American and English Literature

8/13/2019 American and English Literature

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Topic: The theme revealed in the novel The moon and sixpence

Outline:

I. Summary about writer and the novel The moon and sixpence

II. Two themes revealed in the novel The moon and sixpence

1. The revolt of an individual against the well- established conventions ofbourgeois society

. !o rooms for trivial and ordinary pleasures of life in "reat #rt

III. $onclusionSummary about the writer and the novel The moon and sixpence

1. William Somerset Mauham !1"#$%1&'()

%.S. &augham is famous 'nglish writer( well-)nown as a novelist( playwright and shortstory writer. In his writings he )ept to the principles of *ealism( but his method of writing was alsoinfluenced by !aturalism( !eo-romanticism and &odernism.

%.S. &augham was born in +aris where his father wor)ed as solicitor for the 'nglish'mbassy. #t the age of 1, &augham was orphaned and sent to 'ngland to live with his uncle( thevicar of %hitstable. efore becoming a writer he was educated at ing/s School( $anterbury( and0eidelberg niversity( &augham then studied six years medicine in 2ondon.

%illiam wor)ed in a hospital of Saint Thomas( which placed in a poor bloc) of 2ondon theexperience found its reflection in the 1 stnovel. 3uring %orld %ar( &augham volunteered for the*ed $ross( and was stationed in 4rance for a period. There he met "erald 0axton 5167-17889( an#merican( who became his companion. 3isguising himself as a reporter( &augham served as anespionage agent for ritish Secret Intelligence Service in *ussia in 171:-1;( but his stuttering and

poor health hindered his career in this field. In 171; he married Syrie arnardo( an interior

decorator< they were divorced in 17;-6. =n his return from *ussia( he spent a year in a sanatoriumin Scotland. &augham then set off with 0axton on a series of travels to eastern #sia( the +acificIslands( and &exico. In many novels the surroundings also are international. &augham/s mostfamous story such as #shenden> or the ritish agent ??

&augham died in !ice( a small 4rench town from pneumonia on 3ecember 1:( 17:@

*. The novel The moon and sixpence

$harles Stric)land( a good( dull( holiest( plain man who is a conventional stoc)bro)er. 0e isprobably a worthy member of society( a good husband and father( an honest bro)er( but he


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abandoned his wife and two nice loo)ing and healthy children( a boy and a girl. # supposition is putforth> $harles wal)s out upon his wife to run after some woman.

# friend of Stric)land is sent to +aris to find out who the woman is and if possible topersuade him to come bac) to his wife. #fter a long tal) with Stric)land( the man understands thatthe real reason that inspires him to run away is not woman. 0e decided to be a painter. 2iving in

+aris( Stric)land comes into contact with a 3utch painter( 3ir) Strove . Strove is presented as anantipode to Stric)land. Strove is a )ind hearted man but a bad painter. 0e is the first to discover thereal talent of Stric)land. %hen Stric)land falls seriously ill( it is Strove who comes to help. Strove

persuades his wife to let him bring the artist home to loo) after him. To his surprise( his wife falls inlove with Stric)land who she holds in disgust. 2ater his wife( a housemaid rescued by Strove( )illsherself by drin)ing acid after Stric)land leaves her. %hat Stric)land wants from lanche is notsexual relation but the nude picture of her beautiful figure.

2eaving 4rance for Tahiti( Stric)land is in search of a world of his own. In Tahiti( hemarries a native girl #ta and he has about three years of happiness. 0e has two children.

Stric)land contracts leprosy and later becomes blind. 0e wants to leave the family but #tadoesn?t let him do it. 0is eyesight gets worse but he continues painting. #ta couldn?t go to the townand buy canvases< he uses the walls of his house. Stric)land gets rid of some strong irresistibleobsession imprisoning his soul with the help of those paintings. 0e has achieved what he longs foron this land. 0e has painted his masterpiece. nowing that he is going to die( he ma)es his wife

promise to burn down his masterpiece after his death in fear that it will be contaminated by thecommercial world of money.

Two themes revealed in the novel The moon and sixpence

1. The revolt o+ an individual aainst the well% established conventions o+ boureois society

In many of his stories( &augham reveals to us the unhappy life and the revolt against the setsocial order. The &oon and Sixpence was written in this line. It is a story of the conflict betweenthe artist and the conventional society based on the life of a painter. The revolt of an individualagainst the well-established conventions of bourgeois society was shown in the following twoaspects>

1.1. Money worship society

The bourgeois society with its vices such as> snobbishness money worship( pretense( self-interestAmade their profit of the frailties of man)ind. To them( money was a useful tool todominate both economics and politics. &oney also helped the bourgeois maintain their regal lifeand it connected the members in family( on the other hand( husband had obligated to support hiswife and children for whole his life. Therefore( the last generations of the bourgeois forced theyoung generation to continue their domination. It was mentioned in the conversation betweenStric)land and his friend.

I rather wanted to be a painter when I was a boy, but my father made me go into business becausehe said there was no money in art.

In this society( art was non-profitable. Therefore( it must be loo)ed down upon. In theirpoint of view art was nothing more than Bust a Bob to earn money They did not see the beautiful


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things that art brings. %hen Stric)land decided to follow in his father/s footsteps( his dream andaspiration were hidden on the bottom of his heart. #fter wor)ing hard for ages( he became a

prosperous stoc)bro)er.0e is probably a worthy member of society.

0owever( there is in streets of the poor Cuarters a thronging vitality which excites the bloodand prepares the soul for the unexpected.

It was actually happened in +aris( because Stric)land gave up the luxury life and gotacCuainted with hard life Bust only wanted to fulfill a long-cherished dream. 0e had to give up hisdream to follow his father?s wishes.I want to paint.Ive got to paint.

The brief answer expressed his willingness to get out of ideology ties which were imposedby his father. #nd his hand and mind would express his big dream by painting masterpieces.

I couldnt get what I wanted in London. Perhaps I can here.I tell you Ive got to paint.

The author said that I seemed to feel in him some vehement power that was strugglingwithin him, it gave me the sensation of something very strong, overmastering, that held him

#nd Stric)land cannot have a comfortable life any more. I havent any money. Ive gotabout a hundred pounds.

%e could probably see it through Stric)land?s appearance when he came to +aris.Sitting there in his old orfol! "ac!et and his unnourished bowler, his trousers were baggy, hishands were not clean# and his face, with the red stubble of the unshaved chin, the little eyes, andthe large, aggressive nose, was uncouth and coarse.

1.2 Family and social responsibilities

+ainting is not only a Ddreamy moon? of Stric)land but also of many progressive people inbourgeois society. #ccording to bourgeois concepts( all the men have to be responsible for hisfamily and children. 0e?s forced to have a strong connection with what is considered to belong tohim. Stric)land?s life is tied tightly down to family?s contract. 0owever( all that sort of thingsmeans nothing at all to him. 0e doesn?t let those reasons impact on his way chasing his passion any

longer. It can be obviously proved through the conversation between two men( Stric)land and theauthor( in chapter II of the novel.

$%ang it all, one cant leave a woman without a bob.$&hy not'$%ow is she going to live'$Ive supported her for seventeen years. &hy shouldnt she support herself for a change'$Let her try.$(ont you care for her anymore'$ot a bit

%hen Stric)land tal)s about his children( his attitude is revealed to be heartlessly scornful.$)heyve had a good many years of comfort. Its much more than the ma"ority of children have.


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*esides, somebody will loo! after them. &hen it comes to the point, the +ac ndrews will pay fortheir schooling.

$I li!e them all right when they were !ids, but now theyve growing up I havent got any particularfeeling for them.

0e totally gives up on his own family( children and thin)s that they could live by themselveswithout his care. 'ven if they can?t ma)e arrangement for their life( his relatives might come tohelp. Stric)land also doesn?t mind what people loathe and despise him.$-veryone will thin! you a perfect swine.$Let them.$&ont it mean anything to you that people loathe and despise you'$o$ou dont care if people thin! you an utter blac!/guard'$ot a damn.

%e really doesnt care any longer.$ou wont go bac! to your wife'

$ever$ou dont care if she and your children have to beg their bread'$ot a damn.

0e does everything> abandoned wife and children< left his successful career behind Bustbecause he totally hates that gloomy society and its old customs.

=nly by a short conversation between two men( the author already describes the stronglyreactive mind of Stric)land( a man who dares to stand up and fight over the old customs of that

boring society and bourgeois. *egarding to Stric)land?s point of view( his escape is the onlydecision< it?s also the solution to release his imprisoning mind. 0e doesn?t regret or be ashamed ofwhat he?s done. 0e accepts the eyes of society because he doesn?t care. #ctually( it?s never evermeant anything to him. The only thing that he really cares is his mind right now freely to follow anddo everything he ever dreams of in his own Ddreamy moon?.

*. ,o rooms +or trivial and ordinary pleasures o+ li+e in -reat rt

2.1 Sacrifice everything to be an artist.

#t the beginning( the stoc)bro)er Stric)land had a stable life with happy family. 0owever(when he started to chase his path as an artist( he had to experience a poor situation. &oreover( hewas willing to get rid of everything to be an artist. "reat art don?t depend on age as long as youhave real passion. 'ven though at the age of forty the chances are a million to one( Stric)landstill wants to be a painter. I can learn 0uic!er than I could when I was eighteen( said he.

