toget the greatest practical distance from all stor-age locations, inhabited buildings, public high-ways, etc. Make sure the site is not less than theinhabited building distance given on the QD ta-bles for whatever type and quantity of ammuni-tion being destroyed from all structures and pub-lic roads. See TM 9-1300-206 for details. Insurethe area is cleared of all flammable material andvegetation.

Also consider prevailing winds and the possi-bility of mass detonation during burning opera-tions. Whenever possible, use natural barricadesbetween the burning site and other buildings orstorage locations.Destruction by Detonation. There is only onespecification that is different than site selectionfor destruction by burning. It is that the siteshould be at least 2,400 feet from public high-ways, railways, inhabited buildings, storage loca-tions, etc. Note that the 2,400 foot distance doesnot apply when a deactivation furnace is used todestroy small amounts of fuzes, primers, smallarms cartridges, etc. See TM 9-1300-206 fordetails.

If the minimum safety distance of 2,400 feetcannot be met, put the ammunition in a pit or

95

Chapter 5trench to limit fragmentation range. Make surethe pit is at least 4 feet deep and the ammuni-tion is covered with at least 2 feet of dirt.

It is possible for an electric blasting cap cir-cuit to be set off by a strong electric current. Tominimize this danger, make sure the site is awayfrom all electrical transmitters.

Because it is possible that the proposed site willconflict with existing or proposed Army airspace, getclearance for the proposed site from the appropriateArmy airspace representative. See AR 95-50 for moreinformation.

Site Preparation. Remove all dry vegetationand other flammable materials within a radius of 200feet from the destruction point. If the unit is in com-bat service support operations at the forward ASP, itmay not be practical to do this due to tactical or op-erational considerations. Keep firefighting equip-ment for combating grass fires readily available, and,if practical, the ground at the point of destructionshould be wet down with water at the close of eachday’s operation. An area that was burned on lessthan 24 hours earlier cannot be burned on again, un-less it has been soaked with water and has been in-spected by surveillance section personnel or EODpersonnel. Concrete pads may not be used for burn-ing or detonation.

Keep at least 300 feet between the personnel shel-ter and the destruction pit or site. There may not bea demolition site at a forward storage location (CSA/ASP). If there is not, keep personnel behind barri-cades or in trenches that have overhead cover.96

Chapter 5

Make sure anyone who will be burning wears fire-resistant outer clothing, if available in the supplysystem. If it not available, flameproof clothes bysoaking them in one of the following solutions: a 15-percent solution of diammonium phosphate or am-monium sulfate, or a solution of 2-pounds of ammo-nium sulfate and 4 pounds of ammonium chloride in3 gallons of water.

Make sure at least two people perform the de-struction, but keep the number involved to a mini-mum. Make sure there is two-way radio communica-tions or a land-line telephone at the destruction site.

Some components of ammunition, such as tracerscontaining mercury chloride, release toxic matterwhen burned. Propelling charges may contain lead ordecoppering agents, which also release toxic fumes.It is critical to keep soldiers upwind from the burnand wearing adequate and proper respiratory protec-tive devices (field protective mask). Nitroglycerin ex-uding from commercial dynamite can be absorbedthrough the skin. Make sure soldiers know how toprotect themselves against these hazards.

DESTRUCTION AREA OPERATIONMake sure there is an ammunition destruction

SOP, either as an annex to the unit SOP or as a sep-arate SOP. Make sure it includes all the followingprocedures: allowable explosive weight authorized inan individual destruct operation or shot; priming andcapping method to be used responsibilities of de-struction team personnel; what to do for rangesafety and what emergency procedures to take formisfires and emergencies. Any demolition range used

97

Chapter 5to conduct routine destruction shall comply with therequirements of the ammunition destruction SOP.

See TM 9-1300-206 for specific procedures forspecific ammunition types, such as grenades, mines,artillery ammunition. The following procedures areinvolved in a routine destruction of ammunition andexplosives:

Upon receipt of authority from higher headquar-ters, the ammunition officer reviews the unit de-struction SOP and alerts the appropriate unitpersonnel.The ammunition officer then ensures that theoperations section contacts the unit motor poolto request the required number of vehicles totransport munitions and soldiers to the disposalarea.The designated safety officer conducts a safetybriefing for destruction team members includingthe procedures to be followed during conduct ofthe exercise. The safety officer also makes surethat all required equipment and emergency gearis available for use at the destruction site. Teamleaders check equipment and make sure anyproblems are corrected.Items to be destroyed are loaded on unit vehiclesaccording to proper transportation compatibilityrequirements, using prepared DA Form 3151-Rto maintain a correct inventory and record of theammunition moved. This form should be filledout by the operations NCOIC or personnel desig-nated by the operations NCOIC.

98

Chapter 5Upon arrival at the destruction site, stage vehi-cles at individual shot locations. Designatedteam members should remove the munitionsfrom their packaging and place them in the des-ignated location for destruction. It is permissi-ble to store empty boxes, pallets, and fiber con-tainers at a designated holding area. They canalso be returned to the inert salvage area at theASP.

The team primes each individual shot. Ifnonelectric firing method is used, the safety offi-cer and one additional person, other than who-ever sets off the firing train, inspect the primedshots. Upon command from the safety officer,the designated individual initiates the firingtrain. The individual who initiates it will makesure the fuse lighter is functional and that thesafety fuse is burning properly and then immedi-ately return to the safety area. If there is anonelectric misfire, wait 30 minutes beforerepriming the shot. When charges are to be"tamped," make sure they are fitted withdetonating-cord leads long enough to keep thecaps from being covered.

If an electric firing method is used, the individ-ual designated to fire the shot rechecks the fir-ing line, returns to the firing point, and hooksthe electric wires up to the blasting machinewhen the safety officer says so. The designatedindividual then fires the shot on command fromthe safety officer. If there is an electric misfire,the individual responsible for firing the shotdisconnects the firing line from the power

99

Chapter 5

source, shunts the wires, waits 30 minutes, vis-ually rechecks the firing line, and if necessary,reprimes the shot.

After the shot, make sure the area is searched forany items that may not have been completely de-stroyed. In the event of a “kick out,” (ammuni-tion items not destroyed but thrown clear) haveindividual items reprimed and detonated inplace.When demolition is finished, load all equipmentaboard unit transportation and return it to theproper storage location. Before equipment isstored, team members clean all of it, and the de-struction team NCOIC inspects all of it.Load pallets and all packing materials on unitvehicles and return them to the inert salvagearea for reinspection and certification by salvagecrew personnel. The salvage NCOIC uses DAForm 3151-R to the record receipt of salvage,The completed DA Form 3151-R is returned tothe operations section so the information can berecorded on the stock records, and the form isfiled. All other materials (e.g., banding, card-board inserts) should be policed up and disposedof IAW local guidance.

AMOUNTS AND KINDS OF PRIMINGEXPLOSIVES

Plastic explosives are preferred over such generaldemolition explosives such as TNT because the gen-eral explosives often produce either a low-order deto-nation or kick outs. Furthermore, plastic explosivessuch as composition C-4 and FLEX-X allow for100

Chapter 5

much better contact between the priming explosiveand the munitions to be destroyed. For how muchexplosive to use, see Table 5-1.

NONTOXIC CHEMICAL AMMUNITIONWhen they are disposed of by burning or detona-

tion, many nontoxic chemical agents, munitions, ortheir components produce hazards. Precautions mustbe taken to make sure the operation is safe. Makesoldiers aware of the dangers of chemical munitionsand fillers. The carelessness of one person may resultin injury or death, not only of that person but ofother soldiers at the disposal area. Do not let de-struction team members take short cuts and devia-tions from the procedures in the SOP.

101

Chapter 5

Restrict detonation of nontoxic munitions to thesmoke and incendiary classes. The reason is that il-lumination and CS items contain low explosive ejec-tion charges. Base-plates and payloads from thesemunitions may be ejected at high velocity and arehazardous to soldiers in the area.

When destroying munitions containing WP orPWP use a slightly larger amount of priming explo-sive than called for in Table 5-1 to rupture the casecompletely and disperse the filler. This will allow theWP to burn out more completely. Place priming ex-plosives underneath the rounds to help insure com-plete burn out. Do NOT destroy WP or PWP muni-tions in the same shot hole or area used for otherkinds of munitions. WP/PWP particles may bedriven into the ground and later uncovered andreignited.

Table 5-2 provides data on time and weather con-ditions for the destruction of these agents andmunitions.

Nontoxic chemical chemicals have the followingfirst aid procedures (see Table 5-2):

WP. Make sure WP first aid kits are at the site.These kits contain copper sulfate pads that keepoxygen from the injury, which stops the reaction.Evacuate casualties immediately to the nearestmedical facility.Smokes (FM and FS). These compositionsprobably will not produce a reaction that re-quires treatment. If soldiers without a protectivemask are overcome by a very strong smoke con-centration, move them to fresh air until they re-cover. The liquid from these agents, particularly

102

Chapter 5from FS, is very corrosive, and any spilled on thebody must be immediately washed away withlarge amounts of water followed by rewashingwith soap and water. Incendiaries. There is no unusual first aidtreatment for accidents that happen when sol-diers handle this type of material. Treat burnslike burns from flames. If TPA causes burns,they will be severe and will require prompt treat-ment from medical personnel. Do not put water

103

Chapter 5

on TPA burns; it will react with the incendiaryparticles and make the burn worse.

TOXIC CHEMICAL AMMUNITIONToxic chemical ammunition poses serious prob-

lems that require special methods of destruction. Forthis reason, EOD is responsible for chemical muni-tion destruction. This includes any captured toxic-agent-filled ordnance items. During normal destruc-tion of toxics at depots, AMCCOM or MICOM (forlarge rockets and missiles) provide instructions.

EMERGENCY DESTRUCTIONThe objective of emergency destruction is to de-

stroy munitions and documents of value to the en-emy and render what is left too hazardous to use.Emergency destruction is done on order or with per-mission from the proper authority IAW local SOP.EMERGENCY DESTRUCT PLAN

Immediately after ammunition storage area is es-tablished, make sure there is a plan for emergencydestruction, either as an annex in the unit SOP or asa separate SOP. Make sure the plan is staffedthrough technically qualified personnel (normallyEOD) so it is complete and feasible.PRIORITIES

The priorities for emergency destruction are basedon the types of munitions stored at the storage facil-ity. These priorities are

Priority 1. All classified munitions and associ-ated manuals, records, reports, test sets, andequipment.

