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1 1 AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ b,folowfovJ b,folowfovJ b,folowfovJ b,folowfovJ wwd,t}udr wwd,t}udr wwd,t}udr wwd,t}udr wwd,t}udrf ðyjyif wnf ;jzwf xk wf a0jcif ; 2 Ad k vf csKyf atmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ 2

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ - Khamkoo · AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ "Who Killed Aung San ?" AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ

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Page 1: AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ - Khamkoo · AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ "Who Killed Aung San ?" AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkAd kvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkAd kvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkAd kvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkAd kvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkb,folowfovJb,folowfovJb,folowfovJb,folowfovJb,folowfovJ

wwd,t}udrwwd,t}udrwwd,t}udrwwd,t}udrwwd,t}udrfðyjyifwnf;jzwfxkwfa0jcif;

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Page 2: AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ - Khamkoo · AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ "Who Killed Aung San ?" AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ

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Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkAd kvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkAd kvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkAd kvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkAd kvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkb,folowfovJb,folowfovJb,folowfovJb,folowfovJb,folowfovJ

á *sme,fwdkufrS xkwfa0onf?

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© rlykdif= OD;cifatmif ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Ö rsufESmzHk; tjyiftqif

cifOD;atmifESihf xGef;vSatmif

Ö uGefysLwm

&efEkdifpkd;

Ö jrefrmbmom (wwd,t}udrf)

2004 jynfhESpf/ atmufwkdbmv

Ö xkwfa0ol

a':cifrsKd;at;/ ‘acwfòydif’ *sme,f?The New Era JournalP.O Box (115)Raminthra P.OBangkhen, Bangkok 10220E-mail : [email protected]

Printed in Thailand

Ö pmwnf;jzwfol

jr0wD&Jacgif

Ô ISBN 974-87617-4-6

Page 3: AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ - Khamkoo · AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ "Who Killed Aung San ?" AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ

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19/ 7/ 47

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Page 4: AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ - Khamkoo · AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ "Who Killed Aung San ?" AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ

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tcef; (1) AdkvfcsKyfvkyf}uHcH&jcif;

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pmwGJ (vkyf}uHr+ESihf ywfoufaom a-u;eef;pmtcsKdŒ)

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wyfrsm; ppfwvif;cif;usif;&mwGif ajrpmyifjzpfcJh&onf? udkvdkeDe,fcsJ›acwfrS tp

ysKd;cJhaom aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfa-umifh 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;t_yD; vGwfvyfa&;&p

tcsdef jynfwGif;ppfjzpfvmum rD;[kef;[kef;awmufygavawmhonf?þodk‹ jzpf&onf

rSm tjcm;tjcm;aom t&if;&Sife,fcsJ›pepfrsm;uJhodk‹yif _Adwdo#wdk‹onfvnf; aoG;cJG

tkyfcsKyfa&; rl0g'udk usifhoHk;cJhjcif;a-umifh jzpfonf? vufeufudkifppfwyfrsm;wGif

Armr[kwfaom wkdif;&if;om;tkyfpkrsm;udkom t"duxm; ppfoifwef;ay;_yD; yg0if

apcJh±Hkru ‚if;ppfom;rsm;jzifh wkdif;jynfudk xdef;xm;cJhonf? Armrsm;u rausreyf

jzpfonfrSmvnf; rqef;-u,fvSyg? jrefrmjynfrS _Adwdo#wyfwdk‹ qkwfcGmcgeD;pJpJwGif

ArmESifh &Srf;/ u&if/ ucsifwdk‹ oabmuGJvGJr+ jyif;xefvmygawmhonf?

topfjyefvnfwnfaqmufonfh jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif

}uD;rsm;udk qHk;±+H;cJh&aomfvnf; 1950 ckESpfwGif 'Drdkua&pDjzifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf

aom tpdk;&tm; wnfaxmifEdkifcJhygonf? rajyrvnf&SdcJhonfh vlrsKd;pkrsm;twGif;

wGifvnf; twwfEkdifqHk; jyefvnfaygif;pnf;a&;udk tm;xkwfEdkifcJhygonf? &Srf;vlrsKd;

pkrsm;ESifh txl;ojzifh yl;aygif;EdkifcJh_yD; &Srf;udk,fpm;vS,f awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSmvnf;

jynfaxmifpktpdk;&twGif; ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾wGif yg0ifcJh-uonf? wkdif;jynf

pD;yGm;a&;udk jyefvnfjr‡ifhwifum tbufbufrS jyefvnfxlaxmifI tm&Swdkuf

w0Srf; pHcsdeftjrifhrm;qHk; qefpyg;udk a&mif;csjzef‹ jzL;EdkifcJhonf? wdkif;jynfudkvnf;

urBmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm;twGuf jyefvnfvrf;zGifhay;cJhonf? omarmzG,f&m awm

vufaus;&Gma'orsm;/ jrefrmh,Ofaus;r+ tcsuftcsmXmersm;/ yk*Hòrd›a[mif;&Sd ordkif;

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0ifxif&Sm;onfh bk&m;ykxdk; taqmufttHkæponfrsm;tm; urBmvSnfhc&D;onf

rsm; avhvmEdkif&ef tpDtpOfrsm;udkvnf; aqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonf?

odk‹aomf 1962 ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;onf jynfolwdk‹ a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf

cJhonfh 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&udk ðzwfcs_yD; EdkifiHawmftm; ppftm%m&Sifpepfjzifh jyefvnf

wnfaqmufvdkufonfhtcgwGifrl tqdkygpGrf;aqmifcsufwdk‹rSm &p&mr&Sdatmif t

bufbufY ysufjy,fcJh&onf? xdk‹a-umifh 1947 ckESpf vkyf}uHr+twGif; EdkifiHa&;acgif;

aqmif}uD;rsm; usqHk;cJh&jcif;onf tem*wfumvY ppfwyf. t"rR t-urf;zufr+

atmifjrifa&;twGuf vrf;cif;ay;ouJhodk‹ ta&;ygaom tcsufwcsuf jzpfvm

onfrSm ,HkrSm;oHo,jzpf&ef rvdkawmhacs? tjcm;tcsufwcsufrSmrl jynfwGif;ppf

udk trSDo[JðyI jrefrmEdkifiHY ppftm%m&Sif vlwef;pm;w&yf aygufzGm;vmcJhjcif;

jzpfygonf? ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;wdk‹ tm%m,pfrl;rd_yDqdkv#if xkdtm%mudk tvG,fwul

vufv$wfay;±dk; xHk;pHr&Sdyg? ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;onf tcsdef-umjrifhvmonfESifhtr#

tcGifhxl;cHvlwef;pm;rsm; jzpfoGm;vsuf rdrdwdk‹ udk,fudkvnf; txufwef;v$m vl

wef;pm;w&yftjzpf ,HkrSwfvm-uaomfvnf; ppfAdkvfcsKyf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSmrl

ynmt&nftcsif;tm;jzifh !Hhzsif;olrsm; jzpfjcif;a-umihf acwfopfurBm}uD;wGif 0if

qHhEdkifonfh tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr+qdkif&m ±+yfaxG;eufeJ cufcJr+rsm;. twdrfteufudk

óudwifodjrif qifjcifem;vnfEdkifpGrf;&Sdolrsm; r[kwfacs/ odk‹ESifhyif ppfAdkvfcsKyfwdk‹

onf vG,f&mvrf;udk vdkuf-uawmhonf? ‚if;rSm wkdif;jynfudk jyifyurBmESifh tquf

toG,fjzwfawmufvdkufjcif;yif jzpfygonf? ‚if;tjyif jynfolwdk‹. 'Drdkua&pDpepf

wnfaqmufa&;qENwkd‹udkvnf; acszsufvdkufavawmhonf?

odk‹aomfjim;vnf; jrefrmjynfolwdk‹. arG;&myg &ydkifcGifhrsm;jzpfaom vl‹tcGifh

ta&;wdk‹onf xm0& jiif;y,fcH&rnfum; r[kwfygacs? OD;atmifqef;.orD; a':

atmifqef;pk-unfonf jynfwGif;'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdka&; v+yf&Sm;r+}uD;udk acgif;

aqmifr+ay;aeygonf?þpma&;aecsdefwGif olronf ppftm%m&Sifwkd‹. tdrfwGif;

tcsKyf ðyvkyfjcif;udk cHae&jim;vnf; pdwf"mwfrus/ vlxkw&yfvHk; awmifhwae

onfh taESmiftzGJ‹rS vGwfajrmufa&; ar#mfrSef;csufudk wdkufyGJ0ifum &yfwnfvsuf

yif &Sdygonf? jynfya&muf jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;tjyif urBmw0Srf;vHk;&Sd ppftm%m

&Sifpepfudk pufqkyfI vl‹tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufonfh rormr+rsm;udk &GHrkef;aom Edkif

Oa,smZOf

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ

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iHwumrS vlrsKd;pHkyk*~dKvfrsm;uyg a':atmifqef;pk-unftm; axmufcHtm;ay;vsuf

&Sdygonf?þpmtkyfa&;ol OD;cifatmifonf jrefrmjynfolwdk‹. vlr+tcGifhta&;twGuf

-opa-w;vsjynfwGif;rS wufwufºuGºuG wdkufyGJ0ifaeolrsm;wGif twufºuGqHk;

yk*~dKvfwOD;jzpfygonf? ‚if;onf jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDjyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;

aumfrwD/ -opa-w;vstzGJŒwGif 1988 rS 1992 ckESpftxd OuU@wm0efESifh EdkifiH

wumqdkif&m aumfrwD. 'k=OuU@wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhygonf? 1991 ckESpfwGif

vnf; jynfya&muf jrefrmtpdk;&tzGJŒ jzpfaom trsKd;om;!Gef‹aygif;tpdk;&. -op

a-w;vsEdkifiHqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,fvnf; jzpfcJhygonf?

OD;cifatmifESifh ZeD; yufx&pf&Smwdk‹onf jrefrmhordkif;wGif xif&Sm;cJhonfh rsKd;

±dk;pOfqufrS aygufzGm;vm-uolrsm;jzpf-uI OD;cifatmif.zcifrSm uG,fvGefol &J

AdkvfcsKyf OD;xGef;vSatmifjzpfvsuf ol‹ZeD;. zcifrSm vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;acwf/ w&m;

±Hk;csKyf w&m;ol}uD;vnf;jzpfum tdEdN,òrd›jytkyfcsKyfa&; yËdnmOfcH0efxrf; ICS t

zGJŒ0ifwOD;vnf; jzpfcJhonfh OD;aomif;pdefjzpfygonf? OD;cifatmifonf ArmhvGwfvyf

a&;wyfrawmfESifh Armha&wyfrawmfwdk‹wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh_yD; ppf_yD;acwfwGif

yifv,ful;oabFmukr%DwckY xl;c|efatmifjrifpGm tr+xrf;cJhonf? olESifh ol‹ZeD;

wdk‹onf tar&duefEdkifiHwGif (12) ESpf-um aexdkifcJh-u_yD; -opa-w;vsEdkifiH/ uif

bm&mòrd›Y 1983 ckESpfrSpI tajccs aexdkifvmcJh-uolrsm; jzpfygonf?

pma&;olOD;cifatmifrSm OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHr+}uD;wGif yg0ifcJholtcsKdŒESifh

ywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ xdktcsdefu tjzpftysuf tajctaet&yf&yfwdk‹ESifh ywf

oufIvnf;aumif; udk,fwdkif tawG‹tóuH&SdcJh±Hkru a&S;a[mif;ordkif; taxmuf

txm; pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udkvnf; _Adwdo#armfuGef;wdkufrS udk,fwdkif okawoeðy

cJhojzifh þacwfopfjrefrmhordkif;Y ta&;ygvSaom jzpfysufr+tpOfudk jyefajymif;

ajym&ef toifhawmfqHk;yk*~dKvfwOD; jzpfcJhygonf? odk‹&mwGif vlrodao;bJ usef&pf

aeonfh tcsKdŒtcsKdŒaom v#KdŒ0Sufqef;-u,fr+ uGif;qufrsm;um; usef&Sdaumif; usef

&SdaeygOD;rnf? Oyrm þTr#-urf;ñuwfvSaom vlowfr+}uD;udk OD;apmusL;vGef&mY

rnfonfhta-umif;tcsufwdk‹u v+H‹aqmftm;ay;wkdufwGef;cJh-uoenf; qdkonfudk

,ckwdkif em;vnf&efcufcJvSonfhtajc &SdaeqJyif jzpfygonf? odk‹&mwGif Tpm

tkyfonf ppf_yD;acwfaemufydkif; jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;udk twGif;usus avhvmvdkuf

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pm;vdkol okawoDynm&Sifwdk‹twGuf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifatmif taxmuftulðyyg

vdrfhrnf?

*syefacwf t"dywd a'gufwmbarmfa&;om;_yD; ppf_yD;acwfwGif xkwfa0onfh

‘jrefrmjynfwGif;atmifjrifr+}uD;’ trnf&SdpmtkyfwGif pma&;olu jrefrmjynfESifhywf

oufaom ordkif;qdkif&mtrSefw&m;rsm;onf jrefrmvlrsKd;wdk‹ udk,fwdkif jyefrajym

jyor# umvywfvHk; rnfonhftcgr# ±kyfvHk;yDjyifpGm ay:vGifvmrnfr[kwfacs[k

a&;om;cJhygonf? ‚if;uyif qufvufI 'kwd,urBmppfESifh ppfóudacwf jrefrmh

ordkif;udk xdkacwfwGifyg0ifaom jrefrmwdk‹udk,fwdkif ra&;om;&ao;a-umif; 0efcH

cJh_yD; ta-umif;t&m cdkifcdkifvHkvHkudk twGif;ususodxm;aom yk*d~Kvfwdk‹u ra&;

om;ao;or# jrefrmjynfwGifjzpfyGm;cJhaom ta-umif;&if;rsm;. trSefw&m;udk od

&Sdem;vnfEdkifrnfr[kwfacs[k a&;om;cJhygonf? acwfwacwf. ta&;ygvSonfh

tjzpftysufrsm;udk euf±+dif;pGm od&Sdem;vnfap&ef a'gufwmbarmf a&;om;azmf

jyouJhodk‹ OD;cifatmif. pmtkyfrSmvnf; tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom taxmuftulwck

jzpfayawmhonf?

rmvfuGef bGwfum;rmvfuGef bGwfum;rmvfuGef bGwfum;rmvfuGef bGwfum;rmvfuGef bGwfum;·

uifbm&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vsuifbm&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vsuifbm&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vsuifbm&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vsuifbm&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vs

Ed k0ifbmv/ 1992 ckESpf?Ed k0ifbmv/ 1992 ckESpf?Ed k0ifbmv/ 1992 ckESpf?Ed k0ifbmv/ 1992 ckESpf?Ed k0ifbmv/ 1992 ckESpf?

· rpPwmþrmvfuGefþbGwfum; (Mr. Malcolm Booker) onf 1998 ckESpf/ Zlvkdif

v (15) &ufae‹/ touf (82) ESpfwGif rdrdaetdrf uifbm&m-rd›Y uG,fvGefcJhonf?

ol‹ZeD; a&mufZmem (Roxana) rSmvnf; xkdae‹wGifyif aq;±kHY a&m*ga0'em -um

&SnfpGmcHpm;&_yD; em&Dom apmIaoqkH;oGm;&Smonf?

olwkd‹ESpfOD;pvkH;rSm oHwref0efxrf;rsm;jzpf-uonf? rmvfuGef bGwfum;onf

1951 ckrS 1953 cktxd jrefrmjynfqkdif&m oHtrwftjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&I yxrOD;qkH;

-opa-w;vsoH±kH;ukd (88) urf;em;vrf; (Strand Hotel Annex) wGif zGifhvSpfcJhaom

a-umifh xkdtaqmufttkHY ,ae‹wkdif wnf&Sdvsuf&Sdonf? xkdaemuf tDwvD/

,l*kdpvm;AD;,m;/ ±kdar;eD;,m;ESifh blvfa*;&D;,m;jynfrsm;wGif oHtrwf}uD;wm0ef

aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1976 ckESpfwGif uifbm&m-rd›okd‹ jyefvm-u_yD; EkdifiHjcm;a&;oHwref

Oa,smZOf

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ

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(35) ESpfwkdifwkdif xrf;aqmifcJh_yD; t_idrf;pm;,lcJh&m (ruG,fvGefrD) tESpf (20)

umvtwGif; “uifbm&mwkdif;pf” owif;pmwGif tywfpOf -oZmanmif;aom

aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;cJhonfhtjyif “aemufqkH;uufzJcsyf” ac: pmtkyfvnf; a&;om;

cJhonf? rmvfuGefESifh a&mufZmemwkd‹tm; EkdifiHjcm;a&muf jrefrmrdwfaqGrsm;pGmwkd‹

u t_rJcspfcifpGm owd&-uvsuf&Sdrnf? txl;tm;jzihf 'Drkdua&pD jyefvnfxlaxmif

&ef ud;yrf;vsuf&Sdolrsm;onf olwkd‹ESpfOD; ckdifrmpGm tqufrjywf axmufcHtm;ay;cJh

-ujcif;ukd aus;Zl;wifowd&-urnfjzpfygonf?

Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô

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pma&;ol. ed'gef;

u|efawmfhZeD;. uG,fvGefav_yD;aomzcif}uD; w&m;ol}uD;a[mif; OD;aomif;pdefonf ‚if;aexdkif&m rJvfbkef;òrd›rS uGsefawmfwdk‹rdom;pk. uifbm&mtdrfodk‹ 1989 ck/ Zlvdkifv oluG,fvGefcsdeftxd wESpfwacgufcef‹ vma&mufvnfywfavh&Sdygonf? touf&Spfq,fausmf_yD qdkaomfjim;vnf; zswfvwf-unfvif trSwfonmaumif;onfh OD;aomif;pdefonf ol‹b0oufwrf;wav#muf tr+xrf;cJhonfhtawGŒtóuH taxGaxGudk jyefajymif; pm;òrH›jyefwwfonf? xdktxJY acwfopf jrefrmhordkif;wGif ta&;ygonfh tjzpftysufrsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfaponfh ta-umif;t&mrsm;pGmwdk‹vnf; ygwwfonf? OD;aomif;pdefonf ,cifwcsdefu vlwef;pm;tv$mwckjzpfaom tdENd, òr›djytkyfcsKyfa&; yËdnmOfcH0efxrf;tzGJŒ0if (I.C.S) wOD;jzpfonfhtjyif w&m;a&;Xme twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tusOf;axmifrsm; OD;pD;csKyf (axmifrif;}uD;) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1947 ckESpfwGif wòydifwnf; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh&ygonf? _Adwdo#wdk‹xHrS 1948 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;csdefwGif w&m;±Hk;csKyf w&m;ol}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ aemufydkif;wGif EdkifiHydkif odrf;ydkufa&;aumfr&SifESifh a&G;aumufyGJ t,lcHaumfr&SiftzGJŒwdk‹. OuU@tjzpfvnf;aumif; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzGJŒu txl;a&G;cs,fI wm0efay;tyfjcif; cHcJh&onf?

