Art History 8.26.09

Acheology vs Art history-

Introduction to Terms.

Art Mediums and preservation-No paper, (invented 105 ad in china, doesn’t make it to Europe until medieval period) Parchment instead, and vellum-Cloth, preserved best in arid environments. Battle of hastings-Wood, preserved only in arid environment. (Egypt is a good place for things to be found preserved in)-Ivory (tusks) Rare.-Bronze-Ceramics, terracotta-Glass (stained glass)-Stone

2D vs 3D-2D flat, pictures, paintings, drawings, cloth, writing, tablets, oil paintings, frescos, Mosaics-3D stone, clay, Relief

Subject Matter-Genre Scene (everyday life scene)-Still life (arranged objects)-Portait (Example) – Roman emperor Pompi-Mosaic, (Example) battle scene of Alexander the Great’s battle

of Persia.-Narrative: Myth and Religious pieces.-Narrative, Literary

Terms to describe Style: Representational vs Non-representational / abstract.

-Representational vs non-representational.-Schematized, stylized.-Terms to describe style: (Stone women) Stylized / schematized, realistic, idealized, expressionistic, naturalistic.

-Terms to describe style: (old man in stone) Stylized / schematized, realistic, idealized, expressionistic, naturalistic.

Art History 8.28.09

The Beginning of Art

Chronology: the logos (law/word) of chronos (time)3Main divisions: Ancient-Medieval-Modern

Ancient world (see r#1: Hesiod Works and Days, The Ages of Man):`Stone Age-Bronze age-Iron age-Classical civilization

Stone Age-Paleolithic (old stone age)-Mesolithic (middle stone age)-Neolithic (New Stone Age)

Term: Aesthetic-Ex. Acheulian axes, Lower Paleotlithic. The one pictured is about 1.2 million years old, in the British Museum, from Olduvial Gorge, Tanzania. (Earliest objects with artistic appeal go back to the last ice age 40, 000

years.)

Paleolithic Sculpture 3D-Ex. Vogelherd Cave, Germany. Small (portable for the nomads) stone carvings, horse and mammoth.

-Looks really advanced, it’s the earliest known art, but specultations point to practice.

-Ex. Brno (Czechoslovakia), Ivory, 8” tall. “Brno Man”

Term: Ochre

-Ex. Venus of Willlendorf, from Willendorf, Austria, ca. 28,000 – 25,000 BCE. Limestone, approx. 4 ¼” high. Very Schemetized. Painted in Ochre

-Ex. Woman holding a bison horn, from Laussel, Dordogne, France, ca. 25,000 – 20,000 BCE. Painted limestone, approx. 1’6” tall.

-Ex. Dolni Vestonice (Czechoslovakia). Mammoth scapula, used for huts and homes, probably seasonal.

Ex. Dolni Vestonice, faces. Examine the mouths, they’re turned up at the lip, it’s easier to carve a straight mouth, not one that’s turned up. Woman’s body found and her jaw was offset to one side which would turn her mouth up. Perhaps she was important to her people. First indication of Portraiture.

Ex. Hohlenstein – Stradel, Germany, ca. 30,000 – 28,000 BCE. Mammoth Ivory, 11 5/8” tall.

-Lion standing, or human with Lion head? They decided recently that she’s a lioness. The hunter, food provider.

Ex. Two bison, in cave at Le Tuc d’Audoubert, Ariege, France. Ca. 15,000 – 10,000 BCE. Clay, each approx. 2’ long.

-Additive sculpture, baked clay.

Cave Paintings 2DEx. Cave at Pech – Merle, France, ca. 22,000 BCE. Approx, 11’ 2” long.

Art History 8.31.09

Cave Paintings continued(Look up) “Pretzel Walsky Horse” Cave painting deptiction of horse thought to be extinct, but recently they found some in Tibet!

Ex. Hall of the Bulls (left wall), Lascaux, Dordogne, France, ca. 15,000 – 13,000 BCE. Largest bull approx. 11’6” long.

Ex. Altamira cave, Santander, Spain, ca. 12,000 – 11,000 BCE.

Ex. Chauvet Cave, France, ca. 30,000 – 28,000 or ca. 15,000 – 13, 000 BCE.

Art History 9.2.09

Mesolithic Art

NeolithicTerm: Agricultural RevolutionEx. Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, England, ca. 2550 – 1800 BCE.

Term: Meglithic.Extends into the bronze age.Lines up with the sun on the Solstice.Once possible sequence

-Phase 1: (2750): 330’ diameter henge and sarsen (Wiltshire sandstone, 23 miles) heel stone.-Phase 2: inner circle of bluestones (Welsh Dolorite, 150

miles)-Phase 3: horseshoe of 5 trillion and outer circle of sarsens (20’ tall, 50 tons) . Calculated that it would take 1100 men 5 ½ years to move them. 50 masons, 7 days a week 2 ¾ years to dress them-Phase 4: (1500): Bluestone reused around alter.

Term: post and lintel (not lentil) mortise and tenon joints.-Lintels have hollows at either end to hold them in place on the post.

Architecture, Art sculpture, depends on how it was intended to be used.

Ex. Car Henge! In Alliance Nebraska .Bronze Age Mesopotamia

Meso : middlePotamos: RiverMesopotamia : Middle of rivers. (Tigris Euphrates River) Fertile Cresent.Terms: Mesopotamia, Sumer, Theocracy.

The Four Revolutions.Appearance of manAgricultural revolutionUrban revolutionIndustrial revolution.

Sumer and the Sumerians.First city Uruk (=Warka)

-City structures such as homes, temples, Theocracy (Rule of religious system).

Ex. White Temple and Ziggurat, Uruk (Modern Warka), Irak, Sumerian ca. 3200 – 3000 BCE.

Art History 9.4.09-Reconstruction drawing of the White Temple and Ziggurat, Uruk (Modern Warka), Iraq, Sumerian, ca. 3200 - 3000 BCE (after S. E. Piggott).Term: Ziggurat-Female head (Inanna?), from Uruk (modern Warka), Iraq, Sumerian, ca. 3200 – 3000 BCE. Marble, approx. 8” high. Iraq Museum, Baghdad.Term: Inlay.-Presentation of offerings to Inanna (Warka Vase), from Uruk, Iraq, Sumerian, ca. 3200 – 3000 BCE. Alabaster, 3’ ¼” high. Iraq Museum, Baghdad.Term: Register.-Cuneiform (time of the Gilgamesh Epic)-Eshnunna (Tell Asmar), Temple of Abu, Sumerian.Term: Votive-Votive figurines, Eshnunna (Tell Asmar), Temple of Abu, Sumerian.-Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar), Iraq, Sumerian, ca. 2700 BCE. Gypsum inlaid with shell and black limestone.-Royal Cemetery, Ur, Sumerian.-Tomb of Queen Pu-abi, Royal Cemetery, Ur, Sumerian.-Ram in the Thicket.-Peace side, Standard of Ur, Royal Cemetery, Ur, Iraq, Sumerian, ca. 2600 BCE. Wood inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, and red limestone, 8” x 1’ 7”. British Museum, London.