0e wanted to be a painter when he was a boy but his father didn?t allow him. 0is fatherconsumed that there was money in art. Therefore( he had to give up his passion for such a long time.0owever( his fire for art wasn?t stamped out. #nd this was the perfect time for him to implementhis dream again. =n his way chasing that dream( he had to sacrifice everything. 0e passed by the

material and the sensual to fulfill spiritual needs. 0e got rid of a happy family with a comfortablelife to go to +aris and lived in destitute life there.


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#lthough he )new that his family needed him and they had to suffer difficulties in life withouthim( he didn?t intend to change his mind and he accepted to be considered as a selfish man. 0eunderstood that his action weren?t highly appreciated< however( he still wanted to pursue art in hisown way. Stric)land accepted to live in a bad condition( without money( Bob( food and at last he

found a Shelter at a hotel. #fterward( despite the fact that he got a serious disease and becameblinded< he still tried to fulfill his masterpiece on the walls of his house. 3uring the first daysstaying in +aris( he only found a cheap hotel to live. 0e appeared with such a miserable( untidyimage. %e sat there in his old orfol! "ac!et and his unnourished bowler, his trousers werebaggy, his hands were not clean# and his face, with the red stubble of the unshaved chin, the littleeyes, and the large, aggressive nose, was uncouth and coarse. %is mouth was large# his lips wereheavy and sensual.

0e desired to paint. 0e repeated his speech many times when answering his friend.I want to paint.Ive got to paintI tell you I have to paint.

2.2. Strickland protects Beauty and Art.

#rt is very pure. It can not be measured by the value of money or sexual relation. Stric)landstruggled to abandon his appetence for art.

Let me tell you. I imagine that for months the matter never comes into your head, and youre ableto persuade yourself that youve finished with it for good and all. ou re"oice in your freedom, and

you feel that at last you can call your soul your own. ou seem to wal! with your head among thestars. nd then, all of a sudden you cant stand it any more, and you notice that all the time yourfeet have been wal!ing in the mud. nd you want to roll yourself in it. nd you find some woman,coarse and low and vulgar, some beastly creature in whom all the horror of se1 is blatant, and you

fall upon her li!e a wild animal. ou drin! till youre blind with rage.

0e assumed that as an artist he shouldn?t have trivial fun such as desire of women.

4or Stric)land( woman is li)e an invisible rope tightening his life. It is very hard to escapefrom them. Therefore( he tried to avoid it. 0e was willing to give her up as well as hisunsatisfactory painting. 0e did everything to be a true artist even though it made him become acruel man.

4inally( he achieved what he wanted. 0e created a masterpiece. It was worth what he?dspent. 0e devoted all his life to pursue art. #s an artist( he didn?t care about fame or wealth. 0e

painted pictures only to satisfy his love to art. 0e never sold his pictures to get money. 0e did not to

accept his masterpiece to be contaminated by the commercial world of money. 0is dream was verybeautiful.


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///. 0onclusion

ased on the life of +aul "auguin( )he +oon and Si1penceis %. Somerset &augham/s

ode to the powerful forces behind creative genius. $harles Stric)land is a staid ban)er( a man ofwealth and privilege. 0e is also a man possessed of an unCuenchable desire to create art. #sStric)land pursues his artistic vision( he leaves 2ondon for +aris and Tahiti( and in his Cuest ma)essacrifices that leave the lives of those closest to him in tatters. Through &augham/s sympathetic eyeStric)land/s tortured and cruel soul becomes a symbol of the blessing and the curse of transcendentartistic genius( and the cost in human?s lives it sometimes demands.

Topic *: /mpression o+ characteristic

! "illiam Somerset Maugham 516;8 E 17:@9

%illiam Somerset &augham was born in +aris on @th Fanuary( 16;8( the sixth and youngest son of

the solicitor to the ritish embassy. &augham learned 4rench as his native tongue. #t the age of 1,(

&augham was orphaned and sent to 'ngland to live with his uncle( the *everend 0enry &ac3onald

&augham( in %hitstable( ent. .

'ducated at ing/s School( $anterbury( where he developed a stammer that he never outgrew( and0eidelberg niversity( &augham then studied six years medicine in 2ondon. 0e Cualified in 167;

as doctor from St. Thomas/ medical school( but abandoned medicine after the success of his first

novels 2iGaof Lambeth5167;9

The boo) sold well and he decided to abandon medicine and become a full-time writer. &augham

achieved fame with his playLady 2rederic!517,;9( a comedy about money and marriage. y 17,6

&augham had four plays running simultaneously in 2ondon.

=n the outbrea) of the 4irst %orld %ar( &augham( now aged forty( Boined a *ed $ross ambulance

unit in 4rance. %hile serving on the %estern 4ront he met the year old #merican( "erald

0axton. The two men became lovers and lived together for the next thirty years. 3uring the war

&augham was invited by Sir Fohn %allinger( head of ritain/s &ilitary Intelligence 5&I:9 in

4rance( to act as a secret service agent. &augham agreed and over the next few years acted as a lin)

between &I: in 2ondon and its agents wor)ing in 'urope.


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&augham had sexual relationships with both men and women and in 171@( Syrie %ellcome( the

daughter of 3r. Thomas arnardo( gave birth to his child. 0er husband( 0enry %ellcome( cited

&augham as co-respondent in divorce proceedings. #fter the divorce in 171:( &augham married

Syrie but continued to live with "erald 0axton.

3uring the war( &augham/s best-)nown novel( 3f %uman *ondage5171@9 was published. This was

followed by another successful boo)( )he +oon and Si1pence517179. &augham also developed a

reputation as a fine short-story writer( one story( 4ain( which appeared in )he )rembling of a

Leaf 51719( was also turned into a successful feature film. +opular plays written by &augham

include )he 5ircle51719(-ast of Sue65179( )he 5onstant &ife517:9 and the anti-war play(

2or Services 4endered517H9.

In his later years &augham wrote his autobiography( Summing 7p517H69 and wor)s of fiction such

as )he 4a6or8s -dge5178@9( 5atalina517869 and 9uartet517879.

#fter the 17H,s &augham/s reputation abroad was greater than in 'ngland. &augham once said(

&ost people cannot see anything( but I can se what is in front of my nose with extreme clearness %hen we were inthe woods beyond "owbarrow +ar)( we saw a few daffodils close to the water side. %e fancied thatthe la)e had floated the seed ashore and that the little colony had so sprung up. ut as we wentalong there were more and more and at last under the boughs of the trees( we saw that there was along belt of them along the shore( about the breadth of a country turnpi)e road. I never sawdaffodils so beautiful they grew among the mossy stones about and about them( some rested their

heads upon these stones as on a pillow for weariness and the rest tossed and reeled and danced andseemed as if they verily laughed with the wind that blew upon them over the la)e( they loo)ed sogay ever dancing ever changing. This wind blew directly over the la)e to them. There was here andthere a little )not and a few stragglers a few yards higher up but they were so few as not to disturbthe simplicity and unity and life of that one busy highway. %e rested again and again. The ayswere stormy( and we heard the waves at different distances and in the middle of the water li)e thesea. 5'xtracted from 3orothy %ordsworth( The "rasmere Fournal( Thursday( 1@ #pril 16,9.

Fust the love of nature( especially the love of the beauty of daffodils( and the above noteshelped %illiam %ordsworth write the poem The daffodils( which was considered as the mostsuccessful wor) of %illiam %ordsworth and made strong impressions on many generations ofreaders.

/6. The +eelin o+ the poem The 4a++odils

In this poem( the poet describes his experience of the sight a host of daffodils during alonely wal)( the daffodils delight him with her beauty and their sprightly dance. 0e also remar)son the beauty of the la)e nearby( but adds that even its spar)ling waves are not as exuberant as theyellow daffodils dancing in the breeGe. &oreover( when he is sad( he thin)s of daffodils and thenmy heart with pleasure fills( and dances with the daffodils( that is to say( when his feelings aredepressed( thin)ing of daffodils cheers him up. Than)s to these glorious daffodils( the emotion of

the poet changes from the loneliness to the happiness.In the first stanGa( the feeling of loneliness of the poet is expressed opposite to the daffodils.

The poet was wandering in the forest and enBoying the fascinating nature around him( whensuddenly he saw a crowd of golden daffodils by the la)eside. The daffodils appeared so beautifullythat he was compelled to gaGe at these flowers playing with pleasure in the wind. 0ow glorious and

plentiful these daffodils wereJ &aybe this was also the first time he had come across such animmense field of daffodils along the shore.

I wandered lonely as a cloud)hat floats on high o8er vales and hills,

&hen all at once I saw a crowd, host, of golden daffodils#*eside the la!e beneath the trees


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2luttering and dancing in the bree6e.

