Agricultural Spray Adjuvant Technology -Sorting Out the Adjuvant Puzzle-

Agricultural Spray Adjuvant Technology

-Sorting Out the Adjuvant Puzzle-

Activator Adjuvants

Spray Modifier Adjuvants

UtilityModifierAdjuvants

Utility Products

Steve Barnhart – Agriliance Regional Agronomist

?

Adjuvant Confusion!

• Compendium of Herbicide Adjuvants (Southern Illinois University – 1/02)– Lists 36 different companies selling various types

of adjuvants. There are more!– Lists 440 different adjuvants. There are many

more!

What is an Adjuvant?

• An adjuvant is any additive used in conjunction with a pesticide to increase biological activity and/or to modify various physical properties of a spray solution.

Importance of Adjuvants

• Pesticide Stability• Solubility• Compatibility• Foaming• Suspension• Surface Tension

• Droplet Size • Drift • Volatilization• Coverage • Adherence• Penetration

Adjuvants play a key role in controlling these variables

Spray applications are affected by many physical variables

Adjuvants Are Classified Into Four Categories

• Activator Adjuvants– Enhance Pesticide Performance

• Surfactants, Crop Oil Concentrates, Methylated Seed Oils, Fertilizer Solutions, Penetrants

• Spray Modifier Adjuvants– Affects Physical Properties Of Spray Solutions

• Stickers, Deposition Aids, Drift Retardants, Evaporation Aids

• Utility Modifier Adjuvants– Minimize Handling and Application Problems

• Compatibility Agents, Buffering Agents, Defoamers, Anti-foams

• Utility Products– Minimize Application Problems

• Foam Markers, Tank Cleaners

Adjuvants Types

• Surfactants (also called spreaders or wetting agents)– An adjuvant that reduces surface surface tension between

the spray solution droplets and the pest target’s surface, thus providing greater coverage.

• Crop Oil Concentrates– A combination of oil (petroleum or vegetable) and

surfactants/emulsifiers. Crop oil concentrates act as penetrants, stickers, spreaders (limited), humectants, etc.

• Methylated or Ethylated Seed Oils– An emulsified methylated or ethylated seed oil. Act as

penetrants, spreaders (limited), humectants, etc.

Adjuvants Types - cont.

• Penetrators– Enhance uptake of pesticides through target pests

surfaces.

• Spreader/Stickers/Extenders– Combine spreading and adhesive qualities to improve

coverage and retention of pesticide.

• Water Conditioning Agents– Reduce the antagonistic affects of impurities (Ca, Mg, Mn,

Fe, etc.) found in water carrier. Potentially greater pesticide efficacy results.


• Humectants– Increase the drying time of spray solutions which provides

greater time for the pesticide to enter the targets surface. Used during high temperature, low humidity and low spray volume situations.

• Deposition Aid– Reduces the amount of fine spray particles that carry

pesticide out of target areas. (polyacrylimides, encapsulators, others)

– Reduces evaporation of the spray droplet; Used during high temperature, low humidity and low spray volume situations.

• Drift Control Agents– Reduces the amount of fine spray particles that carry

pesticide out of target areas. (polyacrylimides, encapsulators, others)


• Compatibility Agents– Compounds that aid in stability and dispersion of various

pesticide formulations and spray carrier mixtures. • Buffer Agents/Acidifiers

– Generally lower the pH of the spray solution and reduce rapid changes in pH either higher or lower.

• Reduces the degradation of pesticides by chemical hydrolysis.– Dimate, Malathion, Sevin, etc.

– Some buffers are used to raise the solution pH for greater herbicide solubility (Example: micro-rate herbicide applications of Betamix + Upbeet + Stinger on sugar beets)

• Colorants– Used to alter the color of spray solutions.


• Suspension Agents– Extend the period of time a pesticide will remain in

suspension and if agitation is stopped for a time, upon agitation they aid in re-suspension of the mixture

• Defoaming Agents– Suppresses foam of various pesticide solutions, aids in

filling tanks

• Foaming Agents– Used for marking swath width.

Who Regulates Adjuvants?

• Basically the industry is self-regulated

• Formulations are considered “trade secrets”– not disclosed to the public

Quality Issues

• Lack of consistent regulation

• Confusion and Opportunity

“Yes, there is a difference among adjuvants - All adjuvants are NOT created equal.”