104

Chapter 5

Priority 2. All ammunition and associatedcomponents (e.g. fuzes, propelling charges, prim-ers) that can be used in enemy weapons or by in-dividual troops and other specifically designateditems.Priority 3. All other ammunition stored.

METHODSAny of the following methods can be used to de-

stroy assets to prevent enemy capture and use:friendly artillery fire or air strike, detonation, burn-ing, or mutilation.

The method picked depends on how much timethere is and what ammunition is stored. Remember,executing an emergency destruction plan is a com-mand decision and is based on the tacticalsituation.TRAINING

As with routine destruction, personnel making upthe emergency destruction teams must be trained.Since the team members are constantly changing,make sure new team members get trained promptlyand completely.BASIC PROCEDURES

If emergency destruction is to be successful, theremust be a good destruction plan SOP, well-trainedteammembers, destruction materials, and transporta-tion that are all readily available. Destruction mate-rials and transportation assets should be “ear-marked,” or reserved, for this particular purpose.Three destruction methods are given here, detona-tion, burning and mutilation.

105

Chapter 5

Detonation. All bulk demolitions and associatedcomponents, such as blasting caps, firing devices,detonation cord, M10 universal destructors, etc., arestored in the category E field storage class. Itemsfrom this supply that are to be used for emergencydestruction should be identified not only at the fieldstorage units but also on appropriate stockrecords.

Make sure only the best stocks are reserved foruse in the event of emergency destruction. Do this bymaking sure all stocks are rotated based on changesin ammunition condition codes (see appropriate no-tices of ammunition reclassification messages(ARMS) and current copies of TB 9-1300-385).

It is common to store stocks reserved for ED usein at least one FSU (Category E) per storage section.This puts the reserved assets much closer to the in-dividual storage locations, and thus reduces the timethe destruction teams need to prepare individualstorage locations.

Each section will be readied for destruction by useof a ring-main or a series of individual ring-mainswhen destroying by detonation. See FM 5-25 forset-up of the ring-main and for priming and cappingprocedures.

Make sure teams use the combination primingsystem (nonelectric and electric) to initiate the ex-plosive train(s). Commanding officers fire the indi-vidual explosive trains. After the area has beencleared of personnel, they function the nonelectricsystem first and then the electric system.106

Chapter 5

Note: The combination firing system is two inde-pendent nonelectric firing systems (twononelectric caps, two safety fuses, and two fuselighters) and two independent electric firing sys-tems (two electric caps, two firing lines, and twopower sources (blasting machines or vehiclebatteries)).

Burning. Some items stored in the ammunitionstorage activity cannot be destroyed by demolition(see TM 9-1300-206, Appendix E, for a comprehen-sive listing). In these cases, destruction by burning isapproved. Since burning cannot be controlled once ithas been initiated, and it is more hazardous to thedestruction team, use it only after all other assetshave been destroyed by detonation.

Combustible material, such as wooden boxes andpallets, may be put on top of the stacks, soaked witha fuel mixture, and ignited with a nonelectric or elec-tric firing system, with incendiary grenades, or bycryptographic destroyers.

Stacks of propelling charges can be destroyed byusing a simple train of combustible material or bythe method above.

Fuel containers filled with a fuel mixture can beput on top of stacks, primed with a bunch line ofdetonating cord, and ignited by using a combinationfiring system. Another way to ignite the fuel contain-ers is with small arms fire, using incendiarybullets.

Stacks of ammunition can be thoroughly soaked107

Chapter 5with a fuel mixture and ignited using incendiary gre-nades or cryptographic destroyers.

Mutilation. If there is time, items that are lightlyconstructed (rocket motors, propelling charge con-tainers, etc.) can be destroyed by unpalletizing themand running vehicles or forklifts over them.

Note: Forklifts and vehicles will not be drivenover complete rocket rounds. For example, war-heads should be detached from rocket motors be-fore motors are destroyed by mutilation. Remem-ber, no destruction method or methods willcompletely destroy all the material.

108

TABLES FORDIMENSIONS AND LOADING

CAPACITIES FOR CARGO BODIES

The major activity of most ammunition storage areasis loading trucks, railcars, and aircraft. Critical tothe planning and execution of this task is knowinghow much can be loaded in each kind of cargo body.This appendix provides that information in the fol-lowing tables:

TableA-1A-2A-3A-4A-5A-6A-7A-8A-9

TitleTruck Cargo DecksDump Truck BodiesCargo Trailer BodiesStake Semitrailer Cargo BodiesVan Semitrailer Cargo BodiesCommercial Truck BodiesCommercial Semitrailer BodiesArmy Helicopter CompartmentsOther Aircraft’s Compartments

109

Appendix A

110

Appendix A

111

Appendix A

112

Appendix A

113

Appendix A

114

Appendix A

115

Appendix A

116

Appendix A

117

Appendix A

118

Appendix A

119

Appendix A

120

Appendix A

121

Appendix A

122

Appendix A

123

Appendix A

124

HELICOPTER REARM POINTSAND READY AMMUNITION AREAS

This appendix provides general guidelines for thelayout, construction, and operation of helicopterrearm points. More information is in TM 9-1300-206. Figure B-1 shows typical layouts for three heli-copter rearm points and a three-dimensional view ofone of the plans.

There needs to be some way to get rockets fromthe ready ammunition storage site to the rearm padswhere combat aircraft are to be armed and rearmed.It is all right to use improvised trailers or carts withthe following three restrictions. The rated loadweight of the trailer or cart must not be exceeded.The load of rockets must be secured and balanced toprevent their tumbling off or tipping over. The trail-ers or carts must be covered to protect the rocketsfrom bad weather.

HELICOPTER REARM POINTLAYOUT

Aircraft Parking Area. Farthest from the ammuni-tion, this area is set aside for parking aircraft notcontaining explosives and not being loaded.

Rearm Pads. Next closest to the ammunition,rearm pads are specifically for loading or unloadingcombat aircraft with ammunition and explosives.Rearm pads should have revetments for storing theammunition while waiting for the helicopter to set

125

Appendix B

126

Appendix B

127

Appendix Bdown and should include adequate area for the corn-bat aircraft to land and be loaded with ammunitionand explosives.

Ready Ammunition Storage Site. This facility isseparated from the helicopter rearm pad by a barri-cade. This area contains the ready ammunition nec-essary to support the arming and rearming of air-craft. The site has separate cubicles or barricadedareas for assembling and disassembling rockets andarming or disarming aircraft flares.

Basic Load Ammunition Storage. In this area, fur-thest from the rearm pad, is the specific quantity ofammunition authorized and required to be on handwithin the unit: the basic load. A basic load can in-clude such diverse items as 2.75-inch rockets, 40-mmammunition, small arms ammunition, flares, andsmoke grenades.LOT NUMBER CONTROL

In a ready ammunition storage area and nearbythe helicopter rearm pad, store ammunition by lotintegrity so all lots on hand can be properly ac-counted for. Maintain proper lot records so ammuni-tion malfunctions can be reported properly. One wayto maintain lot integrity is not to mix items. Makesure lots are not mixed at ready ammunition storagesites, basic load storage sites, or rearm points, andmake sure lots within the same launcher are notmixed.

OPERATIONS AND SAFETY

GROUNDING AIRCRAFTGrounding aircraft prevents accidental initiation

of rockets from stray electrical energy. Ground air-128

Appendix Bcraft electrically during arming and disarming opera-tions and when they are armed and parked in revet-ments. The equipment needed to ground aircraftfollows:

Ground rod, GP-8 NSN 5975-00-187-5304l/4-in braid (25 ft) NSN 6145-00-164-015Alligator clips

SHORTING ROCKETSFin protector springs short circuit the igniter

leads, thus preventing accidental ignition. Make sureshorting wire clips and fin protectors are installed onall rockets immediately after unloading an aircraftlauncher. Check to be sure the shorting wire clip ormetal fin protector is properly installed on all rocketmotors and complete rockets whenever the rocketsare not in the launcher.

HANDLING ROCKETSComplete rounds, rocket motors, or fuze-warhead

combinations, that have been dropped may causepremature functioning of the fuze and warhead anddetonation of the rocket motor. This could result inloss of loss of life and aircraft.

There are two ways of handling rockets that willresult in their rejection. One way is if a 2.75-inchrocket motor or complete rocket, crated or uncrated,is dropped from higher than 2 feet. The other is if afuze-warhead combination, crated or uncrated, isdropped from higher than 5 feet.

Any items rejected for the reasons above must beturned in to the supporting ASP or depot. The DA

129

Appendix B

Form 581 (Request for Issue and Turn-In of Ammu-nition) must reflect the reason for unserviceabilityand turn-in.

ASSEMBLING ROCKETSAssemble rockets motors, warheads, and fuzes

IAW the instructions in TB 9-1340-201 or the in-structions packed in the box with the rockets. Re-turned unfired rockets and rockets that remain onaircraft after a mission must have their warheadsretorqued prior to use on the next mission.

PROTECTING ASSETSBuild barricades around basic load storage areas,

ready ammunition storage areas, and ammunitionstored at rearm points. Use TM 9-1300-206 as aguide.

Barricades should be at least 3 feet thick in orderto most effectively lessen the hazards involved ifthere is an explosion or fire.

Cover, if possible, all ammunition stored at rearmpads so it will be protected from the weather.

STORING ROCKETSDo not store ready rockets directly on top of each

other at the rearm pads and in the ready ammuni-tion storage areas. This places too much weight onthe bottom layers.

If rockets have to be removed from their packingboxes, store rockets on storage racks built at the site.

Because the rocket motor might go off, place rock-ets so that their nose ends are pointed towards theback of the barricade.130

Appendix BDETERMINING EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

The number of ready rockets stored at the rearmpoints and in the ready ammunition storage areasmust be kept to a minimum at all times. The follow-ing limits are a guide to meet operational needs. Donot go over them.

Rearm pad limits. Each rearm pad is limited toone fully armed aircraft plus the number of rocketsrequired to rearm one additional aircraft. The am-munition for the second aircraft must be stored out-side the pad, properly barricaded and covered.

Ready ammunition storage area limits. Each cubi-cle is limited to 2,000 pounds NEW per cubicle. Thefollowing example illustrates this limitation:

1340-H490 (10 lb NEW) = 200 rounds per cubicle(200 multiplied by 10 = 2,000 pounds)

The NEW is computed based on the weight of ex-plosive filler in item of ammunition. For rocket am-munition, the NEW is the combined explosiveweight; that is, the propellant in the motor and thefiller in the warhead.

Expect the items in Table B-1 helicopter rearmoperations.