OD;aomif;pdef. trSwfw&tawGŒtóuHrsm;xJrS ol ESpfESpfòcdufòcduf ajymjyavh&Sdaom tjzpftysufwckrSmrl uG,fvGefol u|efawmhfzcif AdkvfcsKyf (&Jwyf) OD;xGef;vSatmifESifh wdkuf±dkufywfoufaeygonf? xdktcsdefu u|efawmhfzcifrSm &mZ0wfr+pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;Xme t}uD;tuJ ( Dy. Inspector General ) jzpfonfhtjyif t&Sdeft0g}uD;vSonfh t*Fvef bk&ifh&Jwyfrawmf}uD;. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;tjzpfvnf; 1940 ckaESmif;ydkif;wGif wm0efxrf;cJh&oljzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ‚if;.0ef}uD;tzGJŒ0ifrsm;tm; 1947 ck/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhr+a-umifhOD;apmtm; tif;pdeftusOf;axmifwGif xdef;odrf;xm;csdefY 'k=&JcsKyf OD;xGef;vSatmifESifh w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdefwdk‹tm; OD;apm. vHkòcHa&;twGuf yl;wGJwm0efay;cJhygonf? xdka-umifhvnf; ‚if;wdk‹ESpfOD;onf ae‹pOfvdkvdk &efukefrS tif;pdefaxmifodk‹ um;jzifh twloGm;avh&Sd-u&m c&D;wav#mufwGifvnf; ,m,D ‘jynfol‹

18

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ

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ppfwyf’ yHkpHjzifh zGJŒpnf;xm;aom jynfol‹&JabmftzGJŒ0iftcsKd‹wdk‹ apmifh-uyfaeonfhppfaq;a&;pcef;rsm;pGmwdk‹udk jzwfoef;&avh&Sdonf? xdktcsdefu jynfol‹&JabmftzGJŒrSmvnf; OD;atmifqef;r&Sdonfhaemuf (tjzL/ t0g) ESpfzGJŒuGJae_yD; rnfonfhtzGJŒu rnfol‹vufatmufY opPmcHxm;onfudk twdtusrod&ao;acs? odk‹ESifhyif1947 ckESpfaemufydkif;/ wnaewGif ‚if;wdk‹um;udk &yfwef‹ap&ef ppfaq;a&;pcef;wckrS cyfxefxef trdef‹ay;wm;qD;vdkufum a&mifpHkajymufusm;ppf0wfpHk 0wfqifxm;onfh &JabmftcsKdŒ/ ±dkifz,faoewfajymif;rsm;jzifh csdefxm;vsuf olwdk‹xHajy;vm-uonf? xdktcg u|efawmfhzcif OD;xGef;vSatmifonf um;armif;ae&mrS &yfI qif;oufvdkuf_yD; ‚if;wdk‹rnfolrnf0gjzpfa-umif; ajymjyvsuf ,if;aoewfudkifvlwpk. acgif;aqmifvufxJrS aoewfudk ykwfcsvdkufonf? ‚if;aemuf olwdk‹ a-umiftrf;trf;-unfhaeqJrSmyif um;ay: jyefwufI armif;xGufvmcJhonf?

tqdkygtjzpftysufrsm;ta-umif; jyefajymif;ajymqdkor#udk u|efawmf-um;od&_yD;aemuf xdktcsufrsm;. v+H‹aqmfr+a-umifh xdktcsdefu tuif;raoao;aomjrefrmhEdkifiHa&;Zmwfvrf;tzHkzHkudk u|efawmf pwif pdwf0ifpm;rdawmhonf? wEdkifiHvHk; vdkufemusifhoHk;-u&rnfh _Adwdo#bk&ifhOya'ESifh acwfay:vufeufudkif a'ocHrsm;. Oya'rJhjzpfaer+rsm; a&maxG;,Sufwif v+yf&Sm;aer+udk u|efawmf txl;owdðy avhvmrSwfom;&awmhonf? xdktcgu tajctaet& jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;. udk,fydkifppfwyfrsm;twGif; tm%mudkta-umif;ðyI xGufay:vmaomtusKd;pD;yGm; yÉdyuQrsm; r-umc%ay:aygufvmavh&Sdonf? tqdkyg ta-umif;t&mrsm;xJwGif *VKefwyftjzpf (0g;&if;wkwfudkAef;jyvsuf) v#KdŒ0SufvufeufudkifwyfzGJŒxm;aom emrnfqdk;jzifhausmf-um;vSonfh *VKefOD;apmudkrl u|efawmf pdwft0ifpm;qHk; jzpf&ygonf?

u|efawmfESifhtwl u|efawmf. om;i,fESpfOD;jzpfaom cifOD;atmifESifh xGef;vSatmifav; (*sLeD,m) wdk‹uvnf; tbdk;jzpfoltm; tqdkygZmwfvrf;rsm; jyefajymif;qufvufajymqdk&ef r-umc% wdkufwGef;-uavh&Sdonf? trsKd;om; acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; vkyf}uHcH&r+ESifh ywfoufI OD;apmESifh ‚if;.taygif;ygwdk‹twGif; pum;0SufESifh a&;aompmrsm;udk ae&mowfrSwfI v#KdŒ0SufpGm vJvS,fcJhjcif;rsm;ta-umif; ajymjyonfhtcg u|efawmfwdk‹tm;vHk; rdef;armawGa0oGm;rdawmhonf? xdkta-umif;t&mrsm;udk wpGef;wp azmfjy&aomf ‘ajcqGHŒaeonfh raumif;qdk;0g;}uD;’/ ‘iSufaysmoD;pdrf;jzifh {nfhcH’/ ‘oHyk&m&nfudkóudufw,f’/ ‘a&uefxJrSm ig;r&Sd’/ ‘t&yfjrifhjrihf

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vl}uD;’æponfæponfjzifhæ? (t&yfjrihfjrihfvlonf rnfolenf;qdkonfrSm ya[Vd)odk‹ESifh OD;atmifqef;wdk‹tm; vkyf}uHr+}uD;onf OD;apmESifh ‚if;. taygif;ygrsm; vufcsufomru w&m;Oya'a&SŒarSmufodk‹ rnfonfhtcgur# ra&mufvdkuf&bJ vGwfajrmufqJ/ vGwfajrmufoGm;-uaom tjcm;tr+tcif;rsm;qdkif&m tcsKdŒ yk*~dKvfrsm;vnf; &Sdaumif;&SdavOD;rnf[k u|efawmf oHo,ruif; jzpfvmrdawmhonf? xdk‹a-umifh u|efawmfha,muQr}uD;. ajymjycsufrsm;udk aemifvmaemufom;rsm;twGuf pmjzifhrSwfwrf;wifxm;oifhonf[k u|efawmfcHpm;rdcJhonf? odk‹ jzpfonfhtavsmuf u|efawmf. pmwdkpmprSwfwrf;rsm;udk pkpnf;I t-urf;tm;jzifh pmwapmifwzGJŒtjzpf a&;om;vdkufaomtcg OD;aomif;pdefu aocsmpGmzwf-unhf_yD; oabmwlcJhonf? þTwGif u|efawmfwdk‹ESpfOD;. jyefajymif;owd&r+rsm;udk u|efawmf. xyfqifh&SmazG avhvmrSwfom;r+rsm;ESifh aygif;pyfI jznf;jznf;csif; wdk;csJŒa&;om;cJhonf?u|efawmfudk,fwdkifvnf; xdkodk‹ tkef;tkef;u|ufu|uf ±kef;&if;qefcwf jzpfyGm;aecsdeftcgu xdkvkyf}uHr+}uD; jzpfyGm;cJh&m twGif;0ef±Hk;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif wbufjcrf;&Sd a&wyf (urf;em;XmecsKyf) ðyvkyfxm;aom pdef‹aygvfausmif;0if;twGif;Y vli,fa&wyft&m&SdwOD;tjzpf wm0efusaeqJjzpfonf?

xdk‹ jyif u|efawmhftm; þta-umif;t&mrsm;udk a&;om;&ef v+H‹aqmfay;cJhonfhtjcm;ta-umif;w&yfrSmrl u|efawmf. OD;av;awmfol OD;a&$abmfjzpfonf? ‚if;rSm tdENd,òrd›jytkyfcsKyfa&; yËdnmOfcH0efxrf; tzGJŒ0if (I.C.S) wOD;jzpfvsuf vGwfvyfa&;r&ao;rD ,m,Dtpdk;&tzGJŒ. twGif;0efwOD;jzpf_yD; vkyf}uHr+jzpfyGm;pOfuOD;atmifqef;. vuf0JbufwGif uyfvsufxdkifaecJh&mrS thH-ozG,faumif;avmufatmif usnfqefu a&SmifxGufoGm;jcif;a-umifh ab;roD&efrcbJ vGwfajrmufcJh&olwOD;jzpfygonf? OD;a&$abmfudk,fwdkif xdka-uuGJbG,f&m tjzpftysuf/ ol‹ rsufjrifudk,fawGŒZmwfa-umif;udk u|efawmfhtm; jyefvnfajymjycJhygonf?

xdk‹a-umifh Tpmtkyfonf vkyf}uHr+}uD;ESifhywfoufI tajzwpHkw&may;&efxuf OD;apmaemufrSm b,folawG&Sdygvdrfh[laom tawG;ESifhtwl odk‹avmodk‹avmar;cGef;rsm;om xyfrH ay:aygufaumif; ay:aygufvmapygvdrfhrnf? u|efawmf.&nf&G,fcsufrSmrl OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHr+ESifhywfoufI v#KdŒ0Sufr+tcsKdŒudk óud;pm;ajz&Sif;vsuf u|efawmfwdk‹EdkifiH. uH-urRmudk 0rf;enf;zG,f&m ajymif;vJoGm;apcJhonfh þjzpf&yfqdk;}uD;udk topfwzefjyefvnfI tao;pdwfavhvm&efjzpfygonf?u|efawmfESifhtwl jrefrmjynfoltrsm;pktaejzifh ,cktcsdefom OD;atmifqef;

ed'gef;

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touf&SifaecJhygv#if u|efawmfwdk‹ ,ckcHpm;ae-u&onfh uH-urRmqdk;wdk‹udk a&Smif&Sm;Edkifayvdrfhrnf[k cdkif_rJpGm,Hk-unf-uyg.? Tta-umif;w&yfwnf;ESifhyif tqdkyg vkyf}uHr+Zmwfa-umif;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm avhvmoifhayawmhonf? xdk‹twl vGefcJhaom (45) ESpfwmumvu EkdifiHhAdokum}uD; usqHk;oGm;_yD;aemufydkif;/ xdkwacwf. tarGtESpftjzpf usef&pfcJhonfh EkdifiHa&; a&pD;a-umif;wav#muf }uD;pkd;cJhonfhavmb/ a'gowdk‹ jzifh ¹yGef;wD;aom t-urf;zufr+rsm;. tajccH t&if;tjrpfwdk‹udkvnf; avhvmoifhvSayonf?

,if;tarGudk tomw-unfvufcH&ef jiif;y,fwGef;vSefcJhaom yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifhr_yD;qHk;ao;aom jrefrmEkdifiH. vGwfvyfa&;/ 'Drkdua&pDta&;ESifh o[Zmwjzpfa&;wdk‹twGuf owWd&SdpGm wdkufyGJ0ifaeolrsm;twGuf Tpmtkyfudk &nf&G,fa&;om;&jcif;jzpfygonf?

armifci fatmifarmifci fatmifarmifci fatmifarmifci fatmifarmifci fatmif

uifbm&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vsuifbm&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vsuifbm&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vsuifbm&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vsuifbm&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vs

Ek d0ifbmv/ 1992 ckESpfEk d0ifbmv/ 1992 ckESpfEk d0ifbmv/ 1992 ckESpfEk d0ifbmv/ 1992 ckESpfEk d0ifbmv/ 1992 ckESpf?????

Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô

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bmomjyefol. trSm

"Who Killed Aung San ?" (atmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ) pmtkyfa&;om;ðypkol OD;cifatmiftm; vGefcJhaom (13) ESpf/ 1986 ck/ pufwifbmvwGifrdwfaqGwOD;u rdwfzGJŒay;pOf uifbm&mòrd›awmf/ jrefrmtdrfwckY yxrOD;qHk;t}udrfawGŒqHkcGihf&cJhygonf? aqmif;tukef/ aEGtul;rdk‹ &moDomarmonfh TvwGif‘uifbm&m’ Y yef;yGJawmf usif;y_rJjzpfojzihf t&yf&yfrS vma&mufvnfywf-uaom{nfhonfrsm;jzihf pnfum;avh&Sdonf? u|efawmfhrdwfaqGu OD;cifatmiftm; jrefrmppftm%m&Sif Akdvfae0if;tpdk;&udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm awmfvSefaeolwOD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ ‘The Canberra Times’ (uifbm&mwkdif;pfowif;pm}uD;) . t,f'DwmxHay;pmrsm; tcef;u¾wGif jrefrmppftpkd;&. vSnfhuGufjy±kyfrsm;udk azmfxkwf_yD;ppftm%m&Sifpepfqdk;}uD;udk uavmifjzifh rSefrSefxdk;ESufwHk‹ jyefaeolwOD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; rdwfqufay;cJhygonf? OD;cifatmif. t*Fvdyfpmay Edkifeif;u|rf;usifr+/ [mo^m%fºuG,f0r+/ tm0Z…ef;&$ifr+wdk‹onf ol. xufjrufaom m%fynmudka&mifjyef[yfaeonf[k u|efawmfrSwfcsufcsrdonf? aemufaemif olESihf &if;ESD;vmaomtcg AkdvfcsKyfae0if; wdkif;jynf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk twif;t"rR odrf;ydkufcJhaom 1962=ckESpfOD;umvtcsdefrSpI ,ae‹xufwdkif worwfwnf; ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk awmfvSefaeol rsKd;cspfwOD;tjzpf ydkI av;pm;vmcJhygonf?

xdk‹aemuf 1988=ckESpf/ jrefrmjynfwGif; vlxktHkºuGr+}uD;ay:aygufvmaomtcg ppftpkd;&. &ufpufpGm ESdyfuGyfowfjzwfr+a-umifh jrefrmjynfol toufaygif;axmifESihfcsDI qHk;±+H;cJh&onf?

jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; Adokum}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. orD; a':atmifqef;pk-unf. wnf-unfajzmifhrwfaom acgif;aqmifr+atmufwGif jynfolwdk‹ wnDw!Gwfwnf; pkpnf;I jrefrmjynf. 'kwd,vGwfvyfa&;udk awmif;qdkcJh-uonf?ppftpkd;&onf a':atmifqef;pk-unftm; (6) ESpfwdkifwdkif tdrfwGif;tusOf;csxm;cJh_yD;/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf tzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESihf ppftpkd;&udk qef‹usifolrsm;tm;pepfwus acsr+ef;cJhygonf? TonfhumvwGif jynfya&muf jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;uvnf; EkdifiHt&yf&yfwGif ppftpkd;&qef‹usifa&; qENjyyGJrsm; usif;ycJh-uonf? 'Drkd

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ua&pDusihfoHk;aom tpdk;&toD;oD;tm; csOf;uyfvsuf jrefrmppftpkd;&udk,fwdkifOD;pD;usif;yay;cJhaom 1990=ck/ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif tEkdif&&SdcJhonfhtrsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyftm; olwdk‹uwdtwkdif; tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;&ef zdtm;ay;a&;twGuf óud;yrf;cJh-uonfrSm ordkif;rSwfwdkifwck jzpfvmonf? -opa-w;vs&Sd jynfwGif;v+yf&Sm;cJh-uonfh jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;twGif; OD;cifatmifrSm a&SŒwef;rSyg0ifcJhygonf?

OD;cifatmif. ‘atmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ’ t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh pmtkyfðypkaecsdefwGif -opa-w;vsjynfwGif twlwuG EkdifiHa&;v+yf&Sm;ae-uonfjzpfIu|efawmfESihf r-umc% pmtkyfyg ta-umif;t&mrsm;udk aqG;aEG;wdkifyifcJh-uonf?AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf acgif;aqmifrsm; usqHk;onfhtcsdefu OD;cifatmif. zcifrSmjrefrmjynf. 'k=&JcsKyfjzpfaeIvnf;aumif;/ OD;cifatmifZeD;. zcifrSmvnf; w&m;a&;Xme. twGif;0efwOD;taejzifh vnf;aumif;/ axmifrsm;udk }uD;-uyftkyfcsKyf&onfh OD;pD;csKyftaejzifhvnf;aumif; aqmif&Gufae-u&aoma-umihf OD;cifatmifonf xdkyk*~dKvf}uD;ESpfOD;xHrS OD;apmESihf taygif;tygrsm;ESihf ywfoufaom ta-umif;t&mrsm;tm; twGif;usus owif;tcsuftvufrsm; wkduf±dkufod&SdcGifh&cJhonf?xkd‹a-umihf OD;cifatmif. xdktcsdefu udk,fawGŒrsufjriftjzpftysufrsm;udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm pepfwus okawoeðypkxm;onfrsm;ESihf aygif;pyfvdkufaomtcg ckdifvHkaom orkdif;taxmuftxm;wcktaejzihf ydkrdkwdusjywfom;vmygawmhonf?Tae&mwGif OD;cifatmifonf ta-umif;jcif;&m trSefudkom wifjy_yD;/ ta-umif;tusKd; qufEG,fr+rsm;udk pmzwfy&dowfrsm;uom qufvufI pl;prf; qifjcifawG;ac:Ekdif&ef csefvSyfxm;cJhonf? ta-umif;jcif;&m trSeftuef wifjyr+YOD;cifatmifonf twGif;pnf;rS teD;uyfavhvmcJholjzpfI ol. tcsuftvufrsm;onf w&m;Oya'tjrifwGif yDjyifwdusvSygonf? orkdif;okawoDrsm; qufvufavhvm&ef tajccHtkwfjrpfcsay;cJhonfESihfvnf; wlygonf?

OD;cifatmif. pmtkyft*Fvdyfrl&if;onf tqifhtwef;jrihfvSonf? odk‹aomfjrefrmjynfoltrsm;twGuf &nfpl;I jrefrmbmomjyef&ef vHk;yef;aomtcg tcuftcJrsm;awGŒI aESmifhaES;cJh&onf? u|efawmfonfvnf; jrefrmpmayESihf uif;a0;aeonfrSm ESpftwef-umcJh_yDjzpfonfhtjyif ,cifu bmomjyefqdkonfh tawGŒtóuHvnf; r&SdcJhygacs? OD;cifatmifudk (pDtm'DbD) jrefrmjynf'Drdkua&pD jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; OD;pD;aumfrwD (tjynfjynfqkdif&mESifh -opa-w;vs) . em,u}uD;tjzpf av;pm;vsuf/ ol. ta&;ygvSaom Tpmtkyfudk jrefjrefqefqef jrefrm

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bmomjzifh xkwfa0vdkaoma-umihf bmomjyeftjzpf wm0ef,lrdygonf? uHaumif;onfrSm jr0wDOD;&Jacgif -opa-w;vsodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmojzifh pmwnf;jzwfay;&efOD;&JacgifrS wm0ef,l_yD;/ tcef;vdkuf txl;óud;pm;wnf;jzwfay;jcif;twGuf aus;Zl;wifzG,f&mjzpfygonf?

txl;ojzifh rar#mfvifhbJ u|efawmf. vkyfief;qkdif&mtykdif;wGif wm0efydvmonfhtcgrsm;Yvnf; u|efawmfhnD a'gufwmat;ausmf (atmifoef‹ausmf) tm;tultnDawmif;_yD; olESihftwl tcsKdŒtcef;rsm;udk bmomjyefygonf? tcsKdŒtcef;rsm;rSm a'gufwm at;ausmfbmomjyefqkd_yD;/ u|efawmfu wcsKdŒae&mY jyifqifjznfhpGufvsuf OD;&JacgifrS xyfrHwnf;jzwfygonf?

bmomjyefqdk&mYvnf; t*FvdyfpmrS wdkuf±kdufbmomjyefqdkr+udk ta&;xm;I trsm;qkH; tokH;ðyaomfvnf; tcsKd‹tcsuftvufrsm;wGif jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfESifh ydkrdkqDavsmfap&ef jr0wDOD;&Jacgif. t}uHðycsuft& pma&;ol OD;cifatmif.oabmwlnDr+jzifh tenf;tusOf; ðyjyifa&;om;cJhonfrsm; &SdcJhonf?

odk‹ jzpfI yl;wGJbmomjyefol a'gufwmat;ausmfESifh u|rf;usifpGm pmwnf;jzwfol jr0wDOD;&Jacgifwdk‹tm; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf? bmomjyefqdk&mY trSm;t,Gif;&SdcJhygv#if u|efawmfhwGifom wm0ef&Sdygonf?

a'gufwmwif ha0a'gufwmwif ha0a'gufwmwif ha0a'gufwmwif ha0a'gufwmwif ha0qpf'e D òrŒ / =opa=w;vsqpf'e D òrŒ / =opa=w;vsqpf'e D òrŒ / =opa=w;vsqpf'e D òrŒ / =opa=w;vsqpf'e D òrŒ / =opa=w;vs

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trSm

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Zmwfvrf;0if yk*~dKvfrsm;1

tmZmenfrsm;tmZmenfrsm;tmZmenfrsm;tmZmenfrsm;tmZmenfrsm;

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; (c) AdkvfawZ (32) ESpf/ jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+. acgif;aqmif}uD;/ bk&ifcHtr+aqmifaumifpD. 'k=OuU@ (odk‹) wu,fhvufawGŒtm;jzihfvGwfvyfa&;r&rD 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ. 0ef}uD;csKyf/ ‚if;tjyif xdktpdk;&tzGJŒ. umuG,fa&;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/ usnfqef (13) csufoifhaom '%f&mjzifh ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;cJh&onf?

'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd (54) ESpf/ pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&mESifh 'D;'kwf*sme,f. t,f'Dwm/jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD;/ ol‹touft&G,fESifh OD;aESmufxJ0ifoGm;aom usnfqef tygt0if usnfqef (5) csuf&&Sdonfhwdkif ae‹v,fydkif;txd &efukefjynfol‹aq;±Hk}uD;wGiftouf&Sifvsuf &Sdaeao;onf?

ocifjr (49) ESpf/ vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;-um;wGif touft&G,f}uD;&ifhaom EdkifiHacgif;aqmif/ b¾ma&;0ef}uD;/ tqkwfudk xGif;azmufoGm;aom aoewf'%f&mjzifh ae&mwGif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf?

OD;tAŠ'l&mZwf (49) ESpf/ rEœav;°rd› rlqvifacgif;aqmif/ ynma&;ESifh trsKd;om;pDrHudef;0ef}uD;/ '%f&m (6) csuf&&Sd_yD; ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf?

OD;b0if; (46) ESpf/ OD;atmifqef;.tudk/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh axmufyHha&;0ef}uD;/ usnfqef'%f&m (8) csuf&&Sd_yD; ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf?

ref;bcdkif (43) ESpf/ [oFmwrS u&ifvlrsKd;wOD;jzpf_yD; *syefodrf;ydkufxm;pOfujyefvnfckcHawmfvSef&mY yg0ifcJhonf? pufr+vufr+XmeESifh tvkyform;Xme0ef}uD;/usnfqef (15) csufxdrSefcJhonf? ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf?