(Dr. Richard K. Zollinger-NDSU)

Value of Spray Additives

FOLIAR ABSORPTION OF PURSUIT AND SURFACTANTS

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pursuit plus surfactantAdjuvant effects on Pursuit absorption

Ab

sorp

tio

n (

% o

f ap

plie

d)

Crop Oil Concentrate + Fertilizer

Nonionic Surfactant + Fertilizer

Crop Oil Concentrate

Nonionic Surfactant

Fertilizer

No Additive

• What value does the adjuvant bring?

Without adjuvants many herbicides would not perform!

Value of Spray Additives (Accent, Pursuit, Spirit, etc.)

Herbicide Investment

Surfactant Investment @15 GPA

Nitrogen Investment

Percent Absorption

$20.00 None Added None Added

3%

$20.00 $0.75/ac None Added

50%

$20.00 $0.75/ac $1.00 85%

Activator Adjuvants

Activator Adjuvants are SpecificWhy More Than One Activator Adjuvant?

• Herbicide Specific– Work well with some herbicides, but not all!

• Non-ionic surfactants work well with Roundup while oil based surfactants inhibit Roundup performance.

– Herbicides Differ

• Water soluble versus oil soluble

• Contact versus Systemic


• Weed Specific– Work well with some, but not all weeds!

• Oil based surfactants are generally more effective for annual grasses and lambsquarters which have waxy cuticles.

– Cuticle (wax type and thickness)– Leaf Surface (hairiness)– Leaf Angle (vertical or flat)


• Environmentally Specific– Soil moisture, temperature, humidity

• Non-ionic surfactants provide better crop tolerance during high humidity conditions than do oil based adjuvants. Meanwhile, methylated seed oil based adjuvants provide better control during very dry conditions compared to non-ionic surfactants or conventional crop oil concentrates.

Surfactants

Adjuvant vs. Surfactant

• The terms Adjuvant and Surfactant are often used interchangeably in our daily spray discussions.

• Surfactants are actually a specific type of adjuvant.

• All surfactants are adjuvants, but not all adjuvants are surfactants.

Surfactants

• Form a “bridge” between unlike chemicals that don’t readily mix– water and oil– water and the wax on a leaf surface

• Lower the surface tension of spray droplets

• Allow for more complete spray coverage and sticking on plant surfaces

• May contain fatty acids to further improve herbicide retention and penetration

Surfactants

Without Surfactant With Surfactant

Surfactants

• Complex long chain polar molecules

• Composed of alcohols and fatty acids

• Lipophilic “tail” and hydrophilic “head”

• Three general groups– Non-ionic, anionic, cationic

Surfactant Activity

Structure ActivityHydrophilic

Lipophilic

Water

Oil droplet

Charged Surfactants (Anionic, Cationic and Amphoteric)

• Anionic surfactants have a negative charge and have limited compatibility with pesticides.

• Cationic surfactants have a positive charge and have limited compatibility with pesticides.

• Amphoteric surfactants have both charges and may vary their charge with changes in pH.

• Charged adjuvants may be more effective with salts (glyphosate, 2,4-D amine, etc.)

Uncharged Surfactants (Non-Ionic)

• Uncharged or non-ionic surfactants are compatible with most pesticides

• There is a wide variety of non-ionic chemistry• Some inert chemicals are considered to be

adjuvants as they reduce surface tension. These chemicals (butanol, diethylene glycol, etc.) have little or no biological activity.

Surfactants

• Typical ingredients of surfactants– Surfactant active ingredient– Fatty acids– Alcohols– Water– Polyethylene glycols

Common Active Ingredients of Nonionic Surfactants

• Alcohol Ethoxylates - best biologically, very expensive

• Nonyl Phenol Ethoxylates - good biologically, in 95% of today’s surfactants, being looked at by EPA as a endocrine disrupter.

• Alkyl Octylphenol Ethoxylates - good biologically, expensive

• Alkyl Polysaccharides - good biologically, new chemistry, corn starch base, mixes well with AMS

• Urea Clathrates - good biologically, dry alcohol ethoxylate, expensive

• Fatty Acid Ethoxylates - good biologically, soybean base, may replace phenol ethoxylates

Common Active Ingredients of Nonionic Surfactants - cont.

• Tallow Amine Ethoxyalates - good biologically, used in Roundup Ultra, partially ties up free ions that can be antagonistic to the glyphosate molecule.