131

Appendix B

Use Table B-2 to find the minimum distances per-mitted between rearm points, ready ammunitionstorage areas, and other activities requiring safetydistance separations.

132

DODIC CONVERSION CHARTThis chart lists information on some commonly

used DODICs. It may be helpful in planning forloading, storing, and shipping operations. The com-plete listing of DODICs is provided on the ArmyClass V identification lists (available on microfiche).Weights and quantities per pack may vary dependingon the complete NSN.For munitions, items are arranged by DODIC se-quence. For missiles, items are alphabetically ar-ranged by missile name and, under each kind of mis-sile, by DODIC.

133

Appendix C

134

Appendix C

135

Appendix C

136

Appendix C

137

Appendix C

138

Appendix C

139

Appendix C

140

Appendix C

141

Appendix C

142

Appendix C

143

AMMUNITION IDENTIFICATION BYMARKINGS AND COLOR CODING

Ammunition is identified by markings and colorcoding on the items themselves, the containers, andthe packing boxes. In this appendix color codings arepresented in greater detail than markings becausethey are a more ready means of identification. Themarkings, the standard nomenclature of each item,together with its lot number, Federal Supply Class(FSC), national stock number (NSN), Department ofDefense Identification Code (DODIC), and Depart-ment of Defense Ammunition Code (DODAC), com-pletely identify each item and are used to maintainaccountable records. Communications between am-munition units frequently use an ammunition item’sDODIC; for instance, A071, which is 5.56 small armsammunition (see SB 708-3). Color coding can beused as a quick way to visually check and identify144

Appendix Dammunition. Look in TM 9-1300-200 and MIL-STD-709C for more details. This appendix also givesa basic explanation of markings and color coding.

MARKINGSAMMUNITION LOT NUMBER

Each item of ammunition is assigned a completeround or item lot number when it is manufactured oris at the load and assembly (LAP) plant. See MIL-STD 1168-A for complete description of the currentsystem. See MIL-STD 1168 for a complete discus-sion of the old lot numbering system. Figure D-1 is abasic break-down of a typical ammunition lot num-ber showing both the new and the old systems.

CONVENTIONAL AMMUNITION FEDERALSUPPLY CLASSES

Conventional ammunition is Federal SupplyGroup 13. Within this group, ammunition is furtherbroken down by two more numbers that identify thegeneral type or family the item falls into. Table D-1is a list of FSCs.

CONVENTIONAL AMMUNITION NATIONALSTOCK NUMBERING (NSN) SYSTEM

Each complete round or item of conventional am-munition or associated explosive component is iden-tified by its own national stock number (NSN). Aconventional ammunition NSN is made up of theFSC, a two-number code of the country that makesthe item, and the seven-number National Item Iden-tification Number (NIIN). See Figure D-2.

145

Appendix D

146

Appendix D

Department of Defense Identification Code(DODIC). A DODIC is a single letter and threenumbers or two letters and two numbers in the caseof small guided missiles. It is attached at the end ofall NSNs to denote interchangeability of the item.Figure D-3 shows a conventional NSN with DODICadded showing interchangeability between variousmodel numbers and the designators of an ammuni-tion item.148

Appendix D

Department of Defense Ammunition Code(DODAC). This code includes the FSC of the am-munition, and the DODIC. The code is used on allusing-unit DD Forms 581 (Request for Issue andTurn-In), DA Form 3151-R (Ammunition StoresSlip), and most ammunition reports. It is used in-stead of the DODIC to reduce errors with ammuni-tion transactions. See Figure D-4.

COLOR CODINGThe main reason ammunition is painted is to pro-

tect it from rust. But, at the same time, the color ofthe protective coating and markings makes ammuni-tion items easy to identify and provides some camou-flage. Ammunition 20mm and larger is color-codedIAW MIL-STD 709C (See Tables D-2 and D-3 pp152 and 154). Figure D-5 shows typical markings foran artillery round of ammunition.

149

Appendix D

Small arms ammunition is not color coded underMIL-STD 709C; however, either the small arm pro-jectiles themselves or at least the bullet tips arepainted a distinctive color so they can be identifiedat a glance. Figures D-6 through D-13 show the colorcodes for types of small arms ammunition up to andincluding .50 caliber. See also TM 9-1300-200 formore details.

The following significant features of the currentcolor coding standard should be noted:

Olive Drab (OD). With yellow markings, olivedrab indicates an HE round. However, OD isalso being used as a basic color for certain newrounds such as improved conventional muni-tions (ICM), the flechette antipersonnel round,and some new illumination rounds for specificfield artillery weapons.Overpacking. Ammunition overpacked incolor coded bombs, in unit dispensers, or inwarheads will not be color coded.Camouflage. Ammunition containing toxicchemical, incapacitating, or riot control chemi-cal agents shall never be camouflaged bypainting.Standard Department of Defense (DOD)Ammunition Color Code. The present stan-dard ammunition color code for 20mm andlarger ammunition is in MIL-STD 709C. Beaware, though, that there is still ammunitioncoded as specified by MIL-STD 709-B andMIL-STD 709-A. If this might be the case, seethe appropriate MIL-STD or TM 9-1300-200.

150

Appendix D

Appendix D

152

Appendix D

153

Appendix D

154

Appendix D

155

Appendix D

156

Appendix D

157

Appendix D

158

Appendix D

159

Appendix D

I

160 I

Appendix D

161

Appendix D

162

Appendix D

163

Appendix D

164

Appendix D

165

Appendix D

166

Appendix D

167

AMMUNITION CONDITIONCODES (ACC)

Ammunition codes are single letters that are usedto classify ammunition materiel. They identify thedegree of serviceability, condition, and completeness(readiness for issue and use). They also identify ac-tions underway to change the status of materiel.Code A - Serviceable (Issue Without Qualification).

New, used, repaired, or reconditioned materielthat is serviceable and issuable without limitationof restriction to all customers. Normal require-ments, at time of issue, for additional packagingor packing do not constitute a restriction.

Code B - Serviceable (Issue With Qualification).New, used, repaired, or reconditioned materielthat is serviceable and issuable for its intendedpurpose but is restricted from issue to specificunits, activities, or geographic areas because of itslimited use or short shelf life. The item manager,ARMCOM, prescribes the criteria used to deter-mine the shelf life of a specific commodity or spe-cific item for inclusion within this code.

168

Appendix ECode C - Serviceable (Priority Issue). Items that are

serviceable and issuable to selected customers butthat must be issued before condition code A and Bmateriel so they will not be lost as a usable asset.This includes, but is not limited to, items with ayear or less shelf life limit and items that have de-teriorated but are suitable for issue as directed bythe item manager.

Code D - Serviceable (Test/Modification). Materielthat is in the serviceable inventory but is directedby the item manager to be tested, altered, modi-fied, converted, or disassembled. This does not in-clude items which can be inspected or testedwithin normal outloading time immediately priorto use. Code D may include:

Material of nonstandard design or conditionand depot stocks requiring surveillance, labora-tory or functional testing, and/or technicalevaluation by higher authority as a condition toclassification.Renovated lots awaiting ballistic test results,overage lots (lots that exceed shelf life), andlots overdue for trace or function tests.

Code E - Unserviceable (Limited Restoration).Materiel needing only limited expense or effort torestore it to a serviceable condition by the report-ing ASP or depot, such as cleaning, painting,packaging, restenciling, etc. It normally does notinclude items that require replacement of compo-nents, modification, or alteration.

Code F - Unserviceable (Reparable). Economicallyreparable materiel requiring repair, overhaul,

169

Appendix Eor reconditioning. Code F also includes items thatare radioactively contaminated and require specialhandling, and items that require operationsmore hazardous or complex than care and preser-vation. It normally involves replacement ofcomponents.

Code G - Unserviceable (Incomplete). Materiel re-quiring additional parts or components to com-plete the end item before its issue.

Code H - Unserviceable (Condemned). Material thathas been determined to be unserviceable and isuneconomical to repair.

Code I - (Not to be assigned.)Code J - Suspended (In Stock). Material in stock

that has been suspended from issue, because itstrue condition is unknown and it is being or willbe classified.

Code K - Suspended (Returns). Materiel returnedfrom customers or users and awaiting conditionclassification.

Code L - Suspended (Litigation). Stocks held pend-ing litigation or negotiation with contractors orcommon carriers.

Code M - Suspended (In Work). Material that hasbeen identified on inventory control records butthat has been turned over to a maintenance facil-ity or contractor for processing.

Code N - Suspended (Ammunition Suitable forEmergency Combat Use Only). Ammunitionstocks suspended from issue except for emergencycombat use.

170

DOT HAZARDOUS MATERIALSINFORMATION

Included in this appendix are three lists. First isthe proper DOT information, codes, markings, etc.,needed for preparing shipments of ammunition. Sec-ond is an alphabetical list of ammunition itemsunder each of the six commodity groups, completewith firefighting advice. Third is an alphabetical listof all the items in the various commodity groups.DOT SHIPMENT INFORMATION

The chart on the following page contains the ele-ments of DOT information that are required to pre-pare ammunition for shipment and to fill out thevarious forms necessary when shipping ammunition(see Chapter 3).

These elements are established by and defined inTitle 49, Code of Federal Regulations. There is anexplanation of the codes in the current edition of theAmmunition Consolidated Catalog or in the micro-fiche of that catalog. The DOT proper shippingname and fire fighting group is established by AR55-355 for transporting hazardous material by motorvehicle.

171

Appendix F

172

Appendix F

173

Appendix F

174

Appendix F

175

Appendix F

176

Appendix F

177

Appendix F

178

Appendix F

179

Appendix F

180

Appendix F

181

Appendix F

182

Appendix FCOMMODITY GROUPS WITH FIRE FIGHTINGADVICE AND ITEMS

Group I — Relatively no hazard. Normal operating distance for firefighters.

Actuating Cartridges (Explosives Switches or ActuatingValves)

Adapter Grenade ProjectionAmmunition for Cannon Caliber 20mm except HE, HE1,HE-T and AP-1

Blank and Mortar Ignition CartridgesCartridges for CAD Items 500 Grains or Less (DOT Classc)

Cartridge Case, Empty, PrimedCartridge, Explosive Bolt, 500 Grains or LessCatapult Charges and/or CartridgesCommon Fireworks (Smoke Grenades, Railway and High-way Fuses, Hand Signal Devices, etc.)

