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Agenda Morris LeBlanc: CMC Project update CSCW Ubicomp

Agenda Morris LeBlanc: CMC Project update CSCW Ubicomp

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Agenda

Morris LeBlanc: CMC Project update CSCW Ubicomp

Part 3 Presentation next week

15 minutes each (including questions) Load slides onto swiki

Motivation Requirements

learning from users Design

learning from prototyping Evaluation Conclusions Q&A

Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)

Thinking about groups, collaboration, and communication

CSCW

Computer Supported Cooperative Work

HCI connotations CSCW individual use

psychology

CSCW

Study how people work together as a group and how technology affects this

Support the social processes of work, whether co-located or distributed

Support the social processes of a group of people communicating or collaborating in any situation

Examples

Awareness of people in your family, community, workplace...

Mobile communication Online discussions, blogs Sharing photos, stories, experiences Recommender systems Playing games

Groupware

Software specifically designed to support group working or playing with cooperative requirements in mind

NOT just tools for communication Groupware can be classified by

when and where the participants are working the function it performs for cooperative work

Specific and difficult problems with groupware implementation

The Time/Space Matrix Classify groupware by:

when the participants are working,at the same time or not

where the participants are working,at the same place or not

Common names for axes:time:

synchronous/asynchronousplace:

co-located/remote

differenttime

sametime

sameplace

differentplace

Time/Space Matrix Examples

Time

Place

Synchronous

Co-located

Asynchronous

Remote

Face-to-face

E-meeting room

Post-it note

Argument. tool

Phone call

Video window,wall

Letter

Email

A More-fleshed Out Taxonomy

A typical space/time matrix (after Baecker, Grudin, Buxton, & Greenberg, 1995, p.742)

Styles of Systems

Computer-mediated communication

Meeting and decision support systems

Shared applications and tools

Computer-mediated Communication (CMC) Aids Examples

Email, Chats, virtual worlds Desktop videoconferencing -- Examples:

CUSee-Me MS NetMeeting SGI InPerson

Food for thought…

Why aren’t videophones more popular? How and when do you use Instant

Messaging? How does this differ from email? What communication technology do you still

want?

Meeting and Decision Support Systems Examples

Corporate decision-support conference room Provides ways of rationalizing decisions, voting,

presenting cases, etc. Concurrency control is important

Shared computer classroom/cluster Group discussion/design aid tools

Shared Applications and Tools

Shared editors, design tools, etc. Want to avoid “locking” and allow multiple

people to concurrently work on document Requires some form of contention resolution How do you show what others are doing?

Food for thought: What applications do you use concurrently

with someone else? Why? Do they work? What applications would you want to use

concurrently with someone else? Why?

Social Issues

People bring in different perspectives and views to a collaboration environment

Goal of CSCW systems is often to establish some common ground and to facilitate understanding and interaction

Turn Taking

There are many subtle social conventions about turn taking in an interaction Personal space, closeness Eye contact Gestures Body language Conversation cues

How is turn taking handled in IM?

In group dynamics, the physical layout of individuals matters a lot “Power positions”

How can you tell power in a videoconference?

Geography, Position

Awareness

What is happening? Who is there?

e.g. IM buddy list What has happened

… and why?

How do you use awareness in IM? What other systems have awareness?

Groupware implementation

Often more complicated feedback and network delays architectures for groupware feedthrough and network traffic robustness and scaling

Groupware Challenges (Grudin)

Who does work vs. who gets benefit The system may require extra effort for people

not really receiving benefit

Critical mass Need enough people before system is

successful

Groupware and Social Dynamics: Eight Challenges for DevelopersBy Jonathan Grudin (now at Microsoft)http://www.ics.uci.edu/~grudin/Papers/CACM94/cacm94.html

More Grudin challenges

Social, political, and motivational factors Outside factors can affect system success

No “standard procedures” Many procedures and exceptions when it

comes to groups interacting

Groupware and Social Dynamics: Eight Challenges for DevelopersBy Jonathan Grudin (now at Microsoft)http://www.ics.uci.edu/~grudin/Papers/CACM94/cacm94.html

More Grudin challenges

Infrequent features How often do we actually use groupware

anyway? Solution: add groupware features to existing

individual software

Need to manage deployment and acceptance

Groupware and Social Dynamics: Eight Challenges for DevelopersBy Jonathan Grudin (now at Microsoft)http://www.ics.uci.edu/~grudin/Papers/CACM94/cacm94.html

