ADVANCING TORPOR INDUCING TRANSFERHABITATS FOR HUMAN STASIS TO MARS2016 NASA NIAC Symposium24 August 2016 | Raleigh, NC John E. Bradford, PhD.

NIAC FellowPresident and COO

SpaceWorks Enterprises, Inc.

Douglas Talk, M.D., M.P.H.Medical Liaison

Mark SchafferSenior Engineer

SpaceWorks Enterprises, Inc.

Atlanta, GA | www.sei.aero | info@sei.aero

CONCEPT OVERVIEW

Place a Mars-bound crew in inactive, low-metabolic Torporstate for mission transit phases by expanding current medical

practices in Therapeutic Hypothermia to support ProlongedHypothermic Stasis and Metabolic Suppression.

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CONCEPT

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• Significant decrease in mission consumables due to inactive crew and reduced metabolic rates

• Large reductions in pressurized volume required for habitation and living quarters

• Eliminates many ancillary crew accommodations (food galley, eating supplies, cooking, exercise equip., entertainment, etc.)

• Minimize psychological and social challenges for crew

• Potentially solves or mitigates a number of health issues with long-duration spaceflight

RATIONALE

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Effect of Body Temperature (°C) Evaporative Cooling Systems

THERMAL MANAGEMENT

Threshold formedical complications

Image Credit: Benechill

Image Credit: Advanced Cooling Technologies

Normothermia

Shiving starts

MildHypothermia

ModerateHypothermia

DeepHypothermia

ProfoundHypothermia

38°36°34°32°30°28°26°24°22°20°18°16°14°

Standard medical practice for TherapeuticHypothermia (TH)

NUTRITION AND HYDRATION

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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Fully Active Resting Torpor (likely) Torpor (potential)

Mas

s (g/

pers

on/d

ay)

Lipids

Amino Acids

Dextrose

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is the feeding of a person intravenouslywith a mixture of lipids, amino acids, dextrose, electrolytes, vitamins, and trace elements; all of the essential nutrients for human body

– Delivered via a tunneled central venous catheter or a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)

– Bypasses the usual process of eating and digestion

Pinnacle System ™

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IMPLEMENTATION IN SPACE

PREVIOUS STUDY FINDINGS

KEY CHALLENGES FROM PHASE I EFFORT• Maximizing stasis period

– Common practice is 2-3 days, more cases at 4-5 days, with some very limited cases at 14-days

• Mitigating known complications of TPN and hypothermia– thromboembolism, infection, fatty liver disease, etc.

• Developing procedures for addressing medical issues that could occur during transit with inactive crew– automated vs. human intervention

• Addressing slow wake times that are currently required during warming

• Uncertainty in effects of prolonged torpor on crew mental faculties

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Total Pressurized Volume : 500 m3

Habitable Volume : 350 m3

Mass with Consumables : 40.6 t

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Total Pressurized Volume : 75 m3

Habitable Volume : 8 m3

Mass with Consumables : 12.7 t

9.0 m

8.2 m

5.0 m

4.3 m

HABITAT MASS REDUCTION OF 50-70%

HABITAT SIZE REDUCTION

100-PERSON MARS TRANSFER VEHICLE

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Crew HabitatModule

4 active crew

Power ModuleRadiation Shield

Power Module NuclearReactor Assembly

Torpor-Enabled PassengerHabitat Modules

48 passengers each

Cupola Module Access Node Modules

Power ModuleRadiator Assembly

Element Mass Power

Crew Habitat Module 23 t 27 kWe

Torpor Passenger Habitat Module 1 71 t 101 kWe

Torpor Passenger Habitat Module 2 71 t 101 kWe

Access Nodes & Cupola 11 t 3 kWe

Power Generation Module 19 t 15 kWe

Total 196 t 297 kWe*

PHASE II PLANS

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Doug Talk, M.D., M.P.H.Medical Team Lead

Naval Air Station Lemoore, CADepartmental Director of Surgical Services

Kelly Drew, Ph.D.Neuroscientist, Professor

Be Cool Pharmaceutics (BCP), LLC.Professor, University of Alaska FairbanksDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute ofArctic Biology (IAB)

Alejandro Rabinstein, M.D.Professor of Clinical Neurology

Mayo ClinicMedical Director of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit(ICU)

Matthew Kumar, M.D.Asst. Professor of Anesthesiology

Mayo Clinic Health System Albert Lea/AustinChair (Department of Anesthesiology)

Leroy Chiao, Ph.D.Astronaut

ISS Expedition 10 Commander, STS-65/72/92 MissionsDoctorate in Chemical Engineering

MEDICAL TEAM

Mars Mission Habitat Designs• Habitat Internal Thermal Environment

Analysis

• Radiation Shielding Assessment

• Crew Concept of Operations

• Torpor Habitat Design Refinement

FOCUS AREAS

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Medical Assessments and Evaluations• Nutrition and Intravenous Support