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ

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pyfpHxGef; (40) ESpf/ &Srf;jynfe,frS rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;}uD;/ e,fjcm;a'oqdkif&m twdkifyifcH0ef}uD;/ OD;acgif;wGif '%f&m (2) csuf&&Sd_yD; (20) &ufae‹ rGef;wnfhcsdefwGif&efukef°rd›/ jynfol‹aq;±Hk}uD;Y aoqHk;oGm;onf?

OD;tkef;armif (34) ESpf/ o,f,lydk‹aqmifa&;ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;Xme/ 'kwd,twGif;0ef (I.C.S)/ tpD&ifcHpmwckudk vma&mufwifoGif;aepOf vlowform;rsm;.usnfqefrsm; xdrSefoGm;jcif;cH&onf? ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf?

udkaxG; (18) ESpf/ OD;&mZwf.oufawmfapmifh/ rEœav;teD;&Sd awmifjyif odyH&yfrSrlqvifvli,fwOD;jzpfonf? tpnf;ta0;cef;rwGif;rS aoewfoHrsm;-um;&ojzifhteD;&Sd±Hk;cef;rS ajy;xGufvmpOf qkwfcGmajy;oGm;aeaom vlowform;rsm;.ypfcwfjcif;udkcH&onf? '%f&m (4) csuf&&Sd_yD; aq;±HkwGif aoqHk;onf?

vlowform;rsm;vlowform;rsm;vlowform;rsm;vlowform;rsm;vlowform;rsm;

OD;apm/ 1900=jynfhESpfwGif om,m0wD°rd›Y arG;zGm;onf? vlowform;rsm;. acgif;aqmif[k tpGyfpGJcH&ol/ orBm&ifh vufsmEdkifiHa&;orm;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;.t"du°ydifbufjzpfonf? ol&d,owif;pmudk pwifxlaxmifolESifh rsKd;cspfygwDacgif;aqmifjzpfonf? 1940=ckESpf/ pufwifbmvrS 1942=ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dvtxdeef;&if;0ef/ 1942=rS 1946=txd ,l*E<mjynfwGif txdef;odrf;cHcJh&onf? 1947=ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGifcsKyfqdkaom atmifqef;=tufwvD pmcsKyfudk todtrSwf«y&efjiif;qefcJholjzpfI OD;atmifqef;ESifh ol‹tr+aqmifaumifpD vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;tm;owfjzwfr+jzifh 1947=ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufwGif tzrf;cH&vsuf/ pGJqdkxm;onfhtwdkif; tjypfay;cH&_yD;/ 1948=ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGif tif;pdefaxmifY¯ud;ay;cH&onf?

armifpkd;/ aoewform;/ rif;vS-rd›rS *VKefwyfzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpf_yD; OD;apm. teD;uyfaemufvkdufjzpfI ol‹ _cHtwGif;Y apmpD;pGmuyif aexkdifcJholjzpfonf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGifyif tif;pdefaxmifY ao'%ftpD&ifcH&onf?

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oufESif;/ aoewform;/ usKdufvwf-rd›rS *VKefwyfzGJŒ0ifa[mif;jzpf_yD; ,if;-rd›rsKd;cspfygwD. twGif;a&;rª;jzpfonf? OD;apmukd txl;-unfndK_yD; vkH;0O\kH,kH-unfukd;pm;oljzpfonf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf arv (8) &ufae‹wGifyif tif;pdefaxmifY ao'%ftpD&ifcH&onf?

armifpdef/ aoewform;/ udŒyifaumuf-rd›rSjzpfI ppftwGif;u AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;.Armhwyfrawmfom;jzpfcJh_yD;aemuf jynfol‹&JabmftzGJŒokd‹ 0ifa&mufcJhonf? ol‹rdbrsm;rSm rsKd;cspfygwDukd vkdvm;ESpfoufolrsm;jzpfI ol‹ukd OD;apm. aemufvkdufjzpf&efodrf;oGif;qGJaqmifcJh-uonf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGif &efukeftusOf;axmifY ao'%ftpD&ifcH&onf?

&ef}uD;atmif/ touf (18) ESpfom&Sd.? toufti,fqkH; aoewform;jzpfonf?OD;apm w0rf;uGJnD.om;jzpfonf? pwkwajrmufaoewform;? vkdtyfvmonfhaemufqkH;tcsdefusrS ol‹ukd a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ol. waZmufuef;tusifha-umifh aoewform;tjzpf tH0ifcGifusjzpfcJhonf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf/arv (8) &ufae‹wGif &efukeftusOf;axmifY ao'%ftpD&ifcH&onf?

okc/ vlowform;rsm;tm; twGif;0ef±kH;okd‹ *spfum;jzifh armif;ykd‹ay;cJholjzpfonf?&efukef-rd›&Sd tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;rS (9) wef;atmifjrifcJhonf? ppf_yD;aemufusKdufvwf-rd› zqyvtzGJŒ. aiGxdef;jzpf_yD; ukefonfwOD;jzpfonf? oufESif;uol‹ukd OD;apmESifh rdwfqufay;cJhonfhtjyif rsKd;cspfygwDwGJzuftwGif;a&;rª;tjzpfpm&if;wifay;cJhonf? OD;apm. _cH0if;okd‹ vkyf}uHr+rwkdifrD aemufqkH;a&muf&Sdvmoljzpfonf? ao'%fay;cH&aomfvnf; ud;ay;rnfhae‹ rwkdifrDae‹ naeykdif;wGifrStvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd‹ av#mhcsjcif;cH&onf?cifarmif&if/ }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGJŒpD;aom zkd‹'fqefx&yfum;ukd armif;oljzpfonf? OD;apmZeD;onf. wlawmfonf? 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ tpnf;ta0;xkdifaea-umif;v#Kd‹0SufoauFwjzifh owif;ay;_yD; vlowform;rsm; xGufcGmvm&ef tcsufjycJhonf? ao'%ftay;cH&aomfvnf; aemufykdif;wGif tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%ftESpf (20) okd‹ av#mhcsjcif;cH&onf?

armifeD/ }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGJŒESifh vkdufygoGm;cJhonf? vlowform;rsm;

Zmwfvrf;0ifyk*~dKvfrsm;

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ

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xGuftajy;wGif vGwfajrmufEkdif&ef tultnDay;a&;twGuf ajcmufvkH;jyL;aoewfwvufjzifh twGif;0efrsm;±kH; txGuf*dwfaygufrS apmifhaecJh&onf? ao'%ftay;cH&aomfvnf; tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd‹ av#mhcsjcif;cH&_yD;,if;owif;ukd okcESifhw-ydifeufwnf; today;cHcJh&onf?

r_ef}uD;/ }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGJŒESifh vkdufygoGm;cJhonf? tkwfzkd-rd›teD;rS aus;&Gmom;jzpf_yD; tvkyf-urf;orm;wOD;jzpfonf? OD;apmu ol‹ukd tapcHwOD;uJhokd‹ckdif;cJhonf? 0ef}uD;tzGJŒpnf;a0;aea-umif; vlowform;rsm;ukd olu tcsufjycJh&onf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGif tif;pdefaxmifYao'%ftpD&ifcH&onf?

b!Gef‹/ }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGJŒwGif yg0ifonf? OD;apm.vl,kHawmf t"duaemufvkdufacgif;aqmifjzpf_yD; olwOD;om OD;apm.tdrftwGif; aexkdifcGifh&onf?tod^m%f&SdI tkd;onfukef;w&m;±kH;wGif pma&;jzpfcJhonf? ocifEktm;owf&efwm0eftay;cH&onf? bk&ifhoufao (azmfaumif) tjzpf bufajymif;xGufqkd&efoabmwlcJholjzpfonf? xkd‹a-umifh tajctaet& ol‹tm; tjypfrScGifhv$wfr+ tay;cH&vsuf tvkyf-urf;ESifh jyif;xefaomaxmif'%f (10) ESpfESifh (6) v csrSwfcHcJh&onf?

Oya'qdki f&myk*~ d Kvfrsm;Oya'qdki f&myk*~ d Kvfrsm;Oya'qdki f&myk*~ d Kvfrsm;Oya'qdki f&myk*~ d Kvfrsm;Oya'qdki f&myk*~ d Kvfrsm;

w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;ausmfjrifh/ 1898 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? 0wfvkHawmf&rif;ESifhw&m;v$wfawmf w&m;ol}uD;rif; (1946 ckESpfrSpI)? OD;apmukd ppfaq;pD&ifcsufcsaom txl;ckH±kH;awmf.OuU@/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf.w&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfvmonf? xif&Sm;ausmf-um;aom nDtukdav;OD;jzpfonfhAdkvfrª;csKyfwifxGÉf (t}uD;qkH;)/ w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;jrifhodef;/ a'gufwmxifatmifwkd‹wGif 'kwd,ajrmufjzpfonf? 1988 ckESpf arvwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf?

OD;atmifomausmf/ tqifhjrifh puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;rif;/ OD;apmudk ppfaq;aomtxl;cHk±Hk;awmf. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfI/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmf

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w&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfvsuf/ xdk‹aemuf w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf w&m;ol}uD;rif; jzpfvmonf?

OD;pDbl;/ tqifhjrifh puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfI/ OD;apmudk ppfaq;aom txl;cHk±Hk;awmf. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfI/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmf. w&m;ol}uD;rif;wOD; jzpfvmonf?w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdef/ 1906=ckESpfwGif oHvsifY arG;zGm;onf? tdENd,yËdnmOfcH0efxrf; (ICS)/ w&m;a&;0ef}uD;Xme. twGif;0efESifh tusOf;axmifrsm;OD;pD;csKyf wm0efrsm;udk 1947=ckESpfwGif w°ydifwnf; xrf;aqmifcJh&onf? 1948=ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcsdefrS 1962=ckESpfwGif tem;,lcsdeftxd w&m;v$wfawmf.w&m;ol}uD;rif;wOD;jzpfI/ 1975=ckESpfwGif -opa-w;vsEdkifiHodk‹ ul;ajymif;aexdkifcJhonf? rJvfbkef;°rd› (Melbourne) wGif 1989=ckESpfY uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

AdkvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmif/ 1902=ckESpfwGif &efukef°rd›YarG;zGm;cJhonf? t*Fvdyftpdk;&vufxuf bk&ifh&JwyfzGJŒ0ifESifh r+cif;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;Xme. 'k=&JcsKyf/ OD;apmESifhol‹vlrsm;udk vsifjrefpGm zrf;qD;EdkifcJhonfhftwGuf EdkifiHawmf. av;pm;r+udk cHcJh&onf? w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdefESifh twlwGJI OD;apm. vkH°cHa&;wm0efudk ,lcJh&onf? vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf &JcsKyfjzpfvmcJh_yD;/ 1948=ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf -o*kwfvwGif AdkvfcsKyf&mxl;jzifh 'k=OD;pD;csKyftqifhodk‹ wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;cHcJh&onf?1960=ckESpfwGif &efukef°rd›Y uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

umwpf/ bifepf qm z&uf'&pf [ife&D ('J&uf) aupD (Curtis- Bennett, Sir Frederick

Henry (Derek) KC./ 1904 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? bk&ifhOya't}uHay;yk*~dKvfjzpfI&mZ0wfr+cif;rsm;wGif atmifjrifausmf-um;aom _AdwdefEkdifiHom; a&SŒaewOD;jzpfonf? txl;ckH±kH;awmfwGif w&m;-ydif&mY ol‹ukdumuG,fckcH&ef t}uD;wef;t}uHay;tjzpf OD;apmu iSm;&rf;cef‹tyfcJhonf? 1956 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (23) &ufae‹wGifolaexkdif&m vef'efwkdufcef;xJwGif aoqkH;vsuf&Sdonfukd awGŒ&onf? &ifcGJppfaq;olq&m0efu vGefcJhonfh (4=5) &ufuyif ol‹taejzifh aoqkH;_yD;jzpfonf[kxifjrifcsufay;onf? okd‹ jzpfv#if olaoqkH;&ufonf emrnfqkd;jzifh ausmf-um;vsufao'%fuscHcJh&aom ol.tr+onf usL;vGefcJhaom Zlvkdifv (19) &uf tr+ (9)ESpfjynfhajrmufonfh ae‹&ufcef‹wGif jzpfaeayawmhonf?

Zmwfvrf;0ifyk*~dKvfrsm;

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Amwefe (pf)˜ bif*srif&maz;&,f (Vertannes,Benjamin Raphael)/ ,cifu ppfwyfrSAdkvf}uD;wOD;jzpfI/ xdk‹aemuf &efukef°rd›&Sd w&m;v$wfawmfwGif a&SŒaejzpf vm_yD;/OD;apmtwGuf ckcHumuG,fay;cJhonfh ti,fwef; Oya't}uHay;jzpfcJhonf?rlvZmwdtm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHrSjzpfaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;onfhtcg t_idrf;pm;,lI _AdwdefEdkifiHodk‹ a&$Œajymif;oGm;cJhonf?bwfpf (cf) / rdkufu,f tD; (Busk, Michael E.)/ 'kwd,urBmppfwGif ‘csif;'pf’ (ex-

Chindit) rS ppfjyefwOD;jzpfI/ 1940=ckESpfrsm;. aemufydkif;wGif &efukef°rd›&Sd &JwyfzGJŒwGif vufaxmufaumfr&Sifemrif;}uD; jzpfvmum/ vufeufudkifykvdyfwyfzGJŒ(Armed Police) twGuf jrpf}uD;em;wGif ucsifwdkif;&if;om;rsm;jzifh wyf&if;w&if;zGJŒcJhonf? uy`wdef a';ApfADAD,ef; (Capt, David Vivian) ukd olu zrf;cJhonf?(atmufwGif±+)?

wGwfcf aumvif; ( Tooke, Colin)/ 1913=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? 1933= ckESpfrSpI jrefrmhykvdyfwyfzGJŒwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1945–46=ckESpfwdk‹Y om,m0wDc±dkif &J0efaxmufjzpfI/ OD;apmtr+udk v#Kd‹0SufpHkprf;axmufvSrf;aecJhol[k,Hk-unf&_yD;/ OD;apmESifhywfoufaom ol‹zdkifwGJrsm; tcdk;cHcJh&onf? 1948=ckESpfwGif±kwfw&uf aoqHk;oGm;cJhonf?

cef;˜ tdyf (csf) (Khan,H)/ pD;yGm;a&;orm;wjzpfvJ t_idrf;pm;-unf;wyfAkdvf}uD;?&efukef at'Dvrf;&Sd OD;apmaetdrfESifh rsufESmcsif;qkdifwGif aexkdifol/ r+cif;pkHprf;ppfaq;a&;Xme 'k=&JcsKyf. arwWm&yfcHcsuft& OD;apm. _cH0if;tm; rsufjcnfrjywf

apmifh-unfhulnDcJhonf? w&m;vkdjyoufaotrSwf (39)?

Ed ki fi Ha&;orm;rsm;Ed ki fi Ha&;orm;rsm;Ed ki fi Ha&;orm;rsm;Ed ki fi Ha&;orm;rsm;Ed ki fi Ha&;orm;rsm;

Adkvfatmif}uD;/ aygif;wnf°rd›Y 1919=ckESpfwGifarG;zGm;onf? 1945=ckESpfwGif *syefqef‹usifa&;v+yf&Sm;r+Y jrpf0u|ef;ay:ESifh zsmyHkc±dkiftwGif; Adkvfae0if;. vuf±Hk;t&m&SdwOD;tjzpf yg0ifvkyfudkifvmcJhonf?

xdk‹aemuf vGwfvyfa&;&tHhqJqJ wyfrawmfudk jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;vdkufaom

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tcg trSwf(4) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;wGif Adkvfae0if;vufatmufY tr+xrf;cJhonf? qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD. pnf;±Hk;a&;rª;wOD;jzpfonf? 1962=ckESpfY AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tm%modrf;onfhtcg awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifwOD;jzpfvmonf? 1963=ckESpfwGif xkwfy,fcH&_yD; 1988=ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHkwGif EdkifiHa&;avmuodk‹ jyef0ifvmcJhonf?a'gufwmbarmf/ c&pf,mefrdom;pkrSþ1897=ckESpfwGifþarG;zGm;cJhonf?þtmareD,efaoG;wpdwfwydkif;ygonf[kqdkonf? udef;b&pfwuUodkvfwGif ynmoif-um;cJh_yD;/ abmf'l;cfþ( Bordeaux) wuUodkvfrS yDtdyfcsf'D (Ph.D) bGJŒ&cJhonf? a&S;OD;tp ausmif;q&mb0ESifh xdk‹aemuf 0wfvHkawmf&jzpfvmonf? qif;&Jom; 0HomEkygwDudk zGJŒpnf;cJhonf? 1936=ckESpfrS 1939=ckESpftxd eef;&if;0efjzpfonf? xdk‹aemuf 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;þ*syefppfwyfuþzGJŒay;aomþtpdk;&tzGJŒ.þt"dywdjzpfcJh_yD;/þ1947=ckESpfþvGwfvyfa&;r&rDtcsdefwGifþtxdef;odrf;cH&onf?þ1977=ckESpfþarvwGifþuG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

ocifApdef/ 1910=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? &efukefwuUodkvfwGif ynmoif-um;cJhonf? ocifAaomif;wdk‹ESifhtwl uGefjrLepf0g'udk OD;pGm avhvmcJhaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf/ xdk‹aemuf 1930=ckESpf wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;udk a&S;OD;xlaxmifcJholrsm;xJwGif wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; 0if±dk;wef;tiftm;pkrsm;tay: vdkvm;cJholjzpfonf? xdk‹a-umifh *syefacwfY ol‹tm; refcsL;udk;odk‹ jrefrmEdkifiH. oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;udk cH&onf? 1947=ckESpfwGif vef'efodk‹ OD;atmifqef;ESifhtwl vdkufygoGm;cJhonf? vufsmEdkifiHa&;orm;jzpfonf?

OD;AaqG/ xm;0,f°rd›Y 1915=ckESpfwGifarG;zGm;onf? &efukefwuUodkvfwGif ynmoif-um;cJhonf? 1930=ckESpfrsm;wGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifjzpfcJhonf? 1945=ckESpfwGif qdk&S,fvpfygwD. OuU@tjzpf wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aomfvnf; ocifjrudk OD;pm;ay;onfhtaejzifh EkwfxGufcJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh ocifjr vkyf}uHcH&_yD;aemufrS qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmif jzpfvmjyefonf? (1956–57) ckESpfwGif c%wm 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfcJhao;onf? odk‹&mwGif 1962=ckESpf Adkvfae0if; tm%modrf;vdkufonfhtcg tzrf;cH&_yD;/ 1966=ckESpfwGif jyefvGwfvmonf? 1987=ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvwGif uG,fvGefonf?

