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8/13/2019 Agronomics of Producing Switchgrass and Miscanthus x Giganteus
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Agronomics of producing
Switchgrass and Miscanthus x giganteus
Kurt Thelen, Juan Gao,
,Michigan State University
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Main drivers for cellulosic-based renewable fuels
+ -
.
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Idealtraitsofabiomassenergycrop C4photosynthesis
Longcanopyduration
Accessiblecelluloseinshoots
Recalcitrantcarboninroots
Perennial
Easeofrotation
Noknownpestsordiseases
Providewildlifehabitat
Rapidspring
growth
(out
compete
weeds)
ap a ry own
Sterility
Partitionsnutrientstorootsinfall
Highwateruseefficiency
Multipleuse(animalfeed)
Useexistin farme ui ment
Source: modified from Raghu et al. Science 313:1742
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Switchgrass Miscanthus Annual grass
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Switchgrass Miscanthus Annual grass
C4photosynthesis
Long canopy duration
Accessible cellulose in shootsRecalci trant carbon in roots
Aggressive root system
Perennial
Ease of rotation
No known pests or diseasesProvide wildlife habitat
Rapid spring growth
Rapid fall drydown
Sterility
Partitions nutrients to roots in fall
High water use efficiencyMult iple use (animal feed) se ex st ng arm equ pment
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Environmental Grower Biorefiner
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Bottom Line $$$
Environmental Grower Biorefinery
incentives d namics rice function ofshaped nationallyin farm and energypolicy
shaped locally bycropping system,soils, climate,
national supply-demand with alocalized price
mar e ex y as s
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ThegenusMiscanthusincludesagroupofmorethan10grassspecies.
Miscanthus speciesarenativetoSoutheasternAsia,China,Japan,
Polynesia,and Africaand
are
currently
distributed
throughout
temperate
andtropicalareasoftheworld.
CultivarsofM.sacchari lorus M.sinensis theirh brids andothermiscanthusspeciesaregrowninNorthAmerica asornamentalcrops.
Themiscanthus genotypewiththegreatestbiomasspotentialisasterile,
hybrid(Miscanthus xgiganteus)likelyofM.sacchariflorus (tetraploid)and. .
Thecrossbetweenthetetraploid anddiploidproducesatriploidwhichisunabletoproduceviableseed.
BothM.sacchariflorus andM.sinensishaveescapedcultivationandcaneinvasive
in
t e
an scape.
BecauseMiscanthus xgiganteus hybridsareunlikelytoproduceseedtheyarelesslikelytobeinvasivethanothervarieties.
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(top) Miscanthus sinensis (diploid) and
(tetraploid). M. sinensis and M.
sacchariflorus are parents of
Miscanthus x giganteous (center)
w c s a s er e r p o .
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Miscanthusgiganteus:
life
cycle
Miscanthusxgiganteusisaperennial,warmseasongrasswithaC4 hotos nthetic athwa .UnlikemostC4s ecies,
photosynthesis
and
leaf
growth
can
be
sustained
at
relatively
lowtemperatures(aslowas43F).
propagatedvegetativelyfromrootstock.
Miscanthusxgiganteusgrowsasabunchgrassandwillspreads ow ywit s ortr izomes.It aserectstems,5to12 eetta .
DrymatteraccumulationincreasesrapidlyduringJune,July,
andAugust,reachingitsmaximumdrymatteryieldinlate
summer.Autumnfroststopsannualgrowthofmiscanthus.Regrowth
.
Miscanthushasalengthystandlife.Replantingisnecessary
after15years.
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Progressionof
Miscanthus giganteusgrowthin
Michigan
Rhizomes (used for planting) Initial growth (Year 1) Mid summer (Year 2) Early fall (Year 2)
Mature plant inflorescence
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Miscanthusgiganteus:
adaptation
Miscanthusxgiganteusisadaptedtoawiderangeofsoilconditions,butismostproductiveonsoilswellsuitedforcornproduction.Itsbiomassyieldwill
belimited
on
shallow,
droughty,
cold,
and
waterlogged
soils.
Biomassproductionispositivelylinkedtoseasonalprecipitationandcan
declineconsiderablyunderwaterstressedconditions.
MiscanthusxgiganteushasbeengrowninEuropefromsouthernItaly(37Nlatitude)
to
Denmark
(56N
latitude).
It
may
not
be
adapted
as
far
north
in
duringthewinterthaninEurope.
InNorthAmericaMiscanthusxgiganteusplantingshavebeenestablished, , , , .
200809
we
had
near
complete
winter
kill
at
Arlington
Wisconsin,
but
near
totalsurvivalatMichiganlocations.
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production.
Biomass ieldwillbelimitedonshallow
droughty,cold,andwaterloggedsoils.
Winterkill
has
been
observed
at
various
sites
dependson:
winterconditionsmultiplefreezethaw
cycles,
harvestinginthefirstyear
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Miscanthusgiganteus:
establishment
Miscanthusxgiganteusproducesnoseed,soitmustbeestablishedvegetativelybyplantingdividedrhizome(rootstock)pieces.Thisprocess
resultsin
high
establishment
costs
relative
to
crops
established
from
seed.
