Alternatives to Animal Testing

7/27/2019 Alternatives to Animal Testing

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Alternatives to animal testing 1

Alternatives to animal testing

Animal testing

Main articles

Animal testing

Alternatives to animal testing

Testing on: invertebrates

frogsprimates

rabbitsrodents

Animal testing regulations

History of animal testing

History of model organisms

IACUC

Laboratory animal sources

Pain and suffering in lab animals

Testing cosmetics on animals

Toxicology testing

Vivisection

Issues

Biomedical research

Animal rightsAnimal welfare

Animals (Scientific Procedures)

Great ape research ban

International trade in primates

Cases

Brown Dog affair

Cambridge University primates

Pit of despair

Silver Spring monkeys

UCR 1985 laboratory raid

Unnecessary Fuss

Companies

Jackson Laboratory

Charles River Laboratories, Inc.

CovanceHarlan

Huntingdon Life SciencesUK lab animal suppliers

NafovannyShamrock
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Groups/campaigns

AALASAAASALF

Americans for Medical Progress

Boyd GroupBUAV

Dr Hadwen Trust

Foundation for Biomedical

ResearchFRAME

National Anti-Vivisection Society

New England Anti-Vivisection

Society

PETAPhysicians Committee

for Responsible Medicine

Primate Freedom Project

Pro-Test

SPEAKSHAC

Speaking of Research

Understanding Animal Research

Writers/activists

Tipu AzizMichael Balls

Neal BarnardColin Blakemore

Simon FestingGill Langley

Ingrid NewkirkBernard Rollin

Jerry VlasakSyed Ziaur Rahman

Categories

Animal testingAnimal rights

Animal welfare

Related templates

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Alternatives to animal testing are the development and implementation of test methods that avoid the use of live

animals.

There is widespread agreement that a reduction in the number of animals used and the refinement of testing to reduce

suffering should be important goals for the industries involved.[2]

Two major alternatives to in vivo animal testing are

in vitrocell culture techniques and in silicocomputer simulation. However, some claim they are not true alternatives

because simulations use data from prior animal experiments and cell cultures often require animal derived products,

such as serum or cells. Others say that they cannot replace animals completely as they are unlikely to ever provide

enough information about the complex interactions of living systems. Other alternatives include the use of humans

for skin irritancy tests and donated human blood for pyrogenicity studies. Another alternative is so-called

microdosing, in which the basic behaviour of drugs is assessed using human volunteers receiving doses well below

those expected to produce whole-body effects. While microdosing produces important information about

pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics it does not reveal information about toxicity or toxicology. Furthermore, it

was noted by the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments that despite the use of microdosing,

"animal studies will still be required".

Guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in testing are the Three Rs (3Rs) first described by Russell and

Burch in 1959.[3]

These principles are now followed in many testing establishments worldwide.

1. Replacement refers to the preferred use of non-animal methods over animal methods whenever it is possible to

achieve the same scientific aim.
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2. Reduction refers to methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information from fewer

animals, or to obtain more information from the same number of animals.

3. Refinement refers to methods that alleviate or minimize potential pain, suffering, or distress, and enhance animal

welfare for the animals used.

Types

Cell culture and tissue engineering

Cell culture in a special tissue culture dish

Cell culture can be an alternative to animal use in some cases. For

example, cultured cells have been developed to create monoclonal

antibodies; prior to this, production required animals to undergo a

procedure likely to cause pain and distress. However, even though cell

or tissue culture methods may reduce the number of experiments

performed on intact animals, the maintenance of cells in culture

normally requires the use of animal-derived serum. Although exact

figures are difficult to obtain, some have estimated that one million

fetal cows are sacrificed each year to obtain the world's supply of fetal

bovine serum, used to grow cultured cells.[4]

Skin corrosion and skin irritation

Skin irritation and skin corrosion refer to localized toxic effects resulting from a topical exposure of the skin to a

substance. Human skin equivalent tests can be used to replace animal-based corrosive and irritative studies. EpiDerm

from Mattek and EpiSkin and SkinEthic RHE model are derived from human skin cells which have been cultured to

produce a model of human skin. These methods are currently accepted replacements in Canada and the European

Union (EU). In August 2010, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) published the

Test Guideline 439 which describes the new procedure for in vitro hazard identification of irritant chemicals.

