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All you need to know about Galaxies

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All you need to know about galaxies.

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Page 1: All you need to know about Galaxies

 

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 •  Throughout  the  universe  there  are  enormous  groups  of  solar  systems  called  

galaxies.    They  surround  our  en8re  galaxy,  which  we  call  the  Milky  Way.  There  are  three  types  of  galaxies  in  the  cosmos:  Spiral  galaxies,  Ellip-cal  galaxies,  and  Irregular  galaxies.  Our  Milky  Way  is  a  spiral  galaxy,  which  is  named  a@er  its  spiral  arms  that  are  formed  through  the  mix  of  cool  gas  and  dust  clouds  with  ionized  gas.  It  is  a  flat  disk  shape  and  its  center  is  yellow  and  bulges  outside  of  the  disk.  An  ellip8cal  galaxy  holds  less  cool  gas  and  more  hot  ionized  gas.  These  galaxies  are  longer  in  one  direc8on,  hence  their  name  and  usually  have  a  redder  8nt.  Irregular  galaxies  are  simply  clusters  of  a  large  amount  of  solar  systems  and  that  is  not  contained  in  any  shape.  

   •  Galaxies  had  to  come  from  somewhere.  We  all  know  of  the  Big  Bang  Theory,  but  

had  happened  a@er  that.  Why  is  everything  in  the  sky  the  way  it  is?  What  we  see  today  is  all  thanks  to  the  evolu8on  of  galaxies.  Galaxy  evolu-on  is  the  forma8on  and  development  of  a  galaxy.    

   

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•  The  development  of  a  galaxy  has  been  understood  through  simple  observa8on.  Using  a  telescope,  one  can  look  into  the  sky  and  as  they  look  further  into  space  they  the  galaxies  that  they  see  will  be  older  due  to  the  speed  of  light  through  space.  Astronomers  will  search  for  similar  types  of  galaxies  at  different  distances  and  this  will  result  in  a  step-­‐by-­‐step  development  of  a  galaxy.  Galaxies  that  have  been  found  have  been  as  old  as  10  billion  years  old.  This  provides  a  lot  of  informa8on  as  to  how  a  galaxy  ages.    

   •  Astronomers  cannot  record  the  forma.on  of  a  galaxy,  because  telescopes  cannot  

see  that  far  into  space/8me.  The  only  thing  astronomers  can  do  is  theorize  how  these  galaxies  had  formed.  Two  ideas  that  they  infer  are  that  the  en8re  universe  was  mostly  filled  with  hydrogen  and  helium  atoms  and  that  the  universe  was  not  evenly  distributed.  A@er  these  ideas  had  been  hypothesized,  further  analysis  could  be  made  about  how  these  galaxies  started  to  take  form  and  then  how  they  developed.    

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Spiral  Galaxies  •  Most  common  type  of  galaxy  (77%  of  observable  galaxies  in  universe)  •  Can  be  iden8fied  with  their  bright  central  bulges  with  a  wide  spiral  disk  rota8ng  around  

it.  •  They  have  two  dis8nct  regions.  The  disk  of  the  galaxy  contains  the  spiral  arms.  The  disk  

is  a  region  of  star  forma8on  and  has  a  great  deal  of  gas  and  dust.  It  is  dominated  by  young,  bright  blue  stars.    The  central  bulge  is  devoid  of  gas  and  dust.  As  you  might  expect,  the  bulge  is  composed  primarily  of  older,  cooler,  less  luminous  stars.  

•  Some  have  a  bright  bar  running  across  the  length  of  the  galaxy  and  are  called  “barred  spiral  galaxies”  

•  The  two  most  common  spiral  galaxies  are  our  solar  system’s  home,  the  Milky  Way  Galaxy,  and  the  Andromeda  Galaxy,  which  is  about  5  light  years  away.  

•  The  range  of  masses  for  spiral  galaxies  is  ~  109  -­‐  1012  solar  masses,  with  the  typical  mass  being  ~  1011  solar  masses.  The  typical  range  of  luminosi8es  corresponds  to  absolute  blue  magnitude  -­‐16  to  -­‐23,  and  the  typical  diameter  of  the  visible  disk  is  5-­‐100  kpc.  

   

               

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•  Milky  Way  h_p://www.jasonsart.com/Galleries/MilkyWayGalaxy-­‐Angled2008.jpg  •  Galaxy  Most  of  the  stars  that  we  can  see  are  in  the  Milky  Way  Galaxy.  The  main  

plane  of  the  Milky  Way  looks  like  a  faint  band  of  white  in  the  night  sky.  The  Milky  Way  is  about  100,000  light-­‐years  in  diameter  and  1,000  light-­‐years  thick.  There  are  about  2  x  1011  stars  in  the  Milky  Way.  This  spiral  galaxy  formed  about  14  billion  years  ago.  It  takes  the  sun  roughly  250  million  years  to  orbit  once  around  the  Milky  Way.  The  Earth  is  about  26,000  light-­‐years  from  the  center  of  the  Milky  Way  Galaxy.    

