America Becomes a World PowerImperialism1890-1917

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

In 1893, an economic panic slowed down industrial growth leading to a search for more

resources and markets

U.S. Foreign Investments Increase

The American economy was increasingly dependent on foreign trade. A quarter of the nation's farm products and half its petroleum were sold overseas.

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

To expand into the Pacific, coaling stations were necessary to refuel naval and trading vessels

"Whoever rules the waves

rules the world,"

“Small states are of the past and have no future. . . . The great nations are rapidly absorbing for their future expansion and their present defense all the waste places of the earth. … the United states must not fall out of the line of march.”

Henry Cabot Lodge

3. Social Darwinist 3. Social Darwinist ThinkingThinking

White Man’s BurdenTake up the White Man's burdenSend forth the best ye breedGo bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wildYour new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.

A younger generation believed that the United States had a duty to uplift backward societies

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

Mainstream Protestant religious denominations established religion missions in Africa and Asia, including 500 missions in China

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

Our “Manifest Destiny” shined from sea to shining Sea, and now shifted toward expansion.

In the late 1800's, which reason led the United States to give greater attention to the world

beyond its borders?

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1. fear of revolution in Latin America

2. fear of Russian expansion in Alaska

3. interest in finding places to settle surplus population

4. interest in obtaining markets for surplus goods

““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

OrOr

““Seward’s Folly?”Seward’s Folly?”

““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

OrOr

““Seward’s Folly?”Seward’s Folly?”

$7.2 million$7.2 million

Hawaii is located near the center of major shipping routes in the

Pacific Ocean

U. S. Business Interests U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiIn Hawaii

1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed anbusinessmen backed anuprising against Queen uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

The Spanish-The Spanish-American War American War

(1898):(1898):“That Splendid “That Splendid

Little War”Little War”

The Spanish-The Spanish-American War American War

(1898):(1898):“That Splendid “That Splendid

Little War”Little War”

Is it in Our Interest?

U.S. investments threatenedSpanish authorities commit atrocities

against Cuban civiliansSympathetic to Cubans

Remember Remember the Mainethe Maineand to and to Hell with Hell with Spain!Spain!

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Remington:Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures,You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Assistant Assistant Secretary of the Secretary of the Navy in the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and Imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.

Criticized Criticized PresidentPresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!

Resigns his Resigns his position to fight in position to fight in Cuba.Cuba.

Rough Riders Charge up San Juan Hill

The Battle of Santiago

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League League

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League LeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Mark Twain, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned Campaigned against the against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and Philippines and otherotheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

Teller Amendment Teller Amendment (1898)(1898)

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)

1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2.2. The The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affU.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if airs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.govt.

3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.naval and coaling station.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

During the late 19th century, some United States newspapers printed exaggerated accounts of Spanish cruelty in Cuba. These reports helped to bring about

the Spanish-American War primarily by

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1. arousing public opinion against Spain

2. provoking the anger of the business community

3. alienating the Spanish government

4. encouraging the formation of Spanish revolutionary groups

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction begins in

1904)

TR in Panama(Construction begins in

1904)The canal would cut travel time and expense for trade between the Atlantic and the Pacific

The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to

the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention require intervention by some civilized by some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may Monroe Doctrine may force the United force the United States, however States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of suchcases of such wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

In the early 1900s, one reason the United States favored building a canal across Panama was that the

canal would

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1. reduce shipping costs on routes that linked the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

2. help unify the nations of Latin America

3. improve United States relations with Latin America

4. end the need for a “big stick” policy

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

TheTheOpen Door PolicyOpen Door Policy

TheTheOpen Door PolicyOpen Door Policy

Which goal of United States foreign policy is pictured in

the cartoon?

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1. allowing China the right to follow a policy of isolation

2. establishing a United States colony in China

3. assisting in the growth of China's industrialization

4. increasing opportunities for the United States to trade with China

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

Constable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the World

The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907

Route of the Great White Fleet – 1907-08

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for opportunities for American businesses.American businesses.

Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.

Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create should create stability and order stability and order abroad that would abroad that would best promote best promote America’s America’s commercial interests.commercial interests.

The early 20th century policy of dollar diplomacy indicated a

United States desire to

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1. institute the dollar as an international currency

2. give generous amounts of foreign aid to less developed countries

3. interact with foreign countries in ways profitable to United States corporations

4. give trade preferences to nations that follow a capitalist system