All Chapters Key Terms

8/3/2019 All Chapters Key Terms

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A

A-delta fibersNerves that transmit sensations of sharp pain.

Absence seizure

Seizure with a loss or reduction of normal activity, including staring

and transient loss of responsiveness.Absorption

The process of moving a drug across body membranes.

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system;

also present at somatic neuromuscular junctions and atsympathetic preganglionic nerves.

Acetylcholinesterase(AchE)

Enzyme that degrades acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft,enhancing effects of the neurotransmitter.

AcidosisCondition of having too much acid in the blood; plasma pH below7.35.

Acne vulgarisCondition characterized by small inflamed bumps that appear onthe surface of the skin.

Acquired

immunodeficiency

syndrome (AIDS)

Infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Acquired resistance

The capacity of a microbe to no longer be affected by a drug

following anti-infective pharmacotherapy.Action potential

Electrical changes in the membrane of a muscle or nerve cell due tochanges in membrane permeability.

Activated charcoal

Short-term treatment (within 60 minutes) after a patient has

ingested a threatening amount of carbon-based poison; moleculesadhere to activated charcoal and minimize or prevent poisons fromabsorption.

Active immunityResistance resulting from a previous exposure to an antigen.

Acute gouty arthritis

Condition in which uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints of the

big toes, ankles, wrists, fingers, knees, or elbows, resulting in red,swollen, or inflamed tissue.

Acute radiationsyndrome

Life-threatening symptoms resulting from acute exposure toionizing radiation, including nausea, vomiting, severe leukopenia,thrombocytopenia, anemia, and alopecia.

Addiction The continued use of a substance despite its negative health and
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Allergic reactionAcquired hyperresponse of body defenses to a foreign substance(allergen).

Allergic rhinitisInflammation of the nasal mucosa due to exposure to allergens.

AlopeciaHair loss.

Alpha receptorType of subreceptor found in the sympathetic nervous system.

Alzheimer's disease

Most common dementia, characterized by loss of memory,

delusions, hallucinations, confusion, and loss of judgment.Amide

Type of chemical linkage found in some local anesthetics involving

carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen (-NH-CO-).Amyloid plaques

Abnormal protein fragments related to neuronal damage; a sign ofAlzheimer's disease observed during autopsy.

Anabolic steroidsCompounds resembling testosterone with hormonal activitycommonly abused by athletes.

AnaerobicPertaining to an environment without oxygen.

AnalgesicDrug used to reduce or eliminate pain.

Anaphylactic shockType of shock caused by an acute allergic reaction.

AnaphylaxisAcute allergic response to an antigen that results in severehypotension and may lead to life-threatening shock if untreated.

AndrogensSteroid sex hormones that promote the appearance of masculine

characteristics.Anemia

Lack of adequate numbers of red blood cells, or decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

Angina pectorisAcute chest pain on physical or emotional exertion due toinadequate oxygen supply to the myocardium.

Angiotensin II

Chemical released in response to falling blood pressure that causes

vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone.Angiotensin-

converting enzyme(ACE)

Enzyme responsible for converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II.Anion

Negatively charged ion.
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AnorexiantDrug used to suppress appetite.

AntacidDrug that neutralizes stomach acid.

AntagonistDrug that blocks the response of another drug.

Anthrax

Microorganism that can cause severe disease and high mortality in

humans.Anti-infective

General term for any medication that is effective against

pathogens.Antibiotic

Substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits or kills other

microorganisms.Antibodies

Protein produced by the body in response to an antigen; usedinterchangeably with the term immunoglobulin.

AnticholinergicDrug that blocks the actions of the parasympathetic nervoussystem.

AnticoagulantAgent that inhibits the formation of blood clots.

Antidepressants

Drug that alters levels of two important neurotransmitters in the

brain, norepinephrine and serotonin, to reduce depression andanxiety.

Antidiuretic

hormone (ADH)

Hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland when blood

pressure falls or when the osmotic pressure of the blood increases.Antiemetic

Drug that prevents vomiting.Antiflatulent

Agent that reduces gas bubbles in the stomach and intestines,

thereby decreasing bloating and discomfort.Antigens

Microbes and foreign substances that elicit an immune response.Antipyretic

Drug that lowers body temperature.Antiretroviral

Drug that is effective against retroviruses.Antithrombin III

Protein that prevents abnormal clotting by inhibiting thrombin.Antitussives

Drugs used to suppress cough.Anxiety

State of apprehension and autonomic nervous system activationresulting from exposure to a nonspecific or unknown cause.
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AnxiolyticsDrugs that relieve anxiety.

