Advanced Biofiltration Technology

Presented at TREATMENT SYSTEMS for water quality improvement – Regional Forum

By Eric Love© Centre for Organic Research & Education Inc. 2018

Methods Systems & Devices

Presentation Outline

Background

Biofiltration

Current practice

What is advanced?

Filter Media

Research, Methods & Systems

Efficacy

Case studies

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Advanced Biofiltration Systems

Charitable Purpose

• “The Collaboration, Advocacy, Research, and Education activities of CORE continue to serve to educate people about the organic cycle and organic systems. Particular focus is placed on the role of organic recycling, food production and bio-products in providing high quality, healthier and safer organic products, systems and soils, creating the foundation for a more liveable and sustainable environment”.

Collaboration, Advocacy, Research & Education

Collaboration, Science & Commercialisation

Bio Filtration?

Using natural processes such as filtration to:

• Remove pollutants from water.

• Manage water quantity.

• Grow vegetation.

• F-f-P Water reuse.

ADVANCED BIO FILTRATION

CURRENT PRACTICERESEARCH HISTORYWHAT IS ADVANCED?ORGANIC FILTER MEDIAORGANIC MATTERREACTIVE FILTER MEDIA

Bio filtration Media in QLD

FAWB Specification

Dry Climate Media – HL&W QLDFAWB +

Pollutant RemovalOrganic Filter Media

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

COMPONENT pH EC TON TP DOC Mg Ca K Al Cu Zn Cr Pb Fe Mn

Material 1 8.29 2510 14.1 8.1 200 7.9 8.7 > 200 0.103 0.110 0.611 <0.001 <0.001 0.167 0.031

Material 2 4.91 765 6.5 6.4 2400 9.8 11.2 25.9 0.470 0.379 3.340 0.007 0.080 0.944 0.271

Material 3 6.71 1015 8.7 8.4 64 1.8 2.7 > 200 0.119 0.018 1.226 0.001 0.004 0.113 0.019

Material 4 7.37 865 9 6.1 90 8.9 10.6 24.9 0.018 0.326 0.648 0.006 0.002 0.421 0.055

Material 5 7.19 905 8.8 8.3 140 8.8 12.5 > 200 0.339 0.081 1.903 <0.001 0.006 0.084 0.279

Material 6 7.33 910 9.5 8.7 214 8.6 11.9 45.0 0.044 0.030 0.631 0.003 0.001 0.039 0.460

Material 7 7.60 845 4.5 9.3 2.3 9.8 13.3 20.0 0.040 0.104 0.907 <0.001 0.002 0.033 0.006

Material 8 7.76 920 9.3 2.3 45 8.1 12.9 27.2 0.181 0.042 0.993 <0.001 0.002 0.110 0.061

Material 9 4.24 1635 9.6 5.5 16.8 7.2 8.6 9.6 0.695 0.009 0.123 <0.001 <0.001 0.389 0.155

Material 10 7.86 845 9.5 4.2 26 8.9 12.8 16.6 0.156 0.009 0.501 <0.001 <0.001 0.035 0.035

Material 11 7.98 820 9.3 5.5 20 9.4 10.9 13.3 0.039 0.024 0.294 <0.001 <0.001 0.026 0.025

Material 12 8.63 930 9.1 5.7 26 2.8 1.3 14.3 0.736 0.041 0.503 <0.001 <0.001 1.157 0.024

Material 13 8.34 905 9.1 5.5 20 9.4 17.0 18.1 0.002 0.014 0.297 <0.001 <0.001 0.002 0.003

Material 14 6.60 2160 7.9 58.9 1800 16.3 25.4 > 200 0.056 0.154 0.283 <0.001 <0.001 0.071 0.041

Secondary Treated Effluent (STE)

7.28 845 9.8 6.2 18.5 91.9 122.3 192.3 0.096 0.104 0.496 0.009 0.005 0.641 0.037

Sample test sheet – Batch test – first pass single pass

Majority of the materials are recycled

Current practiceWSUD

X Poor vegetation integrity.

X Short life spans/Frequent change outs.

