W o m e n o f t h e C e n t u r y1 9 1 5 q 2 0 1 4

As the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics marks its Centennial, we pause to recognize some of the people who influenced the developing specialty of orthodontics during the last 100 years. A list of nominees — people who lived, worked, and contributed to the Journal or the specialty between 1915 and 2014 (but are no longer alive today) — was sent to 16 judges. The judges were asked to select the 100 people they thought were the most influential during this period. We tallied the votes and are pleased to present here, in chronologic order (by year of birth), 100 People of Influence. Many of the names on the pages that follow are familiar today because of the appliances and techniques these people invented, the articles and books they wrote, or the many students they taught. Twenty of them are so well known that all 16 judges voted for them, and we are proud to recognize a few of their accomplishments.

In addition, we present two supplemental lists. The first is an Honorable Mention roster of 68 people who were selected by some of the judges. And then, because orthodontics was surely a man’s world during those early years, we offer a short list of women who distinguished themselves as orthodontists during the very early years, influencing the specialty in a different but important way.

Prepared by Chris Burke, Managing Editor Lisa Troehler, Graphic Designer

Rolf G. Behrents, Editor-in-ChiefAcknowledgment: Thanks to Norman Wahl, whose 16-part series in the AJO-DO, Orthodontics in 3 millennia, provided much of the information for this display.

H o n o r i n g O u r P a s t B u i l d i n g O u r F u t u r e q 1 9 1 5 q 1 9 2 0 q 1 9 2 5 q 1 9 3 0 q 1 9 3 5 q 1 9 4 0 q 1 9 4 5 q 1 9 5 0 q 1 9 5 5 q 1 9 6 0 q 1 9 6 5 q 1 9 7 0 q 1 9 7 5 q 1 9 8 0 q 1 9 8 5 q 1 9 9 0 q 1 9 9 5 q 2 0 0 0 q 2 0 0 5 q 2 0 1 0 q 2 0 1 4

Edmund H. Wuerpel1866-1958

John Valentine Mershon1867-1953

Albert H. Ketcham1870-1935

Viggo Andresen1870-1950

Emil Herbst1872-1940

Milo Hellman1872-1947

Anna Hopkins Angle1872-1957

Frederick Bogue Noyes 1872-1961

Alfred Paul Rogers1873-1959

Axel F. Lundstrom1875-1941

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen1845-1923

Calvin Suveril Case1847-1923

Edward Hartley Angle1855-1930

Charles Augustus Hawley1861-1929

Rodrigues Ottolengui1861-1937

Thomas D. Creekmore1931-2002

Ronald H. Roth1933-2005

Lennart Wieslander1933-2009

George F. Andreasen1934-1989

Beni Solow1934-2000

Samir E. Bishara1935-2010

Anthony A. Gianelly1936-2009

Jüri Kurol1942-2011

Vincent G. Kokich1944-2013

Robert P. Kusy1947-2008

Anna Hopkins Angle1872-1957

Jane G. Bunkerb. 1886 (est)