Another synthetic replacement uses a protein membrane to simulate a skin barrier and is approved as a partial

replacement by the US Department of Transportation and European Union.

Skin absorption

Several tissue culture methods which measure the rate of chemical absorption by the skin have been approved by the

OECD, although they have not yet been approved as a replacement in the US.

Phototoxicity

Phototoxicity is a rash, swelling or inflammation, like a severe sunburn, caused by exposure to light followingexposure to a chemical. The 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) Phototoxicity Test, approved by the OECD, detects the

viability of 3T3 cells after exposure to a chemical in the presence or absence of light. Although originally derived

from a mouse embryo, the 3T3 cell line was developed in 1962.
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Human-based

Skin irritation

A skinpatch test has been designed and is used in Canada to measure development of rashes, inflammation, swelling

or abnormal tissue growth on human volunteers. Unlike corrosives, substances defined as irritants cause only

reversible skin damage.

Another approach has been the development of test methods that use cultured human cells. Human epidermal

keratinocytes have been cultured to mimic the human epidermis, and are used to measure skin irritation and dermal

corrosion. This method has been accepted by the EU and is intended to replace the Draize rabbit skin irritation test.

Pyrogenicity

Pyrogens are most often pharmaceutical products or intravenous drugs that may cause inflammation or fever when

they interact with immune system cells. This interaction can be quickly and accurately tested in vitro.

Modular immune in vitro construct

The modular immune in vitro construct (MIMIC) uses human cells to create a model of the human immune systemon which the efficacy of new vaccines and other compounds may be tested, replacing some steps of the vaccine

development process that would otherwise be performed on animals. This process is faster and more flexible than

previous methods but critics worry that it may be too simple to be useful on a large scale.

Computer simulation

Crash test dummies have been used to replace live

animals in impact testing.

Examples of computer simulations available include models of

asthma,[5]

though potential new medicines identified using these

techniques are currently still required to be verified in animal and

human tests before licensing. Computer operated mannequins, also

known as crash test dummies, complete with internal sensors and

video, have replaced live animal trauma testing for automobile

crash testing. The first of these was "Sierra Sam" built in 1949 by

Alderson Research Labs (ARL) Sierra Engineering. These

dummies continue to be refined. Prior to this, live pigs were used

as test subjects for crash testing.

Other non-animal simulators have been developed for military use

to mimic battlefield induced traumas. TraumaMan and the Combat

Trauma Patient Simulator can be used to simulate hemorrhaging,

fractures, amputations and burns. Previously, animals wereintentionally subjected to various traumas to provide military

training. TraumaMan is also now used for training medical

students.

Computer models have been constructed to model human

metabolism, to study plaque build-up and cardiovascular risk, and

to evaluate toxicity of drugs, tasks for which animals are also used.

In 2007, US researchers using the world's fastest computer at the

time, BlueGene L, modeled half a mouse's brain for just 10 seconds. However, due to limitations in computing

power, the simulation could only be run at 1/10th the speed of an actual mouse brain. Although this was an advance

in science, its representative power as a model was limited and the researchers were quoted as saying that "although

the simulation shared some similarities with a mouse's mental make-up in terms of nerves and connections it lacked
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the structures seen in real mice brains."

Medical imaging

Further information: Medical imaging and Microdosing

Medical imaging is able to demonstrate to researchers both how drugs are metabolized by use of microdosing, and

the detailed condition of organ tissue.

Fungal model for mammalian drug metabolism

Fungi like Cunninghamella elegans can be used as a microbial model of mammalian drug metabolism thereby

reducing the need for laboratory animals.

Future alternatives

Organs on a chip

The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering (US) intends to develop in-vitro organs for drug screening

and thereby eliminate the use of animals for this type of testing. One model is the "lung-on-a-chip". This combines

microfabrication techniques with modern tissue engineering and mimics the complicated mechanical and

biochemical behaviours of a human lung.