• Metabolic Suppression Approaches

• TH Physiological Impacts

• Evaluation of Prolonged Hypothermiain Non-Hibernating Mammals

Technology Roadmap Development• Identification of Key Challenges

• Maturation Costs

• Near-Term and Long-Term Development Roadmaps

Extensibility Beyond Mars• Martian Moons

• Main Belt Asteroids

• Jupiter and Saturn Systems

A1AR Research Studies• Attempt to mimic mechanisms occurring when entering hibernation• Activation of adenosine A1 receptor with CHA agonist and 8-SPT appears

to attenuate thermogenesis and suppress shivering• demonstrated in arctic ground squirrels and rats to date

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Jinka, Combs, and Drew, ACS 2015

PROMISING MEDICAL RESEARCH

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ARTIFICIAL-G INDUCING HABITAT DESIGNS

Analogy Earth Gs Rotation

Moon 0.16 7 rpm

Mars 0.38 12 rpm

Earth 1.00 18 rpm

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MarsMartian Moons Vesta Ceres Jovian

Moons

Propulsive ΔV 10 km/s 16 km/s 20 km/s 45 km/s

Mission Duration 2-3 years 2-3 years 2-3 years 5-7 years

Opportunity Frequency 2.1 years 1.4 years 1.3 years 1.1 years

Max Distance from Earth 2.7 AU 3.6 AU 4.0 AU 6.5 AU

MARS AND BEYOND

CONCLUDING REMARKS

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FINAL REMARKS

• “Mild hypothermia” continues to appear as the most promising approach toward enabling human stasis (and Mars missions!)– Goal is stasis for full duration of transit to and from Mars– Contingency design and protocol exists if only able to achieve periods of a

few weeks

• Prolonged hypothermic stasis combined with metabolic suppression may provide a number of unique benefits and solve a variety of medical challenges for space travel

• Will continue to evaluate the architecture-level impacts of this technology to various envisioned future exploration missions and destinations

SPACEWORKS ENTERPRISES, INC. (SEI) | www.sei.aero | info@sei.aero1040 Crown Pointe Parkway, Suite 950 | Atlanta, GA 30338 USA | +1-770-379-8000

Engineering Today, Enabling Tomorrow

BACKUP

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ARTIFICIALLY INDUCING HIBERNATIONThree approaches possible for humans:

1. Temperature-based– Lowering of core temperature through either invasive cooling (infusing

cooled IV fluids), conductive cooling (through the use of gel pads placed on the body or with evaporative gases in the nasal and oral cavity)

2. Chemical/Drug-based– In 2011, Scientists at Univ. Alaska successfully induced hibernation by

activating adenosine receptors in arctic ground squirrels– Inhaled Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) shown to induce deep hibernation state

within mice by reducing cell demand for oxygen

3. Brain Synaptic-based– Current research shows significant decreases in the number of dendritic

spines along the whole passage of apical dendrites in hibernating creatures

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HYPOTHERMIA THERAPY MILESTONES

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Year Description

1945 First medical articles concerning use of hypothermia published

1955 Division of Medical Sciences, NRC symposium on the Physiology of Induced Hypothermia, sponsored by U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force

1980 Animal studies prove that mild hypothermia acts as a general neuro-protectant following a blockage of blood flow to the brain

2002 Two landmark human studies published simultaneously by the New England Journal of Medicine

2003 American Heart Association endorses the use of TH following cardiac arrest

2005 Protocols for use of TH for prenatal infants established

2009 RhinoChill® IntraNasal cooling system enters clinical trials

POTENTIAL MEDICAL CHALLENGES

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Issue Initiator Solution/Comment

TORPOR-SPECIFICThromboembolism(Blood Clotting)

Prolonged sleep status and indwelling IVs

Periodic heparin flushes to dissolve clots, Clotting is generally reduced in TH state, Minimize IV access

BleedingDecrease in coagulation factor activity

Not a significant concern outside of traumaMay decrease risk of thromboembolism

InfectionTemperature reduction in white blood cell activity

Minimize IV access, improved sterile techniques, use of tunneled catheters and antibiotic-infused catheters

Electrolyte ImbalancesDecreased cellular metabolism

Close monitoring and IV stabilization with TPN

Fatty Liver and Liver Failure Long term TPN usage Can alternate source of lipids to reduce risk

Other Complications (hypo/hyper glycemia, bile stasis, etc.)

TPN and reduced metabolic rate

Augment TPN with insulin, exogenous CCK, etc.Avoid abrupt termination of TPN

GENERAL CREWED SPACEFLIGHTBone Demineralization and Density Loss

Prolonged zero-G environment

Pharmaceuticals (e.g. bisphosphonates)Artificially-induced gravity

Muscle Atrophy DisuseAutomated physical therapy toolsNeuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)