Evaluation

Evaluating the usability and utility of CSCW tools is quite challenging Need more participants Logistically difficult Apples - oranges

Often use field studies and ethnographic evaluations to assist

Groupware and Social Dynamics: Eight Challenges for DevelopersBy Jonathan Grudin (now at Microsoft)http://www.ics.uci.edu/~grudin/Papers/CACM94/cacm94.html

Recommendations

Add group features to existing apps Benefit all group members Start with niches were application is highly

needed Consider evaluation and adoption early Expect and plan for development and

evaluation to take longer

Example: TeamSpace

Distributed meeting recording and access system Web interface – groups had workspace, required

username to log in Capture interface – distributed, real time system Access interface – individual review

TeamSpace issues

Implementation was tough! Responsiveness important, but then how to handle

message delivery and conflicts? What to do when network goes down? Debugging was very difficult

Whole group had to agree to be recorded One person needed to record, then all could review Infrequently used – easy to forget it was there Required log in – hard to just try out the system Good evaluation required adoption, which required all

of the above…

Ubiquitous Computing

Computers everywhere

Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp)

Move beyond desktop machine

Computing is embedded everywhere in the environment

A new paradigm?? “off the desktop”, “out of the box”, pervasive, invisible,

wearable, calm, anytime/anywhere/any place, …

Ubicomp Notions

Computing capabilities, any time, any place

“Invisible” resources

Machines sense users’ presence and act accordingly

Some videos

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXuXBROyV-g&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muibPAUvOXk&feature=related

Marc Weiser: The father of ubicomp Chief Technologist Xerox

PARC

Began Ubiquitous Computing Project in 1988

1991 Scientific American article got the ball rolling

http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/SciAmDraft3.html

Ubicomp is ...

Related to: mobile computing wearable computing augmented reality

In contrast with: virtual reality

HCI Themes in Ubicomp

Some of the themes: Natural interaction Context-aware computing Automated capture and access Everyday computing

How does interaction change?

More “natural” and situated dialogue Speech & audio Gesture Pen Tangible UIs Distributed & ambient displays

Plus… sensed context …and actuating physical objects

Distributed Displays

The Everywhere Display Project at IBM

Dynamic Shader Lamps – virtual painting on real objectshttp://www.cs.unc.edu/~raskar/Shaderlamps/

Ambient Displays

The Information Percolator http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~hudson/bubbles/

Ambient Orb http://www.ambientdevices.com/

Peripheral Displays

Kimura

Digital Family Portrait

One take on scales

Based on ownership and location

body desk room building

From the GMD Darmstadt web site on I-Land

What is Context?

Any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity

Who, what, where, when

Why is it important? information, usually implicit, that applications

do not have access to It’s input that you don’t get in a GUI

Example: Location services

Outdoor Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) wireless/cellular networks

Indoor active badges, electronic tags vision motion detectors, keyboard activity

How to Use Context

To present relevant information to someone Mobile tour guide

To perform an action automatically Print to nearest printer

To show an action that user can choose Want to phone the number in this email?

Context-aware scenarios

Walk into room, lights, audio, etc. adjust to the presence of people

Communication between people (intercoms, phones, etc. ring to room with person)

Security, emergency calls based on people in the home

Monitor health, alert when needed

Automated capture and access

Use of computers to preserve records of the live experience for future use (Abowd & Mynatt 2000)

Points of consideration: capture needs to be natural user access is important details of an experience are recorded as streams of

information

Capture & access applications

Compelling applications Design records Evidence based care Everyday communication Family memories

Annotations Fusion, indexing, summarization

Example: Personal Audio Loop

Designing for Everyday Activities

No clear beginning or end Closure vs. flexibility and simplicity

Interruption is expected Design for resumption

Concurrent activities Monitoring for opportunity

Time is important discriminator Interpret events

Associative models needed Reacquire information from multiple pts of view

Technical Challenges

Connectivity – almost constant How to gracefully handle changes?

Sensing How to gather useful info? (i.e. location?)

Integration and analysis of data How to recognize activity and recover when incorrect? How to function at acceptable speeds?

Scale – both in information and size of displays

Challenge of Evaluation

Bleeding edge technology

Novelty

Unanticipated uses

Quantitative metrics

Variety of social implications/issues

Social issues

Privacy – who has access to data?

How do we make users aware of what technology is present?

Differing perspectives and opinions Jane likes that the environment is aware she

is present, but John doesn’t…