Josephine M. Abelson 1901-1987

Alice C. Kinningerb. 1908

Carlotta A. Hawley 1913-1990

Viken Sassouni1922-1983

Richard A. Riedel1922-1994

Wayne Allen Bolton1922-2011

J. Daniel Subtelny1922-2014

Melvin Lionel Moss1923-2006

Alexandre G. Petrovic1925-2003

Harold T. Perry1926-2012

Donald G. Woodside1927-2013

Donald H. Enlow1927-2014

Per-Ingvar Brånemark1929-2014

Raymond Carl Thurow1920-2009

James E. Brophy1921-1985

Kalevi Koski1921-1998

Lester Levern Merrifield1921-2000

Ernest H. Hixon1922-1972

Joseph R. Jarabak1906-1989

Earl Emanuel Shepard1908-1991

Rolf Fränkel1908-2001

Fred R. Schudy1908-2001

Arthur B. Lewis1909-1996

Alton Wallace Moore1916-2007

Samuel Weinstein1916-2008

Anders Lundstrom1916-2009

Tom Graber1917-2007

Paul Tessier1917-2008

William B. Downs1899-1966

Lester Bodine Higley1899-1990

Herbert I. Margolis1900-1984

Harold D. Kesling1901-1979

Silas Kloehn1902-1985

John R. Thompson1910-2004

Arne Björk1911-1996

Faustin Neff Weber1911-1996

Brainerd F. Swain1911-1999

Egil Peter Harvold1912-1992

Reed Holdaway1917-2009

Robert Edison Moyers1919-1996

C. Philip Adams1919-1997

Samuel Pruzansky1920-1984

Robert M. Ricketts1920-2003

Jacob Amos Salzmann1902-1992

B. F. Dewel1902-1999

Wilton Marion Krogman1903-1987

Kaare Reitan1903-2000

Rudolf P. Hotz1905-1979

Bernard Sarnat1912-2011

Wendell L. Wylie1913-1966

Robert E. Gaylord1914-2001

Hans Peter Bimler1916-2003

Coenraad F. A. Moorrees1916-2003

Hays N. Nance1893-1964

George Bernard Crozat1894-1966

Birdsall Holly Broadbent, Sr.1894-1977

George Walter Hahn1894-1977

Charles Henry Tweed, Jr.1895-1970

Gustav Korkhaus1895-1978

Cecil C. Steiner1896-1989

Paul D. Lewis1896-1992

Allan Gibson Brodie1897-1976

P.R. Begg1898-1983

Albin Oppenheim1875-1945

Charles Virgil Mosby1876-1942

Benno Edward Lischer1876-1959

Martin Dewey1881-1933

Robert H. W. Strang1881-1982

Paul W. Simon1883-1957

H.C. Pollock, Sr.1884-1970

T. Wingate Todd1885-1938

Bernhard W. Weinberger1885-1960

Spencer Roane Atkinson1886-1970

Oren A. Oliver1887-1965

Joseph E. Johnson1888-1969

Ernest Sheldon Friel1888-1970

Harry Sicher1889-1974

Karl Haupl1893-1960

Calvin Suveril Case 1847-1923 qAuthor, clinician, and innovator.

qAdvocated extraction to correct facial deformities; his 1911 paper provoked the “Great Extraction Debate.”

qCustomized appliances for each patient.

qStressed facial esthetics, in contrast to Angle’s emphasis on occlusion.

qSome consider his greatest contribution to be the prosthetic correction of cleft palate.

Edward Hartley Angle 1855-1930 qTeacher, author, inventor, clinician, firebrand.

qRegarded as the Father of Modern Orthodontics.

qPromoted separation of orthodontics from dentistry.

qEstablished the first organized orthodontic society and the first orthodontic journal.

Robert H.W. Strang 1881-1982 qClinician, educator, and author.

qInaugurated a 2-week continuing education course at Columbia University that continued until 1946.

qPrincipal advocate of the Tweed technique.

qHis Textbook of Orthodontia (1933) became a standard.

qEspoused the inviolability of intercanine and intermolar widths.

Hays N. Nance 1893-1964 qMeticulous clinician and investigator whose his landmark

paper was “Limitations of orthodontic treatment.”

qReported that treated dentitions return to their original intercanine and intermolar widths.

qDefined leeway space and reported that it could be “reserved” with a space maintainer in a borderline extraction patient.

qRenewed interest in mixed dentition treatment and an increase in second premolar extractions.

Anna Hopkins Angle 1872-1957

qA schoolteacher at age 16, she became Angle’s secretary at 21, and then his wife.

qStudied dentistry at the University of Iowa, and orthodontics with Angle.

qFounding member, Society of Orthodontists, and first editor of The Angle Orthodontist.

qKnown to many as “Mother Angle,” she calmed the waters that Angle roiled.

Elizabeth E. Richardson (not pictured) 1863-1936

qGraduate, Dewey School of Orthodontia in Kansas City, Missouri.

qFrequent contributor to Journal, 1919-1927

Jane G. Bunker b. 1886 (est)

qAngle graduate and early member of the American Society of Orthodontists (1906).

Josephine M. Abelson 1901-1987

qDewey School of Orthodontia (1923). First woman to direct a Dewey School clinic.

Alice C. Kinninger b. 1908

qTaught orthodontics at the University of Southern California.

qInvented a space maintainer for fractured incisors.

