AHMED, Rafi - JST · and attenuated viruses by rescue of mutations from DI particles. Virology 111: 351-363. 8. ... variants of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in spleens of persistently

Copyright © 2012 Japan Science and Technology Agency. All Rights Reserved.

AHMED, Rafi

Charles Howard Candler Professor, Microbiology and Immunology,

Emory University

Director, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine

Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar, in Vaccine Research and

Professor, Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of

Medicine

Associate Director, Emory/Atlanta Center, for AIDS Research, Emory

University

EDUCATION

1981 Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, Ph.D./Microbiology, Molecular Genetics

1974 Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, M.S./Microbiology

1972 Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, B.S./Microbiology

1968 Osmania University, Hyderabad, India, B.Sc./Chemistry

POSITIONS

1992-1995 Professor, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UCLA School of Medicine,

Los Angeles, California

1988-1992 Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UCLA

School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California

1984-1988 Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UCLA School of

Medicine, Los Angeles, California

1984 Assistant Member, Department of Immunology, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla,

California,

1981-1984 Research Fellow, Department of Immunology, Scripps Clinic and Research

Foundation, La Jolla, California

EDITORIAL BOARD

1995-2009 Editor-in-Chief, Microbial Pathogenesis

1990-1996 Editorial Board, Virology

1996- 2006 Editor, Virology

1997-1999 Associate Editor, Immunity

2005 Immunology Reviews

2005 Current Topics in Microbiology & Immunology


PUBLICATIONS

1. Ahmed, R. and A.F. Graham. 1977. Persistent infection in L cells with it’s mutants of

reovirus. J. Virol. 23: 250-262

2. Fields, B.N., H.L. Weiner, R.F. Ramig and R. Ahmed. 1978. Genetics of reovirus: Aspects

related to virulence and viral persistence. In Persistent Viruses, J.G. Stevens, G.J. Todaro and

C.F. Fox (eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 389-398.

3. Chakraborty, P.R., R. Ahmed, and B.N. Fields. 1979. Genetics of reovirus: The relationship

of interference to complementation and reassortment of its mutants at nonpermissive

temperature. Virology 94:119-127.

4. Ahmed,R., P.R. Chakraborty, and B.N. Fields. 1980. Genetic variation during lytic reovirus

infection: High passage stocks of wild type reovirus contain temperature-sensitive mutants. J.

Virol. 34: 285-287.

5. Ahmed, R., P. R. Chakraborty, A.F. Graham, R.F. Ramig and B.N. Fields. 1980. Genetic

variation during persistent reovirus infection: Presence of extragenically suppressed its lesions

in wild type virus isolated from persistently infected cells. J. Virol. 34:383-389.

6. Fields, B.N., H.L. Weiner, D.T. Drayna, A.H. Sharpe, D. Hardy, D. Rubin, S. Burstin, R.

Ahmed,

J. Gentsch and H. Donis-Keller. 1980. The molecular basis of reovirus virulence. In

ICN-UCLA Symposia on Animal Virus Genetics, B.N. Fields, R. Jaenish and C.F. Fox (eds.),

Academic Press, New York, pp. 663-671.

7. Ahmed, R. and B.N. Fields. 1981. Reassortment of genome segments between reovirus

defective interfering particles and infectious virus: Construction of temperature-sensitive

and attenuated viruses by rescue of mutations from DI particles. Virology 111: 351-363.

8. Ahmed, R., W.M. Canning, R.S. Kauffman, A.S. Sharpe, J. Hallum, and B.N. Fields. 1981.

Role of the host cell in persistent viral infection: Coevolution of L cells and reovirus during

persistent infection. Cell 25: 325-332.

9. Ahmed, R., and B.N. Fields. 1982. Role of the S4 gene in the establishment of persistent

reovirus infection in L cells. Cell 28: 605-612.

10. Ramig, R.F., R. Ahmed, and B.N. Fields, 1983. A genetic map of reovirus: Assignment of

the newly defined mutant groups H, I and J to genome segments. Virology 125:299-313.

11. Ahmed, R., R. S. Kauffman, and B.N. Fields. 1983. Genetic variation during persistent

reovirus infection: Isolation of cold-sensitive and temperature sensitive mutants from

persistently infected L cells. Virology 131: 71-78.


12. Kauffman, R.S., R. Ahmed, and B.N. Fields, 1983. Selection of a mutant S1 gene during

reovirus persistent infection of L cells: Role in maintenance of the persistent state. Virology

131: 79-87.

13. Byrne, J.A., R. Ahmed, and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1984. Biology of cloned cytotoxic T

lymphocytes specific for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. I. Generation and recognition

of virus strains and H-2b mutants. J. Immunol. 133:433-439.