The poet is wandering in the 2a)e 3istrict and he presents us a very huge landscape Eovervales and hillsE, but his thoughts are interrupted by a vision of Ea crowd, a host of goldendaffodilsE.0e is wandering in a state of loneliness and absent-mindedness as a cloud> is a simile(he compares his lonely to that of a cloud and the cloud symboliGes his integration with the natural

world. Suddenly( this state of isolation is interrupted by the appearance of these flowers that presenthuman connotations( the words EcrowdE and EhostE in apposition to the daffodils is a

personification( because they are nouns associated to human beings. I agree with the generalthought that the crowd of daffodils can represent the human race( thus the poet is fascinated by themand he watches the flowers( but he has no control over men.

oth he and the cloud are floating on high( when he saw a field full of golden daffodils.oth he and the cloud are aspects of the world( which is subBected to the laws of nature but they canstill retain their freedom in spite of this. =ther images in the poem reinforce this E the 8la!e8 8trees88cloud8 and8waves8are all natural images and the daffodils give the clear focus of the poem which

predominately ma)es nature the most important feature throughout the host of golden daffodils. The

poem was inspired by the sight of a field full of golden daffodils waving in the wind. Thesedaffodils are located in the countryside near a la)e and trees and are also seen to move continuallyin a dance. %ordsworth expresses feelings for nature through these symbolic obBects.

0e personifies the daffodils as dancers( dancing gaily as part of the beauty of nature toemphasiGe on their liveliness.

5ontinuous as the stars that shinend twin!le on the +il!y &ay,)hey stretched in a never/ending line

long the margin of a bayF)en thousand saw I at a glance,)ossing their heads in sprightly dance.

To %illiam %ordsworth( the daffodils appeared to be as continuous as the twin)ling starson the &il)y %ay galaxy. They were arrayed in a seemingly unending line along the ban) of theadBacent bay. To the poet( it seemed as if ten thousand daffodils were bobbing in the gentle breeGeand he imagined them to be engaged in a lively dance.

5ontinuous as the stars that shinend twin!le on the +il!y &ayD5Simile9

Though the la)e?s spar)ling waves danced beautifully( the daffodils seemed to do muchbetter than them( in its pleasure. The poet emphasiGes the point that there are a whole lot ofdaffodils. &ore daffodils than he has probably ever seen before. #fter all( these are flowers thatusually grow in scattered groups in the wild or in people?s well-tended gardens. The flowers stretchcontinuously( without a brea)( li)e the stars in the &il)y %ay galaxy( each one gleaming li)e astar. The comparison to stars provides new evidence that the spea)er is trying to ma)e us thin) ofangels or other heavenly beings.

)hey stretched in never/ending linelong the margin of a bayF

2i)e the &il)y %ay galaxy( the flowers are roughly concentrated in a line that seems tostretch as far as the eye can see Enever/endingE The flowers line the shore EmarginE of a bay of the


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la)e( which must be a relatively large la)e. If you?ve ever seen the &il)y %ay( you )now that thegalaxy appears to be a band that has more stars and a brighter appearance than the night s)y aroundit. It?s not a perfectly clear line( but more li)e a fuGGy approximation of a line. %e imagine the sameeffect with the flowers. It?s not as if there are no flowers outside the shore of the la)e( but most areconcentrated on the shore.

)en thousand saw I at a glance,)ossing their heads in sprightly dance.

The spea)er ta)es in Eten thousandEdancing flowers at once. That?s a lot of daffodils.%ow( he?s fast at counting if he )nows the number after only a Cuic) glance. ut( of course( thespea)er is not actually counting( but Bust guessing. The flowers Etoss their handsEwhile dancing tothe wind. y EheadsEwe thin) he means the part of the flower with the petals( the weight of whichcauses the rest of the flower to bob.

The third stanGa describes the effect that the flowers have on the poet( it is the feeling ofglee and friendliness between them.

)he waves beside them danced# but they3ut/did the spar!ling waves in gleeF

poet could not but be gay,In such a "ocund companyFI ga6ed G and ga6ed G but little thought&hat wealth the show to me had brought.

In this stanGa( the poet starts to tal) about the waves which are in the la)e. The waves( li)ethe daffodils( are dancing. They are happy( therefore( they are moving as if they were dancing in thela)e besides the daffodils. The Boy of the waves exceeds the Boy of the daffodils. The waves and thedaffodils are humaniGed as they feel Boy. ut( the waves are happier than the daffodils. This sceneaffects the poet and ma)es him happy. So( in the company of happy daffodils and waves( the poetshould be happy li)e them. In this contemplation( everything in nature affects him( and ma)es himhappy.

In the third stanGa( when describing the effect that the flowers have on the poet( there aremany words associated with happiness as> EgleeE, EgayE, E"ocund companyE,happiness caused bythis experience( which everybody can have. In line EI ga6edHand ga6edEis an act in which the

poetic transformation ta)es place spontaneously( without full consciousness on the poet?s part ofwhat he is doing and he little thought what this show meant to him.

&any years later( the images of daffodils came to mind and flashed upon his inner eyes>2or oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,)hey flash upon that inward eye&hich is the bliss of solitude#

nd then my heart with pleasure fills,nd dances with the daffodils.

In the final stanGa( Ethe inward eyeE reminds him what he has experienced and in the

tranCuility he can recollect these thoughts in the solitude of his house( moreover he realiGes whatthis show meant and his heart is filled with pleasure. The poet is not able at a first sight to interpretthe act it is only afterwards that thoughts are understood and described nonetheless he can


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understand this experience( than)s to Ethe inward eyeE,which represents feelings of imagination( itis a metaphor( a special way to see things< the poet is able to interpret the secret language of natureand technical poetry made up of emotions.

)hey flash upon that inward eye &hich is the bliss of solitude

The memory of the daffodils was etched in the author/s mind and soul to be cherished forever(when he was feeling lonely( dull or depressed( he thought of the flowers and cheered up. Then hisloneliness and sorrow seemed to vanish< and he desire to dance with the daffodils.

nd then my heart with pleasure fills, nd dances with the daffodils.

The full impact of the daffodils/ beauty did not stri)e him at the moment of seeing them(when he started blan)ly at them but much later when he sat alone( sad and lonely and rememberthem.

2or off, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, )hey flash upon that inward eye...

%e can point out that his state was changing in a slight way. 0e was not alone any longer( yethe probably thought that he would be stronger if he made a contrast between a lonely traveler andhappy daffodils. This simple but effective way seems to ta)e hold on us( and then each time we readthis poem( we can see the harmonious beauty of the poet and the long belt of the golden daffodilsand enBoy the brightness.

The poet presents vocabulary associated to loneliness> lonely( solitude< opposition betweennature and society( vocabulary associated with light> sprightly( stars( golden( shine( twin)le( flash(spar)ling. &ovement is lin)ed to> wandered( floats( fluttering< moreover we have images of earth>vales and hills< images of air> clouds( breeGe< images of water> la)e( waves. &oreover( there is achoice of tense in the poem in the last stanGa( the poet returns to the reality( the present records thememories( it is a process of creative imagination( an outstanding experience. #ll of these also revealthe feeling of the poem. The lonely feeling of the poet has been changed by his senses of theliveliness( the glee( and the friendliness with the daffodils to the happy feeling when thin)ing ofdaffodils

6. 0onclusion

%ordsworth concentrates on nature in all its forms( without using simple descriptions andconcentrating on the ways in which he responds and relates to the world< in his view( poetry is ameans to loo) at the relationship between nature and human life and to explore the belief that naturecan have an impact on our emotional and spiritual lives. This poem could be seen as what poetrywas and how it might be written( that is to say in solitude( with an inward eye( imagination(immersed in nature( recollecting all the thoughts and impressions in solitude following the power ofmemory and imagination.


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Topic ': M78 TW/, writin style

O9T/,;

I. #n introduction about &ar) twain and The advantures of Tom SawyerII. &ar) Tawin?s writng style revealed in The advantures of Tom Sawyer chapter II.

II.1 0umorous

II. 4lexible( Maried( 4luidII.H The vernacular languageII.8 *ealism and optimism

III. $omparisonIII.1 &ar) Twain and Mu Trong +hungIII. &ar) Twain and 3oan "ioi

IM. $onclusion

/.n introduction about Mar twain and The advantures o+ Tom Sawyer

Samuel 2anghorne $lemens 516H@ - 171,9 well )nown by his pen name &ar) Twain( was an

#merican author and humorist. Twain is noted for his novels #dventures of Tom Sawyer 516;:9(which has been called the "reat #merican !ovel. Tom was is a friend to presidents( industrialistsand 'uropean royalty. &ar) Twain was very popular( and his )een wit and incisive satire earned praise from critics and

peers. pon his death he was lauded as the "reatest #merican humorist of his age( and %illiam4aul)ner called Twain the father of #merican literature. &ar) Twain is a mixture of idealismand s)epticism( the sentimentality and cynicism. In 17H,s( 0emingway said( #ll modern #merican literature comes from a boo)called 0uc)leberry 4inn. &ar) Twain said that he was not only the founder of modern #mericanliterature( but also invented a new )ind of autobiography( the enhancement of individual andcreative. The #dventures of Tom Sawyer is going to focus primarily on Tom Sawyer. The young native ofSt. +etersburg( &issouri has a li)ing for escapades( exploits( deeds of derring-do( or what you mightcall adventures. !ote that the boo) is called The #dventures rather than The #dventure of TomSawyer.2ittle Tom gets up to a lot of trouble by boo)/s end( and his various feats are not all related. #lthough &ar) Twain created his characters with harsh racist ideals( these ideals are exactly whatmade Twain/s writing so true to life. Twain used realism in his writing to shoc) and educate hisreaders. efore Twains writing( literature was thought to be more of an entertainment rather than aneducation. +eople wanted to hear fantasy depicting a perfect world with a fine line between thegood and the bad. Twain paid close attention to detail in his writing. %ith this detail he was able to

draw the reader into the boo) and immerse themselves into the story. This also helped to ma)e thestory more realistic. 4urthermore( Twain wrote in the vernacular of the time.#lthough this was notgrammatically correct( it gave the characters life and allowed the reader to familiariGe themselveswith the characters.

