ADVERB CLAUSES

Siti Ainun, ST., Spsi., MSc

IMPORTANT

• An adverb clause contains a subject and a verb• A reduced adverb clause does not contain a

subject and a verb• Use the correct clause marker for the adverb

clause

ADVERB CLAUSE MARKERS

SHOWING TIME

• After, as, before, as soon as, by the time, once, since, till, untill, when, whenever, while

• Meteors glow as they burnt up in the atmosphere

• It was difficult to observe the stars before the telescope was invented

• I saw the tree as I walk down the street

SHOWING MANNER

• As, as if, as though, just as, like’

• Ancient peoples used the stars as if they were calendar

• The milky way looks as though it is a faint band of light

SHOWING CAUSE AND EFFECT

• Because, since, as, now that, as long as, so that

• Spacesuit were designed for astronouts so that they could breath in space

• Since some planets are too far away to send people, computer operated space probe are sent

SHOWING OPPOSITION

• Although, though, even though, while, whereas

• Most stars are white while some are coloured• Although helium is rare on Earth, it is common

in the universe

SHOWING CONDITION

• If, even if, only if, in the even that, in case that, provided that, unless

• You will see hundreds of stars if you look at the sky

• You can study distant stars provided that you have a radio telescope

SHOWING PURPOSE

• So that, in order that, in order to, so (that)

• Astronomers improved telescope so that they would discover more about the stars

• Astronomers developed bigger and bigger telescope in order to see the stars more clearly

SHOWING RESULT

• So….. that, such…..that

• The stars are so far away that they cannot be seen without a telescope

• The meteor hit the earth with such force that it made a crater

SHOWING PLACE

• Where, wherever everywhere

• There were stars wherever she looked• A crater was formed where the meteor hit the

earth

EXERCISE 1

Before, when, because, although

1. New, large telescopes had to built______ important discoveries were made

2. Quasars were discovered ______astronomers noticed radio signals

3. Maarten Schmidt saw faint galaxies ______ he looked at points in the sky

4. The points could be seen ______ they shone brightly5. Light and heat are produced in the center of a quasar

_____ gas and dust fall into it6. ______ black holes are small, they are extremly heavy

answers

1. Before2. When3. When4. Because5. When 6. although

Exercise 2

1. Quasars are an important discovery (because/although) they are the most powerful objects ever seen

2. The outer planets are cooler than the inner ones (as/whereas) they are further from the sun

3. A black hole is a region of space (where/whenever) the gravitational pull is so strong that nothing can escape

4. Radio waves from distant region of space could be studied (while/after) the radio telescopes collect radio waves

5. Telescopes see distant objects more clearly (whereas/because) radio telescopes collect radio waves

6. Astronomers did not know about quasars (before/so that) radio telescopes were invented

answers

1. Because2. As3. Where4. After5. Whereas6. before

Exercise 3

1. ______ the ancient chinese and egyptian took astronomy seriously, the greeks were the first to study the stars scientifically

a) Althoughb) Despitec) Ford) Nevertheless

2. ______ the development of radio telescopes, distant regions of the universe can be observed.

a) The reasonb) Because ofc) Ford) Nevertheless

3. Supernovas are caused ______ a star diesa) As whenb) That c) whend) It is

4. In 1987 a canadian astronomer, ian shelton, spotted a supeprnova ______ looking at some photographs of the stars

a) wasb) duringc) As ifd) While he was

5. _______ 1987 supernova was so near, astronomers were able to study it carefully

a) althoughb) sincec) It wasd) As it was

6. _______ used simple instruments, the ancient greek astronomer, Hipparchus, made the first map of the star 2100 year ago.

a) Even thoughb) Even though hec) neverthelessd) In spite of

ANSWER

1. A2. B3. C4. D5. B6. B

Exercise 4

1. Plexiglas is used in aircraft windows ______ is almost unbreakablea) Itb) Because itc) Becaused) It because

2. American Indians grew popcorn for a few thousands years ______ arrival of European explorers in the 1400s

a) Beforeb) Before thec) Sinced) Since they

3. The body uses proteins for energy ______ and fats cannot meet its energy needs

a) That carbohydratesb) When carbohydratesc) When they are carbohydratesd) That when carbohydrates

4. Spider monkeys are the best climbers in the jungle, _____ they do not have thumbsa) Nevethelessb) Forc) Despited) although

5. Stars are hot bodies that give out light of their own, _______ planets shine only by reflecting light

a) However there areb) sincec) whereasd) While they

6. A silkworm has glands that secrete a liquid that hardens into silk ______ comes into contact with air

a) As itb) Whenc) thatd) it

7. _______ their immense distance, quasars have relatively high magnitudesa) As itb) In spite ofc) Althoughd) yet

8. _______ body’s activities put strains on certain bones, these bones strengthen themselves where the stress is greatest

a) That if b) thatc) Because ofd) If the

9. _______ Herman Melville is now regarded as one of America’s finest writers, his greatest works mystified readers in his own lifetime

a) It is despiteb) Despitec) Even thoughd) In spite of

10. ______ laser beam can be moved easily in all diections, it can be used for highly accurate cutting in industry

a) Because ofb) It is ac) Ad) As a

11.Limestone powder is added to animal feed _____ animals form good strong bones

a) Whyb) So thatc) As a result ofd) It is that

12.______ sodium chloride (salt) is not used by sea-living organisms, it forms the dominant mineral in seawater

a) sinceb) It is sincec) althoughd) Although it

1. B2. B3. B4. D5. C6. A7. B8. D9. C10. D11. B12. A