• Phosphate Esters - good biologically, also used in Roundup Ultra, partially ties up free ions that can be antagonistic to the glyphosate molecule.

• Fatty Acids - usually tree oils, biologically active

• EO/PO Block Copolymers (organosilicones) - expensive

• Siloxanes (organosilicones) - expensive

Other Ingredients Found In Surfactants

• Water• Alcohols (IPA-isopropyl alcohol)

– for storageability

• Polyethylene Glycol– used mainly as a filler, no biological activity

• Diethylene Glycol– used mainly as a filler, no biological activity

• Diols

Adjuvant Labels Can Be Confusing

• Nonyl phenol ethoxylate• Alkyl phenol ethoxylate• Poly ethoxylates• Alkyl aryl polyethoxylates• Alkyl polyoxyethylene• Polyethoxylated derivatives

These terms can all mean the same thing and may refer to the same constituent.

Physical Properties Used To Compare and Measure Surfactants

• Surfactant Load

• HLB - Hydrophilic:Lipophilic Balance

• Contact Angle

• Draves Wetting

• Surface Tension

Surfactant Load

• Is a measure of the exact content of true non-ionic surfactants in a particular product.

• Expressed as percentage.

• A product with a true surfactant load of < 50% may not meet the requirement for an adjuvant as specified by some pesticide manufacturers.

Comparison Of Active Ingredients In Typical Surfactants

- Performance Will Not Always Be The Same-

• 60% Alkyl Aryl Ethoxylate

• 20% Fatty Acids• 3% IPA• 7% Polyethylene

Glycol

• 10% Water

• 50% Alkyl Aryl Ethoxylate

• 20% Phosphate Ester• 10% Diol

• 5% IPA• 15% Water

90/10 Surfactant ?(80/10)


Comparison Of Active Ingredients In Typical Surfactants

- Performance Will Not Always Be The Same

• 82% Nonyl phenol Ethoxylate

• 7.9% Fatty Acids• 0.1% IPA

• 10% Water

• 45% Nonyl phenol Ethoxylate

• 10% Fatty acid esters• 30% Glycols• 5% IPA

• 10% Water

90/10 Surfactant ?(89.9/10.1)


HLB (Hydrophilic:Lipophilic Balance)

• HLB is the relationship between the nature of the hydrophilic and lipophilic portions of the surfactant molecule. The range of HLB is 1-20. The higher the value the more hydrophilic the surfactant. Most effective surfactants have a value between 10-18. The HLB is not measured, it is calculated. Research has shown that there is significant herbicide/HLB/weed interactions

HLB and Herbicide/Surfactant Solubility

101 20Oil Soluble(Lipophilic)

Water Soluble(Hydrophilic)

Prime OilDestinySuperb HC

PreferenceActivate PlusSilkin

Accent, Assure II,Atrazine,Beacon,Classic, Fusilade DX,Harmony GT, Poast, etc.

Sterling/Banvel, Blazer, Galaxy, Gramoxone,Liberty, Pursuit, Reflex, Cornerstone/Roundup/Touchdown, etc.

Herbicides

Surfactants

Contact Angle

• This is a profile measurement of a drop of water in contact with a solid surface. When a surfactant is added to water the surface tension of the solution is reduced and the spreads out over a greater area. This flatter droplet has a lower contact angle reading. A water droplet has a contact angle of 93 degrees. A superior wetter will have a contact angle of 45 degrees or less.

CONTACT ANGLE

• “Contact angle” (CA) is a profile measurement of a drop of water in contact with a solid surface. When a surfactant (wetting agent) is introduced into the solution, the surface tension is reduced and the water droplet becomes flatter.

• The lower the CA produced by the surfactant,the greater the spreading and coverage propertiesof that spray solution.

• Water has a CA of 93 degrees. A typicalsurfactant influences the contact angle30-45 degrees, and a “super wetter” surfactantcan reduce contact angles to 15 degrees or less.

Contact Angle - cont.

• Water 940

• Water + Preference (NIS) 380

• Water + Activate Plus (NIS) 350

• Water + Silkin (silicone NIS) 240

• Water + Prime Oil (COC) 580

• Water + Destiny (MSO) 590

Crop Oil Concentrates and Methylated Seed Oils havesurfactants in their formulation, but do not as effectivelyreduce contact angles like true surfactants.