Cordeau Detonant Fuze (Primacord)Explosive Cable or Line Cutter (DOT Class C)Explosive Power Devices (DOT Class C)Explosive Release DevicesExplosive RivetsFuze Igniters or LightersGrenades, Empty, PrimedPerchlorates, Peroxides and Nitrates (DOT Oxidizing

Materials)Phosphorous in Water, White or Yellow (DOT Flammable

Solid)Practice Mines NM, 17 (DOT Class C Common Fire-works)Practice Rifle GrenadesPyroforic Solutions and Fuels (DOT Flammable Liquid)

(Continued)

183

Appendix F

Safe and Arming MechanismSafety FuseSignals (DOT Class C Common Fireworks)Small Arms AmmunitionSquibs, Electric or DelayStarter Cartridge Jet Engine (DOT Class C)Starter, Fire, NP3 (DOT Special Fireworks)Tear Agents CS, CN, CN-DM Burning Mixture in Bulk,Liquid, Solutions, Capsules, Pellets, and Grenades

Time Fuzes (Mechanical Without Booster)Zirconium Powder (ES)

Group II— Principally fire and light missile (frag-ment) hazard. Maintain the following minimumdistances:

Firefighters-Operating distance.Public in Open—500 feet.Special Precautions—Take available cover to pro-

tect against light missiles (fragments).

Antipersonnel Practice Mines, M8Black Powder Igniters with Empty Cartridge BagaBlasting Caps, 1,000 or Less (DOT Class C)Blasting Caps (1,000 or Less) with Metal Clad Mild Deto-nating Fuze (DOT Class C)

Blasting Caps (1,000 or Less) with Safety Fuse (DOT ClassC )

Cartridge Kit, Bomb EjectionDelay Element for Percussion(DOT Class C)

DetonatorsExplosive Power Devices (DOT

and/or Detonating Fuzes

Class B)(Continued)

184

Appendix F

Flexible Linear Shaped Charges, Metal Clad (DOT Clam C)Fuzes, All Types (DOT Class C)Grenades, Hand, IlluminatingInitiators, All types (DOT Class C)Percussion Caps (DOT Class C)Power Actuated Devices, All Types(DOT Class C)Primers, All types(DOT Class C)Projectiles, Illuminating (DOT Special Fireworks)Propellant, Explosives, Solid (DOT Class B)

Group III— Principally a fire hazard with intenseheat. Maintain the following minimum distances:

Firefighters-Operating distance.Public in Open—500 feet.Special Precautions—Protect against intense heat

and other specified hazards.

Ammunition for Cannon Without Projectile Including Car-tridge for CAD Items.

Over 500 Grains (DOT Class B)Bombs, Incendiary, TH, PTl in Bombs or ClustersBomb, Photoflash, M122Cartridge, Photoflash (DOT Special Fireworks)Cartridge, Signal, for Practice BombCharge, Propelling, Earth RodChemical Ammunition Group C, When Not Assembled withExplosives Components (DOT Flammable Solid)

Cryptographic Equipment DestroyerFlammable Gee (Hydrogen, Gas or Liquid)Flammable Liquid (Ethyl, Methyl and Furfuryl Alcohol,Methylacetylene, Ethylene Oxide, Nitromethane andN-Propyl-Nitrate)

(Continued)

185

Appendix F

Flare, Aerial, Infrared (DOT Special Fireworks)Grenade, Hand, Incendiary, AN-M14Hydrogen Peroxide (DOT Corrosive Liquid)Igniters, Jet Thrust, JATO (DOT Class B)Jet Thrust Unit, JATO (DOT Class B)Jet Thrust Unit, Rocket Engine (DOT Class B)Liquid Oxygen (DOT Nonflammable Gas)Signals (Special Fireworks, DOT Class B)Simulator (DOT Special Fireworks)Starter, Cartridge, Jet Engine (DOT Class B)Tracer, Flare, TrackingTracer, Guided Missile

Group IV— Principally a missile (fragment) haz-ard. Maintain the following minimum distances:

Firefighters- l,200 feet.Public in Open—2,000 feet.Special Precautions—Prepare to fight incipient

fires started by the explosion.

Ammunition for Cannon With Explosives Projectiles, In-cluding 20mm HE and HEI

Ammunition for Cannon with Illuminating Projectiles.Ammunition for Cannon with Incendiary Projectiles.Ammunition for Cannon with Projectiles 81mm or Less (ex-cluding 81mm, M56)

Ammunition for Cannon with Smoke ProjectilesAmmunition for Cannon with Solid, Inert Loaded, orEmpty Projectile

Ammunition for Small Arms with Explosive BulletsAmmunition for Small Arms with Explosive Projectiles

(Continued)

186

Appendix F

Booster (DOT Class A)Charge, Spotting, Practice, Black Powder (DOT Class A)CatapultsDetonating Fuzes, Including Conversion Set, External C1us-ter Stowage (DOT Class A)

Explosive Bombs (Fragmentation)Explosive Mines (Antipersonnel Including Cast-Iron

Type)Cartridge, Explosive Bolt over 500 GrainsGrenade, Hand and Rifle, Excluding Offensive and Incendi-ary, AN-M14 and Pentolite Loaded

Igniters, Jet Thrust, JATO (DOT Class A)Rocket Ammunition with Explosive ProjectileRocket Ammunition with Illuminating ProjectileRocket Ammunition with Incendiary Projectile.Rocket Ammunition with Smoke Projectile, Assembled withExplosive Components

Rocket Ammunition with Solid, Inert, Loaded, or EmptyProjectiles or Without Projectiles

Group V— Principallv a blast hazard. Maintainthe following minimum distances:

Firefighters— 1,200 feet.Public in Open—2,000 feet.Special Precautions—Prepare to fight incipient

fires started by exploding load.

Cartridge, Heavy Mortar, HE and 81mm including 81mmM56 (DOT Clam A)

Black PowderBlasting Caps (More than 1,000)

(Continued)

187

(

Appendix F

Blasting Caps (More than 1,000) with Metal Clad Mild Det-onating Fuze

Blasting Caps (More than 1,000) with Safety FuseBursters (DOT Class A)Demolition Blocks, All Types, High ExplosiveExplosive Bomb (Except Fragmentation)Explosive Bomb, Photoflash (Except M122 WithoutBurster)

Explosive Bomb, Simulator, Ml 15Explosive MineExplosive ProjectileExplosive Torpedo, Including BangaloreFirecracker, M80Grenade, Rifle, AT, Pentolite LoadedHigh Explosives in Bulk ContainersHigh Explosive (Liquid)Hand Grenade, Offensive (DOT Class A)Initiating Explosives, Wet (DOT Class A)Jet Thrust Unit, JATO (DOT Class A)Propellant Explosives (DOT Class A)Shaped Charge, HESnake, DemolitionSupplementary Charge, HETorpedoes, HE (All Types)Warheads, HE for Guided Missiles and Torpedoes

Group VI— This group is principally a toxic haz-ard. Items assigned to this group, which have explo-sive components and a missile (fragment) or severefire hazard associated with them, are identified by anasterisk(*), with notes below the listing referring tothe proper group for the minimum distances to be

188

Appendix Fobserved. Maintain the following minimumdistances:

Firefighters-May approach from the directionfrom which the wind is blowing when pro-tected with a selfcontained breathing appara-tus and special or protective clothing as spe-cifically prescribed for the particularcommodity involved.

Public—Evacuate downwind areas. When poisonor nerve gases are involved, 2 miles down-wind and 1 mile upwind and sidewind will beevacuated. Personnel will not reenter thearea until it is declared safe by decontamina-tion team chief.

Special Precautions—When technical escorts ac-company shipments, the minimum distancesand additional precautions may be prescribedby escort personnel.

AC, Hydrogen Cyanide*Alkyl Boranesl

*Aniline2

BBC, BromobenzylcyanideBeryllium Powder (Poison)CG, Phosgene

Footnotes:1. These items, in addition, are a fire hazard with intense

heat end shall be noted under Other Specific Precautionson the form.

2. When these items contain explosive components, mini-mum distances shown for group IV shall be noted underOther Specific Precautions on the form to warn againstthe fragment hazard. (Continued)

189

Appendix F

*Chemical Ammunition Containing Class A Poisons,Liquid, or Gasesz

*Chemical Ammunition Containing Class B Poisons,Liquid, or Gasesz

*Chemical Ammunition Containing Class C Poisons,Liquid, or Gasesz

Chlorine Trifluoride1,3

CK, Cyanogen ChlorideCL, ChlorineCN, Chloracetophenone (tear gas)*CNB, Solution of CN in Benzine and Carbon Tetra-chloridel

CNC, Solution of CN in ChloroformCNS, Solution of CN and Chloropicrin in ChloroformCS,O-chlorobenzylrnalononitrileDA,DiphenylchloroarsineDC,Diphenylcyanoarsine*Diborane]

DM, AdamsiteDP, DiphosgeneEd, Ethyldichloroarsine*Fluorinel, 3

FM, Titanium TetrachlorideFS, Sulphur Troxide-Chlorosulfonic Acid SolutionG-Agents (Nerve Gas)HC, Hexachloroethane, Grained Aluminum, and Zinc OxideMixture

HD, Mustard (Distilled)HL, Mustard Lewisite MixtureHN-(1,2&3), Nitrogen MustardHT, Mustard (T Mixture)*Hydrazine l

L, Lewisite (Continued)

190

Appendix F

MD, Methyldichlorarsine*Methyl Hydrazinel

*Monomethylhydrazine l

Nitric Acid*Nitrogen Dioxidel

*Nitrogen Tetroxide1

PD, Phenyldichlorarsine* Pentaborane1

*Perchloryl Fluoridel

Poisonous Liquids, Solids, or Gases (DOT Classes A, B, orC Not Listed Herein)

PS, ChloropicrinSA, Arsine*Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine (UDMH)l

VX, Nerve Gas

Footnotes:1. These items, in addition, are a fire hazard with intense

heat and shall be noted under Other Specific Precautionson the form.

2. When these items contain explosive components, mini-mum distances shown for group IV shall be noted underOther Specific Precautions on the form to warn againstthe fragment hazard.

3. Do not use water on this item.

191

Appendix F

COMMODITY GROUPS, ALPHABETICAL LISTING

192

I

I

Appendix F

193

BRASS CONVERSION CHARTUse the data and procedures in this appendix tocompute the weight and/or quantity of expended car-tridge cases.

194

Appendix G

To Find Weight: Multiply the quantity of expendedcartridge cases by the weight. Using the example,brass, short, expended-rounds, .22 caliber, work theformula as follows:

Formula:Quantity of x Weight = Weight of expendedthe item cartridge cases

Computation:39,875 X .0008 = 31.9 poundsrounds pounds

Work to one decimal place and round down: 31pounds expended.