//. Mar Tawin


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also contained these same elements of sarcasm( irony( wit( and satire.4urthermore( an analysis of&ar) Twain?s writing styleshould focus on Twain?s upbringing and how this upbringing and thetimes in which he lived significantly influenced his writing style. Twain?s writing was controversialand offensive to some because he was so outspo)en. 0e also included slang and regional dialect inhis stories. These techniCues should be described in an analysis of &ar) Twain?s writing style aswell.

1. &umorous

&ar) Twain is a famous satiric :tro phJng?writer of #merica. $haracters in his products iscriticism and humor to those vices( hypocrisy( greed in the %est #merican at that time. 0is productsincludes deep ironic. $hapter II of this novel also expresses this writer?s style>

/ Irony> *ut of course youd druther wor!/ wouldnt you' G 3f course you wouldK- $omparision and contrast > worldly wealth is marbles( bits of toys and trash> Dfrom being a

poor poverty/stric!en boy in the morning, )om was literally rolling in wealthD/ )hey would ma!e a world of fun for him, the very thought of it burnt him li!e a fire, this dar!and hopeless moment

/ ll gladness left him, life to him seemed hollow, and e1istence but a burden/ 0umorous reference to himself as the great and wise philosopher- se big words>glorious, issue, melancholy, e1pedition- =ne of the most impressive aspects of his writing is the dialogue which describe little boy?scharacteristics effectively. Their boyishness was described effectively though the humor. Tomgave up the brush with reluctance in his face( but alacrity in his heart. #nd while the late steam ig&issouri wor)ed and sweated in the sun( the retired artist sat on a barrel in the shade close by(dangled his legs( munched his appleA =r 2ife to him seemed hollow( and existence but a

burden %hen Tom must do his tas)( he saw everything through blac) eyes.

2. Fle0ible! aried! Fluid


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Twain certainly has a flexible style< he can suit his words Cuite easily to the situation(whether he is describing the thoughts of Tom or expounding upon some lofty subBect.That said( one of the most impressive aspects of his writing is the dialogue. *ather thantry to describe it( we/ll give you a taste. Tom( having Bust barely survived an encounter

with InBun Foe the night before( goes to tal) with 0uc)>E%ello, %uc!KEE%ello, yourself.ESilence, for a minute.ME)om, if we8d 8a8 left the blame tools at the dead tree, we8d 8a8 got the money. 3h, ain8t itawfulKEE8)ain8t a dream, then, 8tain8t a dreamK Somehow I most wish it was. (og8d if I don8t,%uc!.E

The way &ar) Twain used humor was very flexible( its not only criticiGed butalso reduced the tense.

&ar) Twain renders the rhythm of the speech beautifully( using contractions and slangto give life to Tom and 0uc)/s speech. Small touches( li)e the we/d /a/ and dog/d goalong way toward ma)ing them sound li)e real boys. 'ven that brac)eted pause spea)svolumes. %ithout suitable dialogue( all of Twain/s observations and remar)s would beli)e a ca)e without icing> still delicious( but not Cuite right.

. ,sing the vernacular language.

&ar) Twain was the first writer to use vernacular language in his own writing( especiallyin dialogue. Sometimes it is rather hard to understand but it reflects the real life of people

there.4or examples( when Tom begged Fim to change bringing water for whitewashing thefence( Fim denied> =h( I dasn?t( &ars Tom. =le missis she?d ta)e an? tar de head off?nme 5 Oi tPi )hPng thQ cRu Tom . d cRu sU VW tXi lYn VZu tPi9

3. )ealism and optimism.

- *ealism> In his wor)s( &ar) Twain always focuses on describing the nature andcharacter of living space. In chapter II>

- Dall the summer world was bright and fresh, and brimming with life. )here was asong in every heart# and if the heart was young the music issued at the lips. )here wascheer in every face and a spring in every step. )he locust/trees were in bloom and thefragrance of the blossoms filled the airD

!atural scenery is beautiful( but with Tom( hefell life to him seemed hollow, ande1istence but a burden 0ere( the author present an ironic laugh again when hedescribles nature is opposite to the mood of Tom.


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- =ptimism>[ describe beauty of nature5 first paragraphA9///.0omparison

1.Mark %awin and u %rong 4hung

$hapter II of this novel also expresses &ar) Twain?s style>/ Irony> *ut of course youd druther wor!/ wouldnt you' G 3f course you wouldK- $omparision and contrast > worldly wealth is marbles( bits of toys and trash> Dfrom being a poor poverty/stric!en boy in the morning, )om was literally rolling inwealthD/ )hey would ma!e a world of fun for him, the very thought of it burnt him li!e a fire,this dar! and hopeless moment/ ll gladness left him, life to him seemed hollow, and e1istence but a burden/ 0umorous reference to himself as the great and wise philosopher- se big words>glorious, issue, melancholy, e1pedition

\ Mu Trong +hung is also a humor writer of Miet !am.

4or a long time( people have considered wor) 2uc)y destiny of Mu Trong +hung asa outstanding wor) of humor nonfiction. =f which is a wor) of art typical of prosehumor in Mietnam. %ith 2uc)y destiny( the readers laugh from beginning to end( agloating smile( comfortable.- Irony> [ expressed in the tittle > %appiness of a funeral family

[ use the ironic words> funeral dresses( call Tuyet?s dress> innocent( meanwhile it isridiculous( revealing( romantic sadness on her face.

- $onstractF funeral is very big, so big that the dead in cas!et smiles happily

Tuyet is a debauchted girl( but half-debauched.- the restpectful descendantsare an1ious to berry the dead- )u )an tell each person how to stand, how to e1press the face, how to ma!e the

posturesDto ta!e photosD )his ma!e the readers fell that it is not a funeralfamily but a happy family.

- In funeral, everyone tal! to each other, but not about the funeral# they tal! boutthe dresses, houses, a new chest they "ust bought# others scorn, annoy, flirt eachother.

3ifferent> humor in Mu Trong +hung?s wor)s is ironical( bitter about the dar) of

rotten society at that time. 0is aim is accusing the uptown person( who greedy formoney.

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2. Mark %awin and +oan ioi

&ar) Twain is also famous about autobiography style. In Mietnam( there are some writers

who has the same autobiography style such as> To 0oai 5The adventures of $ric)et9(

!guyen Thanh 2ong 5]uite Sapa9( !guyen &inh $hau 5The +icture9A

$omparison The advantures of Tom Sawyer by &ar) Twain in 16;: to Southern

forests 5^_t *`ng +hng !am9 by ^oan "ioi in 17@;.

Southern 4orests is the adventure of a native boy named #n in the South of Mietnamwhen the 4rench invaded this country. 0e became a homeless boy after the enemies hadmade an attac) on South %est. That pushed him in a adventure to loo)ing for his father.#n and the local patriotic people fought against the 4rench.

-omparison writing style.- Similarity[ Simplicity> 2i)e &ar) Twain( 3oan "ioi used simple language to describe the real lifein the Southern area. 'specially( the wor) was written in the local language( maybe it?svery difficult to understand but that is the effective way to paint the real Southern picture.oth &ar) Twain and 3oan "ioi loved the nature in their homeland. %ith &ar) Twain(he love &ississippi river and painted it in his wor) while 3oan "ioi described the river(small canal as one distinguishing characteristic of &e)ong 3elta where he was born andgrew up.[ *ealism and =ptimism> &ar) Twain?s writing style express both realism and optimism.There is similarity between &ar) Twain and 3oan "ioi. The Southern 4orests reflected

the poor life of the people in the war truthfully. 0owever( the readers still see theoptimism of the characters and also of the writer. There are some paragraphs whichdescribe the beautiful nature of Southern area( especially the great and wild scene of &inh( virgin forest in Mietnam( and the beauty of Southern villages with endless rowcoconut trees and mangroves. The surface of canal is bright in the lighting. The mangrove and wandering canoes onthe other side is appeared with deeper blue. It seems that heaven( ground and trees( andslight ripples on the waves tapping two ban)s are fluttering in the blue magic[ oth &ar) Twain and 3oan "ioi loved the nature in their homeland. %ith &ar)Twain( he love &ississippi river and painted it in his wor) while 3oan "ioi loved theriver( small canal as one distinguishing characteristic of &e)ong 3elta where he wasborn and grew up.- 3ifference>[ +urpose of humorous writing style> It is said that &ar) Twain succeeded in describing the main character( Tom Sawyer( inchapter II( as a naughty and smart boy by humorous writing style. y this style( &ar)Twain eased the tense and gave criticism for society.