   •  Andromeda  Galaxy

h_p://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2012/04/nasa_-­‐_the_andromeda_galaxy_m31_spyral_galaxy.jpg  

•  The  Andromeda  Galaxy  is  the  closest  major  galaxy.    It  is  part  of  the  Local  Group,  a  cluster  of  galaxies  to  which  the  Milky  Way  belongs.    

•  The  Andromeda  Galaxy  can  just  be  seen  with  the  naked  eye  in  the  constella8on  Andromeda.  Andromeda  is  the  farthest  object  that  can  be  seen  with  the  naked  eye.    

•  It  is  about  2,500,000  light-­‐years  from  Earth.  It  is  141,000  light-­‐years  wide.  Recently,  the  Hubble  Space  Telescope  found  that  Andromeda  has  a  double  nucleus.  This  second  nucleus  is  probably  from  an  ancient  collision  with  a  smaller  galaxy.    

     

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•  Irregular  galaxies,  as  the  name  suggests,  are  galaxies  that  do  not  fall  under  either  the  spiral  galaxy  form  or  the  ellip8cal  galaxy  form.  –     This  is  due  to  the  stars  in  the  galaxy  not  having  an  organized  orbit  that  you  

find  in  stars  from  both  ellip8cal  and  spiral  galaxies.    •   These  irregular  galaxies  can  take  one  of  two  different  forms,  Type  I  and  Type  II.  

–  Type  I  irregulars  are  single  galaxies  that  do  seem  to  have  some  structure  and  can  resemble  spiral  galaxies.    They  are  considered  irregular  because  their  galac8c  bulges  are  not  centrally  located  and  the  discs  show  no  spiral  structure  as  can  be  seen  in  the  NGC  55  galaxy.    

–   Type  II  irregulars  are  o@en  formed  through  gravita8onal  interac8on  with  other  nearby  galaxies  or  when  two  galaxies  collide.  •     Gravita8onal  interac8on  can  be  seen  in  the  Antennae  galaxies  which  are  composed  of  NGC  4038  and  NGC  4039,  which  are  currently  moving  towards  a  collision.  

•   An  example  of  a  galaxy  that  has  already  collided  is  the  Cartwheel  galaxy  which  has  a  dis8nct  ring  like  shape.    –   This  shape  was  formed  because  individual  stars  would  rarely  actually  come  into  contact  with  each  other  during  the  collision,  but  rather  they  would  just  act  on  each  other  with  gravity.    

–   It  is  thought  that  a  smaller  galaxy  moved  into  a  larger  one  and  the  gravita8onal  force  on  the  stars  and  interstellar  gas  and  dust  causing  it  to  be  pushed  out  in  a  wave.      

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Examples  of  Irregular  Galaxies  NGC  55  •  -­‐  6  million  light-­‐years  away  •  -­‐  Sculptor  Group  •  -­‐  50,000  light-­‐years  across  •  -­‐  Considered  young  and  producing  new  stars    Antennae  •  -­‐  45  million  light-­‐years  away  •  -­‐  NGC  4038  Group    Cartwheel  •  -­‐  500  million  light-­‐years  away  •  -­‐  Sculptor  Group  •  -­‐  Diameter  of  ring  is  roughly  100,000  light-­‐years  and  composed  of  newly  formed  

massive  stars  

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Conclusion  •  Galaxies  are  important  for  our  understanding  of  the  universe.  Ever  since  the  first  astronomers  of  the  world  we  have  been  increasing  out  knowledge  of  the  cosmos.  Hubble’s  Law  has  also  brought  us  closer  to  be_ering  our  view  of  the  universe.  It  has  shown  us  that  the  universe  is  con8nuously  expanding,  but  so  is  our  knowledge.  

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Works  Cited  •  h_p://cas.sdss.org/dr5/en/proj/basic/galaxies/spirals.asp    •  h_p://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/galaxies/spiral.html    •  h_p://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/stars/galaxy/spiral.shtml    •  h_p://science.nasa.gov/science-­‐news/science-­‐at-­‐nasa/2012/31may_andromeda/      •  h_p://www.nasa.gov/images/content/654242main_p1220b3k.jpg  •     •  h_p://www.jasonsart.com/Galleries/MilkyWayGalaxy-­‐Angled2008.jpg  •     •  h_p://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2012/04/nasa_-­‐

_the_andromeda_galaxy_m31_spyral_galaxy.jpg