-War side of the Standard of Ur, from tomb 779, Royal Cemetery-Bull-headed lyre (restored) from Tomb 789 (“King’s Grave”_, Royal Cemetery, Ur, Iraq, Sumerian, ca. 2600 BCE, approx 5’5” high. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

-Soundbox of the lyre from Tomb 789 (“King’s Grave”), Royal Cemetery, Ur, Iraq, Sumerian, ca. 2600 BCE. Wood with inlaid gold, lapis lazuli, and shell, approx. 1’7” high. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

-“Master of the Beast”

Art History 9.9.09Mesopotamia

Bronzo age Mesopotamia.Sumerian head (actually Akkadian)Like -Unibrow

-Patterns in the hair and beard-Inlaid eyes

Unlike -Smaller eyes-different nose.

Akkadian (king rules over people, not religion, so an end to theocracy)

-Head of an Akkadian ruler, from Nineveh, Iraq, Akkadian, ca. 2250 – 2200 BCE. Copper, 1’ 2 3/8” high. Iraq Museum, Baghdad.-Victory Stele of Naram – Sin, from Susa, Iran, Akkadian, 2254 – 2218 BCE. Pink sandstone, approx. 6’7” high. Louvre, Paris.Terms: Stele (or stela)-Gudea of Lagash, Girsu.

-Akkadian Arms.-Sumerian eyes-Sumerian form and figure

Neo Sumerians (Return of the Sumerians)-Steated statues of Gudea from Girsu, Iraq, Neo Sumerian, ca. 2100 BCE. Diorite.-Ur, Neo Sumerian.Term: Ziggurat = Temple built on a platform.-Ziggurat of Nanna (northeastern façade with restored stairs), Ur, Iraq, Neo Sumerian, ca. 2100.

Old Babylonian

-Stele with law code of Hamurabi, from Susa, Iran, Old Babylonian, ca. 1780 BCE. Basalt, approx. 7’4” high. Louvre, Paris

The horned figure is the God Shamash, and Hamurabi is the smaller figure approaching him. Common.

Bronzo Age EgyptTerms: Upper / Lower Egypt.

Nile River.Higher Egypt is lower South, but higher altitude.Lower Egypt is higher Nort, but lower altitude.West side of Nile is the Land of the Dead.Surrounded / Guarded well geographically, so no influx of new people or war.

Chronology:PredynasticOld Kingdom1st Intermediate PeriodMiddle Kingdom2nd Intermediate PeriodNew Kingdom, dynasties 18 - 223rd Intermediate Period

Terms: PharoahPredynastic:

Hieroglyphs: Pictographic script.-Pallete of Narmer (artist), Herakonpolis, Egyt, Predynastic Slate. 2’1” high.-White Crown of Upper Egypt-Red Crown of Lower Egypt-Double Crown of Unified Egypt.

Term: Canon of Proportions. Measured by fists. Canon = Law, Law of proportions.

Old KingdomWhat’s the first thing that comes to mind when you think of

Egypt?Pyramids at Giza-Seciont (Left), plan (center), and restored view (right) of typical Egyptian Mastaba tombs. (requires slides).

-Ti watching hippopotamus hunt, mastaba of Ti, Saqqara, Old Kingdom, Painted limestone, approx. 4’ high.-Impotep, Stepped Pyramid and mortuary precinct of Djoser, Saqarra, Egypt, Dynasty III, ca. 2630 – 2611 BCE.They tried with the true Pyramid shape, failed (look up bent pyramid) and then they figure it out and at the end of the second Dynasty.-Ex. Great Pyramid, Giza, Egypt, Dynasty IV, Old Kingdom, Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre, and Kufu.Term: Valley temple (down by the nile), mortuary temple (right up next to the pyramid).Term: Corbelled vaulting (tapering in stone wall for a stone on top), revealing triangle.-Ex. Great Sphinx (with Pyramid of Khafre in the background at left), Giza, Egypt, Dynasty IV, ca. 2520 – 2494 BCE. Sandstone, approx, 65’ high, 240’ long.-Ex. Khafre, form Giza, Egypt, Dynasty IV, ca. 2520 – 2494 BCE. Diorite (not true, actually Gneiss), approx. 5’6” high. EgyptianMueeum, Cairo.-Ex. Little Pyramid-Ex. Menkaure and wife, from Giza, Egypt, Dnasty IV, ca 2490 – 2472 Graywacke approx 4’ 6 ½” high. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Art History 9.14.09Kufu’s pyramid was the tallest building in the world until the Eifell

tower.First real pyramid is the red pyramid.A couple hundred years is the Middle Kingdom, short lived.

*New Kingdom.-Egypt splits once more between North and South.-High point in Egyptian art.-Old Kigdom capital was near Cairo, now it’s near Thebes on the East side of the Nile River.-Separating tombs from temples to avoid thievery. Buried belongings of dead in the hills on the West side of the Nile River.-Ex. Mortuary temple of Hetshepsut, (neighborhood of) Dei el-Bahri, Egypt,-Dynasty XVIII, ca. 1473 – 1458 BCE.

-Hatshepsut was the only woman to Usurp the throne to rule, versus ruling for a young son or something like other women have done.

-Ex. Deir el Bahri to Temple of Amun at Karnak, Thebes.-Tied to the Apet festival, statue of Amun is taken out to be put elsewhere. rejuvenation of the Pharaohs’ Ka.-Terms: Hypostyle hall – halls filled with columns.

-Clerestory - Gap between roof and walls to let light in.-Pylon -

-Ex. Pylon, Temple of Amun, Karnak, New Kingdom.-Term: Odelisk – Big tall phallic things, tapered. Washington Monument is an Obelisk.

-Ex. Hypostyle hall, Temple of Amen – Re, KArnak, Egypt, Dynasty XIX, ca. 1290 – 1224 BCE.-Ex. Colossal statues of Akhenaton (femmy Pharaoh), Karnak, New Kingdom.

-Suggested that he has Phrolic syndrome. But that renders a person infertile and he had six daughters supposedly.

*The Amarna Period (Art in the New Kingdom)-Akhenaton moves his court to Tell el – Amarna. (Akhetaten). In the Middle of the dessert.

-All of his temples are open roofed so the sun can shine in.-Ex. Nefertiti, from Tell el Amarna, Egypt, Dynasty XVIII, ca. 1353 – 1335 BCE. Painted limestone, approx. 1’8” high. Agyptisches Museum, Berlin.-Ex. Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and threee daughters, from Tell el – Amarna, Egypt, Dynasty XVIII, ca. 1335 – 1335 BCE. Limestone, approx. 12 ¼” high. Aqyptisches Museum, Berlin.

