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CASE STUDY REPORT ON NIGERIA’S AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND ADVISORY SYSTEM BY Arokoyo Tunji & Akeredolu Mercy Winrock/SAFE and ABU,Zaria

Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

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Page 1: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

CASE STUDY REPORTON NIGERIA’S AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND ADVISORY SYSTEM BYArokoyo Tunji & Akeredolu Mercy

Winrock/SAFE and ABU,Zaria

Page 2: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

Introduction• 70% of 140.0 million lives in the rural areas• 2nd largest economy (SA) with a GDP US $40.0 billion & 2/3 of

the population lives below the national poverty line (FGN 2006).

• 68 million hectares of arable land; fresh water resources (12 million hectares, 960 km of coastline)

• “agriculture key component in country’s economy, (40.0% GDP, employing about 70.0% active population), sector significantly underperformed its potential” (FGN,2008).

• Largest National Agricultural Research & Extension System (NARES) in SSA:

• 17 Commodity-based Research Institutes• Very high food prices, food insecurity at household & national

level & malnutrition

Page 3: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

Objectives

• To review the national policy environment for Nigeria’s agriculture and rural development.

• To review the national policy environment for the country’s extension and advisory services

• To review the current extension and advisory system, staffing, funding and impact of the services

• To determine lessons learnt and make recommendations that will ensure efficient, effective, demand-driven and sustainable extension and advisory services in Nigeria.

Page 4: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

Methodology

• The study involved both field and desk work to collect both primary and secondary data.

• The desk work essentially involved extensive literature review of policy and historical documents by the Federal government of Nigeria and other research works and study documents covering Nigeria’s agricultural development, extension and advisory services right from the colonial era to present.

• The field work included focused interviews with targeted individual and group discussions

Page 5: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

Evolution of Nigeria’s agriculture and AAS :

Divided into four major eras:

•The Colonial and immediate post-independence era: 1893 – 1968.•The “oil boom” era: 1970 – 1979•The statewide ADP era: 1980 – 1995•The post-World Bank-assisted ADP Era: 1996- 2011.

Page 6: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

The post-World Bank-assisted ADP Era:

1996-2011:• 1988 Agricultural Policy not revised until 2001 under Obasanjo

administration “Policy objective must transcend self-sufficiency to cover food security” (FMARD, 2002).

• Assigned roles and responsibilities to the different tiers of government/private sector as follows:

• The Federal Government: • “Reorganizing the Institutional framework for government intervention in

the sector to facilitate smooth and integrated development of agricultural potentials.

• Increasing agricultural production through increased budgetary allocation and promotion of necessary developmental, supportive and service oriented activities to enhance production and productivity and marketing opportunities.

• Collaboration with State and Local Governments for effective agricultural extension delivery”.

Page 7: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

State Governments:•“Promotion of primary production of all items of agricultural produce through the provision of a virile and effective extension service.•Training & Manpower dev.•Ensuring a variable agricultural extension delivery service. •Promotion of appropriate institutions for administering credits to small-holder”. 

Local Government:– Provision of an effective extension service.– Mobilization of farmers for accelerated agricultural and rural

development through cooperative organizations, local institutions and communities”. 

Private Sector: •“Since agral production, processing, storage & marketing essentially their activities. Document stated clearly that Federal, State & Local Govt should jointly adequately finance Agral Extension & rural infrastructure development.

Page 8: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

Some of the unilateral projects and programs

• Obasanjo Presidential Initiatives on Cocoa, Cassava, Rice, Livestock, Fisheries and Vegetable Oils (oil palm, soyabean, beniseed, cotton, sunflower, cashew, coconut, cocoa, and groundnut), Tree Crops (1999-2007):the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategies (NEEDS).

• The National Special Program for Food Security (NSPFS) 2001-2005

• National Program for Agriculture and Food Security (NPAFS): Another policy pronouncement/shift came in 2009 with the formation of NPAFS to ensure success of FMAWR 5-Point Agenda for agriculture & national development in the short & medium term

Page 9: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

The 5-Point Agenda of the Ministry:

• Strengthening Agriculture Regulations and Tariff,

• Technology Generation, Demonstration & Dissemination (R&D),

• Rural Sector Enhancement,

• Development of Private Sector-led Agricultural Input Markets,

• Maximizing Agricultural Revenue in Key Agricultural Enterprises.

• Vision 2010 and the Vision 20:2020 -have key agricultural policy components

Page 10: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

Nigeria Rural Development Sector Strategy

The major features/principles of this Integrated Rural Development Policy include:

•“Non-interventionist

•“Consistency

•“Participatory

•“Sustainability

•“Greater Equity

Page 11: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

The 2001 & 2008 Agricultural (Extension) Policy:

• 2001: Agricultural policy first to address the issue of the public agral extension service with particular reference to the roles and responsibilities of the various tiers of government & private.

• 2008: Provided for the establishment of a “One-stop” Agricultural Extension Services

Page 12: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

Major Challenges with respect to the Policy environment for Agral Extension & AS:

• “Practice without policy” (Madukwe, 2008).• Leadership and Coordination.• Non-involvement of the key actors and

development partners in policy articulation• Poor budgetary provision for program and

projects.

Page 13: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

Current status of AG. EXTN IN NIGERIA• Public extension system still dominant service provider for resource-

poor small-scale producers.• Multi-plural (public and private) agricultural extension system delivery

exists: • ADPS using an unclearly defined or a corrupted T & V extension

system in non-donor project areas of the States;• A combination of modified T &V (“group enterprise modular approach)

and the FFS extension system at the NPFS sites in only States that have paid the required NPFS counterpart funds

• The Fadama Project in its areas of operation in all States using a participatory demand-responsive advisory service delivered mainly by private advisory service providers.