Adkvfcifarmifuav;/ awmifil°rd›Y 1912=ckESpfwGifþarG;zGm;onf/þ&efukefwuUodkvfYynmoif-um;cJhonf? a&S;OD;tp ausmif;q&mvkyfcJh_yD;/ wyfrawmfwGif t&m&Sd

Zmwfvrf;0ifyk*~dKvfrsm;

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wOD;jzpfI/ xdk‹aemuf *syefawmfvSefa&;t_yD;/ vGwfvyfa&;r&rD qdk&S,fvpfygwDudkpwifxlaxmifcJhol tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfum/ 1950=ckESpfrsm;wGif OD;Ek. tpdk;&tzGJŒtwGif; wm0eftrsm;tjym;,lcJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh 1962=ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tm%modrf;onfhtcg tzrf;cH&vsuf/ 1966=ckESpfwGif jyefvGwfvmonf/ 1985=ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif uG,fvGefonf?OD;ausmf+idrf;/ ysOf;rem;°rd›Y 1915=ckESpfwGifþarG;zGm;onf?þ&efukefwuUodkvfwGifþynmoif-um;cJh_yD;/þ1930=ckESpfrsm;wGifþausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfcJhI/þ1946=ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ruG,fvGefao;rD (zqyv) tzGJŒcsKyf. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;csKyftjzpfrS xkwfy,fjcif;cHvdkuf&onfh uGefjrLepfygwDrS ocifoef;xGef;. ae&mudk qufcHcJh&onf? xdk‹aemuf OD;Ek 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfcsdefwGif jynfxJa&;ESifh w&m;a&;Xme 0ef}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ qdk&S,fvpfygwD. 'kwd,t}uD;qHk;acgif;aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJh&I/ 1962=ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tm%modrf;onfhtcgYþtzrf;cHcJh&_yD;þ1966=ckESpfwGif jyefvGwfvmonf? 1986=ckESpf/ZGefvwGif &efukef°rd›Y uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

OD;Ek (c) ocifEk/ 0g;c,fr°rd›Y 1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ 1930=ckESpfrsm;wGifwdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;udk pwifxlaxmifcJholrsm;xJwGif wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? 1947=ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf trsm;oabmwl wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&vsuf jrefrmEdkifiH. 'Drdkua&pDumvrsm;twGif; qlylaomif;usef;r+rsm; jzpfyGm;aeonfh-um;rSzGJŒpnf;cJhaom tpdk;&tzGJŒrsm;wGif olomv#if 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf t-umqkH;aqmif&GufcJh&oljzpfonf? odk‹aomf 1962=ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u ol‹tm; &mxl;rSz,f&Sm;cJh_yD;zrf;qD;axmifcscJhonf? 1966=ckESpfwGif jyefvnfvGwfvm_yD; AdkvfcsKyfae0if; ppftpdk;&udk qef‹usifawmfvSefa&;twGuf pnf;±Hk;&ef jynfyodk‹xGufcGmcJhonf? 1980=ckESpfvGwf_idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiHodk‹ jyefa&mufvm_yD; ol 0ef}uD;csKyfb0uvkyfvufp ydËuwf bmomjyefvkyfief;udk jyefvkyfaeqJwGif 1988=ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHkwGif yg0ifum pufwifbmv (9) &ufae‹wGif oludk,fwdkif 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfESifh -um;jzwftpdk;&tzGJŒudk a-unmcJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh tpdk;&u ol‹tm;1989=ckESpf 'DZifbmvrS 1992=ckESpf {_yDvtxd tdrfwGif; tus,fcsKyfcsxm;jcif;cHcJh&onf? xdk‹aemuf 1995=ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif &efukef°rd›Y uG,fvGefoGm;onf?

ocif±_armif/ (c) Adkvfae0if;/ jynf°rd›teD;&Sd aygif;wvnf°rd›Y 1910=ckESpfwGif

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arG;zGm;onf? &efukef°rd›/ *syfqifaumvdyfY ynmoif-um;cJhaomfvnf; 1931=ckESpfwGif bGJŒr&bJ ausmif;rSxGufcGmcJh&onf? pmwdkufpma&;rS &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifjzpfvm_yD;aemuf 1943=ckESpfrS 1945=ckESpftxd jrefrmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf.ppfOD;pD;rª;jzpfonf? wzef 1949=ckESpfrS 1972=ckESpftxd wyfrawmf.umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf aqmif&Gufum/ 1962=ckESpfwGif ppfwyfjzifh EdkifiHawmftm%mudk odrf;,lcJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh 1962=ckESpfrS 1974=ckESpftxdawmfvSefa&;aumifpD. OuU@tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1974=ckESpfrS 1981=ckESpftxdqdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHþorRwtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1962=ckESpfrS 1988=ckESpftxdjrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD. OuU@tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ °ydif0Hholr&Sd aqmif&GufcJhI/,cktcsdefwGif (rqv) ygwDudk zsufodrf;vdkufaomfjim;vnf;/ ,ae‹txd ol.-oZmESifhtm%mrSm ppfwyfxJwGif euf±+dif;pGm pl;0ifaeqJ[k ,lqaecJhaomfvnf;ol.wefckd;tm%m !SdK;rSdefvmonf? 2002 ckESpf/ rwfvwGif ajr; (3) a,mufESifhorufwkd‹ EkdifiHawmfopPmazmufr+jzifh zrf;qD;jcif;cH-u&_yD;aemuf olukd,fwkdifyiftus,fcsKyfcHae&pOf 'DZifbmv (5) &ufae‹wGif &efukef-rd› aetdrfY uG,fvGefoGm;onf?

ocifoef;xGef;/ ysOf;rem;°rd›Y 1915=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? ausmif;q&mtjzpfvkyfudkifcJhI *syefacwf a'gufwmbarmf tpdk;&tzGJŒ Y 0ef}uD;&mxl;vufcHcJh_yD;/AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. ZeD;a':cif-unf. tpfrjzpfol a':cifcif}uD;udk vufxyf,lcJhonf? 1949=ckESpftxd (zqyv)tzGJŒcsKyf. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ uGefjrLepfygwD ESpfjcrf; uGJoGm;_yD;aemuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD(BCP) . acgif;aqmif jzpfvmygonf? ,if;ygwDonf 1948=ckESpf rwfvwGif ajratmufygwDtjzpfjzifh A[dktpdk;&udk v+yf&Sm;wufºuGpGm ykefuefcJhonf?aemufqHk; 1968 ckESpfwGif yJcl;±dk;rawmxJY ol‹vl,Hkawmf &JabmfjroD;. vkyf}uHjcif;cHcJh&onf?

OD;wifxGÉf/ 1895=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? 'g;vf0pfcsf aumvdyf (Dulwich College)

ESifh udef;b&pfwuUodkvf ( Cambridge University) wdk‹wGif ynmoif-um;cJhonf?tdENd,yËdnmOfcH0efxrf; (ICS) wOD;jzpf_yD;/ &efukefwuUodkvf. 'k=t"dywd (Vice-

Chancellor) jzpfcJhonf? 'dkiftmcDacwfESifh (91) Xmeacwfrsm;Y 0ef}uD;tzGJΠtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif twGif;0efcsKyftjzpf aqmif&GufcJh&_yD;/ 1948=ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;&csdef

Zmwfvrf;0ifyk*~dKvfrsm;

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wGif EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;wm0efþxrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1948=ckESpf -o*kwfvwGif Adkvfrª;csKyf&mxl;jzifh t&efwyfzGJŒrsm; OD;pD;&ef 0ef}uD;tzGJŒrSEkwfxGuf_yD; ol tkyfcsKyfwnf;jzwfvsuf&Sdaom (The New Burma Times) owif;pmwdkufa&SŒwGif pufwifbmvtwGif; vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;cH&onf? ol.tpfudkrSm w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf/ w&m;0ef}uD;csKyf OD;ausmfjrifhjzpfonf?ocifxGef;tkyf/ 1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ &efukefESifh udkvHbdk°rd›wdk‹wGif ynmoif-um;cJhI wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;. tjcm;ppftkyfpk. acgif;aqmif (ocif ApdefESifhtwl/ Adkvfae0if;vnf; xdktkyfpkwGifyg0ifonf) olonf [pfwvm (Hitler’s) .‘rdkifuef‹’ (Mein Kampf) vrf;a-umif;twdkif; a&;om;xm;aom u|Ekfyfwdk‹ pGef‹pm;cef;’ (Our Exploits) udk a&;om;oljzpf_yD;/ 1940=ckESpfwGif *syefodk‹ vdkufygoGm;cJhonf?

1940=ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1950=ckESpfrsm;wGif twdkuftcH vufsmEdkifiHa&;orm;b0Y &yfwnf&if; 1970=ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;udkvd keDtm%mydkifrsm;udkvd keDtm%mydkifrsm;udkvd keDtm%mydkifrsm;udkvd keDtm%mydkifrsm;

tufwvD/ tm;vfuvDrifh/ tm/ (Atlee, Earl Clement R.)

1883 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? 1945=55 ckESpfwGif avbmygwD. 0ef}uD;csKyf/AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒukd vef'efokd‹zdwfac:I 1947 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv (13) &ufae‹rSpI awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;cJhonf? Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufae‹wGifatmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyf csKyfqkdtqkH;owfEkdifcJhonf? OD;apmtay: _Adwdo#0ef}uD;csKyf. tptOD;tjrifrsm;rSm *k%f,lzG,fr&Sdyg? jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;ESifh ,if;ESifhqufEG,faeaom udpP&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufI aemufykdif;wGif Ek=tufwvDpmcsKyfukdvef'efwGif 1947 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;csKyfqkdEkdifcJhonf?tufwvDonf 1967 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf?

a':refprpf/ qm–&D*sife,f [sL; ( Dorman-Smith, Sir Reginald Hugh)

1899=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJh_yD; (1935–41) ckESpfrsm;wGif uGefqmaA;wpf (Con-

servative MP) trwfjzpfcJhI/ _Adwdo#0ef}uD;tzGJŒtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ0if

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tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ (1941–46) ckESpfrsm;twGif; jrefrmEdkifiH. bk&ifcHwOD;jzpfumOD;apmESifhvnf; rsm;pGm tu|rf;0ifolwOD;jzpfonf? xdkaemuf _Adwdo# trsKd;om;a&;jynfol‹0efxrf;odk‹ jyefr0ifaomfvnf; [ef‹±+dif;,m;e,f wm0ef,l&aom tqifhjrifh&Jrª;(High Sheriff of Hampshire) ESifh ajy_idrf;a&; wm0efcH (JP) tvkyfrsm; vkyfudkifygonf? 1977=ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?vdwf0dwf/ qm*|ef*D;vfbwf/ ( Laithwaite, Sir John Gilbert)

1894=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? 1919=ckESpfwGif tdENd,EdkifiHqdkif&m EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xmeodk‹ 0ifa&muftr+xrf;cJhI (1939–43) wGif bk&ifcH. udk,fa&;twGif;0eftjzpf tr+xrf;aqmifcJhonf? (1945–48) ckESpfrsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeYjrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m vufaxmuftwGif;0ef ( Deputy Under Secretary of State)

tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf?

vpfwdk0Jvf/ (5) qufajrmuf tm;vfatmhzf (0DvD,H z&ef‹ppf[J,m;)( Listowel, the 5th. Earl of (William Francis Hare)

1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ 1947=ckESpf {_yDvrSpI EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeYtdENd,EdkifiHESifh jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ (1947=ck/ -o*kwfvrS 1948=ck/ Zefe0g&Dvtxd) jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1997=ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

armifhbufwef/ Apfaumifh armifhbufwef atmhzf bm;rm;(a&wyfAdkvfcsKyf avmh-vl0pf-z&efppf-tJvJbwf-Apfwm-eDudkvufpf)(Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma (Rear-Admiral Lord Louis

Francis Albert Victor Nicholas)

1900=jynfhESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? (1943=46) ESpfrsm;wGif tm&S. r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pk ppfaoemywdcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,lcJh&oljzpfonf? xdk‹aemuf (1947/rwfvrS -o*kwfvtxd) tdENd,EdkifiH. bk&ifhtkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mykdif (Viceroy)

tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ bk&ifcHcsKyf (Governor-General) tjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhjyefonf? txl;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; av;pm;vsuf vGwfvyfaom jrefrmjynf.acgif;aqmiftjzpf rsm;pGm ta&;ay;cJholjzpfonf? 1979=ck/-o*kwfvwGif owfjzwfjcif;cH&onf?

Zmwfvrf;0ifyk*~dKvfrsm;

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&ef‹/ AdkvfcsKyf qm/ [sL;bwf (Rance, Major-General Sir Hubert)

1898=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? (1943=45) ESpfrsm;wGif ,lau taemufydkif;ppfOD;pD;XmeY wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh_yD; (1945=46) ESpfrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&mòrd›jya&;&mþ!ef-um;a&;rª;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ wzef 1946=ck/þ-o*kwfvrSþ1948=ck/Zefe0g&Dvtxd jrefrmEdkifiH. aemufqkH; bk&ifcHtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmEdkifiH.txl;xl;taxGaxG vlrsKd;a&;a&m 0g'a&;yg uJGjym;ae-uonfh EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;t-um;wGif bufrvdkufbJ ajzmifhrwfpGm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJholwOD;jzpfonf?(1950=54) wGif x&ifheif'ufESifh wdkbmudk;EdkifiH. bk&ifcHESifh ppfaoemywdcsKyfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1974=ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

olwdk‹b,folawGvJolwdk‹b,folawGvJolwdk‹b,folawGvJolwdk‹b,folawGvJolwdk‹b,folawGvJ

bif*av/ *|efpwsL;0yf ( Bingley, John Stewart )

1899=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? (1946=47) ckESpfrsm;twGif; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif_Adwdo#aumifpD ( British Council) . udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf &efukef-rd›Y aexkdifcJhonf? OD;apmu tif;pdefaxmifxJrS pmtcsKd‹ ol‹xHa&;om;_yD; aiGawmif;cHcJhonf?axmufvSrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ol yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k ocifEk/ OD;ausmf_idrf;ESifhtcsKd‹yk*~dKvfrsm;u t}uD;tus,foHo,jzpf-uonf? 1947=ckESpf/ pufwifbmv(4) &ufae‹wGif jrefrmEdkifiHrS tavmokH;q,f xGufcGmoGm;cJhonf? 1979=ckESpfwGif_AdwdefEdkifiH/ qa&; (Surrey) e,fwGif uG,fvGefoGm;onf?

'def;/ Adkvfrª; yDwmtm;euf vef‹pfavmh ( Daine, Major Peter Ernest Lancelot)

1923=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? tdENd, tcsufjyqufoG,fa&;wyfY 1944=rSpwifI t&m&Sdtqifhudk &&SdcJhonf? 1947=ckESpfwGif ArmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf axmufvSrf;a&;wyfY wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf/ r*Fvm'kH ajrmufbuf&Sd yifr cJ,rf;rD;ausmufwdkuf. wyfrª;vnf;jzpfonf? OD;apmwynfhrsm; xkwf,loGm;aom vufeufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI ol‹tm; zrf;qD;jcif;r&Sd?

rdk;/ Adkvfrª; a*s/ at (Moore, Major J.A)

1908=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? tdENd,wyfrawmf. vufeuf}uD;wyfrS t&m&SdwOD;jzpf_yD;/ Adkvfwaxmif&Sd yifrcJ,rf;rD;ausmufwdkuf. wyfrª;jzpfygvsuf OD;apm

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wynfhrsm; xkwf,loGm;onfh vufeufrsm;ESifhywfoufI ol‹udk zrf;qD;cJhaomfvnf;jypf'%fuscH&jcif;r&Sd?

ADAD,ef;/ uywdef a';Apf (Vivian, Captain David)

1932 ckESpfwGif pwif t&m&Sdjzpfvmonf? tdENd,wyfrawmfrS jrefrmvufeufudkifykvdyfwyfzGJŒodk‹ vufeuft}uHay;yk*~dKvftjzpf aqmif&Guf&ef v$Jajymif;jcif;cH&vsuf/ Zlvdkifv (20) &ufwGif tzrf;cH&_yD; vufeufrsm; a&mif;csr+jzifh pJGcsufwifcH&onf? axmif'%f (5) ESpfESifh ±lyD;ig;axmif aiG'%f (2) ck yl;wGJ tjypfay;cH&onf? odk‹aomf 1949=ckESpf tif;pdefudk u&ifvufeufudkifolykefwyfrsm; odrf;ydkuf&mwGif vGwfajrmufcJhojzifh u&ifhawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;cJhonf? xdk‹aemuftv,f±kd;rrSwqifh ta&S›±kd;rawmwGif; vufeufudkif u&ifpcef;rsm;odk‹ a&mufoGm;&mrS 1950=ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif xdkif;e,fpyfteD;&Sd aumhu&dwfe,fajrtwGif;v,fwJwckY u&ifhawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtwl acwWpcef;csaecdkuf ArmhwyfrawmfESifh wdkufyJGjzpfum towfcH&onf[k jrefrmtm%mydkifrsm;u,lqcJhaomfjim;vnf; trSefpifppf xdkae‹u xkdae&mwGif olr&SdcJhyg? 1950=ESpfv,fcef‹Y xdkif;EdkifiHrSwqifh _AdwdefEdkifiHodk‹ jyefoGm;onfhtcsdeftxd olonf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu&ifawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh vGwfajrmufe,fajrrsm;twGif; aexdkifcJhonf?xdk‹aemuf (1980) ckESpftwGif; a0ve,f/ qGrfpD;òrd›wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

&ef;/ Adkvfrª; pD[ife&D ( Young, Major C. Henry)

tdENd,wyfrawmf v#yfppfESifh pufr+tif*sifeD,m tvkyf±kHwyfcJG. wyfrª;wOD;jzpfI OD;apmudk vufeufay;urf;cJhr+jzifh 1947=ck/ -o*kwfv (24) &ufae‹wGiftzrf;cH&_yD; axmif'%f (2) ESpf tjypfay;cH&aomfvnf; toem;cHpmwifojzifhv$wfay;cJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHrS csufcsif; xGufcGmoGm;cJhygonf?

jrefrmtrnfrsm;ESif h ywfoufaom rSwfcsufjrefrmtrnfrsm;ESif h ywfoufaom rSwfcsufjrefrmtrnfrsm;ESif h ywfoufaom rSwfcsufjrefrmtrnfrsm;ESif h ywfoufaom rSwfcsufjrefrmtrnfrsm;ESif h ywfoufaom rSwfcsufOD;aratmif

u|efawmhfbcifbufrS tzkd; OD;aratmif a&;om;cJhonhf “enf;[efESifh"avhxkH;pH” (Manners & Customs) aqmif;yg;rS aumufEkwfcsufrsm;ukd atmufygtwkdif; azmfjyygrnf? Taqmif;yg;onf v+duf*&dwfwm _Adwdefpmtkyf xkwfa0a&;ukr%DvdrdwufrS 1910 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhonfh “jrefrmEkdifiH. 20 &mpktjrifrsm;”

Zmwfvrf;0ifyk*~dKvfrsm;

38

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ

38

(Twentieth Century Impressions of Burma) ‚if;. “orkdif;/ jynfol/ ukefoG,fr+/pufr+vufr+vkyfief;rsm;ESifh o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;” *sme,fwGif xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? (pmrsufESm=77 ESifh 88)?

“arG;zGm;jcif;ESifhuav;b0? tjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;rS uav;i,frsm;uJhokd‹yifjrefrmuav;i,frsm;rSm vl‹avmutwGif;okd‹ aysmf&$ifjrL;wl;jcif;rsm;pGmjzifh aºuG;a-umf0ifa&mufvmcJhonf?æ

uav;arG;zGm;_yD; (7) &ufajrmufonfhwkdif vma&mufowif;ar;jref;ol{nfhonfrsm;tm; wae‹ywfvnfvkH; {nfhcHavh&Sdonf?ææt"duajymqkdonfhta-umif;t&mrSm uav;i,fta-umif;jzpfonf? olarG;zGm;vmonfh &ufESifhvwkd‹ESifh ywfoufI aqG;aEG;-uonf? ol‹tem*wfESifhywfoufI aysmf&$ifzG,faumif;aom edrdwfzwfr+rsm;ukd «yvkyf-uonf? 0gqkdv (ZGef/ Zlvkdif) wGifarG;aoma,musfm;av;ESifh jymokdv (Zefe0g&D/ azazmf0g&D) wGifarG;aom rdef;uav;wkd‹rSmvl‹avmu. aumif;csD;axmyemt00ukd cHpm;&rSmusdef;aoonf? Ak'<[l;om;onfcsrf;omrnf/ aom-umom; pum;rsm;rnf ponfponfwkd‹tjyif tjcm;ta-umif;t&mrsKd;pkHukd uav;i,fwa,muf arG;zGm;csdefwGif rvGJraoGajym-uqkd-uonf?ykÀm;uJhokd‹aom q&mwyg;yg; (ausmif;q&m okd‹r[kwf ynm&SdwOD;OD;)þukdþyifhzdwf_yD;uav;arG;zGm;vmonfh euQwftcsdefukd rSwfom;apum uav;i,f. trnfemra&G;cs,f&mY ulnD!efjyaponf? jrefrmvlrsKd;wkd‹wGif (&ckdifvlrsKd;wkd‹rSvGJI)þrdbrsKd;±kd;emrnftpOfukd ,l±kd;r&Sdacs? rnfonfht&yfwumwGifrqkdþemrnfwkd‹rSmþwykHpHwnf;jzpf_yD;þrdbrsKd;±kd;pOfqufukd jyo±kd;r&Sdacs? trsm;pkrSm emrnf (2) rsKd;&Sd_yD; wrsKd;rSmeuQwftvkdt& ZmwmwGif xnfhoGif;aomtrnfemrjzpfI tjcm;wrsKd;rSm oifhovkda&G;vkdufjcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ rdbrsm; pdwful;rdovkdvnf;aumif;/ ajymifavSmifac:&if;rS rGrf;rHjyifqifIaomfvnf;aumif; rSnfhac:vkdufonfh trnfemrjzpfonf?yxremrnfrsKd;rSm a&S;±kd;pOfvmtokH;«yvmonfh emrnfrsm;jzpfI ,if;ukd-unfhjcif;jzifh uav;i,farG;zGm;vmonfh &ufowWywftwGif;rS ae‹&ufukd rSefuefpGmajymqkdEkdifonf? jrefrmtuQ&mrsm;rS pum;vkH;rsm;ukd &ufowWywf (7) &ufrS (1) &ufpDtm; tcsKd;csay;xm;onf? u/ c/ */ C/ i wkd‹onf wevFmae‹twGuf? p/ q/ Z/ps/ n wkd‹onf t*Fgae‹twGuf/ y/ z/ A/ b/ r wkd‹onf -umoyaw;ae‹twGufpojzifh? okd‹ jzpfI t*Fgae‹om;onf armifpdef (okd‹r[kwf) armifaZmf/ -umoyaw;ae‹orD;onf rjzL (okd‹r[kwf) rjr pojzifh jzpfvmonf? armifESifhr pum;vkH;wkd‹rSm(Master or Mister and Miss) wkd‹ESifh wlnD_yD; a,musfm;/ rdef;rvdifukd !¸efjyonfh

