Age of Reason and Revival I Puritans and The American Church

Age of Reason and Revival IAge of Reason and Revival IPuritans and The American ChurchPuritans and The American Church

St. Bartholomew’s Day MassacreSt. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

• 24 Aug, 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day24 Aug, 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day• Various French political factions clash Various French political factions clash

primarily Royal Papists vs. Huguenotsprimarily Royal Papists vs. Huguenots• Wedding between protestant Henri de Wedding between protestant Henri de

Navarre and catholic Marguerite de ValoisNavarre and catholic Marguerite de Valois• Many of the protestant leaders were Many of the protestant leaders were

gathered in Paris to celebrategathered in Paris to celebrate• Under the influence of his mother Charles Under the influence of his mother Charles

IX orders all the Huguenots killedIX orders all the Huguenots killed• A semi-nationwide massacre ensues A semi-nationwide massacre ensues

leaving 20,000-100,000 deadleaving 20,000-100,000 dead

St. Bartholomew’s Day MassacreSt. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

The PuritansThe Puritans

• A varied combination of groups from A varied combination of groups from England and ScotlandEngland and Scotland

• Marked by a desire to be a pure church i.e. Marked by a desire to be a pure church i.e. free from romish customfree from romish custom

• Joined as a faction under the Elizabethan Joined as a faction under the Elizabethan rule getting derogatorily called Puritanrule getting derogatorily called Puritan

• They rejected Elizabeth’s church polity the They rejected Elizabeth’s church polity the via media “middle way”via media “middle way”

• Elizabeth suppressed the Puritans though Elizabeth suppressed the Puritans though not violently wanting peace above doctrinenot violently wanting peace above doctrine


• In 1603 James IV became James IIn 1603 James IV became James I

• The Puritans had high hopes for reform The Puritans had high hopes for reform due to his Scotch Presbyterian upbringingdue to his Scotch Presbyterian upbringing

• He disappointed them greatly, he was a He disappointed them greatly, he was a man of learning but not of moralsman of learning but not of morals

• Puritans went to him with the Millenary Puritans went to him with the Millenary Petition requesting reform of abuses Petition requesting reform of abuses within the churchwithin the church

• He denied the petition but initiated a He denied the petition but initiated a Conference where he could presideConference where he could preside


• Hampton Conference was held in Jan 1604Hampton Conference was held in Jan 1604

• James laid down his aphorism “No bishop, James laid down his aphorism “No bishop, no king”no king”

• The only concession to the Puritans was The only concession to the Puritans was an authorized English translation of the an authorized English translation of the bible, the King James Versionbible, the King James Version

• The ascension of Charles I went even The ascension of Charles I went even worse for the Puritansworse for the Puritans

• Charles was a pure monarch wanting to Charles was a pure monarch wanting to rule without parliamentrule without parliament


• He also appointed William Laud as He also appointed William Laud as archbishop who was an Anglican in heart archbishop who was an Anglican in heart and a Roman Catholic in practiceand a Roman Catholic in practice

• Laud desired absolute conformity in Laud desired absolute conformity in church practice/membershipchurch practice/membership

• He restored many cathedrals, re-He restored many cathedrals, re-emphasized the altar in the church and emphasized the altar in the church and brought back icons and genuflexionsbrought back icons and genuflexions

• During his time many puritans fled to During his time many puritans fled to Holland as well as New EnglandHolland as well as New England

Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell• Cromwell was born in Cambridgeshire and Cromwell was born in Cambridgeshire and

went to college but didn’t graduatewent to college but didn’t graduate• Was a strong pro-democracy Was a strong pro-democracy

parliamentary memberparliamentary member• Was a very strict puritan in beliefWas a very strict puritan in belief• A leader of the Ironsides Cavalry and a A leader of the Ironsides Cavalry and a

gifted military tactician gifted military tactician • The New Model Army was a puritan army, The New Model Army was a puritan army,

well disciplined and moralwell disciplined and moral• Cromwell’s disciplined army quickly won Cromwell’s disciplined army quickly won

the civil war and took the king captivethe civil war and took the king captive

Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell

• 1649-1658 Cromwell set up a new semi-1649-1658 Cromwell set up a new semi-autocratic dictatorship under himself as autocratic dictatorship under himself as the “Lord Protector” of Englandthe “Lord Protector” of England