Draves Wetting

• This is a test to measure the time in seconds it takes to completely wet a woven cotton skein. A superior wetter will require less than 20 seconds for wetting to occur. The lower the score in this test the better wetting characteristics the product has.

DRAVES WETTING TEST

Draves wetting correlates to how well a pesticide solution will wet and spread on a solid surface (i.e.: plant, weed, etc.). This standard method test measures the time (seconds) it take to wet a woven cotton thread.

A superior wetting agent at a 0.25% v/v concentration will require less than 20 seconds for wetting to occur. (Water measures at >300 seconds.)

The lower the score on this test the better wetting characteristics the product has.

Draves Wetting - cont.

• Water >300




• Water + Prime Oil (COC) >300

• Water + Destiny (MSO) >180

Crop Oil Concentrates and Methylated Seed Oils havesurfactants in their formulation, but do not have the wetting characteristics of true surfactants.

Seconds

Surface Tension

• Surface tension is a condition that exists at the free surface of a liquid. The surface tension test measures the force required to pull a floating ring off of the surface of a liquid. This force is measured in dynes/cm. Water has a value of 74 while typical spreaders will have a value of 30-50. Super wetters will be 10-30.

SURFACE TENSION

• “Surface tension” is a condition that exists at the free surface of a solution. The dynes per centimeter (dynes/cm) measurement in the test determines the amount of “force” required to pull a floating ring off the surface of the solution. The higher the dynes/cm, the more force is applied.

• Since surfactants affect tension, the lower thedynes/cm the better the coverage. Conversely,the higher the dynes/cm of the solution, thegreater the impact on coverage.

• The surface tension of water is approximately74 dynes/cm. Typical wetting agents will reducesurface tension to 30-50 dynes/cm, whilesuper wetters reduce this figure to 10-30dynes/cm.

Surface Tension - cont.

• Water 73




• Water + Prime Oil (COC) 36

• Water + Destiny (MSO) 52

Dynes/Cm

Water Conditioning Agents

Water Conditioning Agents

• Water Conditioning Agents– Reduce antagonism from hard water cations

(Ca++, Mg++, Fe++, K+, Na+, ZN++)• Free salts in water attach to sulfate ions

– In some cases can help overcome antagonism between certain herbicides

– Can lower pH and buffer spray solution• Reduces breakdown of certain pesticides due a

process called “Alkaline Hydrolysis”.

– Increase penetration of herbicide into plant cell membranes through “Ion-trapping”

Common Active Ingredients Terms in Water Conditioner Products

• Alkylpolyglucoside (corn syrup)• Alkylpolyglycoside• Alkylpolyoxyethylene glycol• Ammonium Salts • Ammonium Sulfate• Ammonium Nitrate• Ammonium alkyl aryl

sulfanates• Ammonium polyacrylates• Citrophosphate

• Glycerol acid• Hydroxy carboxylic acid• Phosphate esters• Phosphoric Acid• Plycarboxylic acid• Polyacrylic acid • Propionic acid• Sulphates• Urea• UAN

Nitrogen Fertilizer’s Role as a Water Conditioner

Nitrogen Fertilizers (NH4)

Accent Celebrity Plus Fusion Marksman Resource Accent Gold Clarity Galaxy NorthStar Roundup Assure Classic Glyfos Option Select Banvel/Sterling Cobra Harmony GT Permit Spirit Basagran Distinct Hornet Phoenix Steadfast Basis Exceed Laddok S-12 Poast Plus Stellar Basis Gold FirstRate Liberty Pursuit Sterling Beacon Flexstar Liberty ATZ Raptor Sterling Plus Blazer Fusilade Lightning Reflex Touchdown

• Weeds which respond to the addition of UAN solutions or AMS.– Foxtails, johnsongrass, quackgrass, woolly cupgrass,

velvetleaf, cocklebur, sunflower, P. smartweed, v. mallow, devilsclaw, lambsquarters and w. mustard.

• Herbicides which are enhanced by nitrogen

2,4-D AmineMCPA Amine


• Herbicides where antagonism from mineral salts in the water can affect their performance:– Roundup, Cornerstone, etc. (glyphostate)– Liberty, Liberty ATZ (glufosinate)– Banvel, Clarity, Distinct, Sterling (dicamba)– 2-4-D amine– MCPA amine

• Herbicides where UAN does NOT overcome the antagonism of mineral salts in the water; AMS must be used:– Roundup, Cornerstone, etc. (glyphostate)– Liberty, Liberty ATZ (glufosinate)


• Even in the absence of mineral salt impurities in the water, weed control of certain weeds is enhanced by the addition of UAN solutions or AMS.

