Weight : 1.5 kg / 1130 cm3

-2% of body weight

Receives 15% cardiac output

Consumes 20% of total body’s O2

Utilizes 25% of energy (glucose)

Contains 160 000km of blood vessels

Contains 75% of H2O

Contains 100 billion of neutrons

Doesn’t have pain receptors

Alive only 4-6 minutes without O2

Thick layer of neural tissue

Cover the brain

Contains 4 regions :

1. Frontal Lobe

2. Parietal Lobe

3. Temporal Lobe

4. Occipital Lobe

FRONTAL LOBE

(FRONTMOST REGION)

PREFRONTAL CORTEX

-PERSONALITY EXPRESSION

-PLANNING OF COMPLEX COGNITIVE BEHAVIORS

PREMOTOR & PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX

-CONTROL EXECUTION OF VOLUNTARY

ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX

-COGNITIVE PROCESSING OF DESCISION-MAKING

OCCIPITAL LOBE

The rear of cerebral cortex

Two main parts:

i. Primary visual area

-receive visual input from retina (shape, colour, size, motion, dimension)

ii. Visual association area

-interpret information that acquired through the primary visual cortex

iii. Vision *

RECEPTION & PROCESSING

of sensory information from body

CONTROL

goal directed voluntary movements

MANIPULATION / INTEGRATION

of objects / different senses

(understand concepts)

a) PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY AREA

b) SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA

c) PRIMARY TASTE AREA

* SOMATIC SENSES

PARIETAL LOBE

(NEAR THE BACK & TOP OF BRAIN)

TEMPORAL LOBE

The side of head above the ears

Organizing & combining what we see, hear, language & speech production, memory association & formation.

Structure of limbic system located within it

Hearing *

Also called as small brain

Located at the base of skull

Relays information to

muscles to control

movement, balance,

equilibrium & muscle tone.

Located near body protrusions

Connect to cerebellum to spinal cord

Consists of midbrain, medulla oblongata & pons.

Coordinate & relay motor signal sent between brain and body.

Control nervous system.

Taste *

located on top of the

brain stem

Control emotions &

motivations

Consist of 4 parts :

I. Amygdala

II.Hippocampus

III.Hypothalamus

IV.Thalamus

• Emotional responds, hormonal secretions & memory.Amygdala

• Indexes, sends & retrieves memory (long term storage in cerebral hemisphere)Hippocampus

• Maintain homeostasis, automatic peripheral nervous system, food, H2O intake regulation, sleep & wake cycle regulation

Hypothalamus

• Relays sensory signals (between spinal cord & cerebrum

• Smell *Thalamus

HOW THE BRAIN WORKS & HOW STUDENTS CAN RESPOND

THINKING BRAIN

PREFRONTAL CORTEX

17% OF BRAIN

REFLECT ON INFORMATION

WORK WHEN CALM, NO STRESS & HIGH INTEREST

REACTIVE BRAIN

LOWER, AUTOMATIC BRAIN

83% OF BRAIN

REACT TO INFORMATION INSTINCTIVELY

WORK WHEN ANXIOUS, SAD, FRUSTRATED & BORED

RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS)

• Lower back of brain (brain stem)

• Receive input from sensory nerves

OPTIMUM BRAIN’S WORKING

•Keep physically healthy •Practice focusing & observing yourself

•Brain breaks (syn-naps) •Learning calmly/ positive emotions

•Rest enough •Do some exercises (short break)

DIRECTION OF INFORMATION’S FLOWING

• SUCCESS : RAS open and flow information to thinking brain

• OVERWHELMED : reactive brain take over

RAS

LIMBIC SYSTEM

•Amygdala & hippocampus

•Evaluate whether information is useful

RASLIMBIC

SYSTEM

DIRECTION OF INFORMATION’S FLOWING

-Positive mood : send information to thinking brain

-Bad mood : closes the pathway to RAS and amygdala-----

OPTIMUM BRAIN’S WORKING-Take time to reflect / Take a deep breath

-Visualize in peaceful place

-Teachers: fun games or activities (increase neurochemical enhancements )

-Renew & practice

-Repeat stimulation

-Practice make permanent

LIMBIC SYSTEMAMYGDALA

Take up excessive amounts of your brain’s available nutrients and oxygen.

HIPPOCAMPUS

Link new sensory input to both knowledge and experiences (ready process)

DOPAMINEMost important neurotransmitters

between neutrons

Transmission : -crucial to brain’s capacity & process new information

More dopamine release when experience is enjoyable

- enhance alertness, memory & executive

Optimum brain by :

-interacting with friends

-physical activities

-listening/ reading

THINKING BRAINCalled as prefrontal cortex.

Increase the nerve communication networks.

Process new information (executive function)

Convert short term into long term

RASLIMBIC

SYSTEMTHINKING

BRAIN

HOW THE MEMORY WORKS IN LEARNINGTEACHING GROWS BRAIN CELLS

CONSTANTLY CHANGE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF NEUTRONS & CONNECTION

NEUTROPLASTICITY

TEACHERS :• Fix limit based on learning

disabilities

• Pubic test scores / achievements

• Providing experiences can maximize its learning & proficiency

HIGH STRESS RESTRICTS BRAIN PROCESSING TO

SURVIVAL STATE

PREFRONTAL CORTEX

(UNDERGOES MATURATION THROUGHTOUT SCHOOL YEARS )

EMOTION SENSITIVE LIMBIC SYSTEM

(DETERMINE WHICH PART OF BRAIN RECEIVE INPUT & RESPONSE OUTPUT)

TEACHERS:

• Should know when the stress cut off flow from / to PFC (behavior is involuntary)

HOW THE MEMORY WORKS IN LEARNINGMEMORY IS CONSTRUCTED & SORED BY PATTERNING

HIPPOCAMPUS

(REQUIRE ACTIVATION / PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

ACTIVATION OF PRIOR KNOWLEDGE + NEW INFORMATION

TEACHERS :

• Demonstrate patterns, connections & relationship

• Receive timely feedback & reflect experiences

MEMORY IS SUSTAINED BY USE

SHORT-TERM MEMORY NEED TO ACTIVATED MULTIPLE TIMES TO INCREASE

ITS DURABILITY

RETENTION

(NEW MEMORIES ARE CONNECTED TO OTHER COMMON STROED MEMORIES)

TEACHERS:

• Multisensory instruction, practice, review

• Construct concept of memory to new stimuli/ knowledge