• He initially tried to deal with the King, saw He initially tried to deal with the King, saw it wasn’t possible so had him and Laud it wasn’t possible so had him and Laud beheadedbeheaded

• Grew ill and died in 1658 leaving behind a Grew ill and died in 1658 leaving behind a weak son ill fit to ruleweak son ill fit to rule

• 1660 Charles II was welcomed back to 1660 Charles II was welcomed back to EnglandEngland


• After the restoration of the monarchy After the restoration of the monarchy Puritans were targeted for persecutionPuritans were targeted for persecution

• Most notably Milton and Bunyan sufferedMost notably Milton and Bunyan suffered

• Charles II lived very immorally and diedCharles II lived very immorally and died

• James II was worse he openly converted James II was worse he openly converted to Romanism and asked for priest on his to Romanism and asked for priest on his deathbed to give absolution for his sinsdeathbed to give absolution for his sins

• 1689 William III became king and issued 1689 William III became king and issued the Act of Toleration giving liberty and the Act of Toleration giving liberty and protection to semi-nonconformistsprotection to semi-nonconformists

Spanish ColonizationSpanish Colonization

• In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blueIn 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue

• Shortly after Spaniards and Portuguese Shortly after Spaniards and Portuguese began to settle in the “New World”began to settle in the “New World”

• Along with settlement came missions, all Along with settlement came missions, all Roman CatholicRoman Catholic

• The missions were marked by royal The missions were marked by royal influence, Old World missionaries, influence, Old World missionaries, weakened papal control, and mass weakened papal control, and mass conversion of the nativesconversion of the natives

American ChristianityAmerican Christianity

• English Puritans who emphasized the English Puritans who emphasized the congregation as the churchcongregation as the church

• Were the largest faction of Puritans and Were the largest faction of Puritans and Pilgrims who settled in New England Pilgrims who settled in New England

• Settlement began around 1620 with the Settlement began around 1620 with the separatist Pilgrims fleeing from Englandseparatist Pilgrims fleeing from England

• They were followed by Non-Conformist They were followed by Non-Conformist Puritans who joined in CongregationalismPuritans who joined in Congregationalism

• Primarily settled in Massachusetts they Primarily settled in Massachusetts they enforced strict conformity in religionenforced strict conformity in religion


• Roger Williams left England under Laud Roger Williams left England under Laud and moved to Massachusetts and moved to Massachusetts

• He worked as an pastor in Salem, but due He worked as an pastor in Salem, but due to his controversial nature was banishedto his controversial nature was banished

• He emphasized an extreme separation of He emphasized an extreme separation of Church and State as well as complete Church and State as well as complete religious freedom, not just Christianreligious freedom, not just Christian

• 1636 lived with Indians for 14 weeks then 1636 lived with Indians for 14 weeks then w/ 5 families founded Providence, buying w/ 5 families founded Providence, buying the land from Indiansthe land from Indians


• Williams became a Baptist, and was Williams became a Baptist, and was baptized though shortly after renounced it baptized though shortly after renounced it as unqualifiedas unqualified

• He longed for a true church of God but He longed for a true church of God but couldn’t find onecouldn’t find one

• He obtained various charters for He obtained various charters for Providence and founded what became Providence and founded what became Rhode IslandRhode Island

• Was friendly to Indians and helped Mass. Was friendly to Indians and helped Mass.