To Find Quantity: Divide the weight of the ex-pended cartridge cases by the weight. Using the ex-ample, brass, expended-cartridges weight of .38 cali-ber, work the formula as follows:

FormulaTotal + Weight of = Quantity of expendedWeight the item

Computation:82.0 + .009pounds pounds

Work to one decimalrounds.

cartridge cases

= 9,111.1 rounds

place and round down: 9,111

.

195

TERMS

ammunition (ammo) - (From the French la muni-tion or l’ammunition.) 1. A generic term that in-cludes all kinds of missiles to be thrown againstan enemy, such as bullets, projectiles, rockets,grenades, torpedoes, bombs, and guided missiles.It includes their necessary propellants, primers,fuzes, detonators and charges of conventionalexplosive, nuclear explosive, chemical or othermaterials. 2. In the broadest sense, the term isnot limited to those materials to be thrown, norto be used against an enemy, but includes, in ad-dition to the items and materials given in sense1, all explosives, explosive devices, pyrotechnics,and pyrotechnic devices. The purpose is not lim-ited and includes, in addition to direct useagainst an enemy, such uses as illumination, sig-naling, saluting, mining, digging, cutting, accel-erating, decelerating, separating, catapulting,personnel or material, operating or stoppingmechanisms, demolition, decoying, practice,training, guarding, game hunting and pursesport. 3. In the most restricted sense, the termincludes a complete round and all its compo-nents, that is, the material required for firing aweapon such as a pistol, rifle, or cannon, fromwhich a projectile is thrown for inflicting dam-age upon an enemy. Generally the term is used

196

Glossaryor taken in its broadest sense (sense 2) unlessa more restricted sense is indicated or isimplied.

Ammunition Data Card (DD Form 1650) -Identification card prepared for each individuallot manufactured, giving the type and composi-tion of the ammunition and identifying its com-ponents by lot number and manufacturer. Whennecessary, may also include instructions forholding the ammunition.

ammunition lot - A quantity of rounds or compo-nents, each of which is manufactured by onemanufacturer under uniform conditions and isexpected to function uniformly. The lot is desig-nated and identified by an ammunition lot num-ber and an ammunition data card. See also: Am-munition Data Card.

arm - To make ammunition ready for detonation,as by removal of safety devices or alignment ofthe explosive elements in the explosive train ofthe fuze.

arming plug, antitank mine - A device assem-bled on a mine, antitank after fuzing, which canbe set to either a safe position or an armed posi-tion. In the armed position, enough pressure willcause the fuze to function.

armor-piercing (AP) - A description of ammuni-tion, bombs, bullets, projectiles or the like whichare designed to penetrate armor and other re-sistant targets.

artillery ammunition - Ammunition for cannonabove 30 millimeters (1.181 in) in caliber.

197

Glossary

ball ammunition - Nonarmor-piercing smallarms ammunition in which the projectile issolid. It is for use against personnel and lightmaterial targets or for training purposes.

band, rotating - Soft metal band around projec-tile near its base. The rotating band centers theprojectile and makes it fit tightly in the bore,thus preventing the escape of gas, and, by engag-ing the rifling, gives projectile its stabilizingspin.

band, rotating, pre-engraved - A rotating bandfitted to a projectile with grooves to fit the ri-fling of the weapon. The grooves are formed inthe manufacture of the projectile. This practiceis followed in the manufacture of ammunitionfor recoilless weapons. See also: band, rotating.

bandoleer - A closed loop of fabric, with pocketsdesigned to accommodate small arms ammuni-tion. Used by individual soldiers for carryingammunition, by suspending one or more bando-leers over their shoulders.

bangalore torpedo - A metal tube or pipe that ispacked with a high explosive charge. A banga-lore torpedo is chiefly used to clear a paththrough barbed wire or mine fields.

base cover - A metal plate, caulked, crimped, orwelded to the base of a projectile to preventleakage of propellant gases into the charge. Notordinarily used on small projectiles. Also calledbase plate.

198

Glossarybase ejection (BE) - A term for projectiles in

which provision is made for ejecting the con-tents through the base by internal force power-ful enough to remove the base plug and contentssimultaneously. Usually the force is applied byan expelling charge, which is functioned by afuze. Various types of special purpose projectilessuch as illuminating, leaflet, and some smokeprojectiles, are base ejection.

base of projectile - The rearmost section of aprojectile. For projectiles having a rotating band,it is the section to the rear of the band.

belt, link - Ammunition feed belt for an auto-matic weapon in which metal links connect thecartridges and, with them, form the belt.

black powder (BP) - A low explosive consistingof an intimate mixture of potassium or sodiumnitrate, charcoal, and sulphur. It is easily ignitedand is friction sensitive (but not as sensitive asprimer mixes). It is not intended to be initiatedby friction in ammunition items. Formerly ex-tensively used as a military propellant, but nowits military use is almost exclusively in propel-lant igniters and primers, in fuzes to give shortdelay, in powder train time fuzes, in blank am-munition, and as spotting charges in practiceammunition.

blank ammo - An indication that ammunitiondoes not contain projectile but does contain acharge of low explosive, such as black powder, tomake a noise.

199

Glossary

blister gas - Any of several war gases which pro-duce burning, inflammation, or destruction oftissue, either externally or internally. Also calledblistering gas. Such gases were formerly listedas vesicants. Examples: lewisite and mustard,distilled.

boattail - 1. Having a tapered-in base; boat-tailed.2. The base of a projectile when shaped likethe frustum (point of a cone). See: base ofprojectile.

bomb - In a broad sense, an explosive or other le-thal agent together with its container or holder,that is planted or thrown by hand, dropped froman aircraft, or projected by some other slow-speed device (as by lobbing it from a mortar),and used to destroy, damage, injure, or kill.

booster - 1. Assembly of metal parts and explo-sive charge provided to augment the explosivecomponent of a fuze, causing detonation of themain explosive charge of the munition. May bean integral part of the fuze. The explosive in thebooster must be sufficiently sensitive to be actu-ated by the small explosive elements in a fuze,and powerful enough to cause detonation of themain explosive filling. 2. Auxiliary propulsionsystem, used in the early launching phase of amissile, in addition to the principal propellingmeans. It may be released from the missile whenits impulse has been delivered.

bourrelet - The cylindrical surface of a projectileon which the projectile bears while in the bore of

200

Glossarythe weapon. Conventionally the bourrelet is lo-cated between ogive and the body of the projec-tile and has a slightly larger diameter than thebody. In some cases the bourrelet extends thefull length of the body. In some projectile de-signs the conventional bourrelet becomes thefront bourrelet, a rear bourrelet being providedbehind the rotating band. In other designs amiddle bourrelet is provided just forward of therotating band.

bullet - A projectile able to be fired from a smallarm, i.e., rifle or pistol.

burster - An explosive element used in chemicalammunition to open the container and dispersethe contents.

canister (cnstr) - 1. A special short-range anti-personnel projectile designed to be fired from ri-fled guns. It consists of a casing of light sheetmetal, which is loaded with preformedsubmissiles such as small steel balls. The casingis designed so that the rotation causes it to openat or just beyond the muzzle of the gun. Thesubmissiles are then dispersed in a cone, givingeffective coverage of the area immediately infront of the gun. See cartridge, etc. 2. In certainspecial projectiles, the subassembly or inner con-tainer where the payload is, such as in a smokecanister.

201

canister, smoke - A chemical filler in ogival orcylindrical containers for loading into projectilesof chemical shells. When ignited, a colored orwhite smoke is produced.

Glossary

cannelure - 1. A groove in a bullet for a lubricantor into which the cartridge case is crimped; agroove in a cartridge case providing a grip forthe extractor (also called an extractor groove).2. Ringlike groove for locking the jacket of anarmor-piercing bullet to the core. 3. Ringlikegroove in the rotating band of a gun projectile tolessen the resistance offered to the gun riflingand to prevent fringing (also called a fringinggroove). See crimping groove.

cannon - A complete assembly, consisting of atube, a breech mechanism, and a firing mecha-nism or base cap, all of which are components ofa gun, howitzer, or mortar. May also includemuzzle appendages.

cap, blasting - A small tube, usually copper oraluminum, closed at one end and loaded with acharge or charges of high explosives, at least oneof which is capable of detonating from the spitor sparks from the safety fuse. Electric blastingcaps are blasting caps provided with a means forelectrical firing.

cartridge (ctg) - An assemblage of the compo-nents required to function a weapon once; forexample, ammunition for a gun which containsin a unit assembly all of the components re-quired to function once, and which is loaded intothe gun at one time.

cartridge, ball - A cartridge in which the projec-tile is a ball. See ball ammunition, cartridge (firstdefinition).

202

Glossarycartridge, blank - A cartridge, consisting of car-

tridge case, primer, and propellant or black pow-der, but no projectile. Blank ammunition is usedin training, in signaling, and in firing salutes.

cartridge, ignition - An explosive cartridgeforming part of the propellant system for mor-tars. It serves as the inner zone charge and alsoprovides the flame necessary for igniting addi-tional increment charges.

charge, spotting - A small charge, usually blackpowder, in a practice bomb, practice mine, etc.,to show the location of its point of functioning.Also occasionally used in service ammunition.

chemical agent, chloroacetophenome (CN) -Tear gas, causing irritation of eyes, skin, andupper respiratory passages. Has no permanenteffects. Used for training and riot control. Seeindividual agents.

chemical agent, hexachloroethane mixture(HC) - A smoke-producing agent, consisting of amixture of grained aluminum, zinc oxide, andhexachloroethane. The smoke is produced by theburning mixture, induced by a suitable ignitioncharge. Used to produce a screening smoke.

chemical agent, lewisite (L) - A moderately de-layed action casualty gas. A blister gas, toxiclung irritant, and systemic poison. Produces im-mediate and strong stinging sensation of theskin. Dichloro (2-chlorovinyl) arsine.

chemical agent, mustard, distilled (HD) - A de-layed action casualty gas. A blister gas, which

203

Glossary

acts as cell irritant and cell poison. (Distilled re-fers to a purifying process greatly reducing theodor, making it harder to detect).

chemical agent, mustard gas (H) - A delayed ac-tion casualty gas. A blister gas, which acts ascell irritant and cell poison. Contains about 30percent sulfur impurities, giving it a pronouncedodor.

chemical ammunition - Any ammunition, bombs,projectiles, bullets, flares, etc., containing achemical agent or agents. Such agents includewar gases, smokes, and incendiaries.

crimping - 1. Mechanical operation on metal orother material by which the material is perma-nently deformed, usually by small undulations,frills, or wrinkles. 2. The process by which thecartridge case is secured to the projectile, eitherby a continuous folding in of the neck of the car-tridge case into the crimping groove or by a se-ries of crimps somewhat below the cartridge casemouth. 3. In blank small arms ammunition, theclosing in of the neck of the cartridge case to se-cure the wadding over the charge.

crimping groove - A groove around a projectilebase which provides a means of crimping thecartridge case to the projectile.

cryptographic equipment destroyer, incendi-ary - An item designed to be filled with an in-cendiary mixture and to burn cryptographicequipment and associated material.