14. Ahmed, R., J. A. Byrne and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1984. Virus specificity of cytotoxic T

lymphocytes generated during acute LCMV infection: Role of the H-2 region in determining

cross-reactivity for different LCMV strains. J. Virol. 51:34-41.

15. Ahmed, R., A. Salmi, and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1984 Mechanism of persistent LCMV infection

in mice: Role of LCMV variants in suppression of LCMV specific cytotoxic T cell response

and maintenance of the carrier state. In Negative Strand Viruses, R. Compans and D. Bishop

(eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 333-339.

16. Ahmed, R., A. Salmi, L.D. Butler, J. Chiller, and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1984. Selection of genetic

variants of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in spleens of persistently infected mice: Role

in suppression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte response and viral persistence. J.Exp.Med. 60:

521-540.

17. Ahmed, R. and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1984. Mechanisms and biological implications of virus

induced polyclonal B cell activation. In Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis, A.L. Notkins and

M.B.A. Oldstone (eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 231-238.

18. Oldstone, M.B.A., R. Ahmed, J. Byrne, M. Buchmeier, Y. Riviere, and P. Southern. 1985.

Virus and immune responses: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus as a prototype model of

viral pathogenesis. Brit. Med. Bull. 41:70-74.

19. Ahmed, R., P. Southern, P. Blount, J. Byrne, and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1985. Viral genes,

cytotoxic T lymphocytes and immunity. In Modern Approaches to Vaccines: Molecular and

chemical basis of resistance to viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases, R. Lerner and R.

Chanock (eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York.

20. Oldstone, M.B.A., R. Ahmed, M.J. Buchmeier, P. Blount, and A. Tishon. 1985.

Perturbation of differentiated functions during viral infection in vivo. I. Relationship of

LCMV and host strains to growth hormone deficiency. Virology 142: 158-174.

21. Riviere, Y., R. Ahmed, P. Southern, and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1985. Perturbation of

differentiated functions during viral infection in vivo. II. Viral reassortants map growth

hormone defect to the S RNA of the LCMV genome. Virology 142: 175-182.

22. Riviere, Y., R. Ahmed, P.J. Southern, M.J. Buchmeier, F.J. Dutko, and M.B.A. Oldstone.

1985. The S RNA segment of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus codes for the nucleoprotein


and glycoproteins 1 and 2. J. Virol. 53: 966-968.

23. Riviere, Y., R. Ahmed, P.J. Southern, M.J. Buchmeier, and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1985. Genetic

mapping of LCMV pathogenecity: Virulence in guinea pigs is associated with the L RNA

segment. J. Virol. 55:704-709.

24. Ahmed, R. and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1986. Role of virus variants and T cell immunity. In

Genetically Altered Viruses and the Environment. Banbury Center. Cold Spring Harbor

Laboratory, pp. 223-233.

25. Riviere, Y., P.J. Southern, R. Ahmed, and M.B.A.Oldstone. 1986. Biology of cloned

cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for LCMV. V. Recognition is restricted to the viral S RNA

segment and the genes it encodes. J. Immunol.136:304-307.

26. Southern, P.J., M.J. Buchmeier, R. Ahmed, S.J. Francis, B. Parekh, T. Riviere, M.K. Singh,

and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1986. Molecular pathogenesis of arenavirus infections. In Vaccines 86:

New approaches to immunization, R. Lerner and R. Chanock (eds.), Cold Spring

Harbor Laboratory, New York 239-245.

27. Ahmed, R., C.C. King, and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1987. Virus-lymphocyte interaction: T cells of

the helper subset are infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus during persistent

infection in vivo. J. Virol. 61:1571-1576.

28. Ahmed, R., B.D. Jamieson, and D.D. Porter. 1987. Immune therapy of a persistent and

disseminated viral infection. J. Virol. 61:3920-3929.

29. Jamieson, B.D., L.D. Butler, and R. Ahmed. 1987. Effective clearance of a persistent viral

infection requires cooperation between virus specific Lyt2+ T cells and non-specific bone

marrow derived cells. J. Virol. 61:3930-3937.

30. Jamieson, B.D. and R. Ahmed. 1988. T cell tolerance: Exposure to virus in utero does not

cause a permanent deletion of specific T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 85:2265-2268.

31. Ahmed, R., L.D. Butler, and L. Bhatti. 1988. T4+ T helper cell function in vivo : Differential

requirement for induction of anti-viral cytotoxic T cell and antibody responses. J. Virol.

62:2102-2106.

