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Agroforestry for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

Rodel D. Lasco and Florencia B. PulhinWorld Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)

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Outline

• Agroforestry and climate change adaptation

• Agroforestry and climate change mitigation

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I. Introduction

RD Lasco 4Source: Dolom, 2006; Adapted from Environmental Science for Social Change, 1999

Extent of Forest Cover Loss for the last 100 years

70 % 60 % 40 %

34 % 23.7 % 18.3 %

The vanishing Philippine forests…

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Imperata grasslands cover > 2 M ha

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18-20 M people live in the uplands

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Basic Concepts (IPCC, 2007)

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II. Agroforestry and Climate Change Adaptation

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Global context (IPCC, 2007)

• Planet’s warming is unequivocal• Adaptation will be necessary to address

impacts resulting from the warming which is already unavoidable due to past emissions.

• A wide array of adaptation options is available, but more extensive adaptation than is currently occurring is required

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Impact of Climate ChangeImpact of Climate ChangeAdditional people withIncreased water stress (5(500C)C)

20 to 30% species at inc. high risk of extinction (2(2--3300C)C)

Decrease (low latitudes) (1(1--2200C)C)

30% loss of coastal wetlands(3(3--4400C)C)

Increased mortality due to heatwaves, floods and drought ((1100C)C)

Reconfiguration of coastlines and Reconfiguration of coastlines and inundation of lowinundation of low--lying areas (5lying areas (500C)C)

Increase (mid & high latitudes) (1(1--2200C)C) (impact is beneficial)

RD Lasco 12PAENG

QUEENIE REMING

THE PHILIPPINES HIGHLY VULNERABLE TO CLIMATE EXTREMES

DENR, 2007

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Basic Concepts (IPCC, 2007)

CC adaptation- Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.

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What is Agroforestry?

• a land-use system in which woody perennials are deliberately used on the same land management unit as agricultural crops, animals or both

• Trees on farms!

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Key Attributes of AF Systems

• Maintain or enhance productivity (economic benefits)

• Maintain or enhance environmental quality (environmental benefits)

• Be acceptable to local farmers and communities (social benefits)

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AF promotes CC adaptation of small farmers

• Trees on farms enhance coping capacity of small farmers to climate risks

• Through crop and income diversification• Soil and water conservation• Efficient nutrient cycling and conservation

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Alley or hedgerow cropping

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Contour hedgerow systems: Uses and benefits

• Erosion control• Organic fertilizer• Fuel wood• Fodder for ruminants

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Natural vegetative strips (NVS) in Claveria

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Nueva Viscaya province: mahogany in grasslands

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Leyte island: contour planting with trees

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Isabela Province: tree planting

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East Timor: multisotrey

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Bukidnon: multistorey agroforestry farm

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Claveria: tree farms

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Banuae rice terraces

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Coffee under shade trees

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Cacao under shade trees

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Environmental benefits

• Reduced siltation of water bodies• Reduced land degradation and

desertification• Biodiversity

– More trees on farm– Reduced habitat destruction

• Beauty (eco-tourism)• Climate change mitigation

– Carbon sequestration– Remaining forests and other natural covers

saved

RD Lasco 30From Lassoie

Socio-Economic Benefits

• Increased income opportunities• Diversify products and reduce risk• Reduce establishment costs• Reduce inputs of chemical pesticides and

fertilizers• Distribute labor needs• Improve human nutrition and health• Enhance community development

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III. Agroforestry and Climate Change Mitigation

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Basic Concepts (IPCC, 2007)

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The Carbon Cycle

IPCC 2007

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Atmosphere

Fossil Deposits6.3

62.3

60

3.3

Plants

Soil

Oceans

750

500

2000

39,000

About 16,000

92.3

90

1.6

TheGlobal Carbon Cycle

UnitsGt C andGt C y-1

Net accumulation

Fossil emissions

Deforestation (20%)

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CO2

PhotosynthesisBurning

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BIOMASS IS ABOUT 50% CARBON BY WEIGHT

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ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS

TREES

UNDERSTOREY

NECROMASSLITTER

ROOTS SOIL CARBON

Carbon pools in forest ecosystems

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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

tC/ha

OGF SGF Gmelina (6yr) Agroforestry Grassland

Fig. Carbon density of various land cover in the project site

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189 (48%)

3.5 (0.9%)

4.8 (1.2%)

Roots = 4.3 (1.1%)

Total C density= 393 t/ha

SOC= 191 (49%)

Carbon density (t/ha) of natural forests in Leyte, Philippines

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106 (37%)

1.7 (0.6%)

1.3 (0.5%)13.2 (4.7%)

Roots = 0.7 (0.2%)

Total C density= 283 t/ha

SOC= 160 (57%)Carbon density (t/ha) of a mangium plantation in Leyte, Philippines

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0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

tC/ha/yr

OGF SGF Gmelina Eucalyptus Acacia Mahogany Dipterocarp Agroforestry Grassland

Fig. Carbon MAI of various land cover in project site

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Forest land cover distribution in the Phillippines (total area= 15.9 M ha) (Source: Lasco and Pulhin, 2000; FMB, 1996)

Protection forest17%

Secondary forest18%

Grasslands 13%

Brushlands15%

Plantations3%

Upland farms34%

“Forest” lands that need trees

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Co-Benefits of CDM Forestry Projects

• Ecological and socio-economic benefits to local communities

• Agroforestry promotes climate change adaptation

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In Summary…

• Agroforestry systems enhance adaptive capacity of small farmers

• The Philippines has huge potential for change mitigation through agroforestry

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Thank You!!!