*Akhenaton dies.-Ex. Tomb of Tutankamen, Valley of the Kings, Thebes, New

Kingdom.-The tomb wasn’t even meant for King Tut, some of the furniture wasn’t his.

-Ex. Sarcophagi of Tutnkhamen, from his tomb at Thebes, Egypt, Dynasty XVIII, ca. 1323 BCE. Gold with inlay of enamel and semiprecious stones, approx. 6’1” log. Egyptian Museum, Cairo.-Ex. Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel, Egypt. Dynasty XIX. Sandstone, approx

Art History 9.16.09Bronze Age Aegean

Part of Mediterranian Sea – Aegean Sea.Culture of Aegean

3 CulturesHelladic, Cycladia, Menoan.

Early and Medial CycladicFolded Arm Figure

Fertility, not very exaggerated.Island Marble decorated with emery.Schematized, sold on black market.Harp players, double pipe players, Male Muscicians.Uzo Drinker, Stiff slender, no eyes curvery.

Middle ClycladicSanturini part of the island blew away 1500 BCE.Volcanic island. Created new island.Town of Anturini recovered from earthquake. No bodies of animals except for the monkey. Left frescos behind.

Art History 9.18.09Minoan culture

-Ex. The Characters: Minos, Pasiphae, Daedalus, Minataur, Theseus, Ariadne.

Term: Labyrinth.Look up story of king Aegeas, who the Aegean is named after.-Ex. Palace at Knossos (Crete), Greece, ce. 1700 – 1400 BCE.-Ex. Bull leaping, from the palace at Knossos, (Crete), ca. 1450 – 1400 BCE. Fresco, approx. 2’8” high, including border, Archaeological Museum, Herakleion.Terms: Horns of Concecration. Large scale Architectural horns on palace roofs.-Ex. Snake Goddesses, Knossos (Crete), Greese, ca. 1600 BCE. Faience, approx. 1’ 1 ½” high. Archaeological Museum, Herakleion.

-Terms: Faience (fey- once) take sand, heat it up alone, start to fuze bits of sand together but not completely like glass. The colors on the figurines are glazes.-Ex. Harvester Vase, Haghia Triada (Aya, Tree-ada), Neo Palatial.

The Helladic Culture.

Peloponesus.-Ex. Arerial view of Citadel at Tiryns, Greece, Late Helladic, ca.-Ex. Plan of the palace and southern part od the citadel, Tiryns, Greece, ca. 1400 – 1200 BCE.

-Centered around a building structure called a Megaron. Very different from the palace at Knossos, very protected.-Cyclopean masonry (from Cyclops in Odyssey of Homer), Tiryns, Late Helladic. Because only a Cyclops could pick up these heavy stones.

Art History 9.20.09-Snake goddesses, made of Faience. Made of a type of glass, more like sand. NOT Earthen wear. Was developed in Egypt. Skirt is typical of dress code.-50 years later, changes at Crete. Linear B, is a new writing style. Greeks arriving here (language changes).

Helladic Culture.-Citadel of Tiryns, raised up high with larger wall all the way around. Megaron is centered and protected within the citadel-Citadel of Mycenae, Late Helladic period.-Lion Gate Mycenae, Greece, Late Helladic, ca. 1300 – 1250 BCE. Limestone, relief panel approx. 9’6” high.

-Relieving triangle, corbelling, post and lintel.-ONLY large scale stone sculpture.

-Tholos is the way upper classes are burying their dead. Entire area inside is corbelled.-Frescoes, from Tiryns and Mycenae. Late Helladic.-Warrior Vase, from Mycenae, Greece, ca. 1200 BCE. Approx. 1’4” high. National Archaeological Museum, Athens.-Boar’s Tusk Helmet and Armor, Tholos tomb, Dendra: Ivory head from Mycenae, Late Helladic.-Troy or Ilium, Modern Misarlik.-Torjan War, Illiad and Odyssey by HomerA Memory of the end of the Bronze age?

Art History 9.25.09Iron Age Near East

Writing disappears (not in Egypt) so it becomes a dark age.Copper and tin trade routes collapse, end to Bronze age.

Mesopotamia Recovers after the fall of the Bronze Age the quickest.City of Asshur, reunify Mesopotamia. At some point, large civilization, called the Assyrians.-Ex. Palace of Sargon II, Khorsabad (ancient Dur Sharrukin)

Fortified.MudbrickAppearance of those half bull half Assyrian (head with beard and horned crown, godly) winged hybrids.

-Ex. Lamassu (winged, human-headed bull), from the citadel (Palace, not up high like a fortress) from the citadel of Sargon OO, Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad), Iraq, ca. 720 – 705 BCE. Limestone, approx. 13’ 10” high. Louvre Paris.

FIVE FEET! Interesting, the artist wanted to depict them with a full set of legs from all angles. So from the front, you see the two front legs, from the side, an extra leg makes it look like you can see a full four set.-Ex. Palace of Ashurbanipal, Nineveh, Assyrian.

Decorated with Relief sculpture.Everything was painted.Lion hunt reliefs. Shows the King hunting lions. A show of

strength.King has muscular arms, but simplified body and clothing.Term: Continuous Narration – In the lion hunt like a comic book. Three lions running consecutively towards the King (who is bigger, hierarchy of scale) is actually the same lion.

Assyrian, Ashurbanipal wall of the hunt of the lions.Babylonian Empire 606 – 536 BCE., after the Assyrians fall. Babylon also unifies all of Mesopotamia.

Called the Neo Babylonian period. As opposed to the old empire with Hamurabi.-Ex. Babylobian, Babylonian Captivity, Nebuchadnezzar II, Tower of Babel = Ziggurat of Marduk? (Genesis 11:1-9)Hanging Gardens (Diodorus Siculius 2.10).

Story of Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the King built the hanging gardens for his wife who was from the mountains and missed the greenery there.

-Ex. Ishtar Gate (restored), Babylon, Iraq, ca. 575 BCE. Glazed brick. Staatliche Museum, Berlin.

Made of Glazed baked brick.

Persian empire (Achaemenid Persians, that’s the family name of those who ruled THIS Persian Empire) rises after Babylonian empire. Capitol at Persepolis.

No real identifying architecture. They adopt what is already there, barrowed from Greeks, Egyptians, etc.Accepting of other religions and lifestyles.Capitol city of Persepolis, Iran.

Fortified city.Sections added on to the city by rulers.Hypostyle Hall is incorporated into the city’s structures.

The Columns are skinnier than the Egyptian ones.The doors and windows are all post and lintel and the walls wee mudbrick (eroded away or something).Incorporates Lamassu’s (Assyrian).

-Ex. Look up the Persepolis Stairs.