32. Ahmed, R. and M.B.A. Oldstone. 1988. Organ specific selection of viral variants during

chronic infection. J. Exp. Med. 167:1719-1724.

33. Wu-Hsieh, B., D.H. Howard and R. Ahmed. 1988. Virus induced immunosuppression: A murine

model of susceptibility to opportunistic infection. J. Inf. Dis. 158:232-235.

34. Ahmed, R. 1988. Curing of a congenitally acquired chronic viral infection: Acquisition of T

cell competence by a previously “tolerant” host. In Immunobiology and Pathogenesis of


Persistent Virus Infections (1st International Symposium, Atlanta, Georgia, 1987), C. Lopez

(ed.), American Society of Microbiology, pp. 159-167.

35. Ahmed, R., R.D. Simon, M. Matloubian, S.R. Kolhekar, P.J. Southern and D.M. Freedman.

1988. Genetic analysis of in vivo selected viral variants causing chronic infection: Importance

of mutation in L RNA segment of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J. Virol.

62:3301-3308.

36. Ahmed, R., 1989. Immunological tolerance in viral infections. In Concepts in Viral

Pathogenesis III, A.L. Notkins and M.B.A. Oldstone (eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York.

Chapter 36, pp. 304-310.

37. Jamieson, B.D. and R. Ahmed. 1989. T cell memory: Long-term persistence of virus specific

cytotoxic T cells. J. Exp. Med.169:1993-2005.

38. Muller, D., M.M. Hobbs, R. Murray, K. Pederson, R. Ahmed, and J.A. Frelinger. 1989.

Altered recognition of LCMV antigen presented on mutant class I molecules. In Transgenic

Mice and Mutants in MHC Research, Springer-Vrelag Publishers, New York.

39. Ahmed, R. and J.G. Stevens. 1989. Viral persistence. In Virology, 2nd Edition, B.N. Fields

(ed.), Raven Press, New York, pp. 241-265.

40. Oldstone, M.B.A., R. Ahmed, and M. Salvato. 1990. Viruses as therapeutic agents. II. Viral

reassortants map prevention of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus to the small RNA of

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J. Exp. Med. 171:2091-2100.

41. King, C.C., R. deFries, S.R. Kolhekar, and R. Ahmed. 1990. In vivo selection of

lymphocyte-tropic and macrophage-tropic variants of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

during persistent infection. J. Virol. 64:5611-5616.

42. Matloubian, M., T. Somasundaram, S.R. Kolhekar, R. Selvakumar, and R. Ahmed. 1990.

Genetic basis of viral persistence: Single amino acid change in the viral glycoprotein affects

ability of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus to persist in adult mice. J. Exp.

Med.172:1043-1048.

43. Ahmed, R., C.S. Hahn, T. Somasundaram, L. Villarete, M. Matloubian, and J.H. Strauss.

1991. Molecular basis of organ specific selection of viral variants during chronic infection. J.

Virol. 65: 4242-4247.

44. Jamieson, B.D., T. Somasundaram, and R. Ahmed. 1991. Abrogation of tolerance to a

chronic viral infection. J. Immunol. 147:3521-3529.

45. Tishon,A., Salmi, A., Ahmed, R., and Oldstone, M.B.A. 1991. Role of viral strains and host

genes in determining levels of immune complexes in a model system-implications for HIV

infection. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 7:963-969.


46. Ahmed, R. 1991. T cell tolerance to viruses. Curr. Opinion Immunol. 3:476-479.

47. Ahmed, R. 1992. Immunological memory against viruses. Sem. Immunol. 4:105-109.

48. King, C.C., B.D. Jamieson, K. Reddy, N. Bali, R. Concepcion, and R. Ahmed. 1992. Viral

infection of the thymus. J. Virol. 66:3155-3160.

49. Lin, Y-L, L. Borenstein, R. Selvakumar, R. Ahmed, and F.O. Wettstein. 1992. Effective

vaccination against papilloma development by immunization with L1 or L2 structural proteins

of cottontail rabbit papilloma virus. Virology 187:612-619.

50. Lin, Y-L, L.A. Borenstein, R. Selvakumar, R. Ahmed, and F.O. Wettstein. 1993 Progression

from papilloma to carcinoma is accompanied by changes in the antibody response to

papillomavirus proteins. J. Virol. 67:382-389.

51. Lin, Y-L, L.A. Borenstein, R. Ahmed, and F.O. Wettstein. 1993. Cottontail rabbit

papillomavirus L1 protein-based vaccines: Protection is achieved only with a full-length,

nondenatured product. J. Virol. 67:4154-4162.