X Low resilience.

X High maintenance.

X Depletes natural resources.

海绵城市建设的海绵体

X Poor vegetation integrity.

X Short life spans/Frequent change outs.

X Low resilience.

X High maintenance.

X Deplete natural resources.

Current practiceWSUD

Australian FAWB Spec Media in China

Advanced BiofiltrationMedia

Efficient pollutant removal.

Excellent vegetation integrity.

Low maintenance.

Superior resilience.

Long life spans.

Uses recycled materials

Sydney

Singapore

Vancouver

1. Concord Council/ Australian Water Technologies (1998) – independent study of field installation water quality improvement. 2. Manly Council (2001) – independent study of field installation water quality improvement and water reuse. Published independent study confirms

considerable efficacy. PI –Prof. James Ball 3. University of Melbourne – Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research (2005)

Barry Road Toxicant Treatment Facility Progress Report Evaluating a number of media for removal of pollutants from trade waste – Merri Creek. RFM proved most cost effective removal. PI – Dr. Steve Marshall. Uncertain whether published.

4. University of Technology Sydney a. (2008) (including UNSW) – proof of concept study validating the use of recycled materials for effective water treatment. Several journals written,

papers presented at Stormwater conferences and published in proceedings (2006, 2008). Co funded by NSW Government. PI – Robert McLaughlin. Previously posted on NSW Government website.

b. (2018) Current research work into Electro Kinetic with Reactive Filter Media (POC recently completed by PhD student). Further research likely to be carried out in China. PI – EK - Dr. Ali Altaee, PI – RFM – Eric Love. (POC means Proof of Concept).

5. University of Newcastle (2010 – 2018) a. Development of methods and systems for designing effective reactive filter media. – PI - Eric Love assisted by Prof Steve Lucas – BIOMASS system

published and distributed at Stormwater 2016 conference – Gold Coast. b. Conduct characterisation and efficacy testing of RFM component materials and design mixes (over 100 studies carried out). – PI - Eric Love assisted

by Prof Steve Lucas. c. Research co-funded by CORE, UoN and the Australian Government. d. Several Stormwater Conference presentations of the findings (2012, 2015, 2016) WSUD 2015, subsequent papers published, including peer

reviewed (2017) and international papers (ICSW Hong Kong 2013 and Singapore Water Week, 2016). 6. Centre for Organic Research and Education (1998 – 2018) (ACNC registered charity)

a. Patenting of methods, systems and devices (2014), published USA - PI - Eric Love b. Development of specifications based on UoN studies (2016) publically available - PI - Eric Love c. Development of Performance a Validation Standard for Organic Filter Media (2018) – co funded by NSW Government. Awaiting publication - PI -

Eric Love d. Water Quality Data Analysis of Runoff (QLD, NSW & Vic) – PI – Prof. Peter Coombes assisted by Eric Love – currently writing journal articles. e. Urban agriculture systems development – with Qld Government - Department of Environment and Science and Greening Australia. (inter alia)

Combining urban agriculture and water management for food and water security. Project currently active. 7. Victorian Government - Metropolitan Waste and Resource Recovery Group (2017)

Conduct characterisation and efficacy testing (UoN) of Victorian RFM component materials and design mixes. PI – Eric Love assisted by Dr Stephen Lucas (UoN). Successful validation report provided to MWRRG and available.

Research HistoryAustralia 1998-2018

1. Public Utilities Board, Agriculture & Veterinary Authority (2014 – 2018) Successful collaboration with Nanyang Technical University to protect the water quality of the BARRAGE – Singapore’s (insufficient) drinking water supply:

a. Improving surface runoff water quality from farming activities – PI Eric Love – CORE assisted by Prof Kim Irvine. b. Test bedding Reactive Filter Media in a rain garden project – PI - Eric Love –CORE - assisted by Prof Kim Irvine

Both projects are completed very successfully, significant pollutant removal (TPH, TSS, Nutrients, Metals) using RFM technology and devices. There were significant findings with regards to the substantial magnification of pollutants from dissolving clay identifying important implications for water quality improvement for the whole of Asia (incl. China).