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,Ofaus;odrfarGŒpGm tokH;«yaom emrnfa&S›pnf;rsm;jzpf-uonf? emrnfa&S›pnf;ukdxnfhrwGufv#if ESpfvkH;wGJtrnfrsm;jzpfonfh armifomcif/ armifzkd;wuf/ armifb&Sif/rpef;ar/ raiGbGifh/ rzGm;jrpfwkd‹rSm tokH;rsm;_yD; okH;vkH;wGJ/ av;vkH;wGJ emrnfrsm;rSm&ckdifvlrsKd;wkd‹rSvGJI tokH;enf;onf? jrefrmpmrSm Asnf;wvkH;pDtoHxGuf_yD; emrnf. pum;vkH;wkdif;wGif t"dy`m,f&Sdonf? okd‹aomfvnf; emrnfqkdonfrSm t"dy`m,foufa&mufapcsifovkd a,bk,s okd‹r[kwf vkdtyfovkd &nf!ef;rSnfhac:xm;jcif;jzpfonf[k tcsKd‹pma&;olrsm; a&;ouJhokd‹ ,lqrnfqkdv#ifvnf; rSm;,Gif;ygonf?okd‹aomfvnf; tcsKd‹ae&mrsm;wGif xkduJhokd‹ rSnfhac:avh&Sd-ujyefonf? Oyrmtm;jzifharmifbcspf (zcif.tcspf) okd‹r[kwf rzGm;ouf (tzGm;.touf) pojzifh/,ckacwfwGifrl uav;i,fwOD;.emrnfukd oihfovkd ¯uHovkdvnf;aumif;okd‹r[kwf vlwOD;wa,muf pdwful;rdovkdvnf;aumif; okd‹r[kwf xif&Sm;ausmf-um;aom yk*~dKvfwOD;OD;. trnfemrukd ,ljcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; rSnfhac: -uonf? vlwOD;wa,muf. b0aemufykdif;wGif armif (okd‹r[kwf) r [lonfhemrnfa&SŒpnf;onf ajymif;oGm;onfukd Tae&mwGif azmfjy&efvkdayonf? t-urf;zsif;tm;jzifh touf (20) ESifh (35) ESpft-um; a,musfm;wOD;ukd emrnfa&SŒpnf;“ukd” (tukd) [k okH;E+ef;_yD; touf (30) ESpftxuf vlwOD;ukd “OD;” (OD;av;/OD;}uD;) Oyrmtm;jzifh ukdbckdif/ OD;omvl pojzifh ac:a0:ayvdrfhrnf? tvm;wlyifvlvwfykdif;trsKd; orD;wOD;ukd “a':” (ta': ) wyfac:ayvdrfhrnf? Oyrmtm;jzifha':apm? ,if;wkd‹rSm ,Ofaus;odrfarGŒpGmokH;aom emrnfa&SŒpnf;rsm;jzpf_yD; touft&G,f}uD;rm;olESifh vlaer+tqifhjrifhrm;olrsm;. trnfemrukd &nf!¸ef;&mYokH;pGJ&ef vkH;0O\kHvkdtyfygonf? tvm;wl a&SŒpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh zkd; (tzkd;) ESifh zGm;(tzGm;) wkd‹ukdrl ,cktcg jrif&cJygonf? jrefrmtrsKd;orD;wOD;onf vufxyfxdrf;jrm;_yD;aemuf olremrnfukd ajymif;vJjcif;r&SdbJ b0wav#mufvkH; ukd,fykdifemrnftjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;ESifh t*FvdyftokH;jzpfonfh rpPpf (Mrs) ESifh tvm;wljrefrmpum;vkH;r&Sdjcif;onf xl;jcm;csufw&yfjzpfonf?”

jrefrmemrnfa&SŒpnf;rsm;tokH;ukd ykdrdkjynfhpkHap&ef atmufygwkd‹ukd xyfrHjznfhpGufygonf?

_Adwdo#ukdvkdeDe,fcsJŒtkyfcsKyfolrsm; okH;pGJonfhtac:ykHpH (Master, Mistress)

(ppftwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHukd 0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufxm;pOfu *syefrsm;yifv#if rmpwmMaster [k olwkd‹ukd ac:a0:apcJhonf) ukd tefwkonfhtaejzifh wkd‹Armtpnf;t±kH;0iftrsKd;om; trsKd;orD;rsm;taejzifh ocifESifh ocifr (Master and Mistress) [lI

Zmwfvrf;0ifyk*~dKvfrsm;

40

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ

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1930 ckESpfrsm;twGif; ukd,fhukd,fukd ac:a0:okH;pGJvm-uonf? tpnf;t±kH;.em,u}uD;jzpfol ocifukd,fawmfr+dif;u ociftjyif ukd,fawmf[lonfhtokH;ukdrª;rwf (a lord) jzpfonfhtaejzifh xyfwkd;um txl;«yokH;pGJcJhonf?

Akdvf[lonfhtokH;ukd ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;rSmuJhokd‹yif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf pwifzGJŒpnf;pOfupI t&m&Sdcef‹tyfcH&olrsm; okd‹r[kwf cef‹tyfcH&onf[k,lqolrsm;u ‚if;wkd‹. emrnfa&SŒpnf;tjzpf xifxifay:ay: okH;pGJvmcJh-uonf?'k=Akdvf/ Adkvf}uD;/ Adkvfrª;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf &mxl;tpOftwkdif;wkd‹rSm t_rJwrf; vufeufukdifwyfzGJŒ OD;pD;Xme (2nd Lieutenant rS General) txd tpOfvkduf tac:ta0:jzpfonf? b&Da*h'D,m (Brigadier) rSm tu,fpifppftm;jzifh wyfrif;}uD; (wyfrrª;)ukd owfrSwfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? okd‹aomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm; (Generals) tjzpftac:cHvkdaom ppfwyft&m&Sd tqifhqifhf taejzifh _Adwdo#pepfrS tar&duefpepfokd‹ ajymif;vJ_yD; Adkvfrª;csKyf (Brigadier General) &mxl;tqifhukdþajymif;vJcH,lcJh-ujcif;jzpfonf?

vlxk. -unfndKav;pm;cH&aom OD;atmifqef;twGufom AdkvfcsKyf}uD;(Great Supremo) qkdonfh trnfacgif;pOfonf wcsdefaomtcgu oD;jcm;jzpfcJhonf?okd‹aomfvnf; ol.orD;jzpfol 'Drkdua&pDcsefyD,Htm; qef‹usif&mY rnfokd‹r# xdckdufI r&onfh OD;atmifqef;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;[lonfh trnfemrwkd‹tm; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm; trsm;tjym;ukd ckefysHausmfv$m;zefwD;vkduf_yD; omreftrnfemrw&yftjzpfe0w u txiftjrifa&mufapcJhonf? ukd,fhvlrsKd;ukdomowfjzwf_yD; rnfonfhppfyGJrS rqifE$Jzl;onfh qkwHqdyf zJ¯ud;rsm; &iftjynfhxkd;vsuf ppfAdkvftm%m&Sifrsm;taejzifh xl;jcm;_yD; tjrifhqkH;jzpfonfh AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD; (Senior General)

&mxl;}uD;ukd zefwD;vkduf-ujyefonf?&Srf;rif;om; tEG,ft0ifrsm;url olwkd‹ trnfa&SŒwGif ‘pyf’ (Oyrmtm;jzifh

pyfa&$okduf) [k okH;pGJ-uvsuf ykd;u&ifrsm;u ref; (Oyrm=ref;0if;armif) [kokH;pGJumpaumu&ifrsm;u apm (Oyrm=apm[efwmomar$;) [k okH;E+ef;-uygonf?(*VKefOD;apmuJhokd‹aom jrefrmemrnf apmESifh rvGJrSm;&ef vkdygonf?) ucsift}uD;tuJrsm;url 'l;0g;[laom acgif;pnf;ukd okH; -uonf? (Oyrmtm;jzifh qrm;a'o&Sducsift}uD;tuJ qrm;'l;0g; qif0g;aemif)?

Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô

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tcef; (1)

AdkvfcsKyfvkyf}uHcH&jcif;

&efukefòrd›/ 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ paeae‹,ae‹onf jrefrmjyuQ'deftvkdt& 0gacgifv.ae‹wae‹jzpfonf?þTvonf

Ak'<bmom0iftaygif;wdk‹ 0gqdkouFef;uyfvª_rJjzpfonfh 0gwGif;oHk;vywf. vwvjzpfay.? jrefrmjynfwGif; qefa&pyg;/ aumufyJoD;ESH jynfhv#Hwdk;atmif rkwfokHrdk;wdk‹ onf;}uD;rnf;}uD; &Gmavh&Sdaom v wvvnf; jzpfygonf? Zlvdkifv (19)&uf/ eHeuf a0vDa0vif;tcsdefwGif rkwfokHrdk;qifI avjyif;rkefwdkif;usa&mufawmhrnfh t&dyfta&mifwdk‹ ay:pðyaeay_yD? xdktcsdefwGif EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;wOD;jzpfol OD;apm. trSwf (4)/ at'Dvrf;&dyfomjyifyY vli,fwodkuf pk±Hk;vsuf&Sdaeonf? OD;apm. oyf&yfaom_cH0if;onf &efukefòrd›awmfajrmufydkif;/ qifajczkH; txufwef;pm; &yfuGufwcktwGif; at;csrf;qdwf_idrfvSonfh tif;,m;uefu|ef;qG,fwck txufem;wGif wnf&Sdaeonf? OD;apmudk,fwdkifvnf; apmapmpD;pD; tdyf&mrSxvsuf wynfhi,fom;rsm;udk aemufqHk;rSm-um;csufrsm; rSm-um;aeygonf?r-umrD OD;apm apv$wf&mokd‹ oGm;-uawmhrnfh olwdk‹tzGJŒonf jrefrmjynf}uD;.uH-urRmudk xm0&ajymif;vJoGm;apawmhrnf? OD;apm.wynfhwyef;xJwGif ol‹ZeD;. wlawmfarmift&G,f cyfi,fi,f cifarmif&ifvnf;ygonf? cifarmif&ifonf ppftpdrf;a&mif zdk‹'fqefx&yfum;ay:odk‹ wuf_yD; um;armif;&ef jyifvdkufaomtcgwGifOD;apm. tjcm; wynfhoHk;OD;wdk‹vnf; um;ay:odk‹ ckefwufvdkuf-uonf? ol‹wdk‹ xGufcGmoGm;csdefrSm eHeuf (8) em&D (30) rdepf &Sdacs_yD?

‚if;wdk‹.um; &efukefòrd›v,facgifodk‹ OD;wnfarmif;ESifvmonfudkrl rnfolr#*±krpdkufrdvdkuf-uacs? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD; _yD;pjzpfI òrd›awmf}uD;twGif; ppfyHkyef;o¿mef um;}uD;um;i,f toG,foG,fwdk‹ armif;ESifae-uonfrSm rqef;-u,fvS?em&D0ufcef‹t-umwGif zdk‹'fqefx&yfum;onf &efukefòrd›v,faumif&Sd teDa&miftkwfwdk‹ jzifh aqmufvkyfpDjc,fxm;_yD; cef‹xnfvSaom 0dwdk&d,acwf ESpfxyfwdkuftaqmufttHk}uD;jzpfonfh twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;}uD;teD; 'gv[dkZDvrf;ESifh (42) vrf;

42

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ

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axmifhwGif &yfwef‹vdkufonf? um;xJwGif ‚if;wdk‹tzGJŒxJrS armifeDwOD;om um;apmifhtjzpfaecJhvsuf cifarmif&ifESifh taygif;ygESpfOD; (b!Gef‹ESifhr+ef}uD;) wdk‹onftwGif;0efrsm;±Hk; taqmufttHktwGif;odk‹ uif;axmuf&ef av#mufoGm;-uonf?tqdkygae‹ eHeufaESmif;ydkif;wGif bk&ifcH. tr+aqmifaumifpD tpnf;ta0; vkyfjzpfrnf/ rvkyfjzpfrnfudk olwdk‹ odvdk-uonf? tpnf;ta0;vkyfjzpfonf[k odv#ifodcsif; cifarmif&ifonf ‘ol&d,’ owif;pmykHESdyfwkdufrS w,fvDzkef;wckudk toHk;ðyvsuf ol‹q&mocifxHodk‹ pum;0Suf owif;ydk‹csufwckudk wdkwdkawmif;awmif;ydk‹vdkufawmhonf? “ypPwifuGif;rsm; &&Sd_yD;yg_yDæ”?

pum;0Sufjzifh twnfðycsuf&&Sd_yD;v#if_yD;csif; at'Dvrf;&Sd OD;apm.aetdrfrS *spfum;wpif; t&Sdefjyif;pGmarmif;ESifI xGufvmcJhonf? tcsdefrSm eHeuf (10)em&D? um;armif;ol okc.eHab;wGif touf (30) twGif;&Sd t&yf&Snf&Snf armifpdk;qdkolvnf; vkdufygvmonf? um;aemufydkif; uif;bwfpf tzHk;}uD;atmufwGifykef;vsuf/ auG;vsuf vdkufygvmol (3) OD;rSm aoewfudkifxm;olrsm;jzpf-uaomarmifpdef/ oufESif;ESifh &ef}uD;atmifwdk‹ jzpf-uonf? armifpdk;/ armifpdefESifh oufESif;wdk‹ wOD;csif;wGif awmfrD*ef;aoewf wvufpD&Sd-uonf? vlysKdt&G,f i,f&G,fol&ef}uD;atmifwGifrl wcsufcsif; armif;jyef (Semi-automatic) pwif;*ef; aoewfwvuf udkifaqmifxm;onf? *spfum;ajceif;jyifay:wGif twGif;0ef±kH;Y óudwifapmifhqdkif;aeaom b!Gef‹twGuf awmfrD*ef;aoewfwvuf yg&Sdvmonf? ‚if;wdk‹tm;vHk;onf awmwGif;ppfpdrf;a&mif ppf0wfppfpm;rsm; 0wfqifxm;-uvsuf aysmhaysmif;onfh awmwGif;aqmif; ppfOD;xkyfrsm; aqmif;xm;-uonf? 11111 ‚if;wdk‹. ppf0wfpHkycHk;ay:wGif jrefrmEdkifiHY ppftwGif;u &Sd&if;pGJjzpfaom t*Fvdyfacwf òrd›apmifhwyftrSwf (12) aoewfudkifwyf&if;. trSwfwHqdyfudk wyfqifxm;-uonf? teDa&mifESifh tjzLa&mif tvHi,fESpfckwdk‹onf um;ta&SŒrSef. b,fbufaxmifhpGef;0,f avwdkufwdkif; wzsyfzsyf±dkufcwfI ygvm_yD; ‚if;wdk‹pD;eif;vmonfh *spfum;onf &efukefòrd›v,faumifwl±lodk‹ tjyif;armif;ESifvmawmhonf?

tqdkygtcsdefESifh ra&S;raESmif;wGifyif AdkvfcsKyfb0rS EkwfxGufxm;cgpjzpfaom OD;atmifqef;onfvnf; &efukef uefawmf}uD;apmif;&Sd olaexdkif&m pdrf;vef;pdkjynfvSonfh wm0gvdef;vrf;aetdrfrS um;armif;ol tr+xrf;wOD; armif;ESifay;onfhum;udk pD;eif;vkdufygvsuf xGufcGmvmcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfrSm touf (32) ESpft&G,f&Sd jrefrmhtrsKd;om;v+yf&Sm;r+}uD;. acgif;aqmifESifh bk&ifcH. tvkyftr+aqmifaumifpD 'k=OuU@jzpf_yD; trSefqdkygv#if vGwfvyfa&; tóudacwf tpdk;&tzGJŒ

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. 0ef}uD;csKyfwOD;vnf; jzpfygonf? OD;atmifqef;onf AdkvfcsKyftaqmifta,mifppf0wfwefqmwdk‹udk pGef‹y,fcJh_yD;jzpfvsuf xdkae‹u vnfuwHk; tjzLa&mif&Syftusô/awmufajymifawmifhwif; tcsKd;usonfh ydk;wdkufyHktusôESifh a&$0ga&mif ydk;vHkcsnfæponfjzifh t&yf0wft&yfpm;rsm; 0wfqifxm;ygonf? OD;atmifqef;. aetdrfrSm OD;apmaexdkifonfh at'Dvrf;tdrfESifhpmv#if twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;ESifh ra0;vHvSaomt&yfwGif &Sdaeonfhtavsmuf vlowform;rsm; ra&mufvmrDtcsdefuyif oluóudwifI twGif;0ef±Hk;odk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;cJhygonf? tjcm;aumifpD0ifrsm;onfvnf;vGwfvyfa&;tóudacwf jrefrmtpdk;&tzGJŒ vkyf±dk;vkyfpOf tpnf;ta0;yGJwckudk wufa&muf&ef &nfrSef;vsuf twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;odk‹ ra&S;raESmif; a&muf&Sdvm-uygonf?jrefrmEdkifiH tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwfvyfcGifh&&Sda&;twGuf _Adwdo#tpdk;&ESifhaphpyfaqG;aEG;cJh_yD; jzpfonfhtavsmuf udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfatmufrS t_yD;tydkifvGwfajrmuf&efrSm ajcmufvr#yif ra0;awmhaom tcsdeftcgvnf; jzpfayonf?

xdktcsdefwGifyif b!Gef‹onf vufeufudkifaqmifxm;jcif; r&Sdjim;vnf; olvkyf}uH&rnfh om;aumifudk twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;/ y&d0k%ftwGif;Y vdkufvH&SmazGvsuf&Sd.? xdkolrSm tjcm;olr[kwfacs/ OD;atmifqef;. a&mif;&if;wOD;jzpfol vGwfvyfa&;r&ao;rD wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf (Constituent Assembly) . OuU@jzpfolocifEkjzpfygonf? b!Gef‹onf A[dktaqmufttHk}uD;twGif; tv,faumifwGifwnf&Sdonfh jrifhrm;vSaom ukef;o¿mef trdk;rsm;atmufrS aygif;ul;vrf;rwav#muf (high-arched through way) jzwfav#mufvsuf&Sdonf? ocifEk. ±Hk;cef;onf v$wfawmftopf taqmufttHk. taemufbuftaqmiftwGif; yxrOD;qHk;tcef;jzpfonf? twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;twGif; av;ajr‡mifho¿mef taqmufttHkrsm;twGif;rS tcef;wcef;jzpfacsonf? ‚if;tcef;twGif;odk‹ b!Gef‹ waphwapmif;tuJcwf-unfh±+vdkuf&mwGif tcef;wGif;Y xdkifaeolwOD;ukd awGŒvkdufI olowf&rnfhol[k olxifvkdufonf? oljzwfav#mufoGm;_yD; jyefvSnfhvmum twGif;okd‹uyfvsuf -unfhvkdufjyefonf? tqdkygyk*~dKvfrSm ocifEk r[kwfygacs? odk‹ESifh b!Gef‹vnf;‚if;taqmufttHkrS xGufcGmIvmcJh.? x&yfum;&Sd&modk‹ taomhESifI av#mufvm_yD;v#if teD;tem;&Sd vufzuf&nfqdkifwckxJokd‹ 0ifxdkifvdkuf.? xdkpOfwGifteD;tem;Y vrf;ovsm;vsuf&Sdol cifarmif&ifonf vufzuf&nfaomufvsuf&Sdonfh b!Gef‹udkjrif_yD; teD;odk‹csOf;uyfvmum olwdk‹q&mocifxHodk‹ ay;ydk‹ _yD;jzpfaom pum;0Sufudk ajymjyvdkufonf? “tm;vHk;tqifacsmarm_yD; t}uHtpnftwdkif; yDyDjyifjyif jzpfvsuf&Sdaeyg_yDæ”?

AdkvfcsKyfvkyf}uHcH&jcif;

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‚if;aemuf cifarmif&ifonf teD;tem; rvSrf;rurf; tcsuftcsmusaomae&mY &yfxm;onfh zdk‹'fqefx&yfum;&Sd&modk‹ qufvufav#mufvmonf? xdktcsdefwGif ±kwfw&ufqdkovdkyif vufeufudkifaqmifxm;onfh ol‹&Jabmf&Jbufrsm;udk wifaqmifvmaom *spfum;udk vSrf;jrifvdkufawmh.? olwdk‹a&mufvmukef-u_yD[k b!Gef‹odk‹ vSrf;Itcsufjyvdkufaomtcg b!Gef‹onf vufzuf&nfyef;uefudk tomt,mEdSrfhcsvdkufI ol.0ef;usifodk‹ pdk;&drfw}uD; vdkufvH-unfh±+aerd.? tqdkyg*spfum; twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;. A[dkrkcfOD;0odk‹ csOf;uyfvmcsdefwGif tcuftcJwcktjzpf óuHawGŒ&onfrSm ‚if;wdk‹um;a&SŒwnfhwnfhrS tjcm;x&yfum;wpD; armif;ESifIoGm;aejcif;yifjzpfygonf? ‚if;wdk‹*spfum;onf t&Sdefowfvdkufvsuf xdkx&yfum;}uD; ta&SŒrSarmif;ESifxGufoGm;onftxd apmifhaecJh-uonf? r-umrD vrf;&Sif;oGm;acs_yD? rnfolwOD;wa,mufur# ‚if;wdk‹*spfum;udkvnf;aumif;/ twGif;wGifvdkufygvmolrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; &yfwef‹&SmazGppfaq;&ef róud;pm;cJh-uygacs/

TtcsdefYyif ‚if;taqmufttHk}uD;. taemufaqmif tay:xyfwGif wnf&Sdonfh OD;atmifqef;. cef;raqmif}uD;twGif;odk‹ bk&ifcH. tvkyftr+aqmiftzGJŒ aumifpD0ifrsm; 0ifa&mufae&m,l xdkifvdkuf-uyg_yD? tcef;us,f}uD;twGif;wGifpma&;cHkwef;&Snf}uD;rsm;tm; ‘U’ pmvHk;. ajymif;jyeftoGifo¿mefjzifh cif;usif;xm;_yD; tcef;. awmifbuftydkif;wGif aumifpD0ifwdk‹twGuf ae&moD;oef‹cif;usif;xm;ygonf? r-umrD tqdkygcHkwef;}uD;. OD;ydkif;A[dkae&mwGif OD;atmifqef;xdkifvdkuf_yD; ‚if;.vkyfazmfudkifbuf 0ef}uD;rsm;tm; E+wfqufvdkufygonf? xdktcsdefu atmifqef;. b,fbufwGif uyfvsufxdkifaeolrSm u|efawmf. OD;av;awmfol OD;a&$abmfyif jzpfygonf? OD;a&$abmfrSm tvkyftr+aqmifaumifpD. twGif;a&;rª;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;.nmbufwGif xdkifaeolrSm 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ. 'k=twGif;0efjzpfol OD;tkef;armif (I.C.S) jzpfygonf?