ApoproteinProtein component of a lipoprotein.

Apothecary systemOlder system of measurement that uses drams; rarely used.

Aqueous humorFluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye.

Aromatase inhibitorHormone inhibitor that blocks the enzyme aromatase, whichnormally converts adrenal androgen to estradiol.

ASAP order

As soon as possible order that should be available for

administration to the patient within 30 minutes of the written order.Assessment phase

Appraisal of a patient's condition that involves gathering andinterpreting data.

AsthmaChronic inflammatory disease of the lungs characterized by airwayobstruction.

Astringent effectDrops or spray used to shrink swollen mucous membranes, or toloosen secretions and facilitate drainage.

AtherosclerosisCondition characterized by a buildup of fatty plaque and loss of

elasticity of the walls of the arteries.Atonic seizure

Very-short-lasting seizure during which the patient may stumbleand fall for no apparent reason.

Atrioventricular

(AV) node

Cardiac tissue that receives electrical impulses from the sinoatrial

node and conveys them to the ventricles.Atrioventricularbundle

Cardiac tissue that receives electrical impulses from the AV node

and sends them to the bundle branches; also known as the bundle

of His.Attentiondeficit/hyperactivity

disorder (ADHD)

Disorder typically diagnosed in childhood and adolescencecharacterized by hyperactivity as well as attention, organization,and behavior control issues.

Aura Sensory cue such as bright lights, smells, or tastes that precedes amigraine.Autoantibodies

Proteins called rheumatoid factors released by B lymphocytes that

tear down the body's own tissue.Automaticity

Ability of certain myocardial cells to spontaneously generate anaction potential.
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Autonomic nervoussystem

Portion of the peripheral nervous system that governs involuntaryactions of the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

AzoleTerm for the major class of drugs used to treat mycoses.

AzoospermiaComplete absence of sperm in an ejaculate.

BB cell

Lymphocyte responsible for humoral immunity.Bacteriocidal

Substance that kills bacteria.Bacteriostatic

Substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria.Balanced anesthesia

Use of multiple medications to rapidly induce unconsciousness,

cause muscle relaxation, and maintain deep anesthesia.Baroreceptors

Nerves located in the walls of the atria, aortic arch, vena cava,

and carotid sinus that sense changes in blood pressure.Basal metabolic rate

Resting rate of metabolism in the body.Baseline data

Patient information that is gathered before pharmacotherapy is

implemented.

Basic supportive care

One of the first elements of toxicity treatment involvingmaintaining the patient's airway, breathing, and circulation;making sure proper blood glucose levels are stable; maintaining

proper arterial blood gases; treatment of developing seizures;and management of acid-base disturbances.

Benign prostatic

hyperplasia (BPH)Nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland.

BenzodiazepinesMajor class of drugs used to treat anxiety disorders.

BeriberiDeficiency of thiamine.

Beta receptorType of subreceptor found in the sympathetic nervous system.

Beta-lactam ringChemical structure found in most penicillins and somecephalosporins.
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Beta-lactamase/penicillinase

Enzyme present in certain bacteria that is able to inactivatemany penicillins and some cephalosporins.

Bile acid resinDrug that binds bile acids, thus lowering cholesterol.

BioavailabilityAbility of a drug to reach the bloodstream and its target tissues.

Biologic responsemodifiers

Natural cytokines that boost specific functions of the immunesystem.

Biologics

Substances that produce biologic responses within the body;they are synthesized by cells of the human body, animal cells, or

microorganisms.Bioterrorism

Intentional use of infectious biologic agents, chemical

substances, or radiation to cause widespread harm or illness.Bipolar disorder

Syndrome characterized by extreme and opposite moods, suchas euphoria and depression.

BisphosphonatesClass of drugs that block bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclastactivity.

Blood-brain barrierAnatomical structure that prevents certain substances fromgaining access to the brain.

Body mass index (BMI)Measurement of obesity determined by dividing body weight (inkilograms) by the square of height (in meters).

Bone depositionOpposite of bone resorption; the process of depositing mineralcomponents into bone.

Bone resorptionProcess of bone demineralization or the breaking down of bone

into mineral components.Botanical

Plant extract used to treat or prevent illness.Bradykinesia

Difficulty initiating movement and controlling fine musclemovements.

Broad-spectrumantibiotic

Anti-infective that is effective against many different gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.Bronchospasm

Rapid constriction of the airways.Buccal route

Administration of a tablet or capsule by placing it in the oral

cavity between the gum and the cheek.Buffer Chemical that helps maintain normal body pH by neutralizing
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strong acids or bases.Bundle branches

Electrical conduction pathway in the heart leading from the AVbundle and through the wall between the ventricles.