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0owever( 3oan "ioi used the laughter to express the people?s optimism. 3uring hardshipsituation( soldiers still saw the Boy of living( the beauty of nature and the happiness duringthe mission.III. $onclusion &ar) Twain is widely )nown for his use of humor and satire in his wor)s. Through

these wor)s( Twain had a great influence on #merican politics and society. #n analysisof &ar) Twain?s writing styleexamines &ar) Twain?s most famous wor)s and analyGeshis use of humor( satire( irony( and sarcasm. If you/re the type of person that loves toread. Then you would probably won/t miss out beautiful piece of literature li)e( The#dventure of Tom Sawyer( The #dventures of 0uc)leberry 4inn( etc. y the firstimportant #merican novelist 5+earson9( &ar) Twain. #nd as you read them( I bet you/dnotice that Twain have a distinguish style of writing compare to all the author that you/ve)nown or read before. 0e is well-)nown for the use of his irreverent( biting social satire(and realism of place and languages.Twain have a very distinguish style of writing( and best )nown for his use of hisirreverent( biting social satire( and realism of place and languages. Twain use Bo)es and

get his point across very well during his lectures.

Topic #: 0haracteristics o+ the hero 3rederic =enry in chapter /6

3arewell to rms by =eminway.

=utline

I. Introduction of the author and the novel

1. The author 'arnest 0emingway

. The novel # 4arewell to #rms

II. $haracteristics of the hero 4rederic 0enry

1. "eneral $haracteristics of the hero 4rederic 0enry in the

novel

. $haracteristics of the hero 4rederic 0enry in chapter IM

III. $onclusion

/ntroduction o+ the author and the novel

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1. The author ;arnest =eminway

*iography

;rnest =eminway51677-17:19( born in =a) +ar)( a small town in the state of

Illinois( started his career as a writer in a newspaper office in ansas $ity at the age ofseventeen. #fter the nited States entered the 4irst %orld %ar( he Boined a volunteer

ambulance unit in the Italian army. Serving at the front( he was wounded( was decorated

by the Italian "overnment( and spent considerable time in hospitals. #fter his return to

the nited States( he became a reporter for $anadian and #merican newspapers and was

soon sent bac) to 'urope to cover such events as the "ree) *evolution.

0emingway began his writing career as a Bournalist and in the 17,s( while living

in +aris( wor)ed as foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star. #s a Bournalist he learned

to focus only on events being reported( and to omit superfluous and extraneous matter.

The year 177 was mar)ed by the publishing of his famous novel # 4arewell to

#rm that stresses the necessity to attain moral courage to live and face the social chaos.

4rom 176 to 17H6 the writer lived in 4lorida. 0e traveled a lot to 4rance and Spain.

Some his wor)s in this period such as> &en &ithout &oman 517;9( &inner )a!e

othing 517HH9((eath in the fternoon517H9( Nreen %ills of frica 517H@9( )o %ave

and %ave ot517H;9 and )he 2ifth 5olumn517H;9. 0emingway used his experiences as

a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the bac)ground for his most ambitious novel(

2or &hom the *ell )olls5178,9. #mong his later wor)s( the most outstanding is the short

novel( )he 3ld +an and the Sea 517@9( the story of an old fisherman/s Bourney( his long

and lonely struggle with a fish and the sea( and his victory in defeat. This wor) helped

him won the +ulitGer in 17@H and the !obel +riGe for literature.

0emingway is a democrat and humanist. 0e devoted his whole life to the struggle

against fascism and wars. 0e considered arts and literature as having an important role in

the world so he always tried to use his language to convey his message to man)ind

through simply words.

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&riting style

0emingway?s style of writing follows the theory of an iceberg 5also )nown as

the theory of omission9 which means that the writer may omit things that he )nows he

is writing about( and that if he writes truly the reader will have a feeling of those things asthe writer has tasted them. The dignity of the movement of an iceberg is due to only one

eighth of it being above the water.

0emingway/s iceberg theory highlights the symbolic implications of art. 0e

ma)es use of physical action to provide an interpretation of the nature of man/s existence.

It can be convincingly proved that( while representing human life through fictional

forms( he has consistently set man against the bac)ground of his world and universe to

examine the human situation from various points of view.

*. The novel

3verview of the novel

A Farewell to Armsis an anti - war novel written by 'rnest 0emingwayin which

0emingway wanted to ma)e the reader see war as a merciless massacre of men and

women and the senseless destruction of the values created. The boo)( which was firstpublished in 177( is a first-person accountof #merican 4rederic 0enry( serving as a

2ieutenant 5Tenente9 in the ambulance corps of the Italian #rmy. The novel falls into

five parts( each describes a different phase in 0enry?s adventures.

2arewell to rmswor)s on two literary levels. 4irst( it is a story concerning the

drama and passion of a doomed romance between 0enry and a ritish nurse( $atherine

ar)ley. Second( it also s)illfully contrasts the meaning of personal tragedy against the

impersonal destruction wrought by the 4irst %orld %ar. 0emingway deftly captures thecynicism of soldiers( the futility of war( and the displacement of populations. #lthough

this was 0emingway/s blea)est novel( its publication cemented his stature as a modern

#merican writer.

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In 1776( the &odern 2ibrary( a publishing company in #merica ran)ed

2arewell to rmson its list of the 1,, best 'nglish-language novels of the ,th century.

It was first adapted to film in 17H( with further versions in the following decades.

Summary of 5hapter IB

# battery of guns in the next garden wa)es 0enry the next morning. #n

ambulance driver( he discusses the condition of the ambulances with some mechanics.

ac) in the room( *inaldi as)s 0enry to come with him to meet $atherine. They drin)

first( then meet $atherine in the ritish hospital/s garden. *inaldi tal)s to another

nurse( 0elen 4erguson.

0enry( who is struc) by $atherine/s beauty and her hair( is unable to explain to

her why he has Boined the Italian army as an ambulance driver. She carries a leather-

bound stic) that she says belonged to her fianc of eight years( who was )illed last year in

the war. 0enry admits he has never loved anyone. They discuss her fianc and the war

more( then 0enry and *inaldi leave. *inaldi notes that $atherine prefers 0enry to him.

/. 0haracteristics o+ the hero 3rederic =enry

1. 0haracteristics o+ the hero 3rederic =enry in the novel

2ieutenant 4rederic 0enry isthe novel?s narrator and protagonist. 4rederic 0enry

is a former student of architecture. 0e has dropped his studies and volunteered as an

ambulance driver in the Italian army during %orld %ar I. In 0enry( we can see

0emingway/s $ode 0ero( a term used to describe a character that follows 0emingway/s

conception of an internal moral code. 0enry is stoic under duress or pain< he modestly

deflects praise for his contributions to the war< he is unflappable under fire< he portrayshimself as a man of duty. 0e is a man/s man( in that his thoughts revolve on women

and drin). 0e participates in and seems to enBoy the banal( everyday conversation

between the soldiers. 0e is attracted to the simple goodness of the priest( who( li)e 0enry

5who is not religious9( stic)s to his beliefs despite the war/s constant presence. 0enry is

most characteriGed throughout the novel by his passionate love and dedication to

6
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$atherine ar)ley. #gainst this blea) bac)drop( 0enry?s fondness for $atherine ar)ley

is rather astonishing. The Cuality of the language that 0enry uses to describe $atherine?s

hair and her appearance testifies to the genuine depth of his feelings for her.

0emingway shows 4rederic) 0enry?s progression into a code hero. In the start of

the novel( 4rederic) 0enry immersed himself into the sensual pleasures that surrounded

him. 0enry had drun) much wine( and had aimlessly wondered from woman to woman in

oo) one of the novel. 0e could not learn to control himself until he had developed a

relationship with $atherine. y receiving the support and confidence from her( he was

able to change. 0enry finally disciplined himself near the end of his stay at the =spidale

&aggoire. In the end of the novel( 0enry was faced with his love/s death( $atherine

finally passed away due to a hemorrhage. 0e as)ed "od to save his greatest love but did

not receive any answer. 0enry never becomes a true code hero until the end when heaccepts death as the end of existence.

*. 0haracteristics o+ the hero 3rederic =enry in chapter /6

*.1. The motive +or =enry participation in the war:

0enry is depicted here as one of many who were made to believe when the war

bro)e out that their participation in the war was patriotism and that their sacrifice was not

in vain so he dropped his studies and volunteered as an ambulance driver.

0enry could not find a reason reasonable explanation why he participated inarmy. %hen ar)ley as)ed the reason( he said>

I dont !now. )here isnt always an e1planation for everything.