Human toxome

Toxicity testing typically involves studying adverse health outcomes in animals subjected to high doses of toxicants

with subsequent extrapolation to expected human responses at lower doses. The system relies on the use of a

40+year-old patchwork of animal tests that are expensive (costing more than $3B per year), time-consuming,

low-throughput and often provide results of limited predictive value for human health effects. The low-throughput of

current toxicity testing approaches (which are largely the same for industrial chemicals, pesticides and drugs) has led

to a backlog of more than 80,000 chemicals to which humans are potentially exposed whose potential toxicity

remains largely unknown. In 2007, the National Research Council (NRC) released the report "Toxicity Testing in the

21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy", that charted a long-range strategic plan for transforming toxicity testing. The

major components of the plan include the use of predictive, high-throughput cell-based assays (of human origin) to

evaluate perturbations in key toxicity pathways, and to conduct targeted testing against those pathways. This

approach will greatly accelerate our ability to test the vast "storehouses" of chemical compounds using a rational,

risk-based approach to chemical prioritization, and provide test results that are hopefully far more predictive of

human toxicity than current methods. Although a number of toxicity pathways have already been identified, most are

only partially known and no common annotation exists. Mapping the entirety of these pathways (i.e. the Human

Toxome ) will be a large-scale effort, perhaps on the order of the Human Genome Project.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Research initiatives

SEURAT-1

SEURAT-1 is a long term strategic target for "Safety Evaluation Ultimately Replacing Animal Testing". It is called

"SEURAT-1" to indicate that more steps have to be taken before the final goal will be reached. SEURAT-1 will

develop knowledge and technology building blocks required for the development of solutions for the replacement of

current repeated dose systemic toxicity testing in vivo used for the assessment of human safety. SEURAT-1 is

composed of six research projects, which started on January 1, 2011 and will run for five years. These projects will

closely cooperate with a common goal and combine the research efforts of over 70 European universities, publicresearch institutes and companies. The collaboration between these six research projects, the dissemination of
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results, the cooperation with other international research teams, and the continuous updating on research priorities

will be facilitated by the coordination and support action project "COACH".

SEURAT-1 was developed through the Framework Programme 7 (FP7) research initiative and was created through a

call for proposals by the European Commission (EC) that was published in June 2009. The Cosmetics Europe

industry offered to match the EC's funds to make a total of EUR 50 million available to try to fill current gaps in

scientific knowledge and accelerate the development of non-animal test methods.

Euroecotox

Laboratory animals are not restricted to rats, mice, dogs, and rabbits, but also include fish, frogs and birds. Research

into alternatives to replace these species is often neglected, although fish are the third most widely used laboratory

animal used for scientific purposes in the EU. This is also the field where until now only two alternative tests exist

worldwide: One guideline, OECD TG 236, and one guidance (OECD series on testing and assessment 126) are so far

available.

Euroecotox is a European network for alternative testing strategies in ecotoxicoloy. It was funded by the Seventh

Framework Programme (FP7) of the European Commission Environment Programme. The main objectives of

the Euroecotox network are: To contribute to the advancement of alternative methods of ecotoxicity testing in

Europe. To promote the validation and regulatory acceptance of new alternative ecotoxicity methods. To facilitate

the networking of research groups working in the field of alternative ecotoxicology. To provide a gathering point for

all stakeholders involved in the development, validation, regulatory acceptance and final use of alternative

ecotoxicity testing strategies. To act as the one voice for alternative ecotoxicity testing in Europe.

AXLR8

AXLR8 is a coordination action funded by the European Commission Directorate General for Research &

Innovation under the 7 Framework Programme 7 (FP7) Health Theme. The European Commission is currently

funding a number of research consortia to develop new 3Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement) test methodsand strategies as potential alternatives to the use of animals in safety testing. Monitoring of these 3Rs activities at

pan-European, national, and international levels is vital to facilitate swift progress. AXLR8 aims to fulfill this

growing need by providing a focal point for dialogue and collaboration. Humane Society International is part of the

consortium.

Scientific congresses

The European Society for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EUSAAT) organises an annual conference in Linz

(Austria) for

1.1. Dissemination and validation of alternative methods to animal testing

2.2. Promotion of research in the field of the 3Rs

3.3. Reduction of the use of animals for tests in the field of education and continuing education

4.4. Reduction of suffering and stress of laboratory animals by better breeding, keeping, test planning and other

accompanying measures

5.5. Experts' guidance and referees' opinion for public and private organizations, companies, universities

6.6. Suitable information for the public and the media

The World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences takes place every 2 years. The next

conference (9th) will be held in summer 2014 in Prague (Czech Republic).