Theplantingrateisonetransplantperthreesquarefeetorabout4,000
p antsperacre.
Aswithothervegetativelypropagatedcrops,drysoilmoistureconditionsat
andfollowing
planting
greatly
decrease
establishment
success.
afterplanting.EuropeanresearchsuggestsnewplantingsofMiscanthusxgiganteusmaynotsurvivewheresoiltemperaturesfallbelow26Fatadepthsurvivability.
M.sinensisandM.sacchariflorusplantingshaveoverwinteredthefirstyearinnorthernEuropewhereairtemperatureshavebeenaslowas0F.Winter
survivaldoesnotappeartobeaprobleminthesecondandsubsequent
years.
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Miscanthusgiganteus:
fertility
needs
Likecornandothergrasscrops,Nitrogenwilllikelybethelargestfertilizer
requ rement or scant us.
Fertilizers
are
not
needed
in
the
first
two
years.
Their
application
will
create
greaterweedgrowthduringestablishment.Maintenancefertilizerratesare
.
TheharveststrategyofwaitinguntilafterfrostwillminimizeNfertilizer
needsincetheplantswilltranslocateprotein(N)totherootswhereitis
lowannualratestosupportgrowth.
Nitrogenapplicationsof5075lbs.peracreareoftenusedinmultiyear
researchstudies.
Fertilization
rates
for
phosphorus
and
potassium
should
be
adjusted
to
replacetheamountsexportedinharvestedbiomass.Annualestimated
phosphorusremovalis1.5lbs.pertonofbiomassremoved.Potassium
removalis12lbs.perton.
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Miscanthusgiganteus:
harvestMiscanthusbiomassisharvestedattheendofthegrowingseason.
Harvestscanbetakenbetweenmaturityinthefallandplantregrowththe
followin s rin .
Latewinterandspringharvestsresultinhigherqualityfeedstockfor
combustion,butloweryieldsduetofieldlosses.
ResearchinEuropeandIllinoisshowsa30to50percentyieldreduction
whenharvestisdelayedfromautumntolatewinter.
Mowingduringthegrowingseasonharmsplantgrowthandregeneration
bydepleting
rootstock.
Drymatteryieldofmiscanthusintheestablishmentyearisgenerallyless
thanonetonperacre,whichisinsufficienttomeritharvest.
ResearchinEuropehasshowndrymatteryieldsof4.5to11.2tonsperacre
, .
tonsperacre.ThehighestyieldsarereportedinsouthernEurope,generally
southof40Nlatitude.
.
Illinoishasresultedin10to15tonsperacrewithtonnagedecreasingat
morenortherly
latitudes.
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WeedManagement
in
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Standestablishmentcritical
Planting
Seedbed re aration
Timeofplanting
Mowing
Tillage rotaryhoe,harrow
Herbicides Nolabeledproducts!
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PRE-emergence POST-emergence
Atrazine Dual Magnum/Harness/Outlook
Atrazine2,4-D / BanvelBuctril
ALS herbicides
HPPD inhibitors
Laudis/Impact
Potential Injury Potential Injury
Command
ALS herbicides
No labeled products
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Sources:
GrowingGiantMiscanthusinIllinois
http://miscanthus.illinois.edu/wpcontent/uploads/growersguide.pdf
MiscanthusHybridsforBiomassproduction
http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/AG201.pdf
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Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)
Warmseason (C4)perennial
Cross
ollinated
ollenis
dis ersed
b
wind
Twomajorploidylevels:tetraploid (2n=4x=36)lowlandand
octaploid(2n=8x=72)
upland.
o ymorp c: ow an an p an co ype
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Switchgrass(Panicumvirgatum)1991thedecisiontopursueswitchgrassasamodel
or rotot ebioener cro wasmadebasedon
theeconomic
and
environmental
assessments
by
the
OakRidgeNationalLaboratorysBiofuelsFeedstock
DevelopmentProgram (19841991)
C4
HighWater
and
Nitrogen
Use
Efficiency
Highyieldspotentialevenonrelativepoorquality
sites,deeprootingcharacteristics
Significantcapacity
to
improve
soil
quality
by
sequesteringcarbon&reducedsoilerosion
Reducedfertilizerandpesticide
requirements relativeto
conventional
annual
crops.