Concerns with AMS/Polyglycolether Products

Product AMS recommended on Herbicide Label

AMS delivered by an ammoniated salt adjuvant containing 25% AMS at

2 qt/100 gallons Roundup 8.5 – 17 lbs./100 gallons 1.25 lbs./100 gallons Pursuit 2.5 lbs./AC 0.19 lbs./AC Accent 2-4 lbs./AC 0.19 lbs./AC

• Ammoniated Salt Adjuvants– Advertised as AMS substitutes

– Do not meet label recommendations for NIS or AMS

– Generally NOT approved

Value of Spray Additives

SPRAY GRADE AMMONIUM SULFATE.

AMMONIUM SULFATE SOLUTION

PREMIXES

505560

6570

7580

8590

95100

RRPW COLQ VELE

AMS AFFECT ON ROUNDUP ULTRA

University of Minnesota- Waseca

HARD WATER

WATER pH 8.2

DEIONIZEDWATER

WATER 800PPM CA

800 PPM CA +AMS

Roundup/Adjuvant/AMS Trial

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Adj.1

Adj.2

Adj.3

Adj.4

Adj.5

Adj.6

Adj.7

Adj.8

Adj.9

Adj.10

Adj.11

NoAdj.

W/AMSWO/AMS

% Barnyardgrass Control (17 DAT)

Adjuvant

Roundup Original Rate = 16 oz/a; LSD (.10) = 2; Adjuvants rates varied by product


30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Adj.1

Adj.2

Adj.3

Adj.4

Adj.5

Adj.6

Adj.7

Adj.8

Adj.9

Adj.10

Adj.11

NoAdj.

W AMSW/O AMS

% Waterhemp Control (17 DAT)

Adjuvant

Roundup Original Rate = 16 oz/a; LSD (.10) = 13.8; Adjuvants rates varied by product


50

60

70

80

90

100

Adj.1

Adj.2

Adj.3

Adj.4

Adj.5

Adj.6

Adj.7

Adj.8

Adj.9

Adj.10

Adj.11

NoAdj.

W AMSW/O AMS

% Velvetleaf Control (17 DAT)

Adjuvant



30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Adj.1

Adj.2

Adj.3

Adj.4

Adj.5

Adj.6

Adj.7

Adj.8

Adj.9

Adj.10

Adj.11

NoAdj.

W/AMSWO/AMS

% Foxtail Control (17 DAT)

Adjuvant


2003 Dumont Answer Plot

Crop Oil Concentrates

• Non-phytotoxic oils + emulsifiers (surfactants) – Generally 80-95% oil and 5-20% emulsifier– Petroleum based or vegetable in origin

• Surfactant portion aids in spreading/wetting• Increase spray retention/prolong drying time • Increase penetration through the leaf cuticle• More effective than NIS adjuvants in low

humidity, and on drought stressed or larger weeds

Accent/Beacon Adjuvant Trial Kansas State University

0102030405060708090

100

Accent+Prime Oil(1% v/v)

Accent Beacon + Prime Oil(1 v/v)

Beacon

% Shattercane Control (87 DAT)

Accent Rate = 0.168oz/a; Beacon Rate = 0.19 oz/a; LSD (.05) = 14

Methylated Seed Oil (MSO) -Typical Ingredients-

• Oils 85-92%– Seed Oil + methanol

• Emulsifier/Surfactants 8-15%– Akyl Aryl Ethoxylates– Castor Oil Ethoxylates– Polyethylene glycol esters– etc.

Beacon/Accent Adjuvant Trial

50

60

70

80

90

100

Activate Plus+ UAN

PrimeOil+UAN

Destiny+UAN Only UAN No Additives

% Velvetleaf Control (19 DAT)

Beacon/Accent Rate = 0.38 oz/a + 0.33 oz/a; Activate Plus = 0.25% v/v; Prime Oil and Destiny = 2 pt/a; UAN = 2 qt/a

LSD (.10) = 5

Minimizing Spray DriftMinimizing Spray Drift

Best Spray Management Practices To Minimize Spray Drift Issues

• Use good judgement– Consider wind speed and direction

– Consider climatic conditions

• Select the proper equipment– Manage spray droplet size

• Nozzle type, size & pressure

– Keep boom height low

• Use a drift control/deposition agent– Maximize spray deposition

– Reduce spray drift

It is necessary to consider all of the above in order to do the bestyou can to reduce drift and maximize herbicide performance.