‚if;wdk‹ESifh uyfvsuf&Sdaom cHkwef;vsm;}uD;. nmbufjcrf;wGif xdkifaeolrsm;rSm b¾ma&;Xme aumifpD0ifjzpfol qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmif ocifjr/ rlpvifbmom0if ausmif;tkyf}uD;/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif/ ynma&;ESifh trsKd;om;pDrHudef;Xmersm;. aumifpD0ifjzpfol OD;tAŠ'l&mZmwf/ OD;atmifqef;. tpfudkawmfolpD;yGm;a&;ESifh axmufyHha&;Xme aumifpD0if OD;b0if;/ owif;pmq&mESifh 'D;'kwfr*~Zif;t,f'Dwm/ jyef-um;a&;Xme aumifpD0if OD;bcsKd/ u&ifvlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfI tvkyform;a&;&mXmeaumifpD0if ref;bcdkifwdk‹ jzpf-uygonf?

OD;atmifqef;. b,fbufjcrf;wGif xdkifaeolrsm;rSm jynfol‹vkyfief;aumif

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pD0if vli,ftpnf;t±Hk;OuU@ OD;A*srf;/ vlr+a&;vkyfief;rsm; aumifpD0if OD;atmifZHa0/ aumufyJoD;ESHXme aumifpD0if ([oFmw) OD;jrESifh e,fjcm;a'orsm;qdkif&maumifpD0ifjzpfol &Srf;jynfe,frS rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;}uD; apmpHxGef;wdk‹ jzpf-uygonf?rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;}uD;onf wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;aexdkif&m e,fjcm;a'orsm;ESifhjynfr}uD;wdk‹ aygif;pyfEdkifa&; óud;yrf;r+wGif ta&;ygt&ma&mufaom tcef;u¾rS yg0ifcJhygonf?

tpnf;ta0;udk eHeuf (10;30) tcsdefwGif pwifzGifhvSpfvdkuf&m tvkyftr+aqmiftzGJŒ0if tm;vHk;wdk‹onf OD;atmifqef;&Sd&m a&S›wl±lwGif tcef;twGif;bufodk‹ rsufESmrlvsuf xdkifae-uygonf? odk‹&mwGif xdktcsdefY o,f,lydk‹aqmifa&;ESifhvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;Xme 'k=twGif;0efjzpfol OD;tkef;armifonf tcef;twGif;odk‹0ifa&mufvmojzihf tpnf;ta0;}uD;rSm tcdkuftwef‹ &yfem;oGm;&onf?

‚if;0ifa&mufvm&onfh udpP&yfrSm xdkae‹eHeufu txufjrefrmEkdifiHodk‹ c&D;vGefaeol 0ef}uD;apmpHzdk;oif.udk,fpm; ta&;ay:udpPw&yfudk &Sif;vif;wifjy&efvdkonfhtwGuf wufa&mufvm&jcif;jzpfygonf? c&D;a&mufrqdkufyif OD;tkef;armifonf ‚if;wifjyaqG;aEG;&rnfh udpP&yftm; OD;pGm wifjyaqG;aEG;cGifhðyyg&ef yef-um;vkdufonf? xkdae‹wGif OD;tkef;armifonf trSefwu,f wm0efusaeol r[kwfonfhtjyif ol‹Y tjcm;ta&;}uD;onfh vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&ef&SdonfhtwGuf ,ckuJhodk‹ cGihfawmif;&jcif;jzpfygonf[k wifjyvkdufygonf?

tcef;}uD;twGif; &Sdor#aom wHcg;rsm;udkvnf; tcef;. ajrmufbuf&Sd jynfol‹vkyfief;Xme aumifpD0if. ±Hk;cef;ESihfuyfvsuf rsufESmcsif;qkdif&Sd wHcg;aygufwckrSvGJI tm;vHk;ydwfvkduf-u_yD; twGif;rS csufrsm;xdk;xm;-uonf? ‚if;tcef;wHcg;0Y rif;apaomif;pdef apmihf-uyfvsuf&Sdonf? aomif;pdefrSm vufeuf udkifaqmifrxm;yg? ol0wfqifxm;aom ppfpdrf;a&mifabmif;bDrSvGJI xdkvli,fav;wGif -oZmtm%m. t&dyfta,mif[lI tjcm; bmr#r&Sdygacs?

jyify avomaqmif vloGm;vrf; (corridor) wGifrl tr+aqmifaumifpD.vufaxmuf twGif;0efjzpfol OD;wiftHk;onf rdwfaqGwOD;ESihf &yfwef‹pum;ajymvsuf&Sd.? ±kwfw&ufqdkovdkyif OD;wiftHk;onf aoewfajymif;0csif;±dkufcwfoH/!dk;!dk;nHnHtoHrsm;ESifh ajcoHjyif;jyif; eif;wufvmoHrsm; -um;vdkuf&ojzihf vSnfh-unfhrd&mwGif avSum;ay:okd‹ tajy;wufvm-uonfh vufeufudkif vl (4) a,mufudk jrifvdkuf&awmh.? OD;atmifqef;&Sd&m tpnf;ta0;cef;r}uD;odk‹ ‚if;wdk‹ taomhESif_yD; ajy;av#mufoGm;-uonfudk twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;okd‹ rdwfaqGwa,mufESifh vkduf

AdkvfcsKyfvkyf}uHcH&jcif;

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ygvmol ukefonfwOD;jzpfonfh OD;xifabmfonfvnf; awGŒ jrifvdkufonf? a&SŒqHk;rSOD;aqmifoGm;olrSm armifpdk;jzpfonf? olu t&yfjrifhjrihfESihf rsufESm&Snf&Snfrdk‹ ol‹udkvG,fvG,fulul rSwfrdEdkifygonf? vlysKdvl&G,fav;jzpfonfh &ef}uD;atmifrSmvnf;ol. ysKdrspfEke,faom ±kyfoGifa-umihf ay:vGifaeonf? twGif;0efrsm;±Hk; tpnf;a0;cef;rteD;Y eHeuftapmydkif;uyif vma&mufapmihfqkdif;aeol r+ef}uD;onf aoewfudkifaqmifxm;aom olwdk‹vl vlowform;rsm;tm; tpnf;a0;}uD; pwifae_yDjzpfa-umif; acgif;ndwftcsufjyvdkufonf? wckwnf;aom zGihfxm;onfh wHcg;teD;odk‹armifpdk; csOf;uyf oGm;onfhtcgwGifrl rif;apav;armifaomif;pdefrSm -uuftHhwaojzpfaerdawmh.? xkd‹aemuf olonf owd&_yD; tcef;t0if0udk ydwfqdk‹wm;qD;&efóud;pm;vdkufygao;.? 22222 odk‹aomf armifpdk;ESihf oufESif;wdk‹u olwdk‹. awmfrD*ef;aoewfrsm;udk ol‹tm; csdef&G,fvdkuf.? xdk‹aemuf ol‹udk ab;odk‹wGef;vdkuf&m olvnf; ',drf;',dkifjzpfoGm;pOfYyif aoewform;rsm; tcef;wGif;odk‹ wdk;0ifoGm;ojzihfarmifaomif;pdefvnf; taemufrS &J0HhpGm ajy;vdkufoGm;ygao;onf? odk‹aomf olbmr#rwwfEdkifawmh? xkdtcsdefwGifyif aoewform;rsm;onf olwdk‹aoewfrsm;udk tpnf;ta0;cef;twGif;&Sd 0ef}uD;rsm;bufodk‹ csdef&G,f_yD; vSrf;atmfvkdufonf? “rajy;eJ‹/rxeJ‹æ” xkdtwGif; tHh-ooifhaeaom OD;atmifqef;u rwfwyf&yfvdkufonfhtcgarmifpdk;u trdef‹ay;vdkufawmhonf?

“ypfæypfæ ypf” [laom trdef‹ay;oHESihftwl aoewfoHrsm; qlnHoGm;_yD;AdkvfcsKyf}uD;vnf; -urf;ay:odk‹ yHkvJoGm;vsuf aoewf'%f&m (13) csufjzifh aoG;tdkifxJwGif vJavsmif; _idrfoufoGm;&Smawmhonf?

xkdtcsdefY armifpdk;/ armifpdefESifh oufESif;wdk‹onfvnf; 0ef}uD;rsm;&Sd&modk‹awmfrD*ef;aoewfrsm;jzifh w&pyfypfcwfaecdkuf &ef}uD;atmifonfvnf; 'l;axmufcsvkdufvsuf ol. pwif;*ef;aoewfjzifh vJavsmif;usoGm;_yD;aom yk*~dKvfrsm;ESihfcHkatmufwGif0yfI ykef;v#Kd;uG,fv#Kd; tumtuG,f,laeonfh yk*~dKvfrsm;xHodk‹ w&pyf pwif;*ef;jzifh ypfaeonf? Todk‹ rem;wrf;puUef‹ (30) cef‹ ypf_yD;aomtcgwGif armifpdk;u ol‹vlrsm;tm; typf&yfI qkwfcGm&ef xyfrHtrdef‹ay;vdkufawmh.?

xkdtcsdefonf eHeuf (10) em&D (37) rdepfjzpfI OD;atmifqef;. udk,fa&;vufaxmufjzpfol AdkvfxGef;vSonf 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJwGif tqkdygjrifuGif;okd‹ yxrOD;qkH; a&mufvmonfhyk*~dKvfjzpfonf? twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;twGif;&Sdtjcm;jcm;aom yk*~dKvfrsm;onfvnf; r-umrD zGihfxm;aom wHcg;ayguftwGif;odk‹tajy;tv$m;0ifvm-u.? eHapmfvSonfh aoewf,rf;cdk;,rf;aiGŒ tcdk;tv#Hwdk‹onf

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ae‹v,fydkif; tdyfruf aemufwuGufrSmrl eHeufu yifyef;cJhr+tpkpkwkd‹a-umihfolwdk‹aomufvkduf-uaom ,rumwdk‹u OD;apm_cH0if;twGif;&Sd vufoyfarG;xm;aom ol‹vlrsm;tm; òrd›wGif;Y bmawGjzpfysufaeonfrsm;udk rodEkdifavmufatmifae‹cif;ydkif; Z&ufrif;pnf;pdrfESihf tol&mewfrsm;b0 wc%a&mufoGm;apygawmhonf? odk‹aomf nae (3) em&D rxdk;rDuav;wGif tjyifvrf;rrS qlqlnHnH armfawmfum; tif*sifpufoHrsm;u olwdk‹udk tol&mtdyfrufrS vef‹Edk;apcJhonf? ykvdyfESifh ppfwyft&efwyfzGJŒrsm;u olwdk‹rar#mfvifhbJ ±kwfw&ufOD;apmtdrfudk 0dkif;xm;vdkuf-uonf? 8 xkdtcg armifpdk;onf csufcsif;yif ol‹aoewfudk aumufqGJvdkufaomfvnf; ol‹tem;&Sd ol‹vlrsm;u ol‹tm; aoewfroHk;&ef wm;qD;xm;-uonf?wzef r+ef}uD;uvnf; xdk‹twl ol‹awmfrDaoewfudk ajr‡mufvdkufonfhtcsdefwGif ol‹vufudk ykvdyfwOD;u 9 aoewfjzifh ypfcsvdkufonf? wjcm;aemufvdkufrsm;rSmrlxkdae‹eHeufu twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;wGif olwkd‹oHk;cJhaom aoewfrsm;udk tdrfaemufbuf&Sdtif;,m;uefxJodk‹ tvsifpvdk ypfcsazsmufzsuf&ef óud;yrf;vsuf&Sdae-uonf? xdkae&mrSm OD;apmu olwdk‹rdom;pktwGuf a&ueftpyfwGif aqmufwnfay;xm;aom bk&m;ausmif;aqmifav;teD;Y jzpfonf?

atmifjrifr+onf wae‹yifrcHvdkufbJ vlowfr+jzifh olwdk‹tm;vHk; vufqkyfvufudkif tzrf;cHvdkuf&aomtcg tjrihfqHk;ae&mrS ðywfusvmaom olrsm;uJhodk‹OD;apmvlrsm;pkonf pdwfua,mifacsmufcsm; ysufjym;ae-u_yD? odk‹aomfvnf; OD;apmrSmrl &SmrS &Sm;aomol[k qdk&avmufatmif wnf_idrfvSygonf? 10 xdwfvef‹tHh-o0rf;enf;aom trlt&m[lI bmr#r&Sd? ol. tdrfudk ykvdyfwyfrsm; pD;eif;xm;onfhtcsdefumvwav#mufvHk; OD;apm. [efyeftrlt&monf vHk;0rysufjym;/ol‹tm; apmihfa&Smuf&efvmaom ol‹vufatmufcH wynfhi,fom;rsm;ESihf awGŒ&onfh yHkpHrsKd;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf udpPtm;vHk; qdkif&m=Edkif&m ol‹tquftoG,frsm;t&uGif;qufrdrd xdxda&mufa&muf _yD;pD;oGm;onfhtcg ol‹bufu tav;omvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk-unfr+tjynfh ol‹Y &SdaeyHk&onf? odk‹aomfvnf; vufxJwGif udkifxm;aom 0DpuDcGufxJrS vufusef,rumudk jznf;nif;pGm pkyfaomuf&if; ol‹ta&SŒrSykvdyft&m&Sd (Police Superintendent) udk ta&;rpdkufovdk trl&mjzihf &SmazGzrf;

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qD;ydkifcGihf 0&rf;pm&Sdr&Sd ar;vdkufonf? TwGif jy\emwck0ifvmonfrSm 0&rf;pmrygjcif;yifjzpf.? odk‹ jzpfI w&m;Oya'ESihf tHacsmf_yD; [efyHkray:ojzifh ododomompdwfv+yf&Sm;aeaom t&m&Sdonf ol‹txuft&m&SdxH csufcsif;w,fvDzkef;quf_yD;ola&SŒqufvkyfudkifoGm;&rnfh wm0efydkif;qkdif&m E+wfrdef‹udk aocsmpGm &&Sd_yD;aomtcgwGifrS OD;apmu olwdk‹tm;vHk;udk ol‹tdrfwGif &SmazGcGifhðyvdkufonf? ,if;odk‹ &SmazGpOftcsdefumvwav#mufvHk; OD;apmonf 0DpuDudk taomufrysuf jznf;jznf;csif;qufvufpkyfaomufaecJhonf? jrefrmvlrsKd;zcifwOD;u ol‹uav;i,frsm;tay:qufqHonfhenf;wl ol‹vlrsm; a-umuf&GHŒr+oufomoGm;ap&ef t&$wftaemufrsm;jzifh ajr‡mufyihfacsmharmhr+rsm; ðyvkyf_yD; ykvdyfrsm;ay:wGifvnf; jrefrmjynf eef;&if;0efb0u qufqHcJhonfh avoHtwdkif; txufpD;udk tydkif,lxm;avonf?

r-umrD eHygwf (9) rr qyfr&Sif;*ef;wvuf/ pwif;*ef;wvufESifh usnfqHrsm;udk olŒtdrftwGif;rS ykvdyfu &SmazGawGŒ&Sdonfhwdkif OD;apmonf vHk;0[efrysufao;bJ ol‹wynfhrsm;ESifh jyufvHk;xkwfaeqJyifjzpfyg.? xkdvufeufESpfckvHk;onfOD;apmydkifvdkifpifESihf aoewfrsm; jzpfaomfjim;vnf; xdkvufeufESihf usnfqHrsm;udkoufaocHypPnf;tjzpf odrf;vdkuf-uavonf? xkdtcsdeftxd OD;apmu tòyH;rysuf/“uJ bmqufvkyfOD;rvJ” [k ar;vdkufonf? xkd‹a-umifh rsufESmxm;wif;wif;ESihft&m&Sdonf aemufxyfw,fvDzkef;pum; tar;tajzrsm; ðyvkyf_yD; OD;apmqDvmum “'Dtcsdefup_yD; cifAsm;udk zrf;vdkufyg_yD? cifAsm;udk usaemfwdk‹ vHkòcHwJhae&mrSmxdef;odrf;xm;zdk‹ tck csufcsif;ac:oGm;&ygr,f” [k ajymvdkufonf? odk‹wdkifatmifrSm;,Gif;onfhbufY ,Hk-unfcsufjyif;xefvGef;ol OD;apmonf wkefv+yfacsmufcsm;r+vHk;0r&Sdao;bJ ol‹aemufvdkufrsm;bufvSnfhum OD;apmu “a[h= rif;wdk‹tdyf&mvdyfawG xkwf-ua[h? apmifvHkvHkavmufavmuf ,lvmzdk‹vnf; rarh-ueJ‹? igwdk‹oGm;r,fhae&mu tm%mydkifawGu igwdk‹udk vdkoavmufay;EkdifcsifrS ay;EdkifrSm”[k ajymae&mu wpHkwckudk pOf;pm;[efjzifh “at;avæ(3) &uf 'grS r[kwf (4)&ufavmuf ta0;rSm igwdk‹tm;vHk; oGm;ae-u&rSmyg? bmrS rpdk;&drf-ueJ‹” [k olubmrS rjzpfovdk xyfajymvdkufjyefonf?

OD;apm. ZeD;onf a':oef;cifonf xdkae‹u tdrfwGifr&Sdacs? &efukefajrmufydkif;/ tif;pdef&Sd yxrtdrfaxmifonf. OD;av;awmfol aetdrfodk‹ olra&mufaeonf?Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹Y &JwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm; a&mufoGm;aomtcgu OD;apm. tdrfwGifcifarmif&if.ZeD;ESihf armifeD.ZeD; trsKd;orD;ESpfOD;tygt0if tdrfapa,musfm;av;wa,mufESifh rdef;rav;wa,mufwdk‹om usefaecJhonf?

AdkvfcsKyfvkyf}uHcH&jcif;

54

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ

54

u|Ekfyf. zcifjzpfol OD;xGef;vSatmifonf r+cif;axmufvSrf;a&;Xme=ykvdyfwyfzGJŒ }uD; (CID) . 'k=ykvdyfrif;}uD;jzpf_yD; (ykvdyfwyfzGJŒ }uD;udk &JwyfzGJŒ[k trnfrajymif;&ao;rD) xkdtcsdefu jrefrmjynfwGif 'kwd,tqihftjrihfqHk; ykvdyft&m&Sd}uD;jzpfonf? ,if;odk‹v#if zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;udk ykvdyfum;rsm;odk‹ ac:aqmifvmcsdefwGifrS OD;xGef;vSatmif xdkae&modk‹a&muf&Sdvmonf? 1111111111 vsifjrefvSaom ykvdyfwyfzGJŒ }uD;. ta&;,laqmif&Gufr+udk oltrdef‹ay;EkdifcJhjcif;onf uydwefcef;. owif;ay;r+t&jzpfonf? 12 aoewform;wdk‹. *spfum;ESifhol‹um; wkdufvkeD;yg;jzpfcJh_yD;onfhaemufydkif;wGif 0if'grD,mygh(cf) &Sd OD;xGef;vSatmiftdrfodk‹ uy`wdefcef;uawmufav#mufoGm;cJhonf? OD;xGef;vSatmifudk tdrfwGif rawGŒvdkufonfhtcg cef;onf (CID) r+cif;axmufvSrf;a&;Xme ykvdyfrif;}uD;±Hk;cef;odk‹ ae‹v,f (1) em&Dcef‹wGif vSrf;zkef;qufvdkufonf? OD;xGef;vSatmifonf odrf;qnf;xm;aom vufeufrsm;udk 0rf;enf;a-uuGJaom tawG;rsm;jzihf ppfaq;-unfhcJhonf? OD;apmtdrfwGiftjcm; udk,fydkifud&d,m wefqmyvmrsm;udkvnf; awGŒ&onf? txl;ojzifh r-umao;rDurS ±kdufESdyfxm;[efwlaom pma&;puULu'frsm;tjyif 0ef}uD;csKyf[laomacgif;pOfESifh OD;apm[laom vufa&;quf wHqdyfwHk; ponfrsm;udkvnf; zrf;qD;&rdcJhonf? (CID) t}uD;tuJonf _cH0if;twGif;&Sd um;rsm;udkvnf; pdwf0ifwpm;-unhfrdjyefonf? *spfum;ESpfpD;&Sd_yD; olonf tif*sifpufrsm;udk E+d;-unfhonf? um;wpD;omv#if trkd;yg_yD; ,if;um;. eHygwfjym;rSm vwfvwfqwfqwf aq;okwfxm;rSef; -unhf±HkESihfodEkdifonf? ,if;um;onf vG,fvG,fululESihf pufE+d;aomfvnf;tjcm;um;rSm ±kwfw&ufpufrEd+;ay? xdk‹ jyif zdk‹'fqefx&yfum;udk um;±HkxJwGif&yfxm;onf?

