Adolf Krauss International Potash Institute Basel, Switzerlandbrasil.ipni.net/ipniweb/region/brasil.nsf... · Adolf Krauss International Potash Institute ... s Brazil urbanBrazil

K EFFECTS ON YIELD QUALITY

Adolf Krauss

International Potash Institute

Basel, Switzerland

Contents

Why quality?

Where is the link between K and quality?

What can we prove?

Conclusion

… K effects on yield quality

Why quality?


… Why quality?

… because urbanisation is advancing

Regional urbanisation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040

sh

are

of

urb

an

ite

s

Brazil

EU-15

India

… Why quality?

… because urbanisation is advancing, that is more urbanites and less rural people - also in Brazil

Demographic development of Brazil as compared to

EU-15

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040

M in

ha

bit

an

ts

Brazil urban

Brazil rural

EU-15 urban

EU-15 rural

… Why quality?

… the society is also rapidly ageing like in the OECD countries

Ageing society in OECD countries

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

millio

n in

ha

bit

an

ts

> 65 yr

15-64 yr

<15 yr

… Why quality?

… with income and ageing the food habit changes

… why quality?

… less cereals and more fruits and vegetables ...

Change in the diet in Brazil compared to EU-15

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

su

pp

ly k

g/c

ap

/ye

ar

Brazil cereals

Brazil fruits&veg

EU-15 cereals

EU-15 fruits&veg

… why quality

… less cereals and more fruits and vegetables ...

Per capita food supply 2000 in selected countries(FAO, 2004)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

EU-15 Brazil India

kg

ce

rea

ls;

fru

its

&v

eg

eta

ble

s

cereals

fruits&veg

… why quality?

… and more vegetable oil with raising income ...

Relationship between per capita GDP and

consumption of vegetable oil(FAO/CIA 2004)

y = 0.5406x + 6.3747

R2 = 0.8866

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40

GDP '000 USD per capita

kg

/ca

p v

eg

oil

… why quality?

… and customers look first for quality when selecting food

Relative importance of product attributes in

product choiceafter TRAILL, 1999

quality

26%

price

17%

reputation

14%

freshness

9%

guarantee

9%

9 others

25%

Why quality?

What is quality?


… what is quality?

Quality is

…an intrinsic property of food by which it meets predefined standard requirements. Determinants of food quality can be grouped into several properties. Food quality therefore refers to the value, which is subjectively or objectively attached to food with respect to quality properties…

(Alabaka, 1999)

… What is quality?

Nutritional properties Functional properties

Hygienic

properties

Organo-leptic

properties

Environmental compatibility Safe food

FOOD QUALITY

Why quality?

What is quality?



… Where is the link between K and quality?

… for example, in N metabolism …

PEP NH3

protein

NO3 NO3

K+Malate- K+NO3

K+ K+

K+Malate-

Malate Pyruvate

HCO3

SHOOT

ROOT

KNO3

XYLEM

K+

Model for the circulation of potassium in relation to nitrate and malate transport (after MARSCHNER, 1995)

PHLOEM

CO2

… for example, in sugar transport


… for example, in sugar transport


Effect of K status of cane on sugar transport (exposure 4 hrs)

(after HARTT, 1969)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

deficient K adequate K

pe

rce

nt

14C

tra

ns

po

rt f

rom

fe

d le

af

stalk

adjacent leaf

fed leaf blade

… unless excessive Cl- affects sucrose storage in cane stalks

Cl-+K+

Xylem Transport Cl- and K+

Cl- and K+ Sucrose

Synthesis

Cl-+K+ Sucrose

Cl-+K+

Sucrose

Cl-+K+

Sucrose

Retrans location Cl-+K+

Exchange processes

Leaves

Stalk storage

cells

Roots

Cl-+K+

Exchange processes of Cl- and sucrose in sugarcane (KRAUSS, 1992)


Relationship between Cl and sucrose in cane stalks

y = 71.015x2 - 171.67x + 110.17

R2 = 0.8278

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5

Cl % in DM

su

cro

se

% in

DM

… unless excessive Cl- affects sucrose storage in cane stalks

Cl-+K+

Xylem Transport Cl- and K+

Cl- and K+ Sucrose

Synthesis

Cl-+K+ Sucrose

Cl-+K+

Sucrose

Cl-+K+

Sucrose

Retrans location Cl-+K+

Exchange processes

Leaves

Stalk storage

cells

Roots

Cl-+K+

Exchange processes of Cl- and sucrose in sugarcane (KRAUSS, 1992)


… for example, in water utilization

K 3 K 1 K 2

Wilting of sugar beets as affected by K supply


… K regulates stomata aperture


Potassium and stomata aperture(from MARSCHNER, 1995)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

open stomata closed stomata

K c

on

ten

t (1

0-1

4 m

ol/s

tom

ata

)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

vo

lum

e (

10

-12 l)

K

guard cellvolume

… K is the insurance for quality formation even under climatic ... P

hoto

syn

the

sis

(µm

ol C

O2 m

-2 s

-1)

Drought Stress

Low K

Adequate K

0

10

20

30

40

50

LOW MILD SEVERE

From CAKMAK, 2003


… or biotic stress


Unbalanced high N sugar

balanced N sugar

Krebs cycle

Krebs cycle

secondary compounds

secondary compounds

Phenols Quinones

Phenols Quinones

organic N organic N

soluble org N

compounds

soluble org N

compounds

Synthesis of pathogen repellents in plants as affected by the level of N supply (after GRAHAM, 1983)

Why quality?

What is quality?