52. Matloubian, M., S.R. Kolhekar, T. Somasundaram, and R. Ahmed. 1993. Molecular

determinants of macrophage-tropism and viral persistence: Importance of single amino acid

changes in the polymerase and glycoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J. Virol.

67:7340-7349.

53. Kolhekar, S. and R. Ahmed. 1994. Role of viral variants in persistent infections: Studies

using LCM virus as a model system - replication in peritoneal macrophages in vitro. In

Virology in the Tropics (International Conference on Virology in the Tropics, 1991). N. Rishi,

K.L. Ahuja, and B.P. Singh, (ed.), New Delhi.

54. Ahmed, R. 1994. Persistent viral infection. Encycl. Virol. Academic Press Ltd., Publishers,

London.

55. Selvakumar, R., L.A. Borenstein, Y-L Lin, R. Ahmed, and F.O. Wettstein. 1994. T cell

response to cottontail rabbit papillomavirus structural proteins in virus infected rabbits. J.

Virol. 68:4043-4048.

56. Lau, L.L., B.D. Jamieson, T. Somasundaram, and R.Ahmed. 1994. Cytotoxic T cell memory

without antigen. Nature 369:648-652

57. Ahmed, R. 1994. Virus persistence and immune memory. Sem. Virol. 5:319-324.

58. Villarete, L., T. Somasundaram, and R. Ahmed. 1994. Tissue mediated selection of viral

variants: Correlation between glycoprotein mutation and growth in neuronal cells. J. Virol.

68:7490-7496.


59. Matloubian, M., R.J. Concepcion, and R. Ahmed. 1994. CD4+ T cells are required to sustain

CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses during chronic viral infection. J. Virol. 68:8056-8063.

60. Walsh, C.M., M. Matloubian, C.C. Liu, R. Ueda, C.G. Kurahara, J.L. Christensen, M.T.F.

Huang, J.D.E. Young, R. Ahmed and W.R. Clark. 1994. Immune function in mice lacking

the perforin gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91:10854-10858.

61. Selvakumar, R., L.A. Borenstein, Y-L Lin, R. Ahmed, and F.O. Wettstein. 1995.

Immunization with non-structural proteins E1 and E2 of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus

stimulates regression of virus induced papillomas. J. Virol. 69:602-605.

62. Slifka, M.K., M. Matloubian, and R. Ahmed. 1995. Bone marrow is a major site of long-term

antibody production after acute viral infection. J. Virol. 69:1895-1902.

63. Clark, W.R., C. Walsh, A. Glass, M.T.F. Huang, R. Ahmed and M. Matloubian. 1995.

Cell-mediated cytotoxicity in perforin-less mice. Intl. Rev. Immun. 13:1-14.

64. Shen, H., M.K. Slifka, M. Matloubian, E.R. Jensen, R. Ahmed, and J.F. Miller. 1995.

Recombinant Listeria monocytogenes as a live vaccine vehicle for the induction of

protective anti-viral cell mediated immunity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92:3987-3991.

65. Villarete, L., R. deFries, S. Kolhekar, D. Howard, R. Ahmed, and B. Wu-Hsieh. 1995.

Impaired responsiveness to gamma interferon of macrophages infected with lymphocytic

choriomeningitis virus clone 13: susceptibility to histoplasmosis. Infect. & Immun.

63:1468-1472.

66. Pedroza Martins, L., L.L. Lau, M. Asano, and R. Ahmed. 1995. DNA vaccination against

persistent viral infection. J. Virol. 69:2574-2582.

67. Selvakumar, R., R. Ahmed, and F.O. Wettstein. 1995. Tumor regression is associated with a

specific immune response to the E2 protein of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus. Virology

208:298-302.

68. Wright, K.E., R. Ahmed, and M.J. Buchmeier. 1995. Persistent infection of mice with

Pichinde virus associated with failure to thrive. Microbial Pathogenesis 19:73-82.

69. Sher, A. and R. Ahmed. 1995. Regulation of innate and adaptive responses to infection: new

avenues and angles. Curr. Opinion Immunol. 7:471-473.

70. Asano, M.S. and R. Ahmed. 1995. Immune conflicts in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.

Springer Semin. Immunopathol. 17: 247-259.

71. Clark, W.R., C.M. Walsh, A.A. Glass, F. Hayashi, M. Matloubian, and R. Ahmed. 1996.

Molecular pathways of CTL-mediated cytotoxicity. Immunol. Rev.146:33-44.


72. Ahmed, R., L.A. Morrison, and D.M. Knipe. 1996. Persistence of viruses. In Virology, 3rd

Edition, B.N. Fields, D.M. Knipe, and P. Howley (eds.). Raven Press, New York, pp.