CC fibers

Nerves that transmit dull, poorly localized pain.Calcifediol

Substance formed in the first step of vitamin D formation.

Calcineurin

Intracellular messenger molecule to which

immunosuppressants bind.Calcitonin

Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that increases thedeposition of calcium in bone.

CalcitriolSubstance transformed in the kidneys during the second

step of the conversion of vitamin D to its active form.Calcium channel blocker

Drug that blocks the flow of calcium ions into myocardial

cells.

Calcium ion channel

Pathway in a plasma membrane through which calcium ions

enter and leave.Camptothecin

Class of antineoplastics that inhibit the enzyme

topoisomerase.

Cancer/carcinoma

Malignant disease characterized by rapidly growing, invasivecells that spread to other regions of the body and eventuallykill the host.

CapsidProtein coat that surrounds a virus.

Carbonic anhydraseEnzyme that forms carbonic acid by combining carbondioxide and water.

Cardiac outputAmount of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 minute.

Cardiac remodelingChange in the size, shape, and structure of the myocardialcells (myocytes) that occurs over time in heart failure.

Cardiogenic shock Type of shock caused by a diseased heart that cannot
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maintain circulation to the tissues.Cardioversion/defibrillation

Conversion of fibrillation to a normal heart rhythm.Carotene

Class of yellow-red pigments that are precursors to vitaminA.

CatecholaminesClass of agents secreted in response to stress that includeepinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

CatharticSubstance that causes complete evacuation of the bowel.

CationPositively charged ion.

CD4 receptorProtein that accepts HIV and allows entry of the virus intothe T4 lymphocyte.

Central nervous system

(CNS)

Division of the nervous system consisting of the brain andspinal cord.

Chemical name

Strict chemical nomenclature used for naming drugsestablished by the International Union of Pure and AppliedChemistry (IUPAC).

Chemoreceptor trigger

zone (CTZ)

Location in the cerebral cortex which sends sensory signalsto the vomiting center.

Chemoreceptors

Nerves located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus that

sense changes in oxygen content, pH, or carbon dioxide

levels in the blood.Chemotherapy

Drug treatment of cancer.

Chief cells

Cells located in the mucosa of the stomach that secrete

pepsinogen, an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin thatchemically breaks down proteins.

CholecalciferolVitamin D3 formed in the skin by exposure to ultravioletlight.

Cholinergic Relating to nerves that release acetylcholine.

Chronic bronchitis

Recurrent disease of the lungs characterized by excess

mucus production, inflammation, and coughing.Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease (COPD)

Generic term used to describe several pulmonary conditions

characterized by cough, mucus production, and impaired gasexchange.
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Clinical investigationSecond stage of drug testing that involves clinical phasetrials.

Clinical phase trialsTesting of a new drug in selected patients.

Clonic spasmMultiple, rapidly repeated muscular contractions.

Closed-angle glaucomaAcute glaucoma that is caused by decreased outflow ofaqueous humor from the anterior chamber.

Clotting factorsSubstances contributing to the process of blood hemostasis.

CoagulationProcess of blood clotting.

Coagulation cascadeComplex series of steps by which blood flow stops.

Colloid

Type of IV fluid consisting of large organic molecules that

are unable to cross membranes.Colloids

Type of IV fluid consisting of large organic molecules that

are unable to cross membranes.Colony-stimulating factor(CSF)

Hormones that regulate the growth and maturation ofspecific WBC populations.

Combination drugDrug product with more than one active generic ingredient.

Comedone

Type of acne lesion that develops just beneath the surface ofthe skin (whitehead) or as a result of a plugged oil gland(blackhead).

Complementary and

alternative medicine (CAM)

Treatments that consider the health of the whole person andpromote disease prevention.

Complementary and

alternative therapies

Treatments considered outside the realm of conventional

Western medicine.

Compliance

Taking a medication in the manner prescribed by the health

care provider, or, in the case of over-the-counter (OTC)drugs, following the instructions on the label.

ConjugatesSide chains that, during metabolism, make drugs morewater soluble and more easily excreted by the kidney.

ConstipationInfrequent passage of abnormally hard and dry stools.

ContractilityThe strength with which the myocardial fibers contract.
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Controlled substance

In the United States, a drug whose use is restricted by theComprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act; inCanada, a drug subject to guidelines outlined in the

Canadian Narcotic Control Act.