2. Desert Research Institute, Governor’s Office of Nevada (2018) Collaboration to protect the water quality of Lake Mead, Hoover Dam/Colorado River and Lake Tahoe. CORE ABT is one of four technologies selected from a worldwide call for EoI. Fully funded localisation (using local component materials) laboratory studies of materials, field studies and deployment of formulations using patented methods - including efficacy for removal of contaminants of concern including Uranium, Selenium, Percholate (rocket fuel) and pharmaceuticals - PI - Eric Love – CORE - assisted by Alan Heyvaert, Ph.D. - Director, Center for Watersheds and Environmental Sustainability (actual rocket scientist).

3. Global Water Center – Wisconsin (2018) Collaboration to protect the water quality of the Great Lakes including Lake Michigan. Selected (head hunted) to conduct fully funded localisation (using local component materials) laboratory studies of materials, field studies and deployment of formulations using patented methods. Also includes development of algorithmic models for predictive performance modelling. PI - Eric Love – CORE - assisted by Marcia R. Silva, Ph.D. Assoc. Scientist and Director

4. Shanghai Botanical Gardens - Test Bedding Project Yangtze Delta – Shanghai China. Collaboration to help protect the water quality of the Yangtze Delta.

Research HistoryInternational 2014 -2018

Nitrogen (N) Removal

The Nitrogen Cycle

Reactive Mechanisms

Phosphorous (P) Removal

Input P

Reactive Mechanisms

What is Reactivity?

McLaughlin R. et al UTS 2005

What is Organic Matter?

Grease trap Food production residues

Mushroom Compost

What is Organic Matter?

• Fit for purpose organic matter used in organic filter media

must comprise of more than 85% stable organic materials to

prevent unacceptable leaching. Some labile carbon content up

to 15% can be used to assist plant establishment without

sustaining harm to the environment through leaching.

Performance & Validation Standards for Organic Bio-filtration Media

Organic Matter

Labile (soft) Constant/Stable Recalcitrant (10-50%)

Short life span 100 years Millennia

Soluble Cellulose Lignin Coal

Binds soils Humus (100 yrs) Charcoal

Microbial stimulation High surface area

Transitions nutrients

Baldock and Skjemstad (1999), CSIRO

Organic Carbon

Labile (soft) (5-10%)

Constant/Stable (40-80%)

Recalcitrant (10-50%)

Short life span 100 years Millennia

Soluble Cellulose Lignin Coal

Binds soils Humus (100 yrs) Charcoal

Microbial stimulation High surface area

Transitions nutrients

Baldock and Skjemstad (1999), CSIRO

W/W

Leachate ManagementCorrect component selection

FAWB Spec

Leachate ManagementCorrect component selection

Analysis of Bioretention Soil Media for Improved Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Copper Retention D. Ahearn1, C. Hinman2, and J. Lenth3

Leachate ManagementCorrect component selection

M5S (leached with MilliQwater)

Runoff M5S

Wavelength Pair

Region Organic compound

390/472nm 1 terrestial humic-like fluorescence310/392nm 2 microbially derived humic-like fluorescence350/428nm 3 wastewater/nutrient enrichment tracer250/304nm 4 associated with proteins, fluorescing in the same region as tyrosine standard>250/348nm 5 associated with proteins, fluorescing in the same region as tryptophan standard290/392nm 6 associated with proteins, fluorescing in the same region as tryptophan standard270/304nm 7 associated with proteins, fluorescing in the same region as tyrosine standard

Leachate as a growth enhancer

Wavelength Pair

Region Organic compound

390/472nm 1 terrestial humic-like fluorescence310/392nm 2 microbially derived humic-like fluorescence350/428nm 3 wastewater/nutrient enrichment tracer250/304nm 4 associated with proteins, fluorescing in the same region as tyrosine standard>250/348nm 5 associated with proteins, fluorescing in the same region as tryptophan standard290/392nm 6 associated with proteins, fluorescing in the same region as tryptophan standard270/304nm 7 associated with proteins, fluorescing in the same region as tyrosine standard