Art History 9.28.09Ancient Greece

(is dispersial a word?)Iron Age 1200 – 600 BCE

Sub Mycenaean / Sub MinoanProto Geometric PeriodOritenalization period

Archaic Period 600 – 480 BCEClassical period

Early / Transitional 480- 450 BCEHigh

Greek Vase Painting: Geometric – Early ClassicalNo more people or animals or war scenes, degenerates to simple geometric designs. -Ex. Geometric krater, from the Dipylon cemetery, Athens Greece, ca. 740 BCE. Approx. 3’4 ½” high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Funerary vase, with funeral procession represented.Orientalizing aphora with animal frieces, from Rhodes, Greece, ca. 625 – 600 BCE. Approx. 1’2” high. British Museum, London.

Beginning of orientalizing period.Writing resurfaces.

Oddysey by Homer is written down.Archaic Period:

-Ex. Signed by Kleitias the vase painter and Ergotimos the potter, Francois Vase (attic black – figure volute krater), from Chiusi, Italy, ca. 570 BCE. Approx. 2’2” high. Museo Archeologico, Florence.

“Black figure” method, created using slip, pottery term. More durable, slip can’t be chipped off like slip can.All figures from their religion, Greek Mythology.

Know three base names:Krater: mixing wineAmphora: storing wineKylix: What you would drink your soup or wine from. Interior has a scene, think Bird Cage and the gay Greek chinawear.Hydria: looks like an amphora but it has a third handle.

-Ex. Exekias, Achilles and Ajax playing a dice game, from Vulci, Italy, ca. 540 – 530 BCE. Whole vessel approx. 2’ high. Vatican Museums, Rome.

-Exekias moment, the moment he decides to show a story.-The moment hints at what happens in the Iliad when Achilles dies and Oddyseus and Ajax compete for his holy shield and sword, Ajax loses, goes crazy, and kills a bunch of sheep thinking they’re Torjans, then comes to and is embarrassed and kills himself.

-Ex. Exekias, Suicide of Ajax.-Ex. Exekias, Achilles and Penthesileia (Queen of the Amazons).-Ex. Andokides Painter, Achilles and Ajax playing a dice game (bilingual), from Orvieto, Italy, ca. 525 – 530 BCE. Approx, 1’9” high. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

They inverted the colors on the back of the amphora, this is called red color. Instead of painting the figures in slip, they paint the back ground in slip. “Bilingual”

-Ex. Euphronios, Keralis wrestling Antaios, from Cerveteri, Italy, ca. 510 BCE. Whole vessel approx. 1’7” high. Louvre, Paris.-Ex. Euthymides, Three revelers, from Vulci, Italy, ca. 510 BCE. Approx. 2’ high. Staatliche Antikensammlungen, Munich.

Showing a figure twisting on a 2d surface.Classical Krater –Ex. Niobid Painter, Artemis and Apollo slaying the children of Niobe, from Orvieto, Italy, ca. 450 BCE. Approx. 1’9“ high. Louvre, Paris.

Niobe was a mother who said that her sons were better than the gods so the gods come down and kill the children and the mother wheeps and turns into a stone.

Subject Matter of Greek Art: Gods and Neros.Head of the gods. ZeusAthena: Warrior goddess. Wise war fareWife of Zeus is HeraHermes is the messenger God.Ares is the other God of War, brutal warfarePoseidon: sky and seaHades: Underworld.Demeter, Persephone’s mother mourns for her when Hades marries

her and takes her down below (winter)Aphrodite: loveAresErosApolloArtemisDionysos: Wine and drinking and wildness.

Art History 9.30.09Ancient Greek Architecture: Geometric Architecture.

-Ex. Model, Sanctuary of Hera, Argos, Geometric Period.By the end of the Orientalizing period, found structure on the ground.

-Ex. Temple A, Prinias, Crete, Orientalizing, ca. 625 BCE.-Ex. Temples at Paestum, Italy.-Ex. Plan of the temple of Hera I, Paestum, Italy, archaic, ca. 550

BCE.Terms: Cella: Inner Chamber

Pronaos: anta, peristyle / Peripteral, stylobate.*Doric Order: 1:6, Tryglyphs and metopes Echinus (name of a sea

urchin) capitalReading: Vitruvius, On Architecture.

*Ionic Order: 1:8, Frieze, belongs to volute capital.*Corinthian Order: Acanthus Capital.-Ex. Temple of Artemis, Corfu, Archaic.

Perdiment.-Ex. West pediment from the tremple of Artemis, Corfu, Greece, Archaic, ca. 600 – 580 BCE. Limestone, greatest height approx. 9’4”. Archaeological Museum, Corfu.

-Ex. Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi, Greece.-Ex. Siphnian Treasury, Delphi, Greece, ca. 530 BCE.

Terms: Caryatid.Columns are ionic, it’s because corinthians haven’t come about

yet, and they don’t have triglyphs and metopes, or -Ex Gigantomachy, detail of the north frieze of the Siphnian

Treasury, Delphi, Greexe, ca. 530 BCE. Marble.

Art History 10.02.09

baseTriglyphEchinusMetopestereobateraking cornicedentilbossvoluterosetteacanthus leafabacusflutefillet IONICPedimentCorniceFriezeEntablatureArchitraveCapitalShaftColumn

DORICAcroterion

CORINTHIAN

Ancient Greek Sculpture: Geometric-Archaic-Ex._Geometric Bronze Horse, British Museum, London.-Ex. Geometric Bronze horse, Metropolitan Museum, NY.-Ex. Hero and Centuar (Herakles and Nessos?), Geometric ca. 750 – 730 BCE. Bronze, approx. 4 ½” high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

-Ex. Lady of Auxerre, Stature of a Goddess or Kore, Orientalizing ca. 650 – 625 BCE. Limestone, approx. 2’1 ½” high. Louvre Paris. Daedalic style, after Daedalus, the man who made a hollow cow for King Minos’ wife.

Would have been painted.-Ex. Temple A, Prinias, Crete, Orientalizing ca. 625 BCE.-Ex. Lintel of Temple A, Prinias, Greece, Orientalizing, ca. 625 BCE. Limestone, approx. 2’9” high: seated goddesses approx. 2’8” high. Archaeological Museum, Herakleion.

-Men always appear nude in Greek art.Kouroi – Greek Boys, not men.Korai – Greek girls, not women.

Berlin Kore, Keratea, Archaic Period. Approx. 6’ high.Was probably a grave marker as she is so dressed up for the afterlife.Buggy eyes are characteristic of Archaic art.

-Ex. Peplos Kore, from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece, Archaic ca. 530 BCE. Marble, approx. 4’ high. Acropolis Museum, Athens.-Ex. Kore, from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. Archaic 520 – 510 BCE. Marble, approx. 1’9 ½” high. Acropolis Museum, Athens.-Ex. La Delicata, Athens Acropolis, Archaic Period.New York Kouros, Archaic, ca. 600 BCE. Marble, approx. 6’ ½” high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

-His hair still looks Daedalic-Still stiff-Body somewhat out of proportion.-Muscles aren’t defined, they’re only indicated at through contour lines.-Still stands like an Egyptian.