Carlotta A. Hawley 1913-1990

qDiscouraged by her famous father to pursue orthodontics, she did it anyway.

qMember of the Angle Society, ABO-certified, and widely regarded as a meticulous clinician.

Honorable MentionqPhilip Edwin Adams 1896-1973

qMilton B. Asbell 1913-2003

qTiziano Baccetti 1966-2011

qCharles Reeder Baker 1880-1970

qHenry Albert Baker 1848-1934

qWilhelm Balters 1893-1973

qG.V. Black 1836-1915

qWilliam John Brady 1862-1937

qBirdsall Holly Broadbent, Jr. 1928-2009

qArchie B. Brusse 1888-1959

qClarence “Clu” Carey 1903-2003

qFrank M. Casto 1875-1965

qNorman M. Cetlin 1921-2008

qS. Eugene Coben 1926-2007

qJames Frank Colyer 1866-1954

qHarry L Dougherty, Sr. 1926-2013

qJoseph D. Eby 1887-1966

qBercu Fischer 1893-1969

qMaxwell S. Fogel 1912-2001

qStanley Garn 1922-2007

qWilliam King Gregory 1876-1970

qGeorge W. Grieve 1870-1950

qJosef Grünberg 18??-1932

qSimeon Hayden Guilford 1841-1919

qDavid C. Hamilton 1928-2005

qSamuel Hemley 1898-1970

qJohn H. Hickham 1934-2004

qH. Perry Hitchcock 1921-2005

qSidney Horowitz 1921-2006

qWilliam Roy Humphrey 1892-1980

qAndrew Francis Jackson 1880-1963

qVictor Hugo Jackson 1850-1929

qA. LeRoy Johnson 1881-1967

qCraven Henry Kurz 1943-1998

qLloyd Steel Lourie, Sr. 1877-1959

qKenneth C. Marshall 1917-2007

qJ. Rodney Mathews 1911-1987

qJames D. McCoy 1884-1965

qFrederick Sumner McKay 1874-1959

qGeorge V. Newman 1924-2012

qGeorge Northcroft 1869-1944

qHarold Judd Noyes 1898-1969

qHarvey Peck 1937-1981

qLowrie J. Porter 1895-1981

qEarl Wiley Renfroe 1907-2000

qElizabeth Ellen Richardson 1863-1938

qTerrell L. Root 1924-1997

qPer Rygh 1930-2008

qIsaac Schour 1900-1964

qArthur Martin Schwarz 1887-1963

qJames Henderson Scott 1913-1970

qGeorge Dever Selfridge 1924-2014

qWilbur M. Shankland 1912-1992

qEverett Shapiro 1917-2002

qMilton Reginald Sims 1927-2006

qThomas D. Speidel 1908-1957

qHarvey Stallard 1888-1974

qArthur T. Storey 1928-1998

qElsdon “Tony” Storey 1924-1988

qRichard Summa 1868-1933

qAlexander Sved 1891-1969

qEugene Solomon Talbot 1847-1925

qArthur Thornton Taylor 1901-1987

qDale B. Wade 1940-1998

qLeuman M. Waugh 1877-1972

qEugene E. West 1920-1995

qFrederick T. West 1893-1989

qAlbert P. Westfall 1902-1975

P.R. Begg 1898-1983 qA “jackaroo” in Australia before coming to the United

States to study under Angle.

qDeveloped his own bracket in 1933.

qIn the 1940s, developed the highly resilient, stainless steel “Australian” wire.

qHis innovations came together in the multiloop light-wire Begg technique (1965).

qPracticed orthodontics for more than 55 years and registered his last patent at age 84.

William B. Downs 1899-1966 qMember of Brodie’s first class (1930) at Illinois

and later a mainstay of the teaching staff.

qCoauthor of classic text, Cephalometric Appraisal of Orthodontic Results (1938).

qHis landmark study of facial relationships resulted in Downs Analysis, the first cephalometric analysis that could be applied clinically.

Herbert I. Margolis 1900-1984

qHis cephalometric investigations combined anatomy with evolution.

qDeveloped the facial line (nasion-pogonion) and maxillofacial triangle, which adheres to the concept of individual variation.

qDesigned the Margolis cephalostat.