Convulsion

Uncontrolled muscle contraction or spasm that occurs in the

face, torso, arms, or legs.Coronary artery bypass

graft (CABG) surgery

Surgical procedure performed to restore blood flow to themyocardium by using a section of the saphenous vein or

internal mammary artery to go around the obstructed

coronary artery.Coronary artery disease(CAD)

One of the leading causes of mortality in the United States.

The primary defining characteristic is narrowing or occlusionof a coronary artery.

Corpora cavernosaThe major erectile tissues of the penis.

Corpus luteumRuptured follicle that remains in the ovary after ovulation

and secretes progestins.

Corpus striatum

Area of the brain responsible for unconscious musclemovement; a point of contact for neurons projecting fromthe substantia nigra.

Crohn's diseaseChronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting the ileum and

sometimes the colon.Cross-tolerance

Situation in which tolerance to one drug makes the patienttolerant to another drug.

CrystalloidType of IV fluid resembling blood plasma minus proteins thatis capable of crossing membranes.

CrystalloidsType of IV fluid resembling blood plasma minus proteins that

is capable of crossing membranes.

Cultural competence

The ability of health care providers to provide care forpeople with diverse values, beliefs, and behaviors, including

the ability to adapt delivery of care to meet the needs of

these patients.Culture

Set of beliefs, values, religious rituals, and customs sharedby a group of people.

Culture and sensitivity(C&S) testing

Laboratory exam used to identify bacteria and to determinewhich antibiotic is most effective.
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Cushing's syndrome

Condition of having an excessive concentration ofcorticosteroids in the blood; caused by excessive secretionby the adrenal glands or by overdosage with corticosteroid

medication.

Cyclooxygenase

Key enzyme in the prostaglandin metabolic pathway that is

blocked by aspirin and other NSAIDs.Cycloplegic drugs

Drugs that relax or temporarily paralyze ciliary muscles andcause blurred vision.

Cytokine

Chemicals produced by white blood cells, such asinterleukins, leukotrienes, interferon, and tumor necrosisfactor, that guide the immune response.

D

Delirium tremens(DT)

A syndrome of intense agitation, confusion, terrifying

hallucinations, uncontrollable tremors, panic attacks, and paranoia

caused by alcohol withdrawal.Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

(THC)

The active chemical ingredient in marijuana responsible for its

psychoactive properties.Delusions False ideas and beliefs not founded in reality.

Dementia

Degenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss,confusion, and the inability to think or communicate effectively.

DependenceStrong physiological or psychological need for a substance.

DepolarizationReversal of the plasma membrane charge such that the inside ismade less negative.

Depression

Disorder characterized by depressed mood, lack of energy, sleep

disturbances, abnormal eating patterns, and feelings of despair,

guilt, and misery.Dermatitis

Inflammatory condition of the skin characterized by itching and

scaling.Dermatophytic

Relating to a superficial fungal infection.Designer drugs Substance produced in a laboratory and intended to mimic the
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effects of another psychoactive controlled substance.Diabetes insipidus

Disorder marked by excessive urination due to lack of secretion ofantidiuretic hormone.

Diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA)

A type of metabolic acidosis due to an excess of ketone bodies,

most often occurring when diabetes mellitus is uncontrolled.Diarrhea

Abnormal frequency and liquidity of bowel movements.Dietary supplement

Nondrug substance regulated by the Dietary Supplement Healthand Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA).

Dietary Supplementand Nonprescription

Drug Consumer

Protection Act

Law that requires companies that market herbal and dietary

supplements to include their address and phone number on the

product labels so consumers can report adverse events.Dietary SupplementHealth and EducationAct of 1994 (DSHEA)

Primary law in the United States regulating herb and dietarysupplements.

Disease-modifying

antirheumatic drugs(DMARD)

Drugs from several classes that modify the progression of

rheumatoid arthritis; include hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil),methotrexate (Rheumatrex), and sulfasalazine (Azulfidine).

DistributionThe process of transporting drugs through the body.

DiureticSubstance that increases urine output.

Dopamine type 2(D2) receptor

Receptor for dopamine in the basal nuclei of the brain that is

associated with schizophrenia and antipsychotic drugs.Drug

General term for any substance capable of producing biologicresponses in the body.

Drug-proteincomplex

Drug that has bound reversibly to a plasma protein, particularlyalbumin, that makes the drug unavailable for distribution to body

tissues.Dry powder inhaler

(DPI)

Device used to convert a solid drug to a fine powder for the

purpose of inhalation.Dysentery

Severe diarrhea that may include bleeding.Dysfunctional uterine

bleeding

Hemorrhage that occurs at abnormal times or in excessive quantityduring the menstrual cycle.

DyslipidemiaAbnormal (excess or deficient) level of lipoproteins in the blood.
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