Leachate as a growth enhancer

Advanced BiofiltrationKey Research Findings

1. All materials have unique physical, chemical & biological characteristics that react distinctively.

2. Different formulations (made from them) deliver specific treatment results e.g.

1. Non conservative - Nutrients (N,P)2. Conservative - Metals (Cu,Pb,Zn,As,etc)

3. React individually to different water quality profiles (e.g.

pH, pollutants

4. Leachate is beneficial to plant establishment and growth

Advanced Biofiltration Research outcomes

Reactive Filter Media:

1. Removes significant quantities of pollutants from water including: Suspended Solids

Nutrients Metals

Hydrocarbons (e.g. grease & oil)

Bacteria.

2. Saturated Conductivity (Ksat) >100 <1200mm/hr - manipulatable.

3. Used in Vegetated and Non Vegetated applications

Superior establishment & growth - wide varieties of plants.

4. A range of erosion control treatment devices.

5. Manufactured using > 25% recycled materials.

6. Customised to meet the performance objectives of the customer

7. Supports sustainable procurement practices.

Advanced BiofiltrationReactive Sponge Filter Design System

ADVANCED BIO FILTRATION SYSTEMS

DATADESIGNSTANDARDS ACCREDITATION

Organic Bio-filtration Media- Data (NSW)

NH3-N TP AP BOD DO DO Turb F ColiPrecip 24H b4 9am

(local time) Dry

Days

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l % sat mg/l NTUCFU/

100Mlmm NTU

count 74 182 2236 27 2325 2336 3603 98 95 3865

mean 0.21 0.63 0.34 4.58 68.42 6.78 28.92 2049 37.19 43.80

Std dev 0.22 0.73 0.73 3.96 32.01 5.32 50.31 7983 20.34 66.73

min 0.018 0.01 0.002 0.5 0.63 0.05 0.14 2 18.2 4

25% 0.07 0.13 0.06 2 46 4.1 7 70 23.2 11

50% 0.15 0.32 0.15 3 68 6.585 15 286 28 27

75% 0.27 1 0.36 6 89 8.5 30 787.5 47.7 54

max 0.96 4 11.4 18 187.02 99 500 73000 110 1132

NH3-N TP AP BOD DO DO Turb F ColiPrecip 24H b4 9am

(local time) Dry

Days

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l % sat mg/l NTUCFU/

100Mlmm NTU

count 262 205 3672 14 3633 3769 6525 407 248 8234

mean 0.29 0.67 0.56 4.79 63.08 6.35 28.97 696 17.96 48.36

std 0.55 0.89 2.11 1.85 32.78 5.47 49.31 3038 20.38 70.85

min 0.007 0.001 0.01 1 0.97 0.1 0.26 1 0.2 4

25% 0.07 0.14 0.05 4 38 3.8 7 40 3.15 13

50% 0.12 0.38 0.11 5 62 6 15 140 8.8 29

75% 0.2675 1 0.29 6 82.77 8 30 400 25.9 60

max 3.21 6.75 78 7 180 99 500 48000 108.2 1138

Urban Background (Dry Days > 3) after deleting 2mm (losses)

Rural Background (Dry Days > 3) after deleting 20mm (losses)

Organic Bio-filtration Media- Data (Vic)

Urban Background (Dry Days > 3) after deleting 2mm (Losses)

Rural Background (Dry Days > 3) after deleting 20mm (losses)

TSSTotal

NO2+NO3 TKN TP TRP K Mg

Field pH

TurbPrecip 24H b4

9am (local time) Dry

Days

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l NTU mm mg/l

count 213 353 353 353 352 32 32 366 365 368 368mean 12.23 0.15 0.44 0.05 0.01 2.14 3.55 7.02 18.03 0.71 9.46

std 11.27 0.33 0.31 0.10 0.09 0.62 0.69 0.41 15.96 2.97 6.39min 1 0.003 0.01 0.005 0.001 1.3 2.6 5.8 0.8 0 4