-Ex. Calf Bearer (Moschophoros), dedicated by Rhonbos on the Acropolis, Athens, Greece, Archaic ca. 560 BCE. Marble, restored height approx. 5’5”. Acropolis Museum, Athens.

-Man, not Boy, so not a kouros.-Cute Calf.-Beard-Muscled

-Ex. Kroisos, from Anacysos, Greece, Archaic ca. 530 BCE. Marble approx. 6’4” high, National Archaeoligical Museum, Athens.

-Far better defined musculature.-Posture still stiff.

-Ex. Kritios Boy, from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 480 BCE. Marble, approx. 2’10” high. Acropolis Museum, Athens.

-Term: Contraposto, Contraposition. That natural way of standing.-This is the first time IN THE HISTORY OF ART that this is represented.

Art History 10.05.09-Ex. Kritios Boy, from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 480 BCE. Marble, approx.2’10” high. Acropolis Museum, Athens.

-Term: Contrposition-Daedalic Style:

Triangular face.Framed by hairMarked by lines.Plank like.

-Archaic period Loses all Daedalic features.

-Kouros (Boy), Kourai (Girl) Standing.-More Naturalism

Archaic smile is still there until the end of the Archaic period.-Kritios Boy marks the end of the Archaic period. First appearance of contraposition (contraposto)-Period of destruction on the Acropolis caused by the Persians and the statues thrown over. Athenians arrive and restore them.-Ex. BATTLE OF MARATHON, 490 BCE.

-Little group of Athenians defeat this giant army of Persians.-When they win, they send Pheidippides to announce the victory, he runs 26 miles (marathon) to do so.

-Ex. 480 BCE. Battle at Thermopylae, 479 BCE. Athens sacked “Go tell the Spartans, strange passing by that obedient to their laws. We lie.”

-This was the 300. 300 Spartans face off against the Persians.-Once again, the Athenians beat the Persians.

Early Classical 450 BCE.-Rebuilding of the Acropolis.

Transitional or Early Greek Art and Athletics.-Ex. Charioteer, from a group dedicated by Polyzalos od Gela in the Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi, Greece, ca. 470 BCE. Bronze. Approx. 5’11” high. Archaeological Museum, Delphi.

-Contraposition. (natural standing)-Greek sculpters preferred Bronze.-Delphi Charioteer, Early Classical also called Severe Style.

-Ex. MYRON, Diskobolos (Discus Thrower). 5’1” high. Museo Nationale Romano – Palazzp Massimo alle Terme.

-His stance is unstable for a realistic throw.-Myronian movement: when they combine everything so that you get the idea.-The triangles of his body are shooting off in different directions so it all seems so unstable.-This is a copy. The Romans fell in love with Greek Sculpture.

-First appearance of reproduction that we’ve seen in class.

-Since this was most likely in bronze originally, it wouldn’t have needed senseless supports, but in marble it does. First indication of a copy.

-Ex. Sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia, Greece.-Olympics 776 BCE - 394 AD-Built a brand new temple at the early Classical period for Zeus.-Gymnos – naked. Gymnasium means the place where people are naked.

-Ex. Temple of Zeus at Olympia, Libon of Elis Architect, Early Classical.-Ex. East Pediment from the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece, ca.470 – 456 BCE. Marble, approx. 87’ wide. Archaeological Museum Olympia. Chariot race of Pelops and Oinomos.-Ex. Figures from the east pediment of the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece, ca. 470 – 456 BCE. Marble, approx. 4’ 6” high. High. Archaeological Museum, Olympia.

-Balding old figure, rare in classical art.-A little expression, dismay.

-Ex. West pediment Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Easly Classical, Lapithis and Centaurs.

-The Centuars have too much to drink and grab Lapith ladies and it’s all just a bunch of trouble. XD

-The Greeks bringing Order back to Chaos.Thena. Herakles, and Atlas with the apples of the Hesperides, metope from the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece, ca. 470 – 456 BCE. Marble, approx. 5’3” high. Archaeological Museum Olympia.

Art History 10.7.09-Ex. Metopes, Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Early Classical, 12 labors of Herakles.-Ex. Stature of Zues, Olympios, Pheidias, High Classical Chryselephantine = God and Ivory.

-Reading: Pausanius’ Description.-Huge.

Temple of Zeus defines the Early Classical Period. That and its architecture.

The Ancient Olympic Games(skipped in class)

High Classical Art: Athens Acropolis-Athenians fought as the underdogs but came out victorious two times against the Persians. Sacrifice the Acropolis to fight the Persians, so the Athenians rebuild it.-Ex. High Classical 450 – 400 BCE. Perikles, Periklean building program Athens, acropolis ( = high city).

-These four really define this. THEY’RE ALL MARBLE!-Nike Temple, to Athena, Nike means victor.-Propylaia, (sounds like Pylon, Egyptian)-Erechtheion, name comes from old Ledgendary Athenian Ruler, Erechtheios-Parthenon, to Athena Parthenos

-Ex. Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 427 – 424 BCE.

-Column order, Ionic.-Not Peripteral.-Ex. Nike Temple Frieze, Marathon Battle.

-A narrative along the top of the temple.-Nike temple Parapet and bastion

-Super steep ledge protected by a parapet, low stone fence.

-Nike bringing trophies to Athena.-Nike is taking her sandal off before she enters the holy temple.-Clothing is clinging to the body, showing the female figure. Called “Wet drapery”

-Propyleia (front gate)-Column order, Doric.

-Erechtheion (view from the southeast), Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 421 – 405 BCE.

-Female columns Caryatids.-Wooden statue of Athena (traditional) “Athena Poleias” -Athena of the city.-Athena and Poseidon compete with gifts to the city to see who the city will warship. Athean gave them an olive tree and Poseidon gave them a salt water spring. The Athenians chose Athena as their patron Goddess.-Caryatids are the most popular part if the Erechtheion.

-The faces are becoming softer, but still relatively robust in the cheeks and jaw.

-The Alter is not in the Parthenon, but next to the Erechtheion, so it makes the Parthenon just seem like a big building.-Ex. Parthenon, the Temple of Athena Parthenos, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 447 – 438 BCE.

-Column order: Doric-There are no right angles in the Parthenon, no 90 degree angles. The building is all curved.-Parthenon optical refinements: Stylpbate Curvature.-The roof domes up by one inch, the steps slope down at either end by one inch.-Temple is highly decorated, unusual for Doric order.

-Ex. West Pediment: Competition of Athena and Poseidon.-V formation created by Poseidon and Athena is copied throughout art.