&efolòydifbufrsm;udk z,f&Sm;_yD; rudkÉfudk t&,lum eef;wufonfh tpOftvmudk jrefrmpum;wGif ‘okwfoifa&;’ [k oHk;onf? OD;apmonf xdkokwfoifa&;óud;yrf;csuf}uD;udk tm;wufoa&m tuGufaphaph pDpOfvkyfaqmifcJhjim;aomfvnf; tm;vHk; ±kwfw&uf tqHk;owfoGm;onf? bk&ifcHxHrS ol‹tdrfawmfodk‹ tapmifhta&Smufrsm;ESihfwuG w&m;0ifvdkufygvm&ef apv$wfvdkufaom wreftzGJŒudkvufcH&rnfhtpm; OD;apmESihf ol‹taygif;tygrsm;onf bvuf rm&D,m (Black

Maria) jzifh axmifodk‹ ac:aqmifoGm;jcif;udk cH&avawmhonf? TEdkifiHawmfvkyf}uHr+}uD;wGif yl;aygif;}uHpnfolrsm;udk xdkae‹aemufydkif; axmifxJxnfh_yD;axmifwHcg;ydwfcsdefrSm nae ae0ifcsdef jzpfaeav_yD?

twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;}uD;twGif; &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGmvkyf}uHr+ owif;qdk;}uD;

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rSm òrd›awmftwGif; ysHŒESH‹oGm;_yD; wwdkif;wjynfvHk; ylaqG;aomu a&muf-u&avonf? twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;Y (6) a,muf yGJcsif;_yD; aoqHk;I aemufxyf (3) OD; xyfrHaoqHk;cJhonf? OD;bcsKdonf '%f&ma-umihf xdkae‹ ae‹v,fydkif;wGif aoqHk;cJh&_yD;apmpHxGef;onf aemufwae‹wGif uG,fvGefoGm;&Smonf? i,f&G,faom udk,f&Hawmf&JabmfudkaxG;rSmrl aemuf&uftenf;i,ft-umwGifrS uG,fvGefoGm;&Smonf? EkdifiHa&;orm; wOD;wa,mufwnf;. tm%mavmb&rufudk auseyfr+ay;apEdkif&eftwGuf yk*~dKvf (9) OD; toufay;cJh&avonf? _Adwdo#wdk‹xHrS tm%mv$Jajymif;,la&; óud;yrf;aeqJumvY jrefrmEdkifiH. t&nftcsif;tjrihfrm;qHk; acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm EdkifiHawmf tcsKyftjcmtm%m&&Sd_yD; vGwfvyfa&;ra-unmEdkifrDyif usqHk;oGm;cJh&&Smawmhonf?

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1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif twGif;0ef±Hk;Y oem;!Smwmr+uif;rJhpGm aoewfjzihf ypfcwfowfjzwfjcif;cHvdkuf-u&ol yk*~dKvfrsm;rSm acwfopf jrefrmEkdifiH. txl;c|efqHk; EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf-uayonf? _Adwdo#tkyfpdk;r+. aemufqHk;ESpfrsm;twGif;odk‹ jrefrmEdkifiHudk acgif;aqmifr+ay;&ef olwdk‹taejzihf owfrSwfjy@mef;jcif;cHcJh-u&aomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonftxd tqHk;wdkifaqmif&GufcGifhr&&SdoGm;cJh-u&Smacs? _Adwdo#wdk‹onf 1885 ckESpfwGif rEœav;-rd›awmfodk‹ csDwufvm-u_yD; jrefrmEdkifiH. aemufqHk;rif;qufudk tqHk;owfcJh-uonf? Todk‹ jzifh 1824=26yxr t*Fvdyf=jrefrmppfyGJrS pwifcJhaomþolwdk‹.usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufr+udk tqHk;owfEkdifcJh-uonf? xdktcsdefrSpwifcJhaom _Adwdo#udk qef‹usifwGef;vSef&ef óud;yrf;cJhonfhom;pOfajr;quf ±kef;uefv+yf&Sm;r+wdkufyGJudk ,ckacwfopf jrefrmEdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;u qufvufOD;aqmifr+ay;cJh-ujcif;jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. bk&ifoDaygrif;udkzrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;_yD; tdENd,EkdifiH/ &wem*D&dodk‹ ydk‹xm;cJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf;bk&ifhwyfrawmf/ touf&Sifusef&pfaecJhaom rif;nDrif;om;tcsKdŒ/ eef;awmft&m&Sdrsm;/ aus;&Gmol}uD;rsm;ESihf Ak'<bmom bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;yifv#if _Adwdo#ydkif tdENd,EkdifiH. jynfe,fwckb0 a&mufoGm;cJh_yD;jzpfaom wcsdefu jrefrmbk&ifEdkifiHawmf.ae&mtESH‹tjym;wGif "m;udk qGJudkif/ aoewfjzihf ,SOfòydifI tEkdifrcHawmfvSefcJh-uonf? Tta-umif;udk *|eftuf (zf) au'D (John. F. Cady) u ol. ‘acwfopfjrefrmEkdifiHordkif;’ wGif Todk‹ a&;om;cJhonf?

‘1886 ckESpfESihf 1887 ckESpfrsm;u wav#mufvkH; jrefrmEkdifiH txufjrefrmjynf. c±kdifa'owkdif;wGif awmfvSefxºuGr+jzihf qlyGufvsuf&SdcJhonf? ppfpcef;rsm;ESifh ppf,mOfwef;rsm;onf twdkuftckdufcHcJh-u&_yD; aus;&Gmrsm;rS a,musfm;wdkif;vdkvdku wkdufcdkuf&ef tqifoifh&SdaecJh-uonf? EkdifiHolEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;u ppftwGif; cufcJusyfwnf;r+rsm;udk vufcHcJh-u_yD; ykefuefv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk a&iHkE+wf

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ydwfvsuf yl;aygif;ulnD0ef;&Hay;cJh-uonf?jrefrmwdk‹tjrifwGifum; ,if;yk*~dKvfrsm;rSm &JpGrf;owWd&Sdaom rsKd;cspfol&J

aumif;rsm; jzpf-uonf? _Adwdo#wdk‹url ,if;awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;udk "m;jyrsm;/vlqdk;olcdk;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwf_yD; tusOf;csKH;w&m;pD&ifum tjypfay;cJhonf?_Adwdo#wdk‹odrf;ydkuf_yD; wESpft-umwGif tvGeftrif;-urf;wrf;pGm tkyfcsKyfwwfaomqmcsm;vfua&mh (pfof) 0dwf (Sir Charles Crosthwaite) onf jrefrmEdkifiH. 0ef&Sifawmfrif;}uD; jzpfvmcJhonfhtavsmuf olonf ykefuefxºuGr+rsm;udk t!Smwmuif;rJhpGm ESdrfeif;ypfcJhonf? xkdokd‹ "m;jy[k owfrSwfjcif;cH&olrsm;ukd tpkvdkuftòyHvdkufuGyfrsufcJhonf? vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;tay: u±k%moufrdaom aus;&Gmwkdif;udk csufcsif;vufiif; rD;avmifwdkufoGif;ypfvdkufonf? rdef;rrsm;ESihf uav;i,frsm;udkyif csrf;omcGihfray;cJhacs? ppfyGJwGif towfcH&olrsm;ESihf zrf;qD;&rdIóud;ay;jcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ acgif;jzwfjcif;jzihfaomfvnf;aumif; uGyfrsufcH&olrsm;udk tm;vHk;aygif;v#if axmifaygif;rsm;pGm &Sdayvdrhfrnf? OD;atmifqef;.rdcifbufrS tbdk;awmfol Akdvfrif;a&mifonf a'ocHawmfvSefa&;wyfrsm;udkacgif;aqmifcJholjzpfonf? olonf _Adwdo#. tzrf;tqD;cH&_yD; acgif;jzwfuGyfrsufjcif; cHcJh&avonf?

xdktcgu _Adwdo#wdk‹taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHY t_rJwrf;wyfrsm;ESihf ppfykvdyfpkpkaygif; (60˜000) udk wyfpGJxm;apcJh_yD; ajrmufydkif;a'o&Sd ykefuefxºuGr+udk (5)ESpfwdkifwdkif ESdrfeif;cJh&avonf? vltiftm; (500) jzihf rEœav;odk‹ yxrqHk; pwifcsDwufvmpOfu jrefrmjynfolvlxkudk ESdyfuGyfodrf;oGif;&ef Todk‹aom cufcufcJcJta&;,laqmif&Guf&r+ ðyvkyf&vdrhfrnf[k _Adwdo#wk‹dtaejzifh vHk;0 rawG;rxifrdcJh-uacs?

zrf;qD;&rdor# awmfvSefa&;orm; acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;vHk;udk okwfoifz,f&Sm;cJhonfhtwGuf jrefrmwdk‹. rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfonf tESpf (20) cef‹ acwW _idrf0yfoGm;cJhonf? udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒwdk‹. toHk;tE+ef;t& jrefrmEdkifiHonf _idrf;csrf;oGm;_yD[kqdk&vifhupm; csif;wGif;ESihf rHk&Gmc±dkifrsm;wGif a'owGif;xºuGr+rsm; &SdaecJh_yD; tiftm;ao;i,faom ajymufusm;wyfzGJŒuav;rsm;. csKHcdkwdkufcdkufr+rsm;um; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm &yfpJoGm;jcif; r&SdcJhacsæ’[l.?

xdk‹aemuf 1904 ckESpfwGif acwfynmwwf &efukefaumvdyf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;xJrS trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; pwifay:aygufvmavonf? ,if;ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf 1897 ckESpfrS pwif_yD; EdkifiHa&;t& Edk;-um;r+&Sd

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aom ‘Ak'<bmom’ toif;tzGJŒrsm; xlaxmifcJh-uolrsm;ESifhtwl vufwGJaqmif&Gufrd-uonf? 1906 ckESpfwGif ‘Ak'<bmomuvsm%,k0’ toif; (0dkiftrfbDat) 11111 udkaumvdyfausmif;om; (26) OD;jzifh zGJŒpnf;cJh_yD; ‚if;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;xJwGifOD;baz/ OD;vSaz/ OD;b'Gef;ESihf trfatbGJŒydkif&Sif OD;armifarmif}uD;wdk‹ yg0ifcJhonf?1908 ckESpfwGif a': jrar. 22222 ‘0dwdk&d,bk&ifr}uD; trSwfw& trsKd;orD; txufwef;ausmif;’ wGif usif;yaom ‘0kdiftrfbDat’ tpnf;ta0;wckY t*Fvdyfacwfynmwwf vli,f0wfvHkawmf&rsm;jzpf-uaom OD;armifcif 33333 (aemifwGif qmbGJŒ&&Sdol) / OD;aratmif 44444 (‚if;wdk‹onf usaemf. rdcifESihfzcifbufrS tbdk;rsm; jzpf-uonf) OD;odrf;armifESihf tjcm;yk*~dKvfrsm;onf yGJOD;xGuf Eke,fao;aom trsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+twGuf twlvufwGJrd-uawmhonf? xdk‹aemufydkif; r-umrDwGiftpdk;&. t}uD;wef;0efxrf;rsm;ESihf aemufxyf w&m;Oya'orm; 0wfvHkawmf&trsm;tjym;onf tzGJŒ0ifrsm; jzpfvmcJh-uonf? xkd‹a-umihf q,fpkESpfwcktwGif;rSmyif 0dkiftrfbDatonf EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m tzGJŒtpnf;tjzpf tajcwusjzpfvmcJh_yD;ydkrdkcdkifrmawmifhwif;aom pepfusonfh Oya'wGif;v+yf&Sm;r+w&yfjzpfvm&ef rlv&nf&G,f&if;pGJ&Sdonfhtwdkif; ‘jrefrmtoif;rsm; taxGaxGaumifpD’ (*sDpDbDat)tjzpfodk‹ 1917 ckESpfwGif ajymif;vJjzpfay:oGm;cJhavonf?

xkd‹aemuf 1920 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvwGif &efukef&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;u udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;udk yxrqHk;t}udrf ajAmifpdefac:vdkuf-uawmhonf? ,if;odk‹ jzpf&onfrSm tdENd,EdkifiH/ umvuwWm; ,leDbmpDwD vufatmufcHjzpfcJhaom aumvdyfausmif;ESpfausmif;udk tpm;xdk;_yD; yxrqHk; XmaewuUodkvfwck jrefrmEdkifiHwGifzGifhvSpfrnfh Oya' tqdkðycsufw&yfudk ygvDrefY wifoGif;jcif;a-umihfjzpfonf?wuUodkvf0ifcGihfpmar;yJGESifh ywfoufaom vdktyfcsufrsm;/ pmoif-um;a&;p&dwfrsm;/ ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfjy@mef;csufrsm;ætp&Sdojzifh ‚if;Oya'yg tqdkðycsufþtao;pdwftcsuftvufwcsKdŒudk ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tjcm;trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;uvufrcHEkdif-uacs? odk‹aomfvnf; _Adwdo#. tpkd;&vufatmufcHESihf tdENd,bk&ifcHcsKyf. vufaxmufbk&ifcHjzpfol qm&,f*sDe,f u&ufa'guf (Sir Reginald

Craddock) u ,if;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vspfvsL±+cJh_yD; ,if;Oya'tqdkðycsufudkrl&if;twkdif;yif &efukef,leDAmpDwDtufOya'tjzpf 'DZifbmv (1) &ufae‹wGiftwnfðyjy@mef;vdkufavonf? xdk‹a-umihf (4) &uft-umwGif &efukef&Sd ausmif;om; (600) teuf (500) u oydwfwkdufyGJ qifE$Jvkdufonf? xdkoydwfaemufodk‹&efukefòrd›awmf tjyif rEœav;ESifh tjcm;òrd›rsm;&Sd txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;u

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vnf; xdkoydwfudk qifE$Jvdkufygvm-uonf? xdktcsdefu vufaxmufbk&ifcH._cdrf;ajcmufr+rsm; &Sdaevifhupm; jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;u oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;ukd tm;wufoa&m tultnDay;cJh-uonf? olwdk‹. awmif;qkdcsufrsm; tm;vHk;um; r&&SdcJhacs? odk‹aomfvnf; ‚if;oydwfonf tqufjzwfI _idrf;owfr&Edkifawmhaom tem*wftwGuf tm;aumif;vSonfh trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwf rD;awmufudk pwifawmufavmifoGm;apcJhavonf?

topfwzef jyefvnfarG;zGm;vmcJh_yDjzpfaom jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+. tkef;tkef;u|ufu|uf yxrESpfrsm;twGif;wGifyif &[ef;awmfrsm;xJrS trsKd;om;acgif;aqmiftjzpf pwifay:xGufvmcJholum; q&mawmf OD;OwWryifjzpfonf? olonf &cdkiftrsKd;om; ax&0g' Ak'<bmom oHCmawmfwyg; jzpf±Hkr#ru tdENd,EdkifiHESihf wdkusKdwGif tcsdeftwef-umaexdkifcJhzl;aom t*Fvdyfpmwwf&[ef;wyg;jzpf_yD; jrefrmEdkifiHodk‹ 1919 ckESpfwGif jyefa&mufvmcJhonf? us,fus,fjyef‹ jyef‹c&D;pwifxGufcGmcJh_yD; 0HomEk&udQw= trsKd;*k%fapmihfxdef;a&; wdkif;jynfcspfpdwfta-umif; ajyma[mum ‘0HomEk’ toif;rsm; wwdkif;jynfvHk;tESH‹ OD;aqmifpnf;±Hk;zGJŒpnf;cJh&m t*Fvdyfbk&ifhtpdk;&u ppfykvdyfrsm; toHk;csI ‚if;tpktzGJŒrsm;udkvdkufvHòzdcGJjcif;jzihf a'gow}uD; wHk‹ jyefcJhonf?

xdktcgu ol. &J&Jawmufrdef‹cGef;rsm;a-umifh OD;OwWronf 1921 ckESpfwGiftzrf;cH&avawmhonf? wdkif;jynfqlylatmif v+H‹aqmfr+jzifh ±Hk;wifw&m;pGJjcif;cH&um q&mawmf &[ef;awmfrsm;xJrS yxrqHk;axmif'%f (18) v tjypfay;jcif;cHcJh&avonf? Ttjypf'%fcsrSwfr+. EdkifiHa&;ESihf bmoma&;vd+if;*,uf ±kdufcwfr+udk wwdkif;wjynfvHk; cHpm;-u&avonf? t*FvdyfvufatmufcH jrefrmEdkifiHY wdkif;jynfqlylatmifvH+‹aqmfr+jzifh trsKd;om;a&;0g'DwOD; vlodewf-um; w&m;pGJqdkcH&jcif;rSm Tt}udrfonf yxrqHk;t}udrfjzpfonfhtjyif xif&Sm;onfh Ak'<bmom oHCmq&mawmfwyg;jzpfaejcif;u jrefrmjynfolrsm;twGuf temay: wkwfusovdk cHpm;apawmhonf? TtjzpftysufrSm EkdifiHwEkdifiHvHk;. trsKd;om;a&;*k%foduQmudk pdefac:vdkufjcif;yifjzpfavonf? Todk‹v#if q&mawmf OD;OwWronfvGwfvyfa&;r&rD t*FvdyfvufatmufcH u|efb0wav#muf pufwifbmv (9)&ufae‹wGif ysHvGefawmfrlonfhwdkifatmif axmifoGif;tusOf;csjcif;udk t}udrfrsm;pGm xyfzefwvJvJ cHcJh&avonf?

xdk‹a-umihfvnf; tjcm;xif&Sm;aom Ak'<bmom &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;onfq&mawmf OD;OwWrudk tm;usum yg&mZduvnf; rus/ oHCab'uuHvnf;

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rxdkufaom Tv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufvmavonf? xdktxJwGif q&mawmf OD;0dpm&rSmvnf; wyg;tygt0ifjzpfonf? q&mawmfonf 1888 ckESpfwGifrHk&Gmòrd›Y arG;zGm;cJh_yD;/ touf (20) t&G,fwGif &[ef;abmifodk‹ 0ifa&mufcJh_yD; oHCor*~DtzGJŒ zGJŒpnf;a&;twGuf pnf;±Hk;aqmif&GufcJhonf? xdk‹aemuf q&mawmfOD;OwWr. tultnDjzifh t*Fvdyfpmudk oif,lvsuf bmoma&;ESihhf EkdifiHa&;rsm;udk tdENd,EdkifiHodk‹ oGm;a&mufavhvmqnf;yl;cJhonf? xdk‹aemuf jrefrmEdkifiHodk‹ jyefºuGvmaomtcg òrd›pGef awm&Gm aus;vufrsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;w&m;yGJrsm;udk tcGihfoifhwdkif; usif;ya[majymcJhonf? xkd‹a-umihf q&mawmf OD;0dpm&onfvnf; tzrf;cH&vdkuf/ jyefvGwfvmvdkuf/ jyefvnftzrf;cH&vdkufESifh tusOf;axmifoHo&mxJYom w0JvnfvnfjzpfaecJhonf? xdktwGif; w&m;qdkif&m apmihfqkdif;aepOf q&mawmfonf &ufaygif; (40) -um tpmiwfcHqENjycJhonfhtavsmuf pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt&r[kwfbJ ±kyfykdif;qkdif&mt& tm;enf;ae_yDjzpfaom q&mawmfonf wESpfESihfudk;v tvkyf-urf;ESihf axmif'%f csrSwfjcif;udk cH&avonf?