The 1st Latino-Americano Congress on Alternative to Animal Testing took place in 2012. Colama (I Congresso

Latino-Americano De Metodos Alternativos Ao Uso De Animais No Ensino, Pesquisa E Industria).
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Industry and corporate initiatives

Cosmetics Europe: Represents the interests of more than 4000 companies in the cosmetic, toiletry and perfumery

industry since 1962.

Unilever: "We do not test finished products on animals unless demanded by the regulatory authorities in the few

countries where this is the law. In such cases, we try to convince the local authorities to change the law. Where

some testing of ingredients is required by law or currently unavoidable, we aim to minimise the number ofanimals used."

BASF: "Systematic screening investigations provide information about important toxicological properties of

substances at an early stage of development. [...] We replace animal experiments whenever an alternative method

is available that complies with an OECD Test Guideline and is recognized by the authorities."

Legislation

EU Directive 2010/63/EU

On January 1, 2013, EU Directive 2010/63/EU "on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes" enteredinto force for the 28 EU Member States (MS), repealing Directive 86/609/EEC. Because it is a Directive, it allows

Member States certain flexibility in transposition of national rules. The status of the implementation of the new

Directive in the EU is described by the EC General Environment Directorate. Purposes of this Directive are to

provide scope (via Articles 1 & 3), harmonise the current EU understanding of what defines an animal (Article 1.3),

map resources, identify competent people and authorities (Articles 47.5 & 48), establish a common framework, and

promote collaboration of the Member States with the EC to promote animal welfare in the EU as a European value in

Article 13 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the EU (TFEU).

Animal welfare is not an EU policyarea per se as it is for agriculture, fisheries,research, etc., but rather that "In

formulating and implementing the Union's agriculture, fisheries, transport, internal markets, research, technological

development, and space policies, the Union and the Member States shall, since animals are sentient beings, pay fullregard to the welfare of animals, while respecting the legislative or administrative provisions and customs of the

Member States relating in particular to religious rites, cultural traditions and regional heritage". Therefore, no legal

action can be taken by the EC when animal welfare is not respected; one must refer a complaint directly to the

Member States. However, promotion and use of alternative test methods and 3Rs are written elsewhere within EU

legislation (e.g. REACH, Cosmetics, PPP, Biocides). EU agencies (ECHA, EMA, EFSA) also contribute to the

protection of laboratory animals used for scientific purposes.

Article 1.3: The new EU Directive applies to the following animals: (a) live non-human vertebrate animals,

including: (i) independently feeding larval forms; and (ii) foetal forms of mammals from the last third of their

normal development; (b) live cephalopods.

Article 4: The Directive refers directly to the 3Rs: "Principle of replacement, reduction and refinement".

Article 47-2: Member States shall assist the Commission in identifying and nominating suitable specialised

and qualified laboratories to carry out such validation studies.

In July 2013, Commission announced the creation of NETVAL (European Union Network of Laboratories for the

Validation of Alternative Methods). EU-NETVAL's primary role is to provide support for EURL ECVAM validation

projects, including aspects of training and dissemination, and the identification of methods that have a potential to

reduce, refine or replace animals used for scientific purposes. Currently there are 13 test facilities in 9 Member

States: Germany (3), The Netherlands (2), Spain (2), Belgium (1), Czech Republic (1), Finland (1), France (1), Italy

(1) and Sweden (1).

Any EU laboratory is allowed to apply as long as they follow the eligibility criteria listed by the EC, such as

sufficient scientific staff, adequate equipment and GLP/or ISO certificates.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larvahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laboratory_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sentiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fisheryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaties_of_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_welfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BASFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unilever


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EU cosmetic regulation

The Cosmetics Directive provides the regulatory framework for the phasing out of animal testing for cosmetics

purposes. It establishes prohibitions against (a) testing finished cosmetic products and cosmetic ingredients on

animals (testing ban), and (b) marketing in the EU finished cosmetic products and ingredients included in cosmetic

products which were tested on animals for cosmetics purposes (marketing ban). The same provisions are contained

in Cosmetics Regulation EU 1223/2009, which replaces the Cosmetics Directive as of July 11, 2013.

EU chemical policy: REACH

In 2007, EU legislation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH EC

1907/2006) came into force, relating to chemicals and their safe use. The aim of REACH is to improve the protection

of human health and the environment through the better and earlier identification of the intrinsic properties of

chemical substances. It promotes the use of alternative methods for animal testing, but does not oblige the test

performer to do so;Article 25.1 - In order to avoid animal testing, testing on vertebrate animals for the purposes of

this Regulation shall be undertaken only as a last resort. It is also necessary to take measures limiting duplication of

other tests.

EU test methods regulation

In parallel to the adoption of REACH, the EC published standardised and accepted methods for testing hazardous

properties of chemicals. These were written into the "Test Methods Regulation". All the alternative test methods

among the in vivo studies are included in PART B; "The European Union is committed to promoting the

development and validation of alternative techniques which can provide the same level of information as current

animal tests, but which use fewer animals, cause less suffering or avoid the use of animals completely. Such

methods, as they become available, must be considered wherever possible for hazard characterisation and consequent

classification and labeling for intrinsic hazards and chemical safety assessment."

EU Regulation for Food Additives, Food Enzymes, and Food Flavourings

EU philosophy on food additives, food enzymes, and food flavourings and ingredients intended for human

consumption is that none should be put on the market unless they are included on a published Community list of

authorised substances, in accordance with the conditions laid down in relevant food law. This approach is intended to

bring food producers into compliance with the provisions of Regulation (EC) 1334/2008 that pertain to the safety of

food flavourings. As part of the approval process, the EC will require full disclosure of study data, safety issues, and

toxicological findings for all such additives.

Within the EU animal welfare law (2010/63/EU), the principles of the 3Rs are invoked whenever toxicological test

methods are necessary.

Animal welfare and animal rights organizations

Further information: Animal rights and List of animal welfare groups

Europe

Eurogroup for Animals: "An estimated 12.1 million animals including dogs, rabbits and even our closest

genetic relatives, primates are used in laboratory research throughout Europe every year. Eurogroup focusses on

ensuring their protection and works with legislators, experts and industry with the aim of ultimately replacing all

animal experiments with viable alternatives. We continue to actively promote the replacement, reduction and

refinement of animal tests and do all we can to improve the lives of those animals currently used for research."
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurogroup_for_Animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_animal_welfare_groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Registration%2C_Evaluation%2C_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmeticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmetics_Directive


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Austria

Vier Pfoten (Four Paws)

France

Antidote: "When it is about assessing drug safety, humans are not 70kg rats! It is about time to move on from the

actual paradigm on assessing drug safety. The first step would be to eliminate all the regulatory requirements foranimal testing and replace these tests by 21st century methods."

Germany

Deutscher Tierschutzbund:

Italy

Lega Anti Vivisezione

Monaco

The ALEXANDRA Association: "...aims at stimulating research and development (R&D) in the area ofalternative methods to animal experimentation by providing political, technical and educational support to

researchers and entrepreneurs worldwide. In particular alternative methods based on 'Open Source' concepts i.e.

non-patent protected core technologies for human tissue reconstruction and cell culture technologies will be

actively promoted."

United Kingdom

British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV): "For over 100 years the BUAV has been campaigning

peacefully to create a world where nobody wants or believes we need to experiment on animals."

United States New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS): "Recognition of the inadequacy of animal toxicity testing has

resulted in the development of better techniques...NEAVS and its programs will help hasten the inevitable and

necessary transition away from animal-based experimentation, testing, and teaching, toward science and science

education governed by progressive scientific thought and compassionate ethics."

Joint

Humane Society International (HSI) in the US and UK: "Today, scientific and government authorities worldwide

are acknowledging the deficiencies of "animal models" and calling for a new approach to safety testing and health

research using state-of-the-art techniques. Advances in biology, genetics, computer science and robotics have

given scientists new tools to help identify the root causes of human toxicity and disease."

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in the US and UK: "We teamed up with CeeTox, Inc. to

fund work on a new humane skin test that could replace painful tests on mice and guinea pigs."
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humane_Society_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Anti-Vivisection_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Union_for_the_Abolition_of_Vivisection


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Public campaigns and awards

Petition to the European Parliament for the abolition of vivisection as a European Citizen Initiative. The threshold

of 1 million signatures was reached for the deadline (1/11/2013). The European Commission is currently checking

the authenticity of each signature.