Joseph R. Jarabak 1906-1989 qEducator, inventor, master clinician, biomechanic,

and showman.

qDeveloped a light-wire technique, first with standard edgewise brackets, then with brackets preadjusted for torque and angulation.

qDeveloped the Jarabak bracket and preadjusted brackets.

qWith J.A. Fizzell, developed principles governing tooth movement with light-wire technique.

Jacob Amos Salzmann 1902-1992 qAuthor, editor, and educator.

qChild-health advocate locally and internationally.

qOnly dentist/orthodontist to attend World Health Conference for Children in 1940, 1950, and 1960.

Kaare Reitan 1903-2000

qBorn in Norway, he studied dentistry in Paris and orthodontics in Chicago.

qHis histologic investigation of reactions in teeth and supporting tissues incident to tooth movement are classic.

qIntroduced the edgewise technique in his practice and shared his knowledge with colleagues, making Norway one of the first countries in Europe where modern fixed appliance treatment became widely available.

Rolf Fränkel 1908-2001 qStudied in Germany and treated patients with

Angle’s E-arch as early as 1928.

qMilitary surgeon in World War II, treating jaw and facial injuries.

qWorking in East Germany, he developed (in 1957) the function regulator, an appliance that corrects malocclusions by channeling growth.

Arne Björk 1911-1996 qHis doctoral dissertation for the Swedish Institute

of Human Genetics (1947) showed that growth does not proceed in a linear, translatory fashion.

qConducted (in 1955) the first human growth study using implants, and discovered greater rotation of the maxilla and mandible.

Coenraad F. A. Moorrees 1916-2003 qStudied in the United States but, called to duty in

World War II by the Dutch government, he was a prisoner of war for 3 years.

qStudied child growth and dental anthropology at the Forsyth Dental Infirmary in Boston.

qDetermined that children often pass through “abnormal” stages of growth before reaching the end of puberty with acceptable occlusions.

qConducted landmark studies of the Aleut population and longitudinal dentition of growing children.

qUsed natural head position and demonstrated biologic variations in many craniofacial landmarks.

Tom Graber 1917-2007 qAJO-DO Editor, author, educator, and world traveler.

qPioneer in craniofacial biology and anomalies.

qVolunteered for military service December 8, 1941 and served in Army Dental Corp.

qInspired by Benno Lischer to specialize in orthodontics.

Robert Edison Moyers 1919-1996 qHighly decorated dental officer in the U.S. Army.

qFounding chair of the University of Toronto orthodontic department, the first in Canada.

qChairman of the Department of Orthodontics at the University of Michigan and, later, director of the Center for Human Growth and Development.

qHis clinical research provided a better understanding of the role of the neuromusculature in normal facial growth and during treatment.

Samuel Pruzansky 1920-1984 qInspired teacher and investigator, advocate, and

benefactor for patients with craniofacial anomalies.

qInternationally acclaimed for his studies of the anatomy and growth of the craniofacial complex and for his leadership in the care and treatment of patients.

qFounding director of the Center for Craniofacial Anomalies at the University of Illinois College of Medicine.

Birdsall Holly Broadbent, Sr. 1894-1977 qStudied roentgenography at the Angle School, and

wondered if images could be superimposed to reveal changes during orthodontic treatment.

qWorked with Todd at Western Reserve to design a craniostat to standardize x-rays of dry skulls.

qAdapted that device to the heads of living subjects.

qResearched the cephalic development of 800 children in a study sponsored by the Brush Foundation.

Charles Henry Tweed, Jr. 1895-1970

qExacting clinician and generous teacher.

qConcerned with dental protrusions and unsatisfactory esthetics, he began extracting 4 premolars in some patients.

qDeveloped the Tweed triangle (1936).

Cecil C. Steiner 1896-1989

qAngle’s second student at the Pasadena school; he was initially rebuffed because he didn’t know who Charles Darwin was.

qPublished the Steiner analysis in 1953, a step-by-step approach that was instrumental in popularizing cephalometrics.

Allan Gibson Brodie 1897-1976 qOne of Angle’s last graduates and one of his favorites.

qEducator, author, spokesman for the “new mechanism.”

qChair of the graduate orthodontic department at the University of Illinois for 36 years.

qEstablished a correlation between successful treatment and good facial growth.

qStudied growth and development and related laboratory findings to clinical practice.