It is simply a patriotic action fighting for the welfare of his country.

In $hapter III( he explained that the priest had always )nown what I did not

)now and what( when I learned it( I was always able to forget. There seems to be a

premium on not )nowing things( on remaining ignorant( as if that is some )ind of

protective armor. $atherine reverses this( wishing she had )nown that her fianc wasgoing to die> /0e could have had anything he wanted if I would have )nownAI )now all

about it now. ut then he wanted to go to war and I didn/t )now.

*.*. =enry


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0enry is a responsible person( a person of duty. This characteristic was expressed

through 0enry care about the bro)en machines. 0e as)ed the mechanic>

0ow?s everythingL

%hat?s the matter with this machineL

=r where is the gasoline par) nowL

#nd then( he chec)ed everything very carefully I loo)ed at the tyres carefully(

loo)ing for cuts and stone bruises( and he went bac) to the house only when he )new

everything seemed in good condition.

0enry is an optimistic man.

0enry is an optimistic man. #lthough( 0enry lived in the cutthroat front the

battery in the next garden wo)e me up in the morning( the battery fired twice( DI

couldn?t see the guns but they were evidently firing directly over us( he still felt the

beauty of the scenery surroundings him( for example>

=utside the window( it was a lovely spring morning

=r it was hot wal)ing through the town but the sun was starting to go down and

it was very pleasant.

esides( he also felt that this is the picturesCue front.

0enry did not lose his believe in the war.

0e confirmed>

They won?t crac) here. They did very well last summer.

0enry did not lose his believe in the war( did not share &iss ar)ley?s opinion of

the war. %hen &iss ar)ley as)ed> 3o you suppose it will always go onL( 0enry said

that>

%hat?s to stop itL

#ll of these illustrations in this chapter proved that 0enry was still optimisticand believed in the war

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*.2. =enry


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and spent considerable time in hospitals. #fter his return to the nited States( he became

a reporter for $anadian and #merican newspapers and was soon sent bac) to 'urope to

cover such events as the "ree) *evolution.

3uring the twenties( 0emingway became a member of the group of expatriate

#mericans in +aris( which he described in his first important wor)( The Sun #lso

*ises 517:9. 'Cually successful was # 4arewell to #rms 51779( the study of an

#merican ambulance officer/s disillusionment in the war and his role as a deserter.

0emingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the

bac)ground for his most ambitious novel( 4or %hom the ell Tolls 5178,9. #mong his

later wor)s( the most outstanding is the short novel( The =ld &an and the Sea 517@9( the

story of an old fisherman/s Bourney( his long and lonely struggle with a fish and the sea(

and his victory in defeat. 0is distinctive writing style( characteriGed by economy and understatement( influenced

,th-century fiction( as did his life of adventure and his public image. 0e produced most

of his wor) between the mid-17,s and the mid-17@,s. 0e won the!obel +riGe in

2iterature in 17@8. &any of his wor)s are classics of #merican literature. 0e published

seven novels( six short story collections( and two non-fiction wor)s during his lifetime< a

further three novels( four collections of short stories( and three non-fiction wor)s were

published posthumously.

1.2 *verview of 5A farewell to arms6

# farewell to arms is an anti-war novel in which 0emingway wanted to ma)e the

reader see war as a merciless massacre of men and woman and the senseless destruction

of the values created. It is the story of an #merican lieutenant( 4rederic 0enry( who

serves in an Italian ambulance corps during %orld %ar I. The novel falls into five parts(

each describes a different phase in 0enry?s adventures. 0e falls in love with $atherine

ar)ley( a volunteer nurse from "reat ritain. %hen he is wounded she nurses him at the

hospital. 0is convalescence is over< he returns to the front and finds himself in a

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disorganiGed retreat. 0e deserts during the mass retreat( reBoining the girl he loves( and

they escape to SwitGerland in a small boat over the la)e of &aggiore. Their idyll comes

to an end when she dies in child-birth. #t the end of this novel( 0enry was left to return

to their hotel in the rain

The novel was based on 0emingway/s own experiences serving in the Italian

campaigns during the 4irst %orld %ar. The inspiration for $atherine ar)ley was #gnes

von urows)y(a real nurse who cared for 0emingway in a hospital in &ilan after he had

been wounded. 0e had planned to marry her but she spurned his love when he returned to

#merica. itty $annell( a +aris-based fashion correspondent( became 0elen 4erguson.

The unnamed priest was based on 3on "iuseppe ianchi( the priest of the :7th and ;,th

regiments of the rigata #ncona. #lthough the sources for *inaldi are un)nown( thecharacter had already appeared in In =ur Time.

The novel is believed to have been written at the home of 0emingway/s in-lawsin

+iggott( #r)ansas and at the home of friends of 0emingway/s wife +auline +feiffer%.

&alcolm and *uth 2owry home at :8H@ Indian 2ane( &ission 0ills( ansas while she

was awaiting delivery of their baby. 0is wife +auline underwent a caesarean sectionas

0emingway was writing about $atherine ar)ley/s childbirth.

The boo) was published at the time when many other %orld %ar I boo)s were also

appearing on the mar)et. These included 4rederic &anning/s 0er +rivates %e( 'rich

&aria *emarCue/s #ll ]uiet on the %estern 4ront( *ichard #ldington/s 3eath of a 0ero

and "oodbye to #ll Thatby *obert "raves. It was serialiGed in Scribner/s &agaGine from

&ay 177 to =ctober 177. The boo) was published in September 177 with a first

editionprint-run of approximately H1(,,, copies.

The influence of the 0emingway hero can therefore be seen in many of the literarysoldiers who followed in 0enry/s footsteps> for instance( the protagonist of Fames Salter/s

The 0unters( an account of the exploits of a orean %ar Bet pilot sCuadron. It is even

more evident in the archetypal tough-tal)ing detectives of *aymond $handler 5The ig

Sleep9 and Fames 'llroy 52.#. $onfidential9. 5!ote> 2i)e 4rederic 0enry( $handler/s

HH
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_I)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_I)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_von_Kurowskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_von_Kurowskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Eaton_Cannellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfeiffer_House_and_Carriage_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggott,_Arkansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Pfeifferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Hills,_Kansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_sectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Manninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Manninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Her_Privates_We&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Her_Privates_We&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Aldingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Aldingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_a_Herohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_to_All_Thathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_to_All_Thathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Graveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_editionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_editionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_I)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_I)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_von_Kurowskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_von_Kurowskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Eaton_Cannellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfeiffer_House_and_Carriage_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggott,_Arkansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Pfeifferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Hills,_Kansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_sectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Manninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Her_Privates_We&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Aldingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_a_Herohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_to_All_Thathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Graveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_editionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_edition


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protagonist +hilip &arlowe is a veteran of %orld %ar I( as evinced by his trademar)

trenchcoat the coat worn by #llied officers in the trenches of 4rance and Italy. !early

every character 0umphrey ogart ever played onscreen was influenced by the

0emingway hero.9 The cowboys in $ormac &c$arthy/s order Trilogy are essentially

0emingway characters( too.

&any storytellers 5Salter( $handler( &c$arthy( and others9 have attempted to recapitulate

0emingway/s themes while mimic)ing his prose style. 3uring the 17;,s and 176,s(

however( a group of #merican writers )nown as the &inimalists adopted the 0emingway

style but reBected grace under pressure and so forth as distasteful and perhaps

permanently outdated.

*. Methodoloy o+ /ceber principle

2.1 +efinition of ceberg7s principle/

The iceberg theory 5 also )nown asn the theory of =mission9 is a term used to describe

the writing style of #merican 'rnest 0emingway.

Iceberg theory is stated that If a writer of prose )nows enough about what he is writing

about( he may omit things that he )nows and the readers. If the writer is writing truly

enough( will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated

them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one Eeight of it being above

the water. # good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action

2.2 -haracteristics>

*.*.1 Omission:

=ne of the most important parts of iceberg principle in 0emingway? wor)s is theory of

omission. #ctually( this theory of omission is rather special and complete penetration toall his wor)s.

It is true that omitting certain parts of a story actually strengthen that story. 0owever(

the writer should )now which parts should be omitted.

The author said that the things he )new could be omitted and it only made his iceberg

stronger. It was dissimulated parts. $ertainly( the omission must be depend on his

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)nowledge( experience( etc...( when the author s)ips the things which he doesn?t )now( it

will ma)e the gaps for the wor). #nd if so( it will not have effect as the writer expect. In

other words( the things are mentioned in the wor) is surface information and the things

aren?t mentioned is the deep meanings which he wanted the readers to sense.

#nd when the reader senses the omitted parts a greater perception and understanding

for the story can be achieved. &a)ing the reader has to read and thin). It is success of this

wor). %hen the reader senses the omitted parts( a greater perception and understanding

for the story can be achieved.

*.*.* Simlicity

This $haracteristic can be found in many wor)s of 0emingway including # 4arewell

to #rms. 2i)e many his pieces( the story is more complex than it seem on the surface.The language he used is )eeping with the characters he wanted to portray. It is surprising

how he reveals the inner world of his personages. The author uses precise words helping

the readers imagine the story. This style of simplicity is a trademar) of 0emingway and

ia what sets him apart from many other writers.

