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Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

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Page 1: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

Agenda

(1) How to Develop an Outline?

(2) How to Avoid Plagiarism?

(3) How to Develop References?

Page 2: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

How To Develop an Outline?

Page 3: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

It is a general plan of content of the technical report and its sequence of organization.(An outline to write a technical report is similar to the drawing plans to build a house.)

Prewriting StageWhat is an Outline?

Types of Outline:

1. Topic Outline: content is listed in short phrases

2. Sentence Outline: content is listed in complete sentences

3. Mixed Outline: content is listed in complete sentences and short phrase

Page 4: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

It helps make technical report more organized and shows logical relations between its content (contrast, addition, result).

It helps body paragraphs stay focused on the thesis.

It saves time for the writer. (Preparing an outline takes time, but when finished, you will write the draft of report more quickly than if you didn’t have an outline.)

Prewriting StageBenefits of an Outline

Page 5: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

How To Develop an Outline?

What to do before outlining?

1. Identify purpose of technical report and its readers

2. Generate ideas by brainstorming

3. Research resources and construct reference list

4. Group related ideas together

5. Construct thesis statement

6. Organize sequence of report content

7. Select main headings and, if any, subheadings

Prewriting StageHow To Develop an Outline?

Page 6: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

Capital roman numbers for listing main heading of sections

Capital letters for listing subheadings of main section,(OR for listing main ideas of paragraphs inside section)

Numbers for listing ideas of paragraphs inside section,(OR for listing main details inside paragraph)

Small letters for listing main details inside paragraph, (OR for listing minor details inside paragraph)

I

A

1

a

Levels of detail (from general to specific)

Higher levels of details (I, A) ; Lower levels of details (1, a)

Prewriting StageHow To Develop an Outline?

Page 7: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

An outline should has a balanced structure of the following four properties:

2. Parallelism property:

Outline is a list. Thus, phrases/sentences in the same level of detail should have the same writing structure.If first heading is “Researching the Topic” (verb, noun) then the next headings should be “Generating the Ideas” (verb, noun) and “Forming the Argument” (verb, noun).

1. Division property:

Each level of detail should be divided into 2 or more parts. Thus, there can never be an “I” without an “II”, an “A” without a “B”, or a “1” without a “2”, etc.

Prewriting StageHow To Develop an Outline?

Page 8: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

An outline should has a balanced structure of the following four properties:

4. Subordination property:

Ideas or details in lower levels should be more specific than those in higher levels and clearly follows/serves the higher level that contains them.

3. Coordination property:

Headings, ideas, or details in the same level of detail should have equal significance or value.Coordination property enables the writer to maintain a coherent and consistent technical report.

Prewriting StageHow To Develop an Outline?

Page 9: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

Which one of the following outlines has a faulty coordination property?

A. Word processing programs

B. Microsoft Word

C. Excel

A. Word processing programs

B. Spreadsheet programs

C. Database programs

Prewriting StageHow To Develop an Outline?

Page 10: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

Which one of the following outlines has a faulty subordination property?

A. Winter Sports

1. Skiing

a. dangers

b. benefits

2. Skating

A. Winter Sports

1. Skiing

2. Danger of frostbite

3. Good exercise

Prewriting StageHow To Develop an Outline?

Page 11: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

Avoiding Plagiarism

Page 12: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

Plagiarism is presenting someone else's phrases, data, images, or ideas as if they were your own because: 1. You, the writer, did not give proper credit or cite the original source2. You, the writer, did not properly integrate the borrowed phrases, data, or images

What is Plagiarism?

University of Toronto: To use words, images, or ideas of others without proper acknowledgement or credit is plagiarism, or theft of intellectual property.Plagiarism is highly unethical and illegal. Your intentions are immaterial: plagiarism is plagiarism, whether it happens deliberately or accidentally.

Read plagiarism definitions of other international universities such as Duke and MIT.

Page 13: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

2. If you use ideas from published material,you must cite the source.

4. If you use charts, graphs, data, or numerical information obtained from published material,you must cite the source.

1. If you use the exact words from published material, you must use quotation marks around the words and cite the source.

How To Avoid Plagiarism?

3. If you use phrases or information from published material,you must properly integrate borrowed phrases or information (by paraphrasing or summarizing) and cite the source.

Page 14: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

How To Avoid Plagiarism?

No need to cite a source for material considered:

1. General common knowledge: facts and information in public domain, such as current and historical events, famous people, geographic areas, etc

2. Field-specific common knowledge: information “common” only within a particular field, but you must be sure that it is so widely known within the field that it will be shared by readers. It may include facts, theories, or methods within that field.For example, you may not need to cite a reference about Newton’s second law to engineering audience, but you may need to cite a reference to non-engineering audience.

If in doubt, be cautious and cite the source. And in case of both general and field-specific common knowledge, if you use the exact words of the reference source, you must use quotation marks and cite the source.

Page 15: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

- Copying word for word from a source without quotation marks and proper citation is plagiarism

- Using ideas without citing the source is plagiarism

- Using your own words to paraphrase or summarize someone else’s technical writing without citing the source is plagiarism

- “Knitting” or “stitching” together phrases, sentence fragments, and/or paragraphs from various sources is plagiarism, even if sources are cited

How To NOT Avoid Plagiarism?

Page 16: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

How To Develop References?

Page 17: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

Printed Source:Author(s) (Year of publication). Title of document. Publisher.

Electronic Source:Author(s) (Year of publication). Title of document. Publisher. Retrieved Date, from http://Web address

Author: Last Name, Initials

Authors: Last Name of First Author, Initials, Last Name of Second Author, Initials, & Last Name of Last Author, Initials

Constructing Reference List: APA Style

Reference List Based On American Psychological Association Style (APA Style)

Page 18: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

○ Sennett, R., & Cobb, J. (1972). The hidden injuries of class. New York: Vintage Books. (example of textbook)

○ Evnine, S. J. (2001). “Domain of logic.” Journal of Mind, 110, 335-367. (example of scientific journal)

○ Wilson, S. J. (2007). “Ocean wave propagation.” Journal of Ocean Engineering, 10, 35-46. Retrieved May 2, 2010, from http://oceaneng.oxfordjour.org/ (example of electronic source)

○ American Heritage (2000). Origin of English Language. Retrieved January 7, 2002, from http://www.amerhert.com/61/ (example of electronic source with no author)

Reference List Based On American Psychological Association Style (APA Style)

Constructing Reference List: APA Style

Page 19: Agenda (1) How to Develop an Outline? (2) How to Avoid Plagiarism? (3) How to Develop References?

○ American Heritage (2000). In Dictionary of English Language. Retrieved January 7, 2002, from http://www.bartleby.com/61/

○ Evnine, S. J. (2001). “Domain of logic.” Journal of Mind, 110, 335-367.

○ Sennett, R., & Cobb, J. (1972). The hidden injuries of class. New York: Vintage Books.

○ Wilson, S. J. (2010). “Ocean wave propagation.” Journal of Ocean Engineering, 10, 35-46. Retrieved May 2, 2007, from http://oceaneng.oxfordjour.org/

Reference List Based On American Psychological Association Style (APA Style)References should be ordered

alphabetically

Constructing Reference List: APA Style