219-249.

73. Sydora, B.C., B.D. Jamieson, R. Ahmed, and M. Kronenberg. 1996. Intestinal intraepithelial

lymphocytes respond to systemic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Cell. Immunol.

176:161-169.

74. Slifka, M.K., H. Shen, M. Matloubian, E.R. Jensen, J. F. Miller and R. Ahmed. 1996.

Antiviral cytotoxic T cell memory by vaccination with recombinant listeria monocytogenes. J.

Virol. 70:2902-291

75. Ahmed, R. and D. Gray. 1996. Immunological memory and protective immunity:

understanding their relation. Science 272:54-60.

76. Asano, M.S. and R. Ahmed. 1996. CD8 T cell memory in B cell deficient mice. J. Exp. Med.

183:2165-2174.

77. Ahmed, R. 1996. Tickling memory T cells. Science 272:1904.

78. Lau, L.L. and R. Ahmed. 1996. Anti-viral CD8+

Cytotoxic T cell memory. In Immunology

and Pathogenesis of Persistent Virus Infections, W.J. Mahy and R.W. Compans (eds.).

Harwood Academic, pp 235-253.

79. Slifka, M.K. and R. Ahmed. 1996. Long-term humoral immunity against viruses: revisiting

the issue of plasma cell half-life. Trends in Microbiol. 4:394-400.

80. Whitmire, J.K., M.K. Slifka, I. Grewall, R.A. Flavell and R. Ahmed. 1996. CD40

ligand-deficient mice generate a normal primary CTL response but a defective humoral

response to viral infection. J. Virol. 70:8375-8381.

81. van der Most, R.G., A. Sette, C. Oseroff, J. Alexander, K. Murali-Krishna, L.L. Lau, S.

Southwood, J. Sidney, R.W. Chesnut, M. Matloubian, and R. Ahmed. 1996. Analysis of

cytotoxic T cell responses to dominant and subdominant epitopes during acute and chronic

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. J. Immunol. 157:5543-5554.

82. Slifka, M.K. and R. Ahmed. 1996. Limiting dilution analysis of virus-specific memory B

cells by an ELISPOT assay. J. Immunol. Meth. 199:37-46.

83. Doherty, P.C. and R. Ahmed. 1997. Immune response to viral infection. In Viral Pathogenesis,

1st Edition, N.Nathanson (ed.) Raven Press, New York, pp 143-161.

84. Ahmed, R., L.A. Morrison, and D.M.Knipe. 1997. Viral persistence. In Viral Pathogenesis,

1st Edition, N. Nathanson (ed.) Raven Press, New York, pp 181-205.


85. Slifka, M.K. and R. Ahmed. 1997. Long term antibody production is sustained by antibody

secreting cells in the bone marrow following acute viral infection. N. Y. Acad. of Sciences

797:166-176.

86. van der Most, R.G., R. Concepcion, C. Oseroff, J. Alexander, S. Southwood, J. Sidney, R.W.

Chesnut, R. Ahmed and A. Sette. 1997. Uncovering subdominant cytotoxic T-lymphocyte

responses in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infected BALB/c mice. J.Virol.

71:5110-5114.

87. Selvakumar, R., A. Schmitt, T. Iftner, R. Ahmed and F.O. Wettstein. 1997. Regression of

papillomas induced by cottontail rabbit papillomavirus is associated with infiltration of

CD8+ cells and persistence of viral DNA after regression. J. Virol. 71:5540-5548.

88. McChesney, M.B., C.J. Miller, P.A. Rota, Y. Zhu, L. Antipa, N. Lerche, R. Ahmed and

W.J. Bellini. 1997. Experimental Measles I. Pathogenesis in the normal and the immunized

host. Virology 233:74-84.

89. Slifka, M.K., J. Whitmire, and R. Ahmed. 1997. Bone marrow contains virus-specific

cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Blood 90:2103-2108.

90. Jensen, E.R., H. Shen, F.O. Wettstein, R. Ahmed and J.F. Miller, 1997. Recombinant

Listeria monocytogenes as a live vaccine vehicle and a probe for studying cell mediated

immunity. Immunol. Reviews 158:147-157.

91. Jensen, E.R., R. Selvakumar, H. Shen, R. Ahmed., F.O. Wettstein, andJ.F. Miller.1997.

Vaccination with recombinant listeria monocytogenes eliminates papillomavirus induced

tumors and prevents papilloma formation from viral DNA. J. Virol. 71:8467-8474.

92. van der Most, R., K.Murali-Krishna, J. L. Whitton, C. Oseroff, J. Alexander, S. Southwood,

J. Sidney, J.S. Chesnut, A. Sette, and R. Ahmed. 1998. Identification of Db and K

b

restricted subdominant cytotoxic T-cell responses in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

infected mice. Virology 240:158-167.

93. Su, H.C., L.P. Cousens, L.D. Fast, M.K. Slifka, R.D. Bungiro, R. Ahmed, and C.A. Biron.

1998. CD4 and CD8 T cell interactions in IFN-gamma and IL-4 responses to viral infections:

Requirements for IL-2. J. Immunol. 160: 5007-5017.

94. Slifka, M.K., R. Antia, J. Whitmire and R. Ahmed. 1998. Humoral immunity due to

long-lived plasma cells. Immunity. 8: 363-372.

95. Galvan, M., K. Murali-Krishna, L.L. Ming, L. Baum., and R. Ahmed. 1998. Alterations in

cell surface carbohydrates on T cells from virally infected mice can distinguish effector and

memory CD8+ T cells from naive cells. J. Immunol. 161:641-648.


96. Shen, H., J.F. Miller, X. Fan, D. Kolwyck, R. Ahmed, and J.T. Harty. 1998.

Compartmentalization of bacterial antigens: Differential effects on priming of CD8 T cells

and protective immunity. Cell 92:535-545.

97. Murali-Krishna, K., J.D. Altman, M. Suresh, D. Sourdive, A. Zajac, J.Miller, J. Slansky, and

R. Ahmed. 1998. Counting antigen specific CD8 T cells: A re-evaluation of bystander

activation during viral infection. Immunity. 8: 177-187.

98. Slifka, M.K., and R. Ahmed. 1998. Long-lived plasma cells; a mechanism for maintaining

persistent antibody production. Current Opinion in Immunology 10:252-258.

99. Murali-Krishna, K., J.D. Altman, M. Suresh, D. Sourdive, A. Zajac and R. Ahmed. 1998.

In vivo dynamics of anti-viral CD8 T cell responses. In: Mechanisms of Lymphocyte

Activation and Immune Regulation VII: Molecular Determinants of Microbiol Immunity.

Plenum Press, pp 123-142.

100. Ahmed, R. and C. Biron. 1998. Immunity to Viruses. In Fundamental Immunology, 4th

Edition, William E. Paul (ed.) Raven Press, New York, pp 1295-1334.

101. Sourdive, D.J.D., K. Murali-Krishna, J.D. Altman, A.J. Zajac, J. Whitmire, C. Pannetier, P.

Kourilsky, B. Evavold, A. Sette, and R. Ahmed. 1998. Conserved TCR repertoire in

primary and memory CD8 T cell responses to an acute viral infection. J. Exp. Med.

188:71-82.

102. Whitmire, J.K., M.S. Asano, K. Murali-Krishna, M. Suresh and R. Ahmed. 1998.

Long-term CD4+ Th1 and Th2 memory following acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

infection. J. Virol. 72: 8281-8288.

103. Flynn, K., G. Belz, J. Altman, R. Ahmed, D.L. Woodland, P.C. Doherty. 1998. Virus-specific

CD8+

T cells in primary and secondary influenza pneumonia. Immunity 8:683-691.

104. Zajac, A.J., K. Murali-Krishna, J.N. Blattman and R. Ahmed. 1998. Therapeutic

vaccination against chronic viral infection: Importance of CD4-CD8 T cell cooperation.

Current Opinion in Immunology 10:444-449.

105. Slifka, M.K., and R. Ahmed. 1998. B cell responses and immune memory. Plotkin S.

Brown F, Horaud F (eds): Preclinical and Clinical Development of New Vaccines. Dev. Biol.

Stand. Basel, Karger, 95: 105-115.

106. Antia, R., S. Pilyugin and R. Ahmed. 1998. Models of immune memory: On the role of

cross-reactive stimulation, competition, and homeostasis in maintaining immune memory.

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95: 14926-14931.


107. Zajac, A.J., J.N. Blattman, K. Murali-Krishna, D.J.D. Sourdive, M. Suresh, J.D. Altman and R.

Ahmed. 1998. Viral immune evasion due to persistence of activated T-cells without effector

function. J. Exp. Med. 188: 2205-2213.

108. Matloubian, M., M. Suresh, A. Glass, M. Galvan, K. Chow, J. K. Whitmire, C.M. Walsh,

W.R. Clark and R. Ahmed. 1999. A role for perforin in downregulating T-cell responses

during chronic viral infection. J. Virol. 73: 2527-2536.

109. Ahmed, R. and J. Sprent. 1999. Immunological Memory. The Immunologist 7: 23-26.

110. McHeyzer-Williams, M.G. and R. Ahmed. 1999. B cell memory and the long-lived

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306 Araki, K., A.H. Ellebedy, and R. Ahmed. 2011. TOR in the immune system. Curr. Opin.

in Cell Biol. 23: 707-715.

307. De Rosa, S.C., E.P. Thomas, J. Bui, Y. Huang, A. deCamp, C. Morgan, S.A. Kalams, G.D.

Tomaras, R. Akondy, R. Ahmed, C.-Y. Lau, B.S. Graham, G.J. Nabel, M.J. McElrath, and the

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases HIV Vaccine Trials Network. 2011.

HIV-DNA priming alters T cell responses to HIV-adenovirus vaccine even when responses to

DNA are undetectable. J. Immunol. 187: 3391-3401.

308. Walker, B.D., R. Ahmed, and S. Plotkin. 2011. Use both arms to beat HIV. Nature Med.

17: 1194-1195.

309. Youngblood, B., K.J. Oestreich, S.-J. Ha, J. Duraiswamy, R.S. Akondy, E.E. West, Z. Wei, P.

Lu, J.W. Austin, J.L. Riley, J.M. Boss, and R. Ahmed. 2011. Chronic virus infection


enforces demethylation of the locus that encodes PD-1 in antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.

Immunity 35: 400-412.

310. Kotturi, M.F., J.A. Swann, B. Peters, C.L. Arlehamn, J. Sidney, R.V. Kolla, E.A. James, R.S.

Akondy, R. Ahmed, W.W. Kwok, M.J. Buchmeier, and A. Sette. 2011. Human CD8+ and

CD4+ T cell memory to LCMV infection. J. Virol.. 85: 11770-80.

311. Ahmed R, and Pulendran B. 2011. Learning vaccinology from viral infections. J. Exp. Med 208:

2347-9.

312. Johnson P.L., B.F Kochin, M.S. McAfee, I.M. Stromnes, R.R Regoes, R. Ahmed, J.N. Blattman, and

R. Antia. 2011. Vaccination alters the balance between protective immunity, exhaustion, escape, and

death in chronic infections. J. Virol. 85: 5565-70.

313. Iyer, S.S., J.H. Chatraw, W.G. Tan, E.J. Wherry, T.C. Becker, R. Ahmed, and Z.F. Kapasi.

2011. Protein energy malnutrition impairs homeostatic proliferation of memory CD8 T cells. J.

Immunol. 188: 77-84.

314. Aubert, RD., A.O. Kamphorst, S. Sarka, V. Vezys, S.J. Ha, D.L Barber, L. Ye, A.H. Sharpe,

G.J. Freeman, and R. Ahmed. 2011. Antigen-specific CD4 T-cell help rescues exhausted

CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection. PNAS 108: 21182-21187.

315. Youngblood B, Wherry EJ, and Ahmed R. 2012. Acquired transcriptional programming in functional

and exhausted virus-specific CD8 T cells. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 7: 50-7.

316. Feinberg, M.B., and R. Ahmed. 2012. Born this way? Understanding the immunological

basis of effective HIV control. Nature Immunology 13: 1-3.

317. Wrammert, J., N. Onlamoon, R.S. Akondy, G.C. Perng, K. Polsrila, A. Chandele, M. Kwissa,

B. Pulendran, P.C. Wilson, O. Wittawatmongkol, S. Yoksan, N. Angkasekwinai, K.

Pattanapanyasat, K. Chokephaibulkit, and R. Ahmed. 2012. Rapid and massive virus-specific

plasmablast responses during acute dengue virus infection in humans. J. Virol. 86: 2911.

318. Lin, J.X., P. Lin, D. Liu, H.T. Jin, J. He, M.A. Ur Rasheed, Y. Rochman, L. Wang, K. Cui, C.

Liu, B.L. Kelsall, R. Ahmed, and W.J. Leonard. 2012. Critical role of STAT5 transcription

factor tetramerization for cytokine responses and normal immune function. Immunity 36:

526-599.

319. Feinberg, M.B., and R. Ahmed. 2012. Born this way? Understanding the immunological

basis of effective HIV control. Nature Immunol. 13: 632-634.

320. Johnson, P.L.F., B.F. Kochin, R. Ahmed, and R. Antia. 2012. How do antigenically varying

pathogens avoid cross-reactive responses to invariant antigens? Proc. R. Soc. B.

279:2777-2785.


321. O’Donnell C. D., L. Vogel, A. Wright, S.R. Das, J. Wrammert, G.M. Li, M. McCausland, N.Y.

Zheng, J.W. Yewdell, R. Ahmed, P.C. Wilson, and K. Subbarao. 2012. Antibody pressure

by a human monoclonal antibody targeting the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus hemagglutinin

drives the emergence of a virus with increased virulence in mice. M. Bio. 3:1-10.

322. Yoon, H.S., C.D. Scharer, P. Majumber, C.W. Davis, R. Butler, W. Zinzow-Kramer, I.

Skountzou, D. G. Koutsonanos, R. Ahmed, and J. Boss. 2012. ZBTB32 Is an Early

Repressor of the CIITA and MHC Class II Gene Expression during B Cell Differentiation to

Plasma Cells. J. Immunol. 189: 2393:2403.

323. Li, G.-M., C. Chiu, J. Wrammert, M. McCausland, S.F. Andrews, N.-Y. Zheng, J.-H. Lee, M.

Huang, X. Qu, S. Edupuganti, M. Mulligan, S.R. Das, J.W. Yewdell, A.K. Mehta, P.C.

Wilson, and R. Ahmed. 2012. Pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine induces a recall response

in humans that favors broadly cross-reactive memory B cells. PNAS 109: 9047-9052.

324. Lederman, E.R., W. Davidson, H.L. Groff, S.K. Smith, T. Warkentien, Y. Li, K.A. Wilkins, K.

L. Karem, R.S. Akondy, R. Ahmed, M. Frace, WJ Shieh, S. Zaki, D.E. Hruby, W.P. Painter,

K.L. Bergman, J.I. Cohen, and I.K. Damon. 2012. Progressive vaccinia: case description

and laboratory-guided therapy with vaccinia immune globulin, St-246 and CMX001. J. Inf.

Dis. 58: 532-536.

325. Wu, T., A. Wieland, K. Araki, C.W. Davis, L. Ye, J.S. Hale, and R. Ahmed. 2012.

Temporal expression of microRNA cluster miR-17-92 regulates effector and memory CD8+

T-cell differentiation. PNAS 109: 9965-9970.

326. Quinn, C.P.,C.L. Sabourin, N.A.Niemuth, H. Li, V.A. Semenova, T.L. Rudge, H.J. Mayfield,

J. Schiffer, R.S. Mittler, C.C.Ibegbu, J. Wrammert, R. Ahmed, A.M. Brys, R.E. Hunt, D.

Levesque, J.E. Estep, R.E. Barnewall, D.M. Robinson, B.D. Plikaytis, and N. Marano for the

AVRP Laboratory Working Group. 2012. A three dose intramuscular schedule of anthrax

vaccine adsorbed generates sustained humoral and cellular immune response to protective

antigen and provides long term protection against inhalation anthrax in rhesus macaques.

Clin. Vaccine Immunol. E-published.

327. Ellebody, A.F., and R. Ahmed. 2012. Re-engaging cross-reactive memory B cells: the

influenza puzzle. Frontiers in Immun. E-published.

328. Kovalev, G.I., D.R. Latner, B. Wang, J.A. Frelinger, R. Ahmed and L. Su. 2011.

Modulation of homeostatic proliferation of memory CD8 T cells by cyclin-dependent kinase

inhibitor p18INK4c

. Submitted.

329. Stoyanov, C.T., K. Kastenmueller, R. Akondy, S. Boscardin, R. Ahmed, R.A. Seder, and C.M.

Rice. 2011. Evaluation of a yellow fever virus vector for the delivery of Plasmodium

falciparum cirumsporozoite antigen. Submitted.

330. Mulligan, M.J., S. Edupuganti, R. Eidex, H. Keyserling, K. Easley, W. Orenstein, C. del Rio,


A. Caliendo, R. Akondy, J. Miller, R. Lanciotti, B. Pulendran, P.M. Frew, S. Garg, B. Lawson,

Y. Pan, T. Querec, A. Barrett, R. Ahmed, D. Teuwen, and M. Cetron. 2011. A randomized,

double-blind, controlled trial of the 17D yellow fever virus vaccine given in combination

with immune globulin or placebo: Comparative viremia and immunogenicity. Clin. Infect.

Dis. Submitted.

331. Zinzow-Kramer, W.M., A.B. Long, B.A. Youngblood, K.M. Rosenthal, R. Butler, A.-U.-R.

Mohammed, I. Skountzou, R. Ahmed, B.D. Evavold, and J.M. Boss. 2011. CIITA promoter I

CARD-deficient mice express functional MHC class II genes in myeloid and lymphoid

compartments. Submitted

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AHMED, Rafi - JST · and attenuated viruses by rescue of mutations from DI particles. Virology 111: 351-363. 8. ... variants of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in spleens of persistently