*.*.2Short declarative sentences

+lain words is simple declarative sentences bring out the sensations of the central

characters and at the same time ma)e the reader participate in the events of the story. 0e

gives some advice> se short sentences( use short first paragraphs( use vigorous

'nglish( not forgetting ti strive for smoothness( be position( not negative.

*.*.$ 0are+ully selected words:

0emingway?s style of writing is stri)ing. 0is sentences are short( his words are

simple. Ket they are often filled with emotion. # careful reading can show us furthermore

that he is master of pause. That is( if we loo) closely( we see how the action of his stories

continues during the silences( during the time his characters say nothing. This action is

often full of meaning. There are times when the most powerful effect comes from

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restraint. Such times occur in 0emingway?s fiction. 0e perfected the art of conveying

emotions with few words. 0emingway is a classicist in his restraint and understatement.

0e believes that the strongest effect comes with an economy of means

*.*.( 7ealistic dialoues

The language of 0emingway?s wor) is bare simplicity< it is in )eeping with the

characters he wanted to portray. It is surprising how he reveals the inner world of his

personages in short dialogues and colloCuial phrases. +lain words in simple declarative

sentences bring out the sensations of the central characters and at the same time ma)e the

reader participate in the events of the story.

3ialogues can be one of the most effective techniCues in creating believable characters.

The )ey to writing believable dialogue( then( lies in balancing realism and good

storytelling. oth of which 0emingway excelled at.

0emingway?s characters seem most aimless in their conversation( which is when they

will be most direct at revealing their anxieties.

2 /ceber principle expressed in chapter /6% a +arewell to arms

.1 *mission

#s is typical in a 0emingway wor)( 0enry/s narration is spare( detached( and

Bournalistic. $ontrary to what the reader might expect( the effect often heightens

emotion. 4or example( 0emingway ratchets up the connotations of death and violence by

omitting explicit mention of blood when it drips on 0enry in the ambulance.

0emingway shows his range when he occasionally uses a near stream-of-

consciousness narration for 0enry. In these few cases( 0enry/s thoughts are

ungrammatical( aw)wardly worded( and repetitive - much as the mind wor)s( especially

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under such chaotic circumstances. # notable example is the long second-person narrative

passage in $hapter II after 0enry has divorced himself from the army. y

addressing himself as you( 0enry shows how he has separated from his former self

through his separate peace.

0enry is unable to explain why he has Boined the Italian army to drive an ambulance.

In $hapter III( he explained that the priest had always )nown what I did not )now and

what( when I learned it( I was always able to forget. There seems to be a premium on not

)nowing things( on remaining ignorant( as if that is some )ind of protective armor.

$atherine reverses this( wishing she had )nown that her fianc was going to die> /0e

could have had anything he wanted if I would have )nown...I )now all about it now. ut

then he wanted to go to war and I didn/t )now./

0enry/s character emerges more here. 0e briefly admits to having never loved anyone(

while $atherine seems somewhat numbed by her fianc/s death. That she carries his stic)

li)e a toy riding-crop suggests she will treat love mostly as a game-li)e diversion from

her pain.

The war is coming bac) to life with the spring. It?s still only a nuisance( but it has

moved closer( further disturbing the natural rhythms of the town. The dewy garden next

door is now the site of an artillery battery.

0enry chec)s his ambulances and finds that while he was gone things went on pretty

much as usual. 0e?s mildly miffed. &aybe he?s not as necessary in this war as he thought

he?d be.

0e goes to his room. *inaldi is all shined up( ready to visit &iss ar)ley( and he

persuades 0enry to go along with him. The two officers meet $atherine ar)ley and

another nurse( 0elen 4erguson< $atherine and 0enry pair off( *inaldi tal)s to 0elen. In conversation $atherine lets you in on some of her past when she answers 0enry?s

Cuestion about an officer?s swagger stic) she carries. She explains that it belonged to her

fianc( who died last year in the Somme. !ote the way 0emingway shows you some of

the romantic notions held by many people at the start of %orld %ar I. $atherine

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volunteers as a nurse?s aide( half hoping that her boyfriend will come to her hospital with

a picturesCue wound( loo)ing li)e somebody out of an old painting( Instead--and she

states it with brutal directness--they blew him all to bits. The memory of the loss

loosens her tongue and she tells 0enry how she stayed chaste throughout her engagement

but now wishes she hadn?t.

The chapter closes with some banter about the rivalry between the 'nglish and the

Scots that *inaldi finds incomprehensible. Then *inaldi ac)nowledges that he?s lost

$atherine to 0enry( if indeed he ever had her to lose.

.2 Simplicity

The language of 0emingway?s wor) is bare simplicity( it is in )eeping with the

characters he wanted to portray.

It is surprising how he reveals the inner world of his personages through short

declarative sentences( carefully selected words( and realistic dialogs. The author uses

short declarative sentences often used in daily life so that the readers feel that they also

participate in the events of the story. 0e )nows how to perfects the art of conveying

emotions with few words< therefore( plain but precise words and worth details standing

out the situation are employed. &oreover( realistic dialogs among characters help the

readers imagine the story a lot. # combination of these factors strongly reflects simplicity

that is a part of Iceberg theory by 0emingway and set him apart from many other

writers. The author uses precise words helping the readers imagine the story. 0e chooses

worth details standing out the situation. 4or example> The battery in the next garden

wo)e me in the morning ... The battery fired twice and the air came each time... I could

not see the gun...The sound of the battery is used as the signal opening the bac)ground

of the story. It is recalled with other descriptions together showing its effect on the things.

#ll of the described details carry the air of the ear. 0emingway doesn?t mention the war

directly but also imagine the disaster everywhere. This style of simplicity is a trademar)

of 0emingway and what sets him apart from many other writers.

. Short declarative sentences

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# 4arewell to #rms is the unforgettable story of an #merican ambulance driver on the

Italian front and his passion for a beautiful 'nglish nurse. It?s very clear that iceberg

principle is expressed in chapter IM mostly by short declarative sentences. 0emingway

was so good at forming the dialogue with full of short and condensed sentences. The

meaning that he hide can be understood by readers. The driver and nurse met each other

in the scenario of war( firstly by sharing the surprising of the girl> %hat an odd thing- to

be in Italian army. They tal)ed so fran)ly and very open seems li)e they )now each

other and have some similarities. =h( isn?t thereL I was brought up to thin) there was.

3uring the conversation( he found that ar)ley so beautiful with tawny s)in and gray

eyes. Suddenly( 0enry touched her big pain of the love with her tenente. It was pretty a

strong love in 6 years however because of the war he had to departure her forever. 0e

came to her Bust li)e a partner that she can share every things( her feeling of love( herregret(A 0enry?s respond I see showed sympathy on her sadness. They came closer.

!ow( he could not stop showing his impression on her hair you have beautiful hair and

added he li)e it very much. The readers can understand his feeling( his emotion with

very short and effective sentence. The writer did not want to write too much( he wanted

to hide the depth of meaning and readers should be on the same heartbeat with him. 0e

shared in the wor) of 3eath in the afternoon that> If a writer of prose )nows enough of

what he is writing about he may omit things that he )nows and the reader( if the writer is

writing truly enough( will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer

had stated them. The dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it

being above water. # writer who omits things because he does not )now them only

ma)es hollow places in his writing. That trend was stated especially in chapter IM of #

farewell to arms. Tal)ing about the front( 0enry still said that ut it?s very beautiful(

this is the picturesCue front. 4or him( itDs a chance to meet a beautiful nurse. 0owever(

there was another worry about the war in their tal)s. 0enry thought that they won?t

crac) here how can they stop the war and what?s to stop it. In contrast( with the strong

attitude toward the war( ar)ley said they may crac) anybody may crac). She

seriously made us thin) that the war only brings us pain( sadness and sorrow. The

conversation continued with many strong short sentences no( I thin) not. They

showed us a very clear attitude( clear statement. 0emingway did not need to use a lot of

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words but the main meaning that he wanted to emphasiGe still comes to readers? minds.

Kou?ve already heard about 'rnest 0emingway?s Iceberg +rinciple or theory of

omission. It?s the simple idea that the reader is to be trusted. #ll the reader needs is the

surface information 5the part of the iceberg we can see9 to understand the situations being

discussed 5or the water below the visible iceberg9. Iceberg Theory was 0emingway?s

idea that most of the story was going on underneath the story he was telling.

.3 -arefully selected words

=n the surface( 0emingway was an average writer( un-possessing of flashy

vocabulary or vivid descriptions of physical or geographical features. 0e seldom used

extravagant adBectives and )ept many important sentences short and to the point. In The

=ld &an and the Sea( 0emingway created a masterpiece of punctuality( portraying

colossal meaning in very few( carefully selected words. In # 4arewell to #rms(

0emingway repeats usage of his characteristic punctualities when describing events(

people or things. In addition( he eases usage of adBectives and adverbs and focuses on

nouns and verbs 5The 0emingway Style9.