"Go cruelty free"

HSI's report "Advancing Safety Science and Health Research with Innovative, Non-Animal Tools"

The Lush Prize: "The Lush Prize is a major initiative which will use resources to bring forward the day when

safety testing takes place without the use of animals. The Lush Prize will focus pressure on toxicity testing for

consumer products and ingredients in a way which complements the many projects already addressing the use of

animals in medical testing."

EPAA (European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing) will grant a 3000 prize to a

laboratory technician involved in implementing and raising awareness of Replacement, Reduction and

Refinement of animal testing.

The Alternatives Research and Development Foundation (ARDF) provides grants to advance the use of

non-animal methods in the fields of biomedical testing, research, and education.

The international NC3Rs 3Rs Prize is awarded to highlight an outstanding original contribution to scientific and

technological advances in the 3Rs in medical, biological or veterinary sciences published within the last three

years.

The American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) funds a wide and encompassing range of

research involving the use, development, or validation of alternatives.

Education and training

IIVS: The Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc. is a non-profit research and testing laboratory dedicated to the

advancement of in vitro (non-animal) methods worldwide. Founded in 1997, IIVS has worked with industry and

government agencies to implement in vitro testing strategies that limit animal use while supplying keyinformation for product safety and efficacy decisions.

InterNICHE is the International Network for Humane Education. It has been developed to meet the needs of

teachers and trainers, students, ethics committees, alternatives producers and campaigners internationally.

"Tierschutz macht Schule" - the Association for Animal Welfare Education - was founded in the course of the

implementation of Austria's nationwide animal welfare law. The animal welfare education association aims to

improve the living conditions of pets, farm animals, laboratory animals and wild animals through providing

knowledge about their needs and behaviour to children, youth and the public. The association offers a teaching

magazine[6]

about research animals and animal tests suitable for secondary schools and college, which can be

ordered on their website. It aims at explaining alternatives to animal testing in a youth appropriate language and

can be used in lessons straight away.

XCellR8's mission is to support, develop and implement the use of scientifically advanced and ethically sound

alternatives to animal testing. They are an exclusively in vitro company, with commitment to promoting

non-animal testing strategies at the core of all of their activities.
http://www.tierschutzmachtschule.at/en/material/teaching-magazines/animal-pro/research-animals.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Anti-Vivisection_Society%23American_Fund_for_Alternatives_to_Animal_Research


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Institutes and national or international organizations

Institutes and organizations that research or fund alternatives to animal testing include:

Asia - Oceania

Australia Medical Advances Without Animals Trust

India

Alternatives to Animal Experimentation Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical

College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.[7]

Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center for Alternatives to Use of Animals in Life Science, Bharathidasan

university, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India Education

Japan

Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JACVAM), since 2005

South Korea

The Korean Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (KOCVAM), since 2009

South America

Brazil

BraCVAM as the Brazilian Center for the Validation of Alternatives Methods. It was established in 2011.

North America

Canada

Canadian Council on Animal Care

Health Canada, which does not have a formal validation center, but coordinates health related test method

validation and acceptance issues

United States of America

American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR): "Over the years, AFAAR has funded alternatives

worldwide, including more than 200 human tissue culture tests to replace toxicity and other testing on

animals...Today, AFAAR funds a wide and encompassing range of research involving the use, development, orvalidation of alternatives."

Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM), since 1994;

Johns Hopkins University Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing

Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine

UC Davis Center for Animal Alternatives
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UCDavis_Center_for_Animal_Alternativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Center_for_Alternatives_to_Animal_Testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johns_Hopkins_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interagency_Coordinating_Committee_on_the_Validation_of_Alternative_Methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Anti-Vivisection_Society%23American_Fund_for_Alternatives_to_Animal_Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Council_on_Animal_Carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aligarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aligarh_Muslim_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jawaharlal_Nehru_Medical_College%2C_Aligarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jawaharlal_Nehru_Medical_College%2C_Aligarh


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Europe

The EC's involvement in activities targeted to the validation of alternative approaches to animal testing started in

1991, with the launch of ECVAM (European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods), hosted by the

Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP). As from 2011, ECVAM's tasks are

assigned to EURL ECVAM. Official bodies such as the EURL ECVAM, hosts an online database of

toxicological, non-animal alternative test methods DB-ALM,.