25% 4 0.006 0.25 0.02 0.003 1.7 3.1 6.8 6.5 0 5

50% 10 0.08 0.35 0.037 0.004 2 3.35 7 15 0 7

75% 16 0.19 0.5 0.07 0.007 2.35 3.95 7.3 24 0 12

max 70 5.5 2.12 1.6 1.5 3.9 5.4 8.2 152 27.4 51

TSSTotal

NO2+NO3

TKN TP TRP As Cd Cr Cu Fe Hg K Mg Mn Pb Zn pH TurbPrecip 24H b4

9am (local time)

Dry Days

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l units NTU mm Nocount 7661 8800 8918 8915 1 489 545 545 545 2 346 427 427 1 545 545 10719 10561 12083 12083mean 19.67 0.30 0.74 0.11 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.45 0.00 3.01 6.97 0.02 0.00 0.01 7.15 29.45 0.18 10.74

std 57.50 1.60 1.09 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.74 0.00 2.47 7.53 0.00 0.01 0.60 67.73 2.85 51.94min 1 0.002 0.01 0.003 0.03 0.001 0.0001 0.001 0.001 0.1 0.0001 0.3 0.8 0.02 0.001 0.001 3.5 0.2 0 425% 3 0.01 0.22 0.02 0.03 0.001 0.0002 0.001 0.001 1.775 0.0001 1 2 0.02 0.001 0.004 6.8 3.6 0 550% 7 0.04 0.5 0.04 0.03 0.001 0.0002 0.001 0.002 3.45 0.0001 2.4 4.2 0.02 0.001 0.007 7.1 11 0 775% 17 0.17 0.9 0.092 0.03 0.002 0.0002 0.002 0.004 5.125 0.0001 3.8 7.55 0.02 0.001 0.01 7.5 29 0 11

max 2200 35 43 11 0.03 0.011 0.0095 0.03 0.04 6.8 0.001 12 48 0.02 0.012 0.172 10.3 1946 124 3884

Organic Bio-filtration Media- Data (Qld)

Urban Background (Dry Days > 3) after deleting 2mm (losses)

Rural Background (Dry Days > 3) after deleting 20mm (losses)

TSS TDS TN NH3-N NH3 TP TRP Mn K Al B Cu Fe Mn Zn pH Turb

Precip 24H b4 9am (local time)

Dry Days

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l units NTU mm No.

count 120 120 80 114 75 96 75 121 121 92 85 94 94 68 85 120 117 121 121

mean 69.77 203.00 0.68 1.12 0.03 0.12 0.04 11.96 3.87 0.18 0.05 0.03 0.17 0.01 0.03 7.58 101.79 0.23 11.73

std 134.80 121.90 0.39 0.89 0.02 0.13 0.04 10.04 1.52 0.50 0.03 0.01 0.29 0.01 0.08 0.36 192.23 1.70 9.54

min 1 56 0.2016 0.14 0.002 0.004 0.002 1.2 1.5 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 6.55 0.7 0 4

25% 8.75 120 0.45 0.5 0.008 0.042 0.0068 4.7 2.6 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 7.33 5 0 5

50% 19.5 168.62 0.61 0.885 0.023 0.080 0.021 8.2 3.9 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.01 7.6 18 0 8

75% 49.5 259.43 0.73 1.40 0.04 0.15 0.06 17.00 4.80 0.12 0.07 0.03 0.23 0.02 0.02 7.85 72 0 15

max 750 626 2.70 5.4 0.11 0.97 0.15 48.8 10.6 4 0.2 0.1 2 0.03 0.7 8.6 890 14.4 54

TSS TDS TN NH3-N NH3 TP TRP Mn K Al B Cu Fe Mn Zn pH Turb

Precip 24H b4 9am (local time)

Dry Days

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l units NTU mm No.