• The Religious Society of Friends aka the The Religious Society of Friends aka the Tremblers or QuakersTremblers or Quakers

• Founded by George Fox a zealous, Founded by George Fox a zealous, ascetic, mystic, and outspoken extremistascetic, mystic, and outspoken extremist

• He gave no one special consideration or He gave no one special consideration or courtesy, interrupted clergymen and courtesy, interrupted clergymen and lawyerslawyers

• Was nine times imprisoned eventually Was nine times imprisoned eventually retiring and resting at the end of his careerretiring and resting at the end of his career

• Robert Barclay was the Quaker apologistRobert Barclay was the Quaker apologist


• Barclay lived in many different systems Barclay lived in many different systems gaining a good education before gaining a good education before converting to Quakerismconverting to Quakerism

• He went on various missionary journeys, He went on various missionary journeys, was several times imprisoned and diedwas several times imprisoned and died

• William Penn is the Quaker politician. William Penn is the Quaker politician.

• Was favored by James II due to familyWas favored by James II due to family

• His influence allowed him to found His influence allowed him to found Pennsylvania organizing a colony based Pennsylvania organizing a colony based primarily on Religious Freedomprimarily on Religious Freedom


• Penn founded Philadelphia – the city of Penn founded Philadelphia – the city of brotherly lovebrotherly love

• Pennsylvania became a refuge for QuakersPennsylvania became a refuge for Quakers

• Quakers were often persecuted in England Quakers were often persecuted in England from 1650-89 ~13,258 Quakers were from 1650-89 ~13,258 Quakers were punished, in New England 170 were badly punished, in New England 170 were badly used, 47 banished, and 4 hangedused, 47 banished, and 4 hanged

• There outspoken radical protests made There outspoken radical protests made them unpopular often parading in them unpopular often parading in sackcloth and ashes, or nothing in protestsackcloth and ashes, or nothing in protest


• After persecution ceased the Quakers After persecution ceased the Quakers settled down becoming a “sober, quiet, settled down becoming a “sober, quiet, orderly, and peaceful community”orderly, and peaceful community”

• They held to fifteen main principles the They held to fifteen main principles the main of which weremain of which were

1.1. The Inner LightThe Inner Light

2.2. Universal Capacity for RedemptionUniversal Capacity for Redemption

3.3. Quiet WorshipQuiet Worship

4.4. Separation of Church and StateSeparation of Church and State

5.5. No “Salutations and Recreations”No “Salutations and Recreations”

American ChristianityAmerican Christianity• The Moravian church stemmed from The Moravian church stemmed from

Germany where the sheltered remnants of Germany where the sheltered remnants of old Bohemian and Moravian Brethren wereold Bohemian and Moravian Brethren were

• Count Zinzendorf gave the Brethren Count Zinzendorf gave the Brethren asylum in Herrnhutasylum in Herrnhut

• Zinze gave up his court position in order Zinze gave up his court position in order to become bishop of the Moravian Churchto become bishop of the Moravian Church

• Founded Bethlehem and Nazareth Penn. Founded Bethlehem and Nazareth Penn. • They made few settlements preferring to They made few settlements preferring to

send missionaries off to the wild than send missionaries off to the wild than building churches building churches

American ChristianityAmerican Christianity• They founded missions stations called They founded missions stations called

Diaspora, for refreshment not membershipDiaspora, for refreshment not membership• They kept strict discipline but maintained They kept strict discipline but maintained

a cheerful piety and love of musica cheerful piety and love of music• Emphasized unity of spirit of doctrine Emphasized unity of spirit of doctrine

preferring Christ Crucified and living for preferring Christ Crucified and living for Him to deep theologyHim to deep theology

• They admitted various denominations to They admitted various denominations to their communion as long as they were their communion as long as they were devout Christians in persondevout Christians in person


““I know of no other foundation but I know of no other foundation but Christ, and I can associate with all Christ, and I can associate with all

who build on this foundation.”who build on this foundation.”- Count Zinzendorf- Count Zinzendorf

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Age of Reason and Revival I Puritans and The American Church