• Other donor-assisted projects (CBARDP, CBNRMP, etc) using various models of participatory extension

• Public-private partnership in agricultural extension service delivery is growing, actively promoted by the donor community.

Page 14: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

• Active involvement of farmer groups and associations in program planning, implementation and evaluation is growing (Fadama Project, CBARDP, CBNRMP and LEEMP).

• Overall funding and staffing inadequate• Supply of inputs is still common today as part of the extension

service in all the projects.• Participation of Local Govt in actual extension service delivery

is virtually nil, except for payment of required counterpart funds and contribution of one staff in each site of NPFS

• Involvement of NGOS in extension delivery is minimal except for the unique case of the SG 2000 (an international NGO) and a few others.

• REFILS still very weak and uncoordinated.• Performance of the ADPs non-impressive at best

 

Page 15: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

ICT use in AG Extension in Nigeria• British Leyland land rover-operated mobile

cinema : 1921 – 1960

• (1963 – 68), the use of ICTs improved with the introduction of assorted extension publications (in English and local languages) and farm radio broadcasts.

• Introduction of government-sponsored TV farm broadcasts and TV viewing centers complemented the already established radio programs:1969-1974

• Provider driven(technology and project)

Page 16: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

• World Bank-funded Agricultural Development Projects (1986 – 1990); With the external support, all the ADPs nation-wide, were able to establish well-equipped, Development Support Communication Units (DSC) (printing, video, TV and Radio recording facilities etc).

• Most States established Video/TV viewing centers as well as provided free airtime for the radio and TV farm broadcasts for the ADPs.

• Withdrawal WB support: reduced frequency ADP radio and TV program. NAERLS & PCU (2002) only 26 (70.3%) of the 36 States’ ADPs produced & aired radio programs;

• 75.6% of which were in local languages. Only 48.6% produced and aired TV programs of which 57.7% were in local languages.

Page 17: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

• The CTA–supported Question and Answer Service in Nigeria, hosted by the NAERLS and known as the “Nigeria Agricultural Question and Answer service” (NAQAS).

• The USAID-sponsored Information Communication Support for Agricultural Growth in Nigeria (ICS-Nigeria) was launched in 2002.

• The Fadama III Project: “Communications and Information Support”

• “Support ADPs, Sponsored Research & On-farm Demonstrations” small computerized research laboratory internet”

• NAERLS with ICTs extension specialist support services apart from the CTA-supported NAQAS,

• Japan Social Development Fund (JSDF) ICTs Fadama III project in four selected States

• NAMIS:USAID-supported Nigeria Agral Marketing Info Service

Page 18: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

Capacity building• Over 78 Federal, States’ and private Universities providing

degree and postgraduate diploma • Federal and States Colleges of Agriculture and related

disciplines, providing National and Higher National Diplomas • Research Institutes providing capacity building to the ADP

staff, private advisory services providers, and producers in their commodity disciplines.

• NAERLS, providing specialist extension capacity building in agriculture and rural development including ICTS,

• The Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute (Established with a World Bank support at the peak of the Statewide ADP era).

• Some of the notable donor-supported project-related capacity building programs:Fadama III:,SAFE etc

Page 19: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

Gender of Extension Workers in the Geo-political

Zones of Nigeria.

Page 20: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

Funding• Perhaps the most difficult information to

access from the ADPs is the details of their funding.

• Multiple projects, mandatory financial contributions, fairly high rate of defaulting, difficult to trace what really goes to agral extension and advisory services.

• See table.

Page 21: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

PerformanceNORTH EAST ZONE

STATE Funding Situation

Adequacy & Quality Of Staff.

REMARKS

Adamawa Inadequate

Fair Poor & untimely releases, Need to recruit staff

Bauchi Fair Fair Funds on downward trend, Need to sustain staff

Borno Very poor Adequate Serious funding challenges.Gombe Inadequat

eFair Need to increase funding

significantlyYobe Weak Fair Need to improve funding & staffing.Jigawa Weak Fair To increase funding & improve

staffing

Page 22: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

Impact

Kwara 0 0 0 0 0 0No state contribution.

Nasarawa 27 27 746  27 746 

Niger 0 0 0 27 27 774 Late payment.

Plateau 27 27 675  46 1156 

Taraba 32 0 0  22 550 

2008 no F noFFS nofrs no F noFFS nofrs 2009/10

Page 23: Agricultural Extension Case Study Nigeria

Important lessons learnt• Properly documented agral extension policy needed to guide all actors

in sector, define roles and responsibilities of all players • Private sector, NGOs, and farmer organizations given a voice.• Friendly and stable policy environment is a critical requirement for

sustainable agricultural development• Desired impact achieved with political will and commitment (3 tiers of

govt)• Participatory and dd-responsive agricultural extension and AS

improves service delivery/performance.• Adequate, regular and timely funding in absolutely necessary for the

national extension and advisory service to make desired impact. • Adequate and well-trained staff with opportunities for in service cap.

building.• All partners must pay their counterpart funds as at when due• With respect to donor-supported projects “dying” after the withdrawal

of support,exit strategies will ensure sustainability • Strengthened & well-coordinated res.-extension-farmer-inputs system

(REFILS) imperative for effective and efficient extension & AS.