count 2850 2875 2128 2398 1191 2411 1189 2884 2866 2258 2004 2285 2312 1745 2120 2875 2832 2938 2938

mean 76.58 226.54 0.61 1.28 0.02 0.13 0.05 14.97 3.29 0.17 0.06 0.03 0.14 0.03 0.03 7.60 105.84 0.36 21.15

std 244.78 199.10 0.64 1.82 0.04 0.25 0.09 17.07 2.24 0.73 0.11 0.08 0.36 0.23 0.22 0.56 358.56 4.87 54.41

min 1 18 0.01 0.1 0.0001 0.001 0.001 0.26 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 4.23 0.1 0 4

25% 5 88 0.24 0.5 0.004 0.02395 0.0079 3.4 1.6 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 7.24 2 0 6

50% 11 161 0.4236 0.6 0.009 0.054 0.021 9 2.99 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 7.65 7 0 10

75% 38 290 0.77 1.4 0.0217 0.1421 0.056 20 4.5 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.13 0.02 0.02 8 53 0 21

max 5233 1650 10.2 40.5 0.8 7.308 1.76 144 29 18.69 3.3 3 7.53 5.14 10 9.42 9999 132.2 908

Organic Bio-filtration Media- All Data

Performance & Validation Standards

• General Media Property Requirements

• Pollutant Removal

• Hydraulic Conductivity

• Vegetation Integrity

• Maintenance

• Monitoring

• Validation of Performance

• Guidelines for Implementation

• Environmental Compliance

Performance & Validation Standards for Organic Bio-filtration Media

Accreditation

BIO FiltrationMediaAccreditationSystem &Specification(BIOMASS)

ADVANCED BIO FILTRATION METHODS

CHARACTERISATIONLIFESPANLEACHING

Local materialsSelection

Selection Process

Formulation Examples

Advanced BiofiltrationMethods

1. Standardised Scientific Methods for homogenising media

design performance anywhere.

2. Systems for localisation of component procurement

based on material characterisation (e.g. stability, general

properties, PSD, carbon content, ripening, mineral ratios.

3. Standardised methods for establishing fit for purpose

components & efficacy.

Materials characterisation

Surface area BET

RO2

Materials characterisationMineral

Organic

RAINFALL/RUNOFF/WASHOFF ASSUMPTIONS1. Pervious surfaces have an initial and

continuing loss2. Rainfall depth exceeding these losses

results in runoff3. Pesticide mass wash off is related to depth

of runoff4. Each catchment has a lag time and drains

to a pond.

RainfallDirect Rainfall

Runoff

-LAG-PESTICIDE WASHOFF

•INITIAL LOSS & CONTINUING LOSS•PERVIOUS &IMPERVIOUS•PESTICIDE APPLICATION

Waterways

• VOLUME• EFFECTIVE VOLUME• MIXING / DILUTION• NO EXTENDED DETENTION• OUTFLOWS=INFLOWS

Overflows

KEY ASSUMPTIONS1. Tropical Dams are full at start of event2. No EDD3. Effective volume for dilution is function

of dam shape and inlet location(s)4. A proportion of pesticide mass

entering the dam may exit within same time step through overflows

Pesticide Characterisation

GUIDELINE LIMITS-ENVIRONMENT-IRRIGATION

Sand Only Column S-011 Organic Only Column E-009 50/50 Mix Column (v/v) S-011/E-009

Analysis date 2018/10/17 Analysis date 2018/10/17 Analysis date 2018/10/17

Material mass in column (g) 472.03 Material mass in column (g) 86.05 Material mass in column (g) 354.21

Packed column dry mass (g) 695.70 Packed column dry mass (g) 309.70 Packed column dry mass (g) 578.10

Height of Column (cm) 20.20 Height of Column 19.60 Height of Column 20.00

Bulk Density (g/cm3) 1.47 Bulk Density (g/cm3) 0.28 Bulk Density (g/cm3) 1.11

Time for 1 L to pass (hr) 0.45 Time for 1 L to pass (hr) 0.77 Time for 1 L to pass (hr) 1.08

Ksat (mm/hr) 1325.50 Ksat (mm/hr) 785.22 Ksat (mm/hr) 555.69

Drained column mass (g) 796.80 Drained column mass (g) 464.90 Drained column mass (g) 726.90

MHC 12.00% MHC 15.50% MHC 14.90%

Pore volume 0.127 Pore volume 0.334 Pore volume 148.80

2nd Pass Ksat 2nd Pass Ksat 2nd Pass Ksat

Analysis date 2018/10/17 Analysis date 2018/10/17 Analysis date 2018/10/17

Time for 1 L to pass (hr) 0.42 Time for 1 L to pass (hr) 0.70 Time for 1 L to pass (hr) 2.11

Ksat (mm/hr) 1421.11 Ksat (mm/hr) 864.11 Ksat (mm/hr) 285.91

Desert Research Institute Nevada

Typical CLE’s

ADVANCED BIO FILTRATION EFFICACY

PERFORMANCE CONSERVATIVE & NONCONSERVATIVE

END OF LIFEMODELLING

Pollutant RemovalAnolytesthe identified laboratories (influent refers to test water used).

Removal efficacy Lab Influent RFM DMC

a. EC WAL x x x

b. pH WAL x x x

c. Turbidity (NTU) WAL x x x

d. TP WAL/SSA x x x

e. NH4-N WAL/SSA x x x

f. [NO3+NO2]-N WAL/SSA x x x

g. TKN WAL/SSA x x x

h. OPO4-P WAL/SSA x x x

i. Zn, Pb, Cu, Mg, Ca, K, Al, Cr, Fe, Mn, Se, B, U, As EAF x x x

j. Total suspended solids WAL x x x

k. Total dissolved solids WAL x x x

l. Moisture holding capacity (%) WAL -- x x

m. Leaching (time to EC stabilization) volume/time WAL -- x x

n. Residence time (Ksat from column analysis) mm/hr WAL -- x x

o. Chloride NSPHL x x x

p. Total coliforms, enumeration NSPHL x x x

q. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) NSPHL x x x

r. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) NSPHL TBD TBD TBD

s. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) Anatek x x x

t. Perchlorate (ClO4) Anatek x x x

u. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (DRO, GRO, ORO) SSA x x x

v. Oil and grease, total SSA x x x

Pollutant Removal Runoff

Values in red are reductions from initial “Runoff (In)”S= 50% Sand : 50% RO

Pollutant RemovalTrade waste water

Values in red are reductions from initial “Trade waste water (In)”

Trade Waste Water

M5S M6S M9 M5S M6S M9

Parameter Units (In) (Out) (Out) (Out) % change % change % changepH - 3 7.4 5.6 7.2 -147 -87 -140EC uS/cm 3820 3620 3160 3250 5 17 15Turbidity NTU 1530 9.7 25 7.5 99 98 100Chloride mg/L 235 510 185 130 -117 21 45Calcium mg/L 418 430 436 367 -3 -4 12Magnesium mg/L 87 152 107 172 -75 -23 -98Sodium mg/L 146 160 147 173 -10 -1 -18Arsenic mg/L 0.024 0.005 0.011 0.012 79 54 50Copper mg/L 3.02 0.063 0.094 0.044 98 97 99Lead mg/L 0.097 0.003 0.002 0.002 97 98 98Nickel mg/L 0.235 0.002 0.005 0.001 99 98 100Selenium mg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01Zinc mg/L 20.6 0.143 1.64 0.088 99 92 100Boron mg/L 0.29 0.41 0.27 0.18 -41 7 38Iron mg/L 118 1.26 5.14 0.83 99 96 99Mercury mg/L <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001Total Cyanide mg/L <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004Nitrate+Nitrite (TON) mg/L 0.005 0.67 0.82 0.48 -13300 -16300 -9500TKN mg/L 9.6 3.5 10 11.7 64 -4 -22TN mg/L 9.6 4.17 10.82 12.18 57 -13 -27TP mg/L 13.5 0.95 3.9 1.4 93 71 90Reactive phosphorous mg/L 7.1 0.18 1.2 0.73 97 83 90DOC mg/L 190 160 128 121 16 33 36

BDL

BDL

Low pH WaterMining

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) Water矿山酸性排水

pH - 2.93

EC uS/cm 1820

Sulfate mg/L 885

Al mg/L 44.5

Cr mg/L 0.007

Cu mg/L 0.059

Mn mg/L 2.51

Zn mg/L 0.539

Fe mg/L 80.3

Influent 入水.

End of LifeDisposal

Raingarden after 20 years

Performance modelling

Inherent RetentionSponge Capacity

Read Rainfall Intensity I from the curve, and Runoff 𝑄 = 𝐼 ∙ 𝐶 ∙ 𝐴𝑐

Media moisture holding capacity Ɵ = 0.39 Water Balance = 𝑉𝑅𝐹𝑀 ∙ Ɵ = 4.68 𝑚3

Once the water goes beyond moisture holding capacity, runoff will occur(In this case, we do not consider evaporation from plants)

Time for Effluent Occur Teff = 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑄

CASE STUDIES

AUSTRALIASINGAPORE CHINA USA

Implementation of ABT: Singapore PUB projects - City Raingarden

6 months after planting

Catchment

Raingarden Design

Source Residual Reduction

Flow (ML/yr) 3.23 3.11 3.8%

TSS (kg/yr) 180 11.9 93.4%

TP (kg/yr) 0.694 0.173 75%

TN (kg/yr) 8.29 2.53 69.5%

Gross pollutants (kg/yr)

79.4 0 100%

(University of Newcastle - Pollutant removal capacity bymodelling of the actual data)

Source Residual Reduction

COD (mg/L) 200 40 80%

TSS (mg/L) 888 11.5 98.7%

TPH (mg/L) 4.68 0.005 99.9%

Cu (μg/L) 55 5.2 90.5%

Zn (μg/L) 420 20.1 95.2%

(Sampled and tested by Nanyang TechnicalUniversity of Singapore)

Quantity of Pollutant reduction annuallyPollutant concentration reduction from

site samples

Implementation of ABT: Singapore PUB projects - City Raingarden

Implementation of ABT: Singapore PUB projects – Farm

Spinkler Location B Location E

0

5

10

15

Spinkler Location B Location E0

200

400

600

800

1000

Con

cen

tration (

mg/L

)

TN

TP TSS

Treatment results for nutrients and TSS

Dispersive clay releases pollutants to runoff

Concentrations reduced by RFM®

Site drawing

•75 – 98 % Cu, Fe & Zn removal

•12mg/L of TN reduction

•2.1 mg/L of TP reduction

Site drone photo

Implementation of ABT:Sponge Park at Shanghai Botanic Garden, China

Filter bales Permeable weirSafe Sox Rain garden RFU

Implementation of ABT:Sponge Park at Shanghai Botanic Garden, China

Implementation of ABT:Raingarden at Lyne Park, NSW, Australia

0

100

200

300

400

500

Znug/L

Pbug/L

Cuug/L

Turbntu

SSmg/L

Inflow 276 133 75 448 291

Outflow 6 1 5 42 50

Implementation of ABT:Kerb gully by-pass system, Concord, NSW,

Australia

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Nmg/L

Pmg/L

PAHug/L

Inflow 1.97 0.264 3.7

Outflow 1.08 0.057 0.6

Permeable surface

Biofiltration by RFM

Safe discharge

Water for plants take up

Underground water storage tank

AgricultureCost benefits

SAVINGS%

Reduction

$ Cost

Saving/ha/p.a$ Cost Saving/p.a

Fertilser 95 4693 500x2.47x0.95x4

Water (irrigation from river) 50 0

Fungicide 50 2000

Insecticide 50 2000

Weedicide

Fuel saving from less tilling 20 520

Electricity Saving from less irrigation 50 4000

No Fallow fields /Green Manure Crop 100 36,000 3x12000

Total Savings $49,213

COSTS

Product (RFA) 6400 80t x $80

Spreading cost 2000

Total Benefit $40,813Note: 70% of area is under crop that balance being as access rows

Organic Bio-filtration MediaSummary

Methods & Systems

• Research

• Patents

• Fit for purpose accreditation• Materials characterisation• Efficacy testing

• Computerised design

• Specifications

• Data

• Standards

• Continuous improvement

• Education

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