204

Glossarydeflagrate - Exothermic reaction that propagates

from burning gases to the unreacted material byconduction, convection, and radiation.

detonator -1. An explosive train component thatcan be activated by either a nonexplosive im-pulse or a primer and can reliably initiate highorder detonation in a subsequent high explosivecomponent of the train. When activated by anonexplosive impulse, a detonator includes aprimer. In general, detonators are classified bymethod of initiation; such as percussion, stab,electric, flash, etc. See specific definitions. 2. Anexplosive charge placed in certain equipmentand set to destroy the equipment under certainconditions.

detonator, electric - Electrical leads and explo-sive elements for detonating an explosivecharge.

detonator, friction - A blasting cap fuse and apull fuse lighter for detonating an explosivecharge.

detonator, percussion - A blasting cap and ex-plosive elements designated for detonating anexplosive charge.

detonator, stab - A detonator that initiates thedetonation wave in the explosive train by a pinstab.

drill ammunition - Inert ammunition for trainingthe weapons’ crew.

205

Glossary

firing table - A table giving the data needed forfiring a gun accurately on a target under stan-dard conditions. It also includes the correctionsthat must be made for special conditions, suchas winds or variations of temperature.

fixed ammunition - Ammunition with primer andpropellant in a cartridge case permanentlycrimped or attached to a projectile. Loadedinto the weapon as a unit. Usually called acartridge.

flechette - (French, “a small arrow.”) 1. An aerialdart. 2. A small fin-stabilized missile, a largenumber of which can be loaded in artillery can-ister. See canister.

folding fin (FF) - A fin on a rocket, missile, etc.,hinged to permit outward extension when themissile is in flight.

fuse - A term for an igniting or explosive device inthe form of a cord, consisting of a flexible fabrictube and core of low or high explosive. Used forblasting and demolition and in certain muni-tions. A fuse with black powder or other low ex-plosive core is called a blasting time fuse. A fusewith PETN or other high explosive core is calleddetonating cord.

fuse, blasting, time - A flexible, water-resistant,fabric-covered cord containing a black powdercore that burns at a known rate, providing atime delay proportional to the length of fuse.Used for igniting a blasting cap or an explosivecharge.

206

Glossaryfuze - A device with explosive components used to

initiate a train of fire or detonation in ammuni-tion by an action such as hydrostatic pressure,electrical energy, chemical action, impact, me-chanical time, or a combination thereof. Fuzesare used primarily in bombs and projectiles.

fuze, base - Any fuze installed in the base of aprojectile.

fuze cavity - A socket or hole in a bomb, projec-tile, etc., for receiving a fuze or a portion of afuze.

fuze, combination - A fuze combining two differ-ent types of fuze mechanisms, especially onecombining impact and time mechanisms.

fuze, dummy - An initiation of a fuze that has thesame shape, weight, and center of gravity as thefuze but has no explosives or moving parts. Usedfor training.

fuze, mechanical time (MT) - A fuze actuated bya clock mechanism preset to a specific time. Ex-cludes fuze, bomb; fuze, mine; and fuze, handgrenade.

fuze, point detonating (PD) - A fuze in the noseof a projectile and designed to be actuated onimpact.

fuze, point initiating, base detonating (PIBD)- A fuze with initiating components in the noseof a projectile and detonating components in thebase of a projectile, activated on impact.

fuze, proximity, variable time (VT) - A fuzewhere primary initiation occurs by sensing the

207

Glossarypresence, distance, and/or direction of the targetthrough the characteristics of the target itself orits environment.

fuze, safety - Two terms have been commonlyused to describe the safety built into a fuze toprevent premature functioning at the time ofuse and to provide the required safety in trans-portation. Bore safety applies only to fuzes usedin artillery or mortar projectiles or rockets, andrefers to the safety feature that prevents func-tioning while the fuze is in the bore of the gunor in the launching tube. Such fuzes are said tobe “bore safe.” Detonator safety relates to fuzesfor any application. It refers to the safety fea-ture that prevents functioning of the succeedingelement(s) of the explosive train if the detonatorfunctions while the fuze parts are in the safe po-sition. Such a fuze is said to be “detonator safe.”In general the terms are interchangeable withrespect to artillery, mortar, and rocket fuzes, butbore safety applies only to those types offuzes.

fuze, superquick (MTSQ) - A fuze that func-tions with the least possible delay after impact.The delay is in microseconds.

G-agent - Any one of a group of war gases knownas nerve gases. The group is known as the“G-series.”

gauge - The interior diameter of the barrel of ashotgun expressed by the number of sphericallead bullets fitting it that make a pound; as atwelve-gauge shotgun.

208

Glossarygilding metal - A copper alloy used to jacket

small arms bullets, to form detonator or primercups, and to form rotating bands for artilleryprojectiles. This metal can be easily engraved bythe lands as the projectile moves down the bore.Gilding metal is approximately 90 percent cop-per and 10 percent zinc.

grenade - A small explosive or chemical missile,originally to be thrown by hand, but now also tobe projected from special grenade launchers,usually fitted to rifles or carbines. Grenades maybe classified as either rifle or hand. Many varia-tions of these have been used, includingimprovisations.

grenade, chemical - A general term for any gre-nade filled with a chemical agent.

grenade, chemical, burning - A general termfor any grenade that releases its agent bybursting.

grenade, illuminating - A grenade to be placedor projected and to light up an area by burning.It may be used also as a trip flare or as a incen-diary device.

grenade, incendiary - A grenade filled with in-cendiary materials used to start fires or usedprimarily for incendiary purposes.

grenade, practice - A grenade used for practice.The grenade may contain a small charge ofblack powder to give a puff of smoke when itgoes off.

209

Glossary

grenade, riot - A grenade of plastic or othernonfragmenting material, containing a charge oftear gas and a detonating fuze with short delay.When the grenade functions, the gas is releasedby bursting.

grenade, smoke - A grenade containing a smoke-producing mixture used for screening or signal-ing. Sometimes charged with colored smoke.

grenade, training - An inert hand grenade usedin throwing training. Formerly called dummygrenade.

grenade, white phosphorus - A grenade thatcontains a main charge of white phosphorus anda small explosive burster charge for scatteringthe main charge. Used for smoke and some in-cendiary effect.

grommet - A device made of rope, plastic, rubber,or metal to protect the rotating band ofprojectiles.

hypervelocity armor-piercing discardingsabot (HVAPDS) - A type of HVAP projectilein which the sabot will become separated fromthe core a short distance from the muzzle of thegun. Separation of the sabot from the coremeans the core becomes a freeflight projectilewith lowered air resistance.

igniter - Any device, chemical, electrical, or me-chanical, used to ignite.

igniter, time blasting fuse - A device containinga firing mechanism and suitable ignition mate-rial for igniting a blasting time fuse.

210

.

Glossary

igniter train - A step-by-step arrangement ofcharges in pyrotechnic munitions so that the ini-tial fire from the primer is transmitted and in-tensified until it sets off the main charge.

illuminant composition - A mixture of materialsfor use in the candle of a pyrotechnic device,producing a high-intensity light.

increment - An amount of propellant added to, ortaken away from, a propelling charge ofsemifixed or separate loading ammunition toallow for differences in range. Increments arecommonly packed in propellant bags made ofcartridge cloth.

inert - Descriptive of condition of a munition, orcomponent thereof, which contains no explosive,pyrotechnic, or chemical agent.

irritant gas - A nonlethal gas that irritates theskin and makes tears flow. Any one of the familyof tear gases used for training and riotcontrol.

linked ammunition - Cartridges fastened to oneanother side by side with metal links, forming abelt that feeds easily into a machine gun.

low explosive (LE) - An explosive that, whenused in its normal manner, deflagrates or burnsrather than detonates. That is, the rate of ad-vance of the reaction zone into the unreactedmaterial is less than the velocity of sound in theunreacted material. Low explosives include pro-pellants, certain primer mixtures, black powder,photoflash powders, and delay compositions.

211

Glossary

Whether an explosive reacts as a high explosiveor a low explosive depends on how it is initiatedand confined. For example, a double base propel-lant, when initiated in the usual manner, is alow explosive. However, this material can bemade to detonate if the propellant is initiated byan intense shock. Conversely, a high explosivelike TNT, under certain conditions, can be ig-nited by flame and will burn withoutdetonating.

low-order burst - The functioning of a projectileor bomb when the explosive fails to attain ahigh-order detonation. Usually evidenced by thebreaking of the container into a few large frag-ments instead of a large number of smallfragments.

mine - An encased explosive or chemical chargedesigned to be positioned so that it detonateswhen its target touches or moves near it or whentouched off by remote control. General types areland and underwater.

mine, antipersonnel (APERS) - A land mine foruse against personnel, made with a smallamount of high explosive, generally less than 1pound, in a metallic or nonmetallic container. Itis fitted with a detonating fuze arranged for ac-tuation by pressure or release of pressure by pullon a trip wire, or by release of tension (cutting)of a taut wire. Two types are available, the blasttype, which explodes in place, and the boundingtype (called a bounding mine), which projects a

212

Glossaryfragmenting body into the air that, upon detona-tion, scatters fragments over a wide area.

mine, antitank (AT) - A land mine that is an ex-plosive charge in a metallic or nonmetallic case,with provision for a main fuze, and usually forsecondary antiremoval fuzes. Designed to func-tion when a tank or other vehicle runs over it.Provided with a charge designed to produce dis-abling effects on a tank.

mine, land - A container filled with high explosiveor chemicals, placed on the ground or lightlycovered, and fitted with a fuze or a firing deviceor both. It is usually set off by the weight of ve-hicles or troops passing over it.

napalm (NP) - Powdered aluminum soap used togelatinize oil or gasoline for napalm bombs orflame throwers.

nerve gas - A chemical agent absorbed into thebody by breathing, by ingestion, or through theskin. Affects the nervous and respiratory sys-tems and various body functions.

ogive - The curved or tapered front of a projectile.As a geometric body, a convex solid of revolutionin which the generating area is bounded by anarc of a circle the center of which lies on theside of the axis or revolution opposite to the arc.When applied to a projectile contour the radiusof the arc is expressed in caliber, such as a7-caliber ogive. With a bullet, bomb, or otherprojectile having a fuze forming the nose, theogive is included between a point where the pro-jectile begins to curve or taper and a point on

213

Glossary

the line where fuze and body meet. In othertypes of projectiles, the nose of the projectile isincluded as part of the ogive.

practice ammunition - Ammunition used for tar-get practice or similar types of training. For gunand rocket type weapons, practice ammunitioncontains a propelling charge and either an inertfiller or a spotting charge in the projectile. Othertypes of practice ammunition, such as bombs ormines, usually contain a spotting charge or someform of charge to indicate functioning.

primer - 1. A relatively small and sensitive initialexplosive train component. When it is actuated,it initiates functioning of the explosive train. Itdoes not reliably initiate high explosive charges.In general, primers are classified in accordancewith the method of initiation; percussion, stab,electric, friction, etc. 2. Refers to the assemblywhich ignites propelling charges.

primer, artillery - A primer that ignites the pro-pellant charge of an artillery weapon. In ammu-nition using a cartridge case, the primer is in thecartridge case. For separate loading ammuni-tion, the primer is inserted in the breech block.It is a charge of heat producing material, such asblack powder, together with means for ignitingthe charge, and a metal housing so it can behandled as a unit. Artillery primers are classi-fied by the method of initiation, as percussion,electric, friction, and combination percus-sion-electric.