-Ex. Eastern Pediment: Birth of Athena.-Horses on either end are the chariots of the sun and the moon,

so it shows that this happened in the dawn.

Art History 10.9.09-Ex. East Pediment, Birth of Athena.

-Ex. Three Goddesses, from the east pediment of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 438 – 432 BCE. Marble, Greatest height approx. 4’5” high. British Museum, London.

-Wet Drapery-We don’t know which goddesses, don’t worry about it.

-Metopes of the Parthenon:-West: Greeks vs. Amazons.-North: Greeks vs. Trojans.-East: Gods vs. Giants.-South: Lapiths vs. Centaurs.

-Notice that the Greeks always came out victorious, the Lapiths, the Athenians (against the Persians)

-Frieze: Panathenaic Procession.-Something that wraps all the way around to the front door. People carrying animals and sacrifices. This was called the Panathenaic Festival, to worship Athena. They would also change the clothing on her wooden statue… wow, like a mannequin.-Ex. Details of the Panathenaic procession frieze, from the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 447 – 438 BCE. Marble, approx. 3’6” high.

-Procelapotein (gold and Ivory? Spelling)-Ex. Shield Exterior: Greeks vs.

Amazons Shield: Gods vs GiantsSandals: Lapiths vs Centaurs.

-Ex. Phidias, Athena Parthenos, Model of the lost chryselephantine statue, which was approx. 38’ tall. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.

She’s shown wearing gold too.-Ex. Replica of Parthenon in Nashville. TE.

High Classical Sculpture-Ex. Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)Pliny the Elder, author of Natural History, Chapters on the history of art.Canon of proportions: 1:7. Height of the head.

-A latin writer (Roman) brings together art, literature, everything. Our first History of Art.-HE WAS IN THE VESUVIUS ERUPTION IN POMPEI!!! So he went out on a small boat to document it and he was caught in the fumes so they took him back to shore where he died…

-The original was one of the statues that fell victim to the penis chopping off that the Vatican did to any sculptures in its collection….. DOUCHE BAGS! Rumored that some

Classical 4th Century Sculpture.-Mausoleum of Halikarnasos (Turkey) Classical 4th Century.

-Big, in the Classical 4th Century. Like how temple of Zeus was a big part of the Early Classical period.-1 of 7 wonders of the ancient world-Mausolos, Persian satrap.-Wife Artemisia.-Base, with a square on top, with columns, with a pyramid on top of that, with a gathering of statues on the very top.-They found, in the dig site, statues of Mausolos and his wife (who’s missing her face) Faces are far more personalized it looks like.-From a different part of the world, but the Greek sculptures contribute to his tomb.-Yes, Mausoleum comes from Mausolos’ name.

-Building of Hera, Heraleam-building of Athena, Atheneam.

-There was a sculptural frieze going around the Mausoleum. And the best preserved one is the Greeks fighting the Amazons. The Amazon women were nude, but they still only shows her butt and a bit of a boob, not full on frontal, so they’re still respecting the female figure.

-But female nudity will be on the rise.-Canon of proportion starts to change from 1:7 heads to 1:8 heads, so Mausolos’ head looks small compared to his body.-Ex. Praxiteles, Hermes and the infant Dionysos, from the Temple of Hera, Olympia, Grece, approx. 7’1” high. Archaeological Museum, Olympia.

-Copy, it has a support.-Shiny-Zeus had a love affair with a mortal and she didn’t believe that he was a god so she asked him to show her, the greatness killed her, he took the unborn fetus and sewed it up in his thigh where Dionysos is born later. XD From Zeus’ thigh!-The Gods are being “humanized” more frequently. Dionysos is teasing Hermes.

-Appearance of the Classical profile. The face, a straight up and down forehead and nose.

-Ex. Praxiteles. Aphrodite of Knidos. SHE’S NAKED!!! Very first one! Approx. 6’8” high. Vatican Museums, Rome.

-Copy by Renaissance artist, most of it is replicated poorly. She’s getting ready to take a bath and she’s taking her clothes off.

Art History 10.12.09Classical 4th century sculpture.

-Heads are smaller due to new canon of proportions.-Ex. Lysippos. Apoxyonmenos (Scraper), approx. 6’ 9” high. Vatican Museum, Rome.

-Term: Scraper: athlete scrape the sweat off themselves after events with a skidual?.-He’s punching into space, it’s meant to be walked around, truly 3d. This is the first appearance of the concept.-Canon of proportions 1:8 Hard to see.. I can see it in the side profile but not the head on one.

-Canon of proportions 1:8 typical of the fourth century.-Ex. Lysippos, Weary Herakles (Farnese Herakles). Approx. 10’5” high. Museo Nazionale, Naples.

-He’s recognized as Herakles (Original Greek version, versus Hercules, the Roman version) because of a lion skin and a club.-It is a copy, hard to tell.-He’s holding something in his hand behind his back. The apples after he’s held the world on his shoulder.-He’s going to die soon after this? Eesh. XD-Looks very heavy and tired.-Nice. Ass.

-Lysippos was the court sculptor for Alexander the Great. Macedonian. Came from a long line of rulers.

-Alexander’s hair is very lion like, long and wavy.Classical 4th Century Painting.

Alexander-Succeeds his father after 336-He conquers the entire Persian empire.-Empire territory is HUGE, reaching from Rome, to Egypt, across Arabia. When he dies in 323 his generals began to snatch

up territories for themselves. Europe, Asia Minor, Egypt (The Ptolomies, not the mathematician.)-Ex. Philoxenos of Eretria, Battle of Issus, c a. 310 BCE. Roman copy (Alexander Mosaic) from the House of Faun, Pompeii, Italy, late second or early first century BCE. Tessera mosaic, approx 8’10” x 16’ 9”. Museo

-Little cubes of glass called Tessera.-Persian ruler’s horse is severely foreshortened.-A Persian is dying on the ground, facing away from you, and there’s a shield facing him and you can see his dying reflection.

-Pella, Northern Greece.-Use Mosaic, but not Tesserai, they used river pebbles.-Ex. Gnosis, Stag Hunt, from Pella, Greece, ca. 300 BCE. Pebble mosaic, Figurai panel, 10’2” high. Archaeological Museum, Pella.-Vergina (Greece), Great Tumulus Tombs I-III. Found 1985 or so.

-Alexander’s father’s tomb?-Greeks excavated a mound and found two unrobed graves, like the King Tut of the Greeks.-They think it may be Alexander’s son who’s assassinated when he’s 14.-The other tomb may be Phillip the second (Alexander’s father).-Barrel vault, it’s not post and lintel. They use these for tunnels, never for temple architecture except here.-Cremation burial? They light a huge fire, burn body for about 24 hours, leaves the bones and then stowed in containers. Wrapped in gold put in a box.