Source:ORNL/TM2007/109
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UplandEcotypeUplandEcotype LowlandEcotypeLowlandEcotype
Developedonhigher,mesicsites. Developed inlowerlying,hydricsites,
moresensitivetomoisturestress
Adaptedto
mid
to
northern
latitudes Adapted
to
lower
latitudes
Octaploid(2n=8x=72) Tetraploid (2n=4x=36)Havearestrictionsiteintheirchloroplastic
genome(servesasageneticmarker)
Longerrootlengthandinternodes Bunchform,largerrootdiameter
Shoots: originatefrommoreactive
rhizomesandbasalnodesofprevious
Shoots:originatefrombudsonrhizomes
yearculms
Taller,coarser,tickstems,long,wide
bluish reenleaveswithlon li ules,
largepanicles
Parrishand
Fike
(2005)
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Outcrossingspecieswithpre&postfertilizationincompatibilitymechanisms
Reproducesbyseedandsomevegetativepropagation
Behavesasadeterminateplant
Developsinresponsetoaccumulatedtemperature(GDDs)(vegetativegrowth)anddaylength(reproductivegrowth)
Shortdayplant floweringtriggeredwhendaysbecomeshorter
Hi hl influencedb enot eXenvironmentinteractionsdueto reat
genotypicvariability
C4NativePrairiegrass,Northernlimitis510 N(Jeffersonetal.2002)
CantolerateawidepHrange:4.97.6
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Germinationandgrowthisinhibitedat
tem eratures
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ToleratesapHof3.9to7.6
Mycorrhizae requiresthe
establishment
of
asymbioticrelationshipwitharbuscular
mycorrhizalfungi(AMF)initsrootsfor
successfulestablishment
and
persistence.
Indigenous/nativeAMFsoinoculationisnot
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DifficulttoEstablishdueto
weedcompetition andseed
Soilmoisturemaybemore
criticalthantemperature
Takes3yearstoreachfull
Emergence
may
be
more
rapidatlaterplantingdepths
SeedingRate:
810
lb/acre
singleannualharvest:stand
maintenanceand
optimizing
PureLiveSeed
Acceptablestand:
cellulosicethanol low
moisturecontent,lowalkali
earthmetalconcentration)
12plants
ft
2
Nonitro enis utdown
Canbedirectcutchopped,
swathed windrowedand
establishmentyear baled
8/13/2019 Agronomics of Producing Switchgrass and Miscanthus x Giganteus
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use88.5lbs/ac Useseedswithagerminationrateandthatareno
olderthan3years
Minimumgerminationtemperature:10o C 50o F ,howeverplanting
inthe
fall
(late
enough
that
it
wont
germinate)
or
early
spring
MAY
be advanta eous as it could aid in breakin seed dormanc .
Seedsshouldnotbeplanteddeeperthan 12cm(0.250.5)ina
firm
seed
bed o see ngcan everye e c v e
Conductasoiltestpriortoestablishment: andcorrectforlimeif
soilisacidic,P&K.
Nitrogenis
not
applied
in
the
establishment
year
SwitchgrassisslowtoestablishNfertilizationintheyearof
encroachmentandpossiblestandfailure.
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Althoughswitchgrasscantoleratelowfertility
itdoesrespondtoNfertilizationandrespondstoPonlyinverylowPsoils.
Locationmoisture/temperatureregimes,
Cultivar
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Whenmanaged
for
biomass
production
in
the
Midwest:
AtMSUnoyieldresponseobservedabovethislevelw/limitedresearch.
.
ContributetoGHGfluxes,providenutrientsforcompetingweeds
Fertilizationshould
occur
in
the
late
spring
Nfertilizerappliedbeforeswitchgrassgreenupmaybenefit
nutrientsandalsodepletethemoisturereservesofthesoil
8/13/2019 Agronomics of Producing Switchgrass and Miscanthus x Giganteus
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WeedManagement
in
8/13/2019 Agronomics of Producing Switchgrass and Miscanthus x Giganteus
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Properplanting
ee e preparat on
Timeofplanting
Rowspacing
Mowing
Removeannual
weeds
Tilla e rotar hoe harrow
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PRE-emergence POST-emergence
Atrazine Dual Magnum/Harness
Atrazine
2,4-D / BanvelBuctril
Potential Injury
Callisto other HPPD
inhibitors
Potential InjuryCallisto other HPPDinhibitors
ALS herbicides
No labeled products
8/13/2019 Agronomics of Producing Switchgrass and Miscanthus x Giganteus
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Crop Ps Bu/wt Crop Yield Biofuel EtOH or oil /bu EtOH or oilyield/A
orn u a . ga ga
**Corn +Stover
56 lb 150 bu/a3.5 ton
EtOH 2.8 gal72 gal/ton
420252672 al
Switchgrass C4 NA 8 ton/a EtOH 72 gal/ton 576 gal
scan us on a ga on ga
Sugarcane C4 NA EtOH 600 gal
Soybean C3 60 lb 40 bu/a Diesel 1.5 gal 62 gal
Sunflower C3 27 lb 50 bu/a Diesel 1.5 gal 77 gal
Canola C3 50 lb 42 bu/a Diesel 2.9 gal 120 gal
Jatropha C3 Diesel 250 gal
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Reduced
NO3 contamination
in
surface
and
Reducedsoilsplash,surfacerunoff,rillsandgully
eros on
Switchgrassethanolemits94%lessGHGthan
gasoline(Schmer
et
al.
2008)
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thank you
attention