What can we prove?


… What can we prove?

… adequate K improves the nutritive value

- for instance in wheat - higher protein content and better appearance

+K -K

Yield and quality of wheat in India as affected

by K

3.8

4

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

5

5.2

5.4

-K +K

t/h

a

10.4

10.6

10.8

11

11.2

11.4

11.6

11.8

% p

rote

in

grain yield

protein content


… adequate K improves the nutritive value

- with higher oil content, more people can get their daily need from the same field

+K -K

Yield and quality of oilseed rape in China as

affected by K

2.6

2.65

2.7

2.75

2.8

2.85

2.9

-K +K

t/h

a

36.8

37

37.2

37.4

37.6

37.8

38

38.2

38.4

38.6

% o

il

seed yield

oil content


… adequate K affects the functional property

- with higher sugar content, less cane is required for the same sugar output and thus, less energy for transport and extraction

Relationship between soil K absorption ratio (K in % of

CEC) and stalk size and sucrose content of cane in

Egypt

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

% K on CEC

kg

/sta

lk

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

su

cro

se

%

Poly. (sucrose %)

Poly. (stalk kg)


… adequate K affects the functional property

… the same applies to potato and starch production

Tuber yield and quality of potatoes in Poland

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

NP NPK NPK+Mg

tub

er

t/h

a

15.4

15.6

15.8

16

16.2

16.4

16.6

16.8

17

17.2

17.4

% s

tarc

h

tuber yield

starch content


… K is involved with organo-leptic properties

… amino acids are important components for tea quality ...

Impact of balanced fertilization with K and Mg on

quality of tea (China)

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

NP NPK1 NPK2

am

ino

ac

ids

mg

/g m

ad

e t

ea

-Mg

+Mg


… K is involved with organo-leptic properties

… and potato crisps keep a bright colour when the tubers are fed with adequate K because it lowers the content of reducing sugars

-K +K

Color index of potato chips as affected by K

supply

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

0 108 217 315

kg/ha K2O

co

lor

ind

ex (

10=

excellen

t)


… K controls hygienic properties

… mouldy fruits, cracked tomatoes from K deficient plants are disliked by consumers ...


… K controls hygienic properties

… also black spots in potato tubers can be controlled by adequate K ...

Relationship between K supply and

incidences of black spots in potato tubers

(Germany)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 100 200 300

kg/ha K2O

bla

ck

sp

ot

inc

ide

nc

es

0

5

10

15

20

25

K m

g/k

g

tubers with black spot

K-content of tubers

NP control NP + KMgS

O=C

HO-C

HO-C

H-C

HO-CH

CH2OH


… K enhances the content of functional compounds

… Vitamin C and antioxidant contents are improved by adequate K ...

Balanced fertilization increased yield and

improved quality of cabbage in Russia

68

70

72

74

76

78

80

82

84

86

-K +K

He

ad

s t

/ha

235

240

245

250

255

260

265

270

275

Vit

C m

g/k

g

head yield

Vit-C content

O

Vit C

Effect of K on isoflavones in soybean seeds (BRUULSEMA*, 2002)

1650

1700

1750

1800

1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

-K +K

tota

l is

ofl

av

on

es

pp

m (

ex

pre

ss

ed

as

ag

lyc

on

es

)


… K keeps plants healthy and hence the food

POTASSIUM

CONTROL

-K -K

+K +K


… K improves the appearance and shelf-life of many crops

Economy of potato tubers in India (Bansal & Shahid, 1998)

5

10

15

20

25

30

VCR harvest VCR 2 weeks later VCR 4 weeks later

VC

R f

or

K2O

100 kg/ha K

150 kg/ha K


… K improves the appearance and shelf-life of many crops

Tuber yield and storage loss of potato tubers (Bansal & Shahid Umar, 1998)

15

17

19

21

23

25

27

29

31

33

0 100 150

kg/ha K2O

tub

er

yie

ld t

/ha

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

sto

rag

e lo

ss

% yield

storageloss (4weeks)


… K use meets the environmental requirements

… because at balanced fertilization, N use efficiency is improved

Residual NO3 in the subsoil (kg/ha) as

affected by fertilization in China

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

farmers practice=excessive N

unbalancedhigh N

balanced NPK

Impact of Farmer's practice, FP and Site

specific nutrient management, SSNM on

recovery efficiency of N fertilizers, REN, of rice

in SE Asia

4.8

4.9

5

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.6

5.7

5.8

FP(111-18-17 kg/ha N-P-K)

SSNM(120-22-66 kg/ha N-P-K)

gra

in y

ield

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

RE

N %

rice yield

REN

… growth limitation of the shoot e.g. at K deficiency signals to the roots to refrain from further N uptake, so, the plant cannot be forced to absorb N above its needs …

Low demand high demand

shoot shoot

root root

Growth Growth

Phlo

em

Phlo

em

Xyle

m

Xyle

m

Growth Growth

Nitrogen

after ENGELS & MARSCHNER, 1995

Nitrogen



In conclusion:

Producer

• globalisation

• trade liberalisation

• competition

• selective and critical consumers

• ...

Consumer

• healthy food

• cheap food

• plenty food

• protection of the environment

• safeguarding natural resources

• ...

• legislative measures

• trade barriers

• gaps in knowledge

• agric. practice

• quality auditing

• confidence of consumers


… Thank you

Documents

Adolf Krauss International Potash Institute Basel, Switzerlandbrasil.ipni.net/ipniweb/region/brasil.nsf... · Adolf Krauss International Potash Institute ... s Brazil urbanBrazil