-Vergina, Tomb II Fresco, Hunt Scene.-Phillip II-ORIGINAL GREEK FRESCO! Not a replica.-They may be showing landscape in the background.Focused on the figure, not so much on the background.

-Vergina, Tomb I Fresco. Hades abducting Persephone, his wife.

-Persephone’s mother mourns her absence which causes winter.-She’s naked.-Hades face seems less realistic and more impressionistic.-Probably for a woman who died during childbirth.-Hades doesn’t have carved in eyes, but under his eyes are deepened.

3d Architecture.-Ex. Choragic Monument of Lysikrates, Athens, Greece, 334 BCE.

-APPEARANCE OF CORINTHIAN COLUMN ORDER.-Commemorates a victory in a dramatic competition between playwrights.-Choragic means chorus.

-Town planning and location of buildings in dramatic settings is a big part of fourth century architecture.-Priene (Turkey), Hippodamus. Hippodamian (orthogonal) plan.

-Very organized plans found in fourth century.-Hippodamus: Greeks attripbuted this grid plan to this man.-It looks like a town, a town on a grid system, it looks like Salt Lake city actually, gathered around a temple. But it’s steep like San Francisco.

Art History 10.12.09

Hellenistic Art and Architecture

Hellenistic period à spreading of Greek cultureAfter Alexander the Great dies, his empire is split between his

generals.Pergamon, Turkey.

Uses city plan (not hippodamian) revolves around amphitheater.  Uses natural landscape for dramatic effect.

 HELLENISTIC = DRAMA 

Altar of Zeus, Pergamon, HellenisticTHE building to define Hellenistic period.Had a 400 foot by 7 foot relief that was moved to Germany. 

Showed battles between Gods & Giants.Relief was more dramatic, deeper carving, more expression.Relief showed moving body revealed through clothing.“V” formation of Zeus and Athena which visually linked Altar to

Athens; shows relationship with classical past and/or claiming to be the new Athens.

  

Nike, from island of Samothrace, Greece.  ca. 190 BCE.  Marble. 8’1” tall.

Shown landing (backlash of drapery)Monument built for unknown navel victoryDramatic setup à shows exact moment of landingFun fact: plaster replica is in the Boise, ID capitol bldg.

 Venus de Milo, aka. Aphrodite, from Greek island of Melos.  ca. 150-

125 BCEShown nudeLess dramatic, but still Hellenistic

 Dying Gaul (Roman marble copy after bronze original), from

Pergamon, Turkey.  ca. 230-220 BCE.No beard = not GreekExpressionistic

 Lacoon and his sons, Rome, Hellenistic/Early Imperial

Found in Palace of Nero (Rome)Believed to be Roman alteration of a Hellenistic original

Art History 10.26.09

Repuclican period, 570 – 31 / 27 BCECivil wars-44 BCE Julius Caesar assassinated (ides of march)-31 BCE Octavian (grand nephew of Ceasar) defeats Antony and Cleopatra at Actium-27 BCE Octavian adopts the title Augustus

Imperial Period 27 BCE – 330 CEEarly empire: Julio Claudians, FlaviansHigh Empire: Trajan, Hadrian, AntoninesLate Empire: Severans, Tetrarchy, Constantine.

-Ex. Actium Victory Monarchy

Early Empire: Julio Claudian Dynasty.Seven hills of Rome:

-Capitoline: Temple of Rome is here, all of the sacrifices take place here, below it is the forum.

-Quirinal-Ciminal-Esquiline-Caelian-Aventine:-Palatine: Emperor’s have houses here. Word Palace.

-Ex. Tiber Island, Rome-Ex. Forum Romanum., Rome

Forum Romanum, Basillica Aemillia.-Ex. Portrait of Augustus as general, from Primaporta, Italy, Copy of a bronze original of ca. 20 BCE, 6’8” high. Vatican Museum.

Appearance of Propaganda in Roman Art, more subtly obvious (contradicting, I know).-Ex. Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace), Rome, Italy, 13 – 9 BCE. (View from the southwest).-Ex. Female personification (Telius?), panel from the east façade of the Ara Pacis Augustus.-Ex. Procession of the imperial family, detail of the south frieze of the Ara Pacis Augustus, Rome, Italy, 13 – 9 BCE. Marble, approx. 5’3” High.-Ex. Tomb of Augustus, Rome. (His mosoleum)-Augustus was known for bringing peace after 100 years.-Ex. Nero, last Julius – Claudian.

Famous for burning Rome. 3/5’s of the entire city burns. He wasn’t in town at the time. ^4 - 8He would play music and lock people in so they can’t leave while he’s fiddling or singing.

Someone jumped out a window to escape, a woman faked labor, another person faked a heart attack! XD

He was forced to commit suicide.Julio-Claudio dynasty ends after him, one year of Civil war.

Art History 10.28.09 !!! YAOI CON!!!-Nero died, YAY! XD

-Nero had a giant gilded statue of himself.-Ex. Severus and Celer, plan (above) and setion (below) of the octagonal hall of the Domus Aurea (Golden House) of Nero, Italy, 64 – 68 CE-First dome.-Ceiling is open to the sky, this is called an oculus.

Early Empire: The Flavian Dynasty (Vespasian, Titus, Domitian)-Afterwards, TOTAL ANARCHY! No one is in control.

-Vespasian is a man of the people, no royalty, elected to power by his men. Sends his sons out to control areas and battles.

-Ex. Portrait of Vespasian, ca. 75 – 79 BCE. Marble, approx. 1’4” high. NY carslberg, Glypotek, Copenhagen.

-Ex. Colosseum (Flavian Apmhitheater), Rome, Italy, ca. 70 – 80 CE.-Was built in five years.-Has 75 entrances.-Seats 55,000.-Called the Flavian Amphitheater.

-Gladiator Types:-Murmillo-Tetiarius-Samnite-Thracian

Readings:-Seneca, On the Games-pliny the younger, O Christian Pursecution.

-Ex. Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE.-Triumble Arches. (?)

-Ex. Triumph of Titus, relief panel from the Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE. Marble, approx. 7’10” high.-Ex. Poils of Jerusalem (revolt in Judea 66 – 70 CE), relief panel from the Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE. Marble, approx. 7’10” high. Reading: Josephus, The Jewish War.

-A lot of complex depth .-Ex. Funerary relief of a circus Official, Ostia, Italy, ca. 110 – 130 CE. Marble, approx. 1’8” high. Vatican Museums, Rome. Plebeian Art.

-Official art coexisting with different kind.

Art History 11.4.09Late empire

-Sevrens (rulers)-Then Caracalla-Ex. Portraits of the four tetrarchs, from Constantinople, ca. 305 CE. Prphyry, approx. 4’3” high. Saint Mark’s, Venice.

Late Empire: Constantine-312 battle of the Milvian Bridge 313 Edict of Milan, which declares Christianity an undeniable religion.