Under the Framework Programmes 6 and 7, the EC funded a significant number of large integrated research

projects aiming to develop alternatives to animal testing for about EUR 330 million based on the Review of

REACH from February 2013 (the European Chemical Program).

The European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) as a liaison between the EC and

industries.

The European Consensus Platform for Alternatives (ECOPA) coordinates efforts amongst EU member states.

Austria

Zentrum fuer Ersatz

Finland

Finish Center for Alternative Methods (FICAM), since 2008

France

FRANCOPA is the French platform dedicated to development, validation, and dissemination of alternative

methods in animal testing. It was created in November 16, 2007

Germany

Zentralstelle zur Erfassung und Bewertung von Ersatz- und Ergnzungsmethoden (ZEBET), since 1989

United Kingdom

Dr Hadwen Trust

Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments

National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), since 2004

International

ICATM

International Cooperation on Alternative Test Methods (ICATM): On April 27, 2009 the U.S., Canada, Japan and

EU signed a memorandum of cooperation that could reduce the number of animals required for consumer product

safety testing worldwide. The agreement will yield globally coordinated scientific recommendations on alternative

toxicity testing methods that should speed their adoption in each of these countries, thus reducing the number of

animals needed for product safety testing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fund_for_the_Replacement_of_Animals_in_Medical_Experimentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr_Hadwen_Trusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Partnership_for_Alternative_Approaches_to_Animal_Testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DB-ALMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Health_and_Consumer_Protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Research_Centre


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International Cooperation on Alternative Test

Methods (ICATM)Legend :ICH: The

International Conference on Harmonisation of

Technical Requirements for Registration of

Pharmaceuticals for Human UseOECD: The

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Development has a Test Guideline program that

deals with chemicals.ICCR: The International

Cooperation on Cosmetics Regulation (ICCR) isan international group of cosmetic regulatory

authorities from the U.S. (FDA), Japan (Ministry

of Health, Labour, and Welfare), the EU (EC, DG

Enterprise), and Canada (Health Canada). This

multilateral framework maintains the highest

level of global consumer protection, while

minimizing barriers to international trade.

OECD

The OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) is a forum for discussion where

governments express their points of view, share their experiences, and search for common ground, as opposed to a

supranational organization. OECD is a forum where alternative test methods also undergo validation and are

therereafter accepted for regulatory purposes in more than 35 member countries worldwide. NGOs are represented at

the technical level at the OECD, under the ICOPA International Council on Animal Protection in OECD program.

The testing of chemicals is labor-intensive and expensive. Often the same chemical is tested in several countries

simultaneously, which means that redundant animal tests are performed. To relieve some of this burden, the OECD

Council adopted a decision in 1981, stating that data generated in a member country, in accordance with OECD Test

Guidelines and Principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), shall be accepted in other member countries for

assessment purposes and other uses relating to the protection of human health and the environment. This principle is

referred to using the acronym MAD, for the Mutual Acceptance of Data.

References

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index. php?title=Template:Animal_testing&action=edit

[2][2] R E Hester R M Harrison et al. Alternatives To Animal Testing (Issues in Environmental Science and Technology) Royal Society of

Chemistry; 1 edition (June 7, 2006) ISBN 978-0-85404-211-1

[3] Russell, W.M.S. and Burch, R.L., (1959). The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, Methuen, London. ISBN 0900767782 (http://

altweb.jhsph.edu/pubs/books/humane_exp/het-toc)

[4][4] Brunner, D., Jrgen Frank, Helmut App, Harald Schffl, Walter Pfaller and Gerhard Gstraunthaler. 2010 Serum-free Cell Culture: The

Serum-free Media Interactive Online Database. Altex 27:53-62.