Mery seldom did 0emingway use extravagant adBectives. 0emingway was said to be a

master of his craft( carefully selecting the appropriate wordage so that the underlying

message would not be deterred. 0is wor) was mostly appreciated and accepted by

contemporary literary critics who admired his ability to create huge meaning from small

sentences. The critic and presenter of the 17@8 !obel +riGe( Fames !agel( had this to say

about 0emingway/s literary style>

%ith masterly s)ill 0emingway reproduces all the nuances of the spo)en word( as

well as those pauses in which thought stands still and the nervous mechanism is thrown

out of gear. It may sometimes sound li)e small tal)( but it is not trivial when one gets to)now his method. 0e prefers to leave the wor) of psychological reflection to his readers

and this freedom is of great benefit to him in spontaneous observation 5The Influence of

'rnest 0emingway> Introduction9.

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In # 4arewell to #rms( 0emingway repeats the usage of adBectives and adverbs and

focuses on nouns and verbs 5The 0emingway Style9. The setting of the boo) details a

sad( wartime love affair between a medic and a nurse 5The $olumbia 'lectronic

'ncyclopedia9. The story( typical of 0emingway/s style( depicts the hero as a person with

a dangerous Bob who goes about it without fear and accepts defeat with bravery and

brushes off death around him. 0is short sentences magnificently relay the potent

emotions of the characters through well-placed imagery. 0ere( in # 4arewell to #rms( the

main character( 4rederic( reunites with his love( $atherine( in &ilan( +aris>

%hen I saw her I was in love with her. 'verything turned over inside of me. She loo)ed

toward the door( saw there was no one( and then she sat on the side of the bed and leaned

over and )issed me. I pulled her down and )issed her and felt her heart beating.

It can be concluded that 0emingway/s writing style is easily spotted due to his regular

usage of ambiguous( underlying messages contained in his wor)s. =n the surface( his

tales were that of a bland nature and lac)ing true substance. 0owever( according to his

critics( 0emingway was a master of his craft( carefully selecting the precise wordage so

that the underlying message would not be deterred 5$ooper9. These underlying messages

and themes were described by 0emingway as the iceberg method


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dialogs are mainly used in this chapter. It is the dialogs that disclose the characters in full

so that they can be seen eventually in retrospect. In all dialogs( persons communicate

together( tal) naturally li)e in their daily life. In orther words( realistic dialogs were

expressed obviously. 4or example( the dialogs is in the chapter such as>

3o they ever shell that batteryL I as)ed one of the mechanics.

!o( Signor Tenente. It is protected by the little hill

0ere( 0emingway used Signor Tenenteinstead of Signor 2ieutenant or Sir( which

are Italian speech. ecause 0emingway is Italian army so he decied to maintian these

words in this plots. *ealistic dialogs li)e the way everybody tal) together( yet having

the high literature level .

In another dialogs >

%hat?s the matter with this machineL It?s no good. =ne thing after another.

!ew rings.

In the dialogs( 0emingway used a lot of short anwers such as > !ew rings( #t the

same place( !o( Mery much ( ]uite ( Kes .... These short anwers are both

realistic language and full emotion.

Thus the realistic dialogs in the chaptet 8 create 0emingway? s style of writing and at

the same time ma)e the readers partcipate in the events of the story.

Topic: The attitude towards war conveyed in chapter /6

Outline

/. /ntroduction

//. Main body

//.1. Summary o+ chapter /6 and characteristics o+ main personaes

II.;.;. Summary of chapter IB

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II.;.@. 5haracteristics of 2rederic %enry in chapter IB

II.;.A. 5haracteristics of 5atherine *arley in chapter IB

//.*. The attitude towards war conveyed in chapter /6

II.@.;. )he motives for the participation of *arley and %enry in the

war

II.@.@. )he attitude of *arley and %enry towards the war

[email protected]. *arley and %enrys perception of death

///. 0onclusion

/. /ntroduction

farewell to arms was written by a famous #merican author( 'arnest

0emingway who devoted his whole life to the struggle against fascism and wars.

farewell to arms is an anti E war novel in which 0emingway wanted to ma)e the reader

see war as a merciless massacre of men and woman and the senseless destruction of the

values created. It is the story of an #merican lieutenant( 4rederic 0enry( who serves in an

Italian ambulance corps during %orld %ar I. The novel falls into five parts( each

describes a different phase in 0enry?s adventures. 0e falls in love with $atherine arley(

a volunteer nurse from "reat ritain. %hen he is wounded she nurses him in the hospital.

0is convalescence is over< he returns to the front and finds himself in a disorganiGed

retreat. 0e deserts during the mass retreat( reBoining the girl he loves( and they escape to

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SwitGerland in a small boat over the la)e of &aggiore. Their idyll comes to an end when

she dies in child-birth.

This paper covers the analysis of the attitude towards war conveyed in chapter IM.

//. Main body

//.1. Summary o+ chapter /6 and characteristics o+ main personaes

.1.1. Summary of chapter

$hapter IM describes the first meeting of 4rederic 0enry with $atherine arley(

to whom he is introduced by an Italian( *inaldi. In the morning one day( a battery of guns

wa)es 0enry. 0e goes to the garage( where the mechanics are wor)ing on a number of

ambulances. 0e chats briefly with the men and then returns to his room( where *inaldi

convinces him to tag along on a visit to &iss ar)ley. #t the ritish 0ospital( *inaldi

spends his time tal)ing with 0elen 4erguson( another nurse( while 0enry becomes

acCuainted with $atherine. 0enry is immediately struc) by her beauty( especially her

long blonde hair. She carries a stic) that resembles a toy riding-crop< when 0enry as)s

what it is( she confides that it belonged to her fianc( who was )illed in the atter of the

Somme. %hen she( in turn( as)s if he has ever loved( 0enry says no. =n the way home(

*inaldi observes that $atherine prefers 0enry to him.

The short conversation between $atherine arley and 4rederic 0enry clearly

reveals their attitude toward war and their motives for participant in that war are

somewhat similar. Through these personages? attitude toward war( 0emingway

emphasiGes on a moral advantage in defeat. &an may be trampled by war( man may die(

but the proud spirit of man cannot be conCuered.

.1.2. -haracteristics of Frederic &enry in chapter

In chapter IM( 4rederic 0enry proves to be a responsible person in wor) and

sympathetic person toward $atherine arley.

4irstly( 4rederic 0enry is a responsible person in his wor). 0is responsibility is

revealed through his attention to the operation of the machines. #t the beginning of the

chapter IM( when 0enry wa)es up( he goes around to chec) machines( I addressed, went

downstairs, had some coffee in the !itchen and went out to the garage. )en cars were

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lined up side by side under the long shed. )hey were top/heavy, blunt/nosed ambulances,

painted grey and built li!e moving vans. )he mechanics were wor!ing on one out in the

yard. )hree others were up in the mountains at dressing stations( I left them wor!ing,

the car loo!ing disgraced and empty with the engine open and parts spread on the wor!/

bench, and went under the shed and loo!ed at each of the other cats. )hey were

moderately clean, a few freshly washed, other dusty. I loo!ed at these types carefully,

loo!ing for cuts and stone bruises. -verything seemed in good conditionD

Secondly( 0enry is a very sympathetic person toward $atherine arley. This

characteristic is revealed though the conversation between 0enry and arley in the first

meeting. 0e proves to understand the sad story of arley?s love affair. 0e listens to

arley attentively and sympathetically when she tal)s about her fianc( Dit belonged to a

boy who was !illed last year?( said arley - DIm awfully sorry( 0enry said E Dhe was avery nice boy. %e was going to marry me and he was !illed in the Somme( arley said E

$It was a ghastly show( 0enry replied. A. DI didnt say anything. In the context of

chaotic war( it was very precious when a person spends time and emotion listening to

another person?s life story. In this situation it is more precious because although 0enry

and $atherine arley meet each other for the first time( he already sympathiGes with

arley. The origin of this sympathy may root from the motives for their participant in the

war which are somewhat similar. These motives are clearly analyGed in the part ..1.

.1.. -haracteristics of -atherine Barley in chapter

$atherine goes to the front with her fianc. She nurses the silly idea that one day

the boy might come to the hospital where she wor)s with a sabre cut( or a bandage round

his head( or the shot through the shoulder. ut he never does. 0e is )illed. She says to

0enry< he didn?t have the sabre cut. They blew him all to bits. The couple is called by

0emingway is *omeo and Fuliet. They are happy. ut in a sea of trouble( they are alone

and their happiness cannot last long. In chapter IM( $atherine arley appears beautiful in 0enry?s eyes when she is in

the garden with another nurse( +iss *arley was 0uite tall. She wore what seemed to me

to be a nurses uniform, was blond and had a tawny s!in and gray eyes. I thought she

was very beautiful. She was carrying a thin rattan stic! li!e a toy ridding/crop, bound in

leather. 'specially( 0enry is strongly impressed by her hair( &e sat down on a bench

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and I loo!ed at her G$you have beautiful hair,

Documents

American and English Literature