Drift Control Agents

• “Encapsulators” – Suspends small capsules(150-180 Micron size) of

pesticide in the spray solution significantly reducing the amount of pesticide contained in drift susceptible fines.

– Placement & Placement Pro Pak• Do not affect spray droplet size

• “Thickeners or Viscosity Modifiers”– Increases the viscosity of spray solutions which in turn

increases droplet size and reduces the amount of drift susceptible fines.

– Corral Poly, Corral AMS Dry, Arrow four, AG1040• Do enlarge spray droplet size

• Neither a “Thickener” or an “Encapsulator”– InterLock

Can Drift Control / Deposition Aids Improve Pesticide Efficacy?

Yes !

Can Drift Control / Deposition Aids Improve Pesticide Efficacy? Yes !

European Corn Borer Damage as Influenced by Adjuvants

TreatmentRate % Visual Damage % Damaged Stalks

None ---- 73 67

Pounce 4 oz/a 37 33

Pounce +

Preference

4 oz/a

2 pt/100 g30 23

Pounce +

Placement

4 oz/a

4 oz/a27 23

Pounce +

Placement +

Preference

4 oz/a

4 oz/a

2 pt/100 g

23 17

Pounce +

Rivet

4 oz/a

2 qt/100 g30 23

LSD P=(0.05) 7.6 9.5

Source: Plant Research Service – Bethel, Missouri

Cotton Defoliation: 8/30/02

Dropp .2 + Finish 16 0z/Ac + Class Act Next Gen. 2.5 Gal/200 + 4 0z/Ac Placement

PLACEMENT!

NO PLACEMENT!

While the previous pictures show defoliation of cotton. Could this same canopy penetration enhancement carry- over to better control of such soybeaninsects as soybean aphids or spider miteswhich tend to colonize under leaves and down in the crop canopy? How about improved soybean rust control?

Probably!

InterLock 2004 Canopy Penetration Trial(Desert Air Ag – Mud Lake, Idaho)

Treatment Average: Droplets/cm2 % Improvement

Untreated 12.863%

InterLock + Preference (4 oz/a +1 pt/100 g) 20.8

Canopy Location Average: Droplets/cm2 % Improvement

Upper – Untreated 16.636%

Upper - InterLock + Preference (4 oz/a +1 pt/100 g) 22.5

Middle – Untreated 12.086%

Middle - InterLock + Preference (4 oz/a +1 pt/100 g) 22.3

Lower - Untreated 9.781%

Lower – InterLock + Preference (4 oz/a +1 pt/100 g) 17.6

Amistar (4 oz/a) fungicide

Airtractor 502 airplane, CP flat fan nozzles, 5 g/a at 120-140 mph.

Water sensitive paper used to evaluate and collect spray.

InterLock + Preference (4oz/a + 1 pt/100 g)

•Upper Canopy – 22.5 droplets/cm2

•Middle Canopy – 27.2 droplets/cm2

•Lower Canopy – 14.0 droplets/cm2Untreated

•Upper Canopy – 12.25 droplets/cm2

•Middle Canopy – 10.75 droplets/cm2

•Lower Canopy – 8.25 droplets/cm2InterLock 2004 Canopy Penetration Trial

InterLock for Soybean Rust

36.642.6

58.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Headline Headline + InterLock Headline + InterLock+ Activate Plus

% C

on

tro

l

2004 I Brink ,South AfricaInterLock = deposition aid at 4 oz/aActivate Plus = non-ionic surfactant at 1 pt/100 g.

Interactions Which Affect Postemergence Performance

Adjuvants

Environment

Plants Herbicide

Selecting the Best Adjuvant or Adjuvant Combinations

Oils and FertilizersMethylated Seed Oils

Crop Oil ConcentratesSurfactants and Fertilizers

Nitrogen FertilizersSilicone Surfactants

Non-Ionic Surfactants

Spray Conditions

Good

Adverse

Weed Controland/orCrop Injury

High

Low

Thank You!

Steve Barnhart

Documents

Agricultural Spray Adjuvant Technology -Sorting Out the Adjuvant Puzzle-