[5][5] (from internet archive)

[6] http://www.tierschutzmachtschule.at/en/material/teaching-magazines/animal-pro/research-animals.html

[7] A Guide to the Alternatives of Animal Experimentation (2009; revised edition 2010). Eds. Syed Ziaur Rahman and Mohd Tariq Salman, Ibn

Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences, Aligarh, India (ISBN 978-81-906070-4-9)
http://altweb.jhsph.edu/pubs/books/humane_exp/het-tochttp://www.tierschutzmachtschule.at/en/material/teaching-magazines/animal-pro/research-animals.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Sina_Academy_of_Medieval_Medicine_and_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Sina_Academy_of_Medieval_Medicine_and_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aligarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aligarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Sina_Academy_of_Medieval_Medicine_and_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Sina_Academy_of_Medieval_Medicine_and_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syed_Ziaur_Rahmanhttp://www.tierschutzmachtschule.at/en/material/teaching-magazines/animal-pro/research-animals.htmlhttp://altweb.jhsph.edu/pubs/books/humane_exp/het-tochttp://altweb.jhsph.edu/pubs/books/humane_exp/het-tochttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Animal_testing&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AInternational_Cooperation_on_Alternative_Test_Methods_%28ICATM%29.jpg


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External links

Alternatives to Animals: The Latest (http://neavs.org/alternatives/to-animals-the-latest): Tracks news stories

about scientific developments in alternatives to animal use

International Network for Humane Education (http://www.interniche.org/)

Go3R: semantic search to avoid animal experiments (http://www.Go3R.org/)

The Use of Databases, Information Centers and Guidelines When Planning Research that May Involve Animals(http://www.nal. usda.gov/awic/newsletters/v13n3/AWICBulletinV13N3.pdf), Animal Welfare Information

Center Bulletin, National Agricultural Library. Provides an overview of databases, bibliographies and guidelines

that provide useful information on alternative methods when planning research that may involve animals.

CADASTER (http://www.cadaster.eu/) Seventh Framework Programme project aimed to develop

computational methods to minimize number of experimental tests for REACH Registration, Evaluation,

Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Registration%2C_Evaluation%2C_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Registration%2C_Evaluation%2C_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Framework_Programmehttp://www.cadaster.eu/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_National_Agricultural_Libraryhttp://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/newsletters/v13n3/AWICBulletinV13N3.pdfhttp://www.go3r.org/http://www.interniche.org/http://neavs.org/alternatives/to-animals-the-latest


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Article Sources and Contributors 15

Article Sources and ContributorsAlternatives to animal testing Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=613658323 Contributors: Aisteco, Akhran, Alan Liefting, Andycjp, Animalparty, AtticusX, Bgwhite,

Bob98133, BreakfastJr, Brighterfuture, Broktoon, Burlywood, Busquet.francois, Carl.bunderson, C arlacap, Cesium 133, Chow, Chris Capoccia, ChrisGualtieri, Crum375, Danrichards84,

Darkfrog24, Derek R Bullamore, Desoto10, DrChrissy, Dvampyrelestat, Dveduu, Elpiven, Figmented, Fyrael, Gabbe, Garden Radish, Gold123, Harrietwarburton, Hashemi1971, I dream of

horses, Ignatzmice, Ikajaste, J.delanoy, Jack Greenmaven, Johnand thegolden, Kadamsnal, Lalvers, London prophet, Lwaters2012, Mallocks, Mandarax, MaynardClark, Mdrailsback, Meatsgains,

Michaelmhughes, Mogism, Muhandes, NSH002, NateLeskovic, Neqq, NotWith, Nyashinski, Ochiwar, Pardofelis, Ph.eyes, Rjwilmsi, Rockpocket, SchreiberBike, Sidelight12, SlimVirgin,

Spitfire, Tassedethe, Toffanin, Tryptofish, Tsalman, Useight, Versus22, Wasell, Wayland, West.andrew.g, Wiki error, Wikignome0530, William Avery, Wtmitchell, Xmp, , 103

anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Wistar rat.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wistar_rat.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Janet Stephens (photographer)

File:Cell Culture in a tiny Petri dish.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cell_Culture_in_a_tiny_Petri_dish.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0

Contributors: kaibara87

Image:IIHS crash test dummy in Hyundai Tucson.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IIHS_crash_test_dummy_in_Hyundai_Tucson.jpg License: Creative Commons

Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Brady Holt

File:International Cooperation on Alternative Test Methods (ICATM).jpg Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:International_Cooperation_on_Alternative_Test_Methods_(ICATM).jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Busquet.francois

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

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