-Reading: Eusebius, The vision of Constantine.-Attributes his success to Christianity, because he saw a cross in the sky in his dream.

-Arch of Constantine, Rome, Italy, 312 – 315 CE. (South side)-A lot of the relief sculptures on the Arch is burrowed (stolen) from other rulers. Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius.

-Ex. Portrait of Constantine from the Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy, ca. 315 – 330 CE. Marble, approx 8’6” high. Palazzo dei Conseratori, Rome.

-The short stubbly beard that a lot of men were shown with stops.-Hadrian started carved eyes and beards, so if the eyes are carved but there’s no beard, it’s the time of Constantine.-We only have pieces parts of this statue. A hand pointing up, knee, foot, bicep, shin, pectoral, toes.-Weird that our first Christian emperor might have portrayed himself as the statue of Zeus. People theorize that he was sitting like Zeus, that’s why.

Early Christian Art.-300 years prior to Constantine, Christians persecuted for their faith, for not swearing before Roman Gods, they saw it as sacrilegious, Romans saw it as Treason.-Symbols:

-Cross-Dove: peace and holy spirit-Lamb (agnus dei): Jesus-Good Shepheard: Also Jesus, his followers are his flock.-Alpha and Omega: The beginning and the end.-Chi rho: Chi = X, Rho = P. Greek letters.-Fish or Icthus: Amegram for letters that translate into “Jesus Christ, son of God, savior”

-Important numbers: 3 (holy trinity), 4 (evangelists), 12 (disciples) -To see how the artists are trying to show their faith, we look to the Catacombs of Rome.-Old religions do not offer salvation and an after life, Christianity does. Roman empire is falling apart so that’s probably one reason why they embraced Christianity.-The stone under Rome is soft, Roman women who sympathized for the Christians own land and dug down to burry them.

-They show Adam and Eve, but really they could be mistaken for nudes standing in contraposto, they just added a tree and a snake.-They have a last supper sort of thing where Jesus is shown as a young

man without a halo or beard. The Iconography hasn’t appeared yet.-Ex. The Good Shepherd, the story of Jonah, and orants, painted ceiling of a cubiculum in the Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus, Rome, Italy, early fourth century. Prefiguration.

- They’re looking through the old testament to find things that predict that Christ is the one so they can prove their faith.

-Ex. Old St. Peter’s, Rome, Constantinian Basilican pan.-Reading: Constantine’s Gifts to Old St. Peter’s-Peter was a martyr that was put to death.-Earliest Christian gathering places are based on old Basilica plans. The

Basilica is built over the old catacombs.

-Ex. Restored view of Old Saint Peter’s, Rome, Italy, begun ca. 320 Nave, Aisles, Apse, Transept (T shape), Narthex, Clerestory.

-Ex. Santa Constanza, Rome, Italy, ca. 337 – 351.-After one of his daughters that he named after himself, along with sons

that were named after him.

Art History 11.6.09-Ex. Old St. Peter’s, Rome, Constantinian Basilican pan.

-Reading: Constantine’s Gifts to Old St. Peter’s-Ex. Restored view of Old Saint Peter’s, Rome, Italy, Begun ca. 320 CE. Nave, Aisles, Apse, Transept, Narthex, Clerestory.-Ex. Detail of vault mosaic in the ambulatory of Santa Constana, Rome, Italy, ca. 337 – 351.

-379 – 395 Theodosius the Great, Christianity made state religion-Divides empire between his sons:

-West (Ravenna) Honorius-East (Constantinople) Arcadius.-Ex. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia (half sister of Honorius), Ravenna, Italy, ca. 425.

-St. Lorein (sp?) was burned here, they cook people alive, and he actually told them “I think I’m done on this side, turn me over.” XD

-Ex. Christ as the Good Shepherd, mosaic from the entrance wall of the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy, ca. 425.-Papyrus: Layers of plants sliced and glued together, really annoying to make, brittle.-Manuscripts:-Illuminated:-Parchment: Sheep skin-Vellum: calf skin-Codex: stitched together-Ex. Vatican Vergil (Aeneid)-Ex. Vienna Genesis, early sixth century. Tempera, gold, and silver on purple vellum, approx 1’ ¼” x 9¼”. Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna.

-Silver ink.-Personifying things like streams.-Continuous narrative because you see the same person twice.

Early Byzantine Art-410 and 455 Rome sacked by Barbarians-476 Ravenna falls, end of western empire-540 Ravenna recaptured by eastern (Byzantine) emperor Justinian, ruled 527 - 565-Byzantium = Constantinople = Istanbul.-Ex. San Vitale (St. Vitalus sp?), Ravenna, Italy, 526 – 547 CE.

-Not a Mausoleum, instead this is one of two first churches that uses a central plan.

-Term Byzantine is often associated with confusing plans and forms. Ass Backwards. XD-Ex. Choir and apse of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, 526 – 547.-Ex,. Interior of San Vitale (view from the apse into the choir).-Ex. Choir and apse of San Vitale with mosaic of the agnus dei,

-Lamb of God-Ex. Choir of apse of San Vitale with mosaic of Christ between two angels, Saint Vitalis, and Bishop Ecclesius.

Art History 11.9.09-Ex. Justinian, Bishop Maximianus, and attendants, mosaic from the north wall of the apse. San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, ca. 547.

-Patten, a bowl type thing, to hold under a person’s mouth to catch crumbs.-Associated with Christ

-Ex. Theodora and attendants, mosaic from the south wall of the apse, San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, ca. 547.

-Reading: Procopius, The Secret History, On Theodora a Shameless Woman.-Associated with Mary.

-Ex. Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Haghia Sophia (view facing north), Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey, 532 – 537. Dome fell in 558, replaced in 563.

-Reading: Procopius, The Haghia Sophia.-Minurets, pire like things.-Ex. Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, interior of Haghia Sophia (view facing southwest), Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey, 532 – 537.-Squinch vs Pendentive.-Own little ecosystem in there.

-Ex. Church of the Virgin, Monastery of Saint Catherine. Mount Sinai, Egypt. Ca. 548 – 565.-Ex. Transfiguration of Jesus, surrounded by mandoria, apse mosaic, Church of the Virgin, Monastery of Saint Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt, ca. 548 – 565.

-Two prohets, Senas, and Moses (?). First and only time you can really see Jesus and Moses in the same scene together.

-Ex. Virgin and Child between Saints Theodore and Georde, icon, sixth or early century. encaustic on wood., 2’ 3” x 1’ 7 3/8” . Monastery of Saint Catherine, Mt Sinai, Egypt.

-Early Byzantine Period ended by iconoclasm (726 – 843)-Iconoclasts: Icon breakers.-Iconodules: Icon adorers.-Reading: St. Theodore, On Holy Images.-Reading: Pope Gregory, On the Destruction of Images.