214

Glossary

primer, electric - A primer for electric currentinitiation.

primer, electric and percussion - A primer forinitiation either by impact of a firing pin or byelectric current.

primer, friction - A primer fixed by pulling atoothed wire or plug through an explosivemixture.

primer mixture - An explosive mixture contain-ing a sensitive explosive and other primeringredients.

priming composition - A mixture of materialsthat is very sensitive to impact or percussionand, when so exploded, undergoes very rapidautocombustion. The products of such an explo-sion are hot gases and incandescent solid parti-cles. Priming compositions are used to igniteprimary high explosives, black powder ignitercharges, propellants in small arms ammunition,etc.

projectile, dummy - A projectile that has no ex-plosive charge. Dummy projectiles are used forpractice and training.

projectile, high explosive plastic (HEP) - Athin-walled projectile, filled with plastic explo-sive. The projectile “squashes” against an armedtarget before detonation, and defeats the armorby producing spans which are detached withconsiderable velocity from the back of the targetplate.

215

Glossary

projectile, illuminating - A projectile, with atime fuze, that releases a parachute flare at anydesired height. Used for lighting up an area.

propellant - A propellant agent: specifically, alow-explosive substance or mixture, which, byburning, produces gases at controlled rates andprovides the energy necessary to propel a projec-tile or missile. Propellants are either liquid orsolid. Liquid propellants, used primarily inrocket engines, may be classified asmonopropellants, bipropellants, and sometimesmultipropellants, depending on the number ofunmixed chemicals fed into the combustionchamber. Solid propellants, used primarily inguns and rocket motors, are classified by thenumber of basic explosives they contain. A sin-gle base propellant contains only one explosiveingredient. A common example of this ispyropropellant. A double-base propellant con-tains two explosive ingredients, commonly nitro-cellulose and nitroglycerin. Ballistite, the stan-dard propellant used in US mortars, is doublebased.

propellant powder - A low explosive of fine gran-ulation that, by burning, produces gases at acontrolled rate thus providing energy for pro-pelling a projectile. Restricted to small armspropellants, for which the grain size is small.In larger grain form it is called simplypropellant.

pyrotechnic signal - Signal (see signal) designed

216

Glossaryfor military use to produce a colored light orsmoke, signifying some kind of information.

pyrotechnics - Military and nonmilitary itemsthat produce a bright light for illumination, orcolored lights or smoke for signaling. Pyrotech-nics are consumed in their use.

quickmatch - Fast burning fuse made from a cordimpregnated with black powder.

recoilless ammunition - Ammunition intendedfor use in recoilless rifles. Provision is made inthe ammunition for release of propellant gasesso there will not be any recoil.

renovation - Restoration of ammunition to serv-iceability condition by operations more exten-sive or hazardous than reconditioning. Usuallymeans replacement of components.

rocket, aircraft (AR) - A rocket especially de-signed to be launched from an airplane.

sabot - Lightweight carrier in which a subcaliberprojectile is centered to permit firing the projec-tile in the larger caliber weapon. The sabot di-ameter fills the bore of the weapon from whichthe projectile is fired. One common type of sabotis discarded a short distance from the muzzleand is known as a discarding sabot. A sabot isused with a hypervelocity armor-piercing projec-tile having a tungsten carbide core. In this case,the core is considered the subcaliber projectile.

saluting ammunition - In cartridge nomencla-ture, a cartridge, blank intended for salutes.

217

Glossaryscreen, smoke - A smoke cloud produced by

chemical agents or smoke generators. Used toconceal friendly troops and/or to deny observa-tion by enemy troops.

semifixed ammunition - Ammunition in whichthe cartridge case is not permanently fixed tothe projectile, so that the zone charge (see zonecharge) within the cartridge case can be adjustedfor the desired range. Semifixed ammunition isloaded into the weapon as a unit.

sensitivity - The characteristic of an explosivecomponent which expresses its sensitivity to ini-tiation by externally applied energy.

separate loading ammunition - Ammunition inwhich the projectile, propellant charge (bagloaded), and primer are handled and loaded sep-arately into the gun. There is no cartridge casewith this type of ammunition.

setback - The relative rearward movement ofcomponent parts in a projectile, missile, or fuzeas it moves forward during its launching. Thesemovements, and the setback force which causesthem, are used in the arming and eventual func-tioning of the fuze.

set forward - The relative forward movement ofcomponents that occurs in a projectile, missile,or bomb in flight when it impacts. The effect isdue to inertia and is opposite to “setback” (seesetback).

shear pin - A pin or wire in a fuze, designed tohold parts in fixed positions until forces exerted

218

Glossaryon one or more of the parts are enough to shearthe pin or wire. Setback or set forward (impact)forces usually cause shearing. The shear memberis kept from breaking during transportation by asafety device.

shoulder, case - The portion of the cartridge casebetween the neck and the body.

signal - A pyrotechnic that produces a sign by illu-mination, smoke, sound, or a combination ofthese effects to provide identification, location,warning, etc.

signal, illumination - A pyrotechnic that pro-duces a sign with light to provide identification,location, warning, etc.

signal, smoke - A pyrotechnic that produces asign with smoke to provide identification, loca-tion, warning, etc.

simulator, booby trap - Used during maneuversand in troop training to provide a small pyro-technic device that can be installed as a “safe”booby trap. Used to give training in installingand using booby traps and in impressing theneed for caution in troops who may be exposedto booby traps.

small arms ammunition - Ammunition for smallarms; rounds of a caliber up to and including 30millimeters (1.181 in).

spall -1. Fragment(s) torn from either surface ofarmor plate, as the result of the impact of ki-netic energy ammunition or the functioning ofchemical energy ammunition. 2. Specifically, a

219

Glossarysmall explosive device that looks like a detona-tor (see detonator) but loaded with low explosive,so that its output is primarily heat (flash). Itis usually electrically initiated and initiates theaction of pyrotechnic devices and rocketpropellants.

standoff - In shaped charge ammunition: the dis-tance or spacing between the base of the linerand the target at the time of initiation. Built-instandoff is determined by the spacing betweenthe base of the liner and the impact surface ofthe tip of the projectile. Free space is determinedby the same distance at the time of functioning,allowing for the nose crushing. Air space refersto the same spacing in underwater weapons.

star - A pyrotechnic that burns as a singlelight.

starting mix - In pyrotechnics, an easily ignitedmixture that transmits flame from an initiatingdevice to a less readily ignitible composition.

sustainer - A propulsion system that travels with,and does not separate from, the missile. Usuallyapplied to a rocket motor or rocket engine whenused as the principal propulsion system—as dis-tinguished from an auxiliary system, such as theJATO unit.

sympathetic detonation - Explosion caused by adetonation wave from another explosion.

tear gas - A chemical which burns and causes apowerful lachrimal effect (tears) and also affectsthe upper respiratory system.

220

Glossary

triple base propellant - Propellant (see propel-lant) with three principal active ingredients,such as nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, andnitroguanidine.

unarmed - The condition of a fuze (or other firingdevice) in which the necessary steps to make itfunction have not been taken. It is when thefuze is safe for handling, storing, and transport-ing. The fuze is partially armed if only some ofthe steps have taken place.

warhead - That portion of a rocket or guided mis-sile that contains the load that the vehicle is todeliver. It may be empty or contain high explo-sives, chemicals, instruments, or inert materials.It may also include a booster, fuze(s), adaptionkits, and/or buster.

web - In a grain of propellant, the minimum thick-ness of the grain between any two adjacent sur-faces is called the web or the web thickness. Ina cord the diameter is the web. In a single per-forated grain there is one web, but amultiperforated grain there is an inner web andan outer web. The mean of these values isknown as the average web. In designs of solid orsingle perforated grains, the propellant is en-tirely consumed when the web is burnedthrough. In multiperforated grains this is nottrue; slivers are formed at this stage, which thenburn to completion.

weight zone - A classification of certain projec-tiles of 75 millimeters and larger into groupings

221

Glossary

(zones) by weight. The weight zone is painted oneach projectile as crosses or squares.

white phosphorus (WP) - See chemical ammu-nition.

zone charge - The number of increments of pro-pellant in a propellant charge of semifixedrounds, corresponding to the intended zone offire. For example, zone charge 5 has 5 incre-ments of propellant.

ACCACRADPAPAPERSARARTEP

ASPATATPBEBPCNcnstrCOMMZCONUS

222

ABBREVIATIONSammunition condition codeAmmunition Condition Reportautomatic data processingammunition point, armor piercingantipersonnel mineaircraft rocketArmy Training and EvaluationProgramammunition supply pointantitank mineammunition transfer pointbase ejectionblack powderchloroacetophenomecanistercommunications zoneContinental United States

Glossary

COSCOMCSACSRctgDADAODISCOMDODDODAACDODACDODESBDODICDSDSREODFFFMFSUGMLRGSHHCHDHEHEPHEATHVAPIAR

corps support commandcorps storage areacontrolled supply ratecartridgeDepartment of the Armydivision ammunition officerdivision support commandDepartment of DefenseDOD activity address codeDOD Ammunition CodeDOD Explosive Safety BoardDOD identification codedirect supportdepot surveillance recordexplosive ordnance disposalfolding finfield manualfield storage unitguided missile/large rocketgeneral supportmustard gashexachlorethanedistilled mustard gashigh explosivehigh explosive plastichigh explosive, antitankhypervelocity armor piercinginventory adjustment report

223

Glossary

IAWICMLLEMCCMHEMLRSMMCMSRMTMTSQNBCNEWNPNSNPDPIBD

PWPQA/QCQDRAPRSRRTRTCCRTCHRTFLS&P

224

in accordance withimproved conventional munitionslewisitelow explosivemovement control centermaterials handling equipmentMultiple Launch Rocket SystemMaterial Management Centermain supply routemechanical time (fuze)mechanical time superquick (fuze)nuclear, biological, chemicalnet explosive weightnapalmnational stock numberpoint detonating fuzepoint initiating, base detonating(fuze)plasticized white phosphorusquality assurance/quality controlquantity distancerear area protectionrequired supply raterough terrainrough terrain container cranerough terrain container handlerrough terrain fork liftstake and platform

S&T BN

SIMU

SIUSOPSPISTSTANAGTAACOMTBTCMD

TMTMOTOTOE

TSAUBLUICVTWARS

WP

Glossarysupply and transportationbattalionsuspended from issue, movementand usesuspended from issue and usestanding operating procedurespecial inspectionsshort tonStandardization AgreementTheater Army Area Commandtechnical bulletintransportation control movementdocumenttechnical manualtransportation movement officertransportation ordertable of organization andequipmenttheater storage areaunit basic loadunit identification codevariable time, proximity (fuze)Worldwide Ammunition ReportingSystemwhite phosphorous

225

ARMY55-38

55-228

55-355

75-1

75-15

95-50

190-11

385-10385-30

385-40385-60

385-64

385-65

700-58

REGULATIONS (AR)Reporting of Transportation Dis-crepancies in ShipmentsTransportation by Water of Explo-sives and Hazardous CargoMilitary Traffic ManagementRegulationMalfunctions Involving Ammuni-tion and ExplosivesResponsibilities and Procedures forExplosive Ordnance DisposalAirspace and Terminal InstrumentProceduresPhysical Security of Arms, Ammu-nition and ExplosivesArmy Safety ProgramSafety Color Code Markings andSignsAccident Reporting and RecordsCoordination with Department ofDefense Explosives Safety BoardAmmunition and Explosives SafetyStandardsIdentification of Inert Ammunitionand Ammunition ComponentsPacking Improvement Report

226

700-64

702-6

710-2

710-9

725-50

735-11-2

740-1

740-32

755-2

BUREAU OF6000

References

Radioactive Commodities in theDOD Supply SystemsAmmunition Stockpile ReliabilityProgram (ASRP)Supply Policy Below the WholesaleLevelGuided Missile and Large RocketAmmunition Issues, Receipts andExpenditure ReportsRequisitioning, Receipt, and IssueSystemReporting of Item and PackagingDiscrepanciesStorage and Supply ActivityOperationsResponsibilities for Technical Es-cort of Dangerous Materials(OPNAVINST 8070.1 AFR 136-4/MCO 4030.25)Disposal of Excess, Surplus, For-eign Excess, Captured, and Un-wanted Materiel

EXPLOSIVES' (BOE) TARIFFBureau of Explosives. Tariff (BOE,1920 L Street, NW, Washington, ‘DC 20036)

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (DA) FORMS285 US Army Accident Investigation581 Request for Issue and Turn-In of

Ammunition227

References

984 Munition Surveillance Report1687 Notification of Delegation of Au-

thority - Receipt for Supplies2028 Recommended Changes to Publica-

tions and Blank Forms2415 Ammunition Condition Report3151-R Ammunition Stores Slip

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (DA) LABEL85 Storage and Care of Explosives

(Magazines Placard)

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PAMPHLETS(DA Pam)75-5 Index of Storage and Outloading

Drawings for Ammunition310-1 Consolidated Index of Army Publi-

cations and Blank Forms710 series (No title)738-750 The Army Maintenance Manage-

ment System (see latest edition)

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (DOD)Consolidated Data AmmunitionCatalog, Volumes 1, 2, and 3(Microfiche)

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (DD) FORMS626 Motor Vehicle Inspection836 Special Instructions for Motor Ve-

hicle Drivers228

.

References

1348-1 DOD Single Line Item Release/Receipt Document

1384 Transportation Control and Move-ment Document

1387-2 Special Handling Data/Certification

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE REGULATION(DOD REG)4500.32R Military Standard Transportation

and Movement Procedures (Vol-umes 1 and 2)

5100.76M Physical Security of Sensitive Con-ventional Arms, Ammunition, andExplosives

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE STANDARD(DOD...STD)6055.9 Ammunition and Explosive Safety

Standards (Assistant Secretary ofDefense; Manpower, Installations,and Logistics; ATTN: DOD Explo-sives Safety Board, Washington,DC 20025)

FIELD MANUALS (FM)3-9 Military Chemistry and Chemical

Compounds5-20 Camouflage5-25 Explosives and Demolitions9-6 Ammunition Service in the Thea-

ter of Operations229

References

9-15 Explosive Ordnance Disposal Serv-ice and Unit Operations

9-16 Explosive Ordnance Reconnaissance9-38 Conventional Ammunition Unit

Operations19-30 Physical Security21-11 First Aid for Soldiers55-40 Army Combat Service Support Air

Transport Operations55-70 Army Transportation Container

Operations

.

MILITARY STANDARDS (MIL-STD)12 Abbreviations for Use on Drawings

and Technical Type Publications(Director; AMC Packaging, Stor-age, and Containerization;Tobyhanna Army Depot;Tobyhanna; PA 18466)Military Standard - Marking forShipment and Storage(see address directly above).Ammunition Terms (Standardiza-tion Division, Armed Forces Sup-ply Support Center, Washington,DC 20025)Ammunition Color Coding (Com-mander, Picatinney Arsenal,ATTN: SARPA-AD-E-C-3, Dover,NJ 07801)

129H

444

709C

230

References1168-A Military Standard Ammunition Lot

Numbering (Commander,Picatinney Arsenal, ATTN:SARPA-QA-A-P, Dover, NJ 07801)

STANDARD FORM (SF)364 Report of Discrepancy (ROD)431 Placard, Explosive A432 Placard, Explosive B

SUPPLY BULLETINS (SB)3-30-series

38-26

38-100

700-20

708-3

708-21

742-1

742-1300-94-2

(Serviceability standard for CBmateriel)Nonnuclear Ammunition SupplyRates (U)Preservation, Packaging, Packing,and Marking Materials, Supplies,and Equipment Used by the ArmyArmy Adopted/Other Items Se-lected for Authorization/List of Re-portable ItemsDepartment of Defense Ammuni-tion CodeFederal Supply Classification PartI, Groups and ClassesAmmunition SurveillanceProceduresPropellant and Propelling ChargesAmmunition SurveillanceProcedures

231

References

755-140-1 Disposition of Used AmmunitionPacking Material and CertainSpecified Ammunition Components

SUPPLY CATALOGS (SC)4925-95-CL- Shop Equipment, Ammunition

A03 Renovation Field Maintenance De-tachment, Less Power

4940-95CL-11 Tool Set, Ammunition: Field Main-tenance Ordnance AmmunitionCompany

TECHNICAL BULLETINS (TB)MED 502

9-1300-256

9-1300-38534-9-114

385-2

700-2

700-8010-1

TECHNICAL3-240

232

Occupational and EnvironmentalHealth Respiratory ProtectionProgramAmmunition: National Stock Num-bers and Department of DefenseCodesMunitions Suspended or RestrictedMarking of Ammunition and ItsPackaging of Caliber Below 20 mmNuclear Weapons FirefightingProceduresDepartment of Defense ExplosivesHazard Classification ProceduresMilitary Handbook: ProtectiveFinishes

MANUALS (TM)Field Behavior of Chemical, Bio-logical, and Radiological Agents

.

References3-250

3-3665-2005-2805-315

9-500

9-1300-2009-1300-206

9-1300-2149-1300-2509-1345-203-

12&P

9-1370-203-20&P

9-1375-213-12

9-1901-1

Storage, Shipment, Handling, andDisposal of Chemical Agents andHazardous ChemicalsFlame FuelsCamouflage MaterialsForeign Mine Warfare EquipmentFirefighting and Rescue Proceduresin Theaters of OperationData Sheets For Ordnance TypeMaterials (US Army Armament,Munitions, and Chemical Com-mand, Rock Island, IL 61299)Ammunition, GeneralAmmunition and ExplosivesStandardsMilitary ExplosivesAmmunition MaintenanceOperator’s and OrganizationalMaintenance Manual (IncludingRepair Parts and Special ToolsList): Land MinesOperator’s and OrganizationalMaintenance Manual (IncludingRepair Parts and Special ToolsList) for Military PyrotechnicsOperator’s and OrganizationalMaintenance Manual (IncludingRepair Parts and Special ToolsList): Demolition MaterialsAmmunition for Aircraft Guns

233

References

38-L69-11-1

38-230-1

38-230-2

38-250

43-0001-27

43-0001-28

43-0001-29

43-0001-30

43-0001-36

43-0001-37

43-0001-38

Standard Army Ammunition Sys-tem (SAAS) Level 4 Manual: Sys-tem Stock Control Procedures* -

Packaging of Materiel: Preservation(Vol 1)Packaging of Materiel: Preservation(Vol II)Packaging and Materials HandlingPreparation of Hazardous Materialsfor Military Air ShipmentArmy Ammunition Data Sheets forSmall Caliber AmmunitionArmy Ammunition Data Sheets forArtillery Ammunition; Guns, How-itzers, Mortars, Recoilless Rifles,Grenade Launchers, and ArtilleryFuzesArmy Ammunition Data Sheets forGrenadesArmy Ammunition Data Sheets forRockets, Rocket Systems, RocketFuzes, and Rocket MotorsArmy Ammunition Data Sheets forLand MinesArmy Ammunition Data Sheets:Military PyrotechnicsArmy Ammunition Data Sheets forDemolition Materials

* This TM is being rescinded. It is now Chapter 25, DA Pam710-2-2. The Supply Support Activity (SSA) Supply System.

234

.

References

743-200-1 Storage and Materials HandlingUS ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND(DARCOM/AMC) DRAWING19-48-4116 - (Director, US Army Defense Am-

20-PA10002 munition Center and School,ATTN: SARAC-DEO, Savannah,IL 61074)

235