xkd‹a-umihf axmift&m&Sdrsm;onf q&mawmftm; ouFef;udk twif;c|wfap_yD; omrefaxmifuswOD;. t0wftpm;udk 0wfcdkif;&m q&mawmfu wif;rmpGmjiif;qefcJh&m q&mawmftm; 0wfvpfpvpfjzifh wOD;wnf; wdkufydwfxm;cJhonf?odk‹ jzifh q&mawmf. tpmiwfcHqENjyjcif;/ wOD;wnf;wkdufydwfxm;jcif;/ twif;t"rR ESmacgif;xJodk‹ ydkufoGif;_yD; Ekd‹&nfxnfhjcif;æpojzifh &ufpufr+ oHo&mvnfvsuf&Sdonf? xdkr#omru tm%mydkifwdk‹ taejzihf q&mawmftm; t±l;pm&if; oGwfoGif;um emrnfqdk;vSaom &efukefwHwm;uav;t±l;axmifwGif xyfrHcsKyfaESmifxm;onftxd aqmif&GufcJh-uonf? xdk‹aemuf xdkae&mwGif (7) v aecJh&_yD; &efukefA[kdaxmif}uD;okd‹ jyefvnfydk‹ jcif;cH&jyefonf? q&mawmfuvnf; vkyfcsif&mvkyf aemufrqkwf[laom cH,lcsufjzifh acgif;rmpGm qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf?aemufxyfwzef tpmtiwfcH qENjy_yD;aemuf q&mawmftm; tvkyf-urf;ESihfaxmif'%f (6) ESpf csrSwftjypfay;vdkufjyefonf? OD;0dpm&uvnf; xyfrH tpmiwfcHqENjyjyefonf? xkdtcg 'um/ 'umrrsm;u r-unfh&ufawmhojzifh vGwf_idrf;cGihf toem;cHpmwifygaomfvnf; xdktcsdefu jrefrmvlrsKd; jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; *sKd;Zuf-o*wfpwyf(pf) armif}uD;u y,fcscJhonf?

xdk‹a-umihf 1929 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (19) &uf ol. tpmiwfcH qENjyr+(166) &uf jynfhajrmufonfhae‹wGif aemufqHk;Y q&mawmf ysHvGefawmfrlcJh&avonf? ,ae‹wGifrl &efukef uefawmfrifyef;_cHESihf a&$wd*Hkbk&m;teD; tvHkvrf;xdyf&Sd

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xif&Sm;onfht0kdif;}uD;wckay:wGif xkdacwf ('dk‹Arm tpnf;t±Hk;0if) jrLævl}uD;rsm;jzpf-uaom OD;csefxGef;ESihf OD;baqGwdk‹vufxufY txdrf;trSwf ausmufwdkif}uD;xdyf0,f q&mawmf. &yfawmfrla-u;±kyf}uD;udk trSwfw& ðyvkyfcJh-uavonf? xdkae&modk‹ OD;cdkuf&mvrf;onf ,cifu ‘Tiger Alley’ [k ac:wGifcJhaomfvnf; ,cktcg ,if;vrf;udk OD;0dpm&vrf;[k trnfajymif;vJowfrSwfcJhavonf?odk‹ jzpfav&m q&mawmfOD;OwWrESihf OD;0dpm&udk,fawmfwdk‹onf udkvdkeDtpkd;&udkqef‹usifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonfh txift&Sm;qHk; q&mawmfrsm;jzpfa-umif; ordkif;uoufaocHaeygonf? ‚if;wdk‹onf trsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+wGif Ak'<bmom &[ef;awmfrsm; 'um/ 'umrrsm;ESihftwl yg0ifvmr+udk vrf;xGifay;cJh-u_yD; Ttcsufonfyif trsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+ aemufqHk;atmifyGJqifEdkifjcif;. ta&;ygvmonfh tcsufwcsufjzpfvmayonf?

q&mawmf OD;0dpm& ysHvGefawmfrlaom ESpfwGifyif ‘*sDpDbDat’. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfol bkef;}uD;vlxGuf OD;&mausmfqdkolonf ‘*VKeftoif;’[k ac:aom v#KdŒ0Suftoif;. toif;cGJrsm;udk e,frsm;wGif vdkufvHwnfaxmifvsuf&Sdonf? ,if;toif;rsm;rSm OD;OwWr. 0HomEktoif;rsm;ESifh qifwlaomfvnf; olwdk‹. zGJŒpnf;yHkESihf vkyfudkifaqmif&GufyHkrsm;rSm ‚if;toif;tzGJŒrsm;uJhodk‹ ajymifajymiffwif;wif;r[kwfbJ v#KdŒ0Sufr+&SdvSonf? *VKefonf [dENL'¾m&Drsm;wGif tvGeftm;aumif;aomiSufwrsKd;jzpf_yD; ooFu±kduf (ouUw) bmomwGif *±kV[k ac:onf? xdktcsdefut&if;&Sifwdk‹. avmbaZma-umihf wae‹wjcm; jr‡ifhwufvmonfh ukefaps;E+ef;rsm;ESihf }uD;us,fcrf;em;aom udkvdkeDpD;yGm;a&;u rnfonfhtcgr# rsufESmomray;aom qif;&JEGrf;yg;onfh awmvufaus;&Gmrsm;ESifh e,fpGefe,fzsm;wdk‹rS vli,frsm;ESihf aus;&Gmol/ aus;&Gmom; trsm;tjym;udk Ttoif;rsm;u qGJaqmifpnf;±Hk;Edkifavonf? jynfolvlxkrSm pyg;udk udk,fwkdifxkwfvkyfae&ygvsuf pm;p&m qefr&Sdatmif qif;&JwGif;eufae_yD; xGufayguf&Sm&ef tvkyfwckckukd vkyf&ayawmhrnf?

xkdtcsdefwGif *sKd;Zuf-o*wfpwyf (pf) armif}uD;rSm ‘qm’bGJŒ jzifh olaumif;tðycH&_yD; rusef;rmI _Adwdefodk‹ cGifhjzifh tdrfjyefoGm;aom qmcsm; (vf) (pf) tif;euf (pf) (Sir Charles Innes) .udk,fpm; ,m,Dbk&ifcHtjzpf aqmif&GufcGihf&aomyxrqHk; jrefrmvlrsKd;jzpfvmonf? qm*sKd;Zufonf trsm;qHk; qkd;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; xdcdkufonfh a'ojzpfaom &efukefajrmufydkif;&Sd om,m0wDc±kdifodk‹oGm;_yD; tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif ðyvkyfcJhouJhodk‹ ‘'gbm’ yGJawmfudk usif;yavonf? 1930 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (21) &ufae‹ vlxkESihfawGŒqHkyGJwGif v,form;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u aus;

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vufa'orsm;wGif tcGefaumufcHjcif;udk zsufodrf;ay;&ef (odk‹r[kwf) wESpfqdkif;iHhay;&ef ,m,Dbk&ifcHtm; toem;cH-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; qm*sKd;Zufu ,if;awmif;yefcsufudk csufcsif;yif jiif;y,fvdkufavonf? xdk‹a-umihf aemufwae‹wGifom,m0wD v,form;olykefxr+ jzpfay:vmavawmhonf? olwdk‹. acgif;aqmifrSm ,cktcg q&mpH[k trsm;uac:wGifvmaom jrefrmorm;awmf OD;&mausmfjzpfavonf? olonf okyÀu *VKef&mZm (xif&Sm;ausmf-um;aom *VKefrif;)[laom bGJŒtrnfudk cH,lI ol‹udk,fol bk&iftjzpf a-unmvdkufavonf? xdk‹aemufaorxl;aerxl;b0Y rausreyfjzpfae-uaom v,form;rsm;jzifh ppfwyfwwyfudk xlaxmifvdkufonf? _Adwdo#udkvdkeDwyfrawmf. acwfrDvufeufrsm;udk vufcsnf;oufoufr#jzihf &ifqkdif&ef olwdk‹qHk;jzwfcJh-uonf? olykefwdk‹. vufeufwkdufwGif&Sdaom vufeufrSm rD;aygufaoewf tvuf (30) xufrydkbJ oHydkufacsmif;rsm;ESihf bdkifpu,favxdk;wHrsm;jzifh ðyvkyfxm;aom vufvkyfaoewfrsm; tm;jznfhxm;avonf? ‚if;tjyif olwdk‹wGif ta0;ypfvufeuf[lI jrm;/ 'l;av;/ vif;av;/ *GESihf vSHrsm;om &Sdavonf? xdk‹a-umihf tar&duefygarmuQ vlpDtif; 'bvsLydkif; (Professor Lucien W. Pye) u xdkta-umif;ESihf ywfoufI Todk‹a&;om;xm;cJhavonf?

‘1930 ckESpfwGif ay:aygufcJhaom q&mpHolykefxºuGr+onf vlrsKd;jcm; t*Fvdyfrif;ae&mY jrefrmvlrsKd;wOD;udk rif;tjzpfwif&ef óud;pm;aom awmfvSefykefuefr+rsm;. jrefrmh±kd;&mpOfvm tawG;tac:ESihf vkyfenf;vkyf[ef EdkifiHa&;/ bmoma&;yHkpHESihf udkufnDvsuf&Sdonf? wyGJwdk; yÌvuf twwfynm&Sifrsm;/ tif;ESihf praq;rifa-umifxdk;olrsm;/ "m;_yD;/ wkwf_yD;/ aoewf_yD; wyGJjyefESmESihf aq;a&mif;olrsm;/ taqmifrsm;/ vufzGJŒrsm; taxmuftyHhtultnDjzifh "mwf±dkuf"mwfqifaA'ifudef;cef;tvdkt& q&mpHudk,fwdkif wGufcsufzGJŒpnf;vdkufaom *VKefwyfuacwfa[mif;jrefrmEdkifiH. rif;crf;rif;em; taqmifta,mifjzpfaom xD;jzL ueuU'%fatmuf&Sd &mZyv†ifay:odk‹ q&mpHudk wifajr‡mufay;vdkufavonf? xdktcsdefu q&mpHonf rnfodk‹aom orm;*k%fjyenf;rsm;jzihf vlxktm; pnf;±Hk;xm;onfrod? _Adwdo#wdk‹. acwfrDaoewfvufeufrsm; tm;vHk;onf olwdk‹udk rxdrSef/ razmufxGif;Edkif[k olwdk‹udk,folwdk‹ xifaecJh-uavonf? ,if;v+yf&Sm;r+onf rodem;rvnfr+/ t,lonf;r+/ p}uFm0Vm. xl;jcm;qef;-u,faom y&avmuESihf yÌvuftwwfynm enf;emed\,rsm;udk vufcH&ef tqifoihfjzpfaer+wdk‹tay:wGiftajcpdkuf}uD;xGm;vmjcif;jzpf_yD; EkdifiHa&;&m atmifjrifr+twGuf tajctjrpfr&Sd

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aom pdwfv+yf&Sm;r+qkdif&m tjrifusOf;ajrmif;onfh ar#mfrSef;csufwdk‹tay:wGiftajcwnfvsuf&Sdonfæ’ [k azmfjyxm;.?

1930 ckESpfrsm; tapmydkif;u jzpfyGm;cJhaom zdESdyfr+rsm;umvtwGif; jrefrmhaus;vufawm&Gmrsm;rS us,fajymvSaom v,f,majrrsm;udk aiGwdk;acs;pm;olcspfwD;rsm;ESihf v,fydkif&Sif}uD;rsm;u odrf;,lcJh&m ,if;wdk‹vufrS ‚if;wdk‹ydkif v,f,majrrsm;udk jyefvnf&,l&ef q&mpH. *VKefwyftwGif;&Sd wdkufcdkufoltrsm;pkuxºuGcJh-ujcif;jzpfonf? olwdk‹onf acwfynmrwwfaom ±dk;±kd;ttrsm; jzpfaumif;jzpfayrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; olwdk‹. em-unf;cHpm;&r+rsm;um; tppftrSefjzpfavonf? odk‹ jzpfI jrefrmhorkdif;ynm&Sif a'gufwmxifatmifu Todk‹axmufjycJhonf? om,m0wDe,fu vlxktaejzifh Tpdwfrcsrf;ajrhzG,f&m tjzpfqdk;rS vGwfajrmuf&ef wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm _Adwdo# vlrsKd;jcm;tpdk;&udk ykefuefxºuG&efom &Sdavonf? xdk‹tjyif e,fcsJŒorm;pkd;rdk;olrsm;atmufwGif qif;&JwGif;eufaeonfh tjzpfqdk;Y tiwfiwftjywfjywf touf&Sifae&onfxuf apmapmao&jcif;u jrwfonfr[kwfygvm;?

&efukefajrmufbufrS yJcl;±kd;rawmifa-um&Sd tvHv$ihfxl&mawmif[kt"dy`m,f&aom ‘tvHawmif’wGif q&mpHonf ol. pHcsdefukd yxrqHk;t}udrfjr‡ifhwifcJhonf? *VKefrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&ef _Adwdo# wyf&if;w&yfvHk;udk apv$wfcJh&mq&mpH. XmecsKyfusoGm;cJh_yD; taotaysmufrSm tvGeftrif;rsm;jym;vSonf?xdk‹aemuf ykefuefxºuGr+onf xdkacwfjrefrmEdkifiHwGif c±kdif (40) &Sdonfhteuf (12)c±kdifodk‹ ysHŒESH‹oGm;cJhonf?

om,m0wD A[dkcsufrrSaeI [Hom0wDc±dkifESihf {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:wav#muf/ ajrmufbufwGif txufjrefrmjynfESihf &Srf;jynfe,ftcsKdŒae&mrsm;odk‹yif ysHŒESH‹oGm;cJhonf? tpdk;&wyfrsm;uvnf; &uf&ufpufpuf ESdyfuGyfacsr+ef;cJhonf?&Gmrsm;udk &GmvHk;u|wfjymusatmif rD;±+d‹I pdkufysKd;cif;rsm;udk zsufqD;um a&wGif;rsm;udk zdk‹ypfonf? oHo,&Sdaom olykefrsm;udk acgif;jzwfowf_yD; vltrsm;jrifom&ef vljrifuGif;wGif jyoxm;onf? ESvHk;emzG,ftjzpftysufwckrSm jynfòrd›&Sd vufaxmufaumfr&Sifemrif;}uD;±Hk;a&SŒwGif tjzwfcHxm;&aom acgif; (15) vHk;udkjyoxm;jcif;jzpfonf? TaoG;pGef;aom jyyGJrsm;. "mwfyHkrsm;udk (om,m0wD olykefawmrS tmZmenf *VKefapm) trnfcH OD;apmydkifqdkifwnf;jzwfaom ‘ol&d,’ ‘The

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aoqHk;cJh_yD;/ (9˜000) rSm tzrf;qD;cH&um axmifoGif;tusOf;cscHcJh-u&onf?q&mpHudk,fwdkifESihf ol.t&if;ESD;qHk; vkyfazmfudkifbufESpfOD;jzpfonfh q&m^m%fESihf AE<uac: &aohwOD;wdk‹ tygt0if (128) OD;rSm óud;ay;owfjzwfjcif;cHcJh-u&onf? 1931 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif bk&ifcHwm0efukd jyefvnfxrf;aqmifcJhol qmcsm;(vf) tif;euf(p) (Sir Charles Innes) u olykefrsm;ukd ±kH;wifppfaq;&ef zGJŒpnf;ay;cJhaom txl;ckH±kH;u ao'%frsm;ukd csrSwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? w&m;ol}uD;rif;uef;vpf(zf) (Justice Cunliffe) rSm ckH±kH;obmywdjzpf_yD; w&m;v$wfawmf w&m;ol}uD;rsm;tjzpf aqmif&Gufae-uaom rpPwm 'g0k('f) (Dawood) ESifh OD;bOD;(aemifwGifqmbGJŒ&vsuf jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf orRwjzpfol) wkd‹rSmtzGJŒ0ifrsm;jzpf-uonf? ao'%ftjypfay;cH&aom q&mpHukd 1931 ckESpf -o*kwfv(28) &ufae‹wGif ud;ay;owfcJhonf? olu t,lcHcJhaomfvnf; y,fcscHcJh&onf?q&mpHonf ud;pifay:okd‹ OD;acgif;ukdarmhvsuf wufoGm;cJhonf? xkdtcsdefY olonfom,m0wDaxmiftwGif; (3) v&SdcJh_yDjzpfonf? tpkd;&bufwGifrl -rd›jy&JESifh t&m&Sdrsm;tygt0if aoqkH;olrSm vl (50) xuf rykdcJhacs?

qlylaomif;usef;r+jzpfyGm;cJhaom c±kdifrsm;wGif tr+zGifhI w&m;qkdifjcif;rsm;«yvkyfcJhonf? w&m;cHtrsm;pkrSm acwfynmrwwfaom omrefaus;awmolaus;awmom;rsm;jzpf-uonfhtavsmuf olwkd‹tm; xkacsumuG,f&ef rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sdonfh a&SŒaetrsm;tjym;u tca-u;aiGr,lbJ pdwftm;xufoefpGm vkdufygaqmif&Gufay;cJh-uonf? om,m0wDOD;yk/ a'gufwmbarmf/ ocifjrwkd‹rSm vlodxif&Sm;pGmaqmif&GufcJh-uolrsm;jzpf_yD; armifapmrSmvnf; xkd‹twljzpfcJhonf? armifapmrSmxkdtcsdefu vli,fa&SŒaeav;wOD;omjzpfonf? olonf om,m0wDe,fom;wOD;jzpf±kHomru q&mpHukd tvGeftrif;csD;usL;av;pm;oljzpfavonf? w&m;qkdif&mwGif yg0ifcJh&aom ol.tcef;u¾ESihf _Adwdo#EkdifiHjcm;a&;twGif;0efxHay;ydk‹aomtdwfzGihfay;pmyHkpHjzifh xkwfa0aom vufurf;pmapmifrsm;a-umifh olonf vsifjrefpGmemrnfausmfI xifay:olwOD; jzpfvmavonf? q&mpH*VKefrsm;. xGef;ajymifr+udk qufvufjr‡ifhwifxm;Edkif&eftwGuf touf}uD;vm_yDjzpfI OD;apmjzpfvmaomarmifapmonf q&mpH. edrfhusoGm;aom v,form;olykeftzGJŒ. emrnfudk cH,l_yD;1938 ckESpfwGif ol‹udk,fydkifwyfzGJŒ udk w&m;Oya'abmif0ifatmif xlaxmifcJhavonf? ,if;wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;onf tpdrf;a&mif,leDazmif;udk 0wfqif-u_yD; OD;atmifaZ,sacwf xputwkdif; 0g;&if;wkwfrsm;udk udkifaqmif-uonf? Todk‹ jzifh‘*VKefwyf’ topfonf arG;zGm;vmcJhavonf?

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xkd‹aemufykdif;wGif txrajrmufcJhaom v,form;ykefuefxºuGr+a-umifhppfEkdifol ‘udkvdkeD’ tkyfpdk;olrsm;onf jrefrmjynftESH‹ olwdk‹. uvyfrsm;wGif aysmf&$ifjrL;wl;ae-uavonf? olwdk‹onf t,lonf;aom olykefrsm;. ±kd;tr+ESihf odyHenf;jzifh ppfaq;I r&aom olykefwdk‹. yÌvufenf;rsm;pGmudk &,foGrf;aoG;-u_yD;olykefrsm;tm; vG,fulpGm ESdrfeif;EdkifcJhjcif;tay: yDwdaomre\jzpfae-uavonf? odk‹aomfvnf; &efukefESihf tjcm;ae&mrsm;&Sd ynmwwfvli,frsm;twGufum;q&mpHolykefxr+onf ajymufusm;ppfqifr+twwfynm. tzkd;rjzwfEdkifaom enf;y&d,m,frsm;xkwf,l&m oifcef;pmw&yfjzpfcJhavonf? &efvdkr+rsm; tqHk;owfoGm;&efum; a0;avpG? aemuf (10) ESpfr#-um_yD;onfhaemuf olwdk‹tm; om,mr+udk ay;cJhaom urBmhtajctaeonf vHk;0ajymif;jyefjzpfoGm;vdrfhrnfudkum; olwdk‹udk,folwdk‹ ,Hk-unfcsuftjynfh&Sdae-uaom udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;taejzifh óudwifodjrifEkdifpGrf; r&SdcJh-uacs?

v,form; olykefrsm; towfcH&_yD;onfhwdkif av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;awG;ac: -uaom vli,frsm;onf _Adwdo#wdk‹udk vufeufudkifawmfvSef&ef rnfodk‹pnf;±Hk;aqmif&Guf&rnfudk pwifaqG;aEG;vm-uavonf? ,if;vli,frsm;onf 1920 ckESpf ausmif;om;oydwfjzpfay: _yD;aemuf wnfaxmifcJhaom trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;rSaomfvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmpum;udk oif-um;a&; bmompum;tjzpf vufcHtoHk;ðyaom t*Fvdyf=jrefrm ESpfbmom oifausmif;[k ac:onfh tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;rSaomfvnf;aumif; vm-uolrsm; jzpf-uonf? Oa&mypnf;rsOf;rsm;twkdif; waoGrwdrf; AdkvfqefpGm oif-um;vmcJh-u&aom ausmif;rsm;rS ynmqnf;yl;vmcJh&onfholrsm;ESihfpmv#ifum; ,if;vli,ftrsm;pkonf jrefrmhorkdif;/ jrefrmpmayESihfAk'<bmomwdk‹udk ydkifydkifEdkifEkdif ausnufpGm od&Sd-uavonf?

xkdodk‹ xif&Sm;vmaom ausmif;om;wOD;um; ‘udk}uD;’ [k tac:cH&onfhudkEkjzpfavonf? olonf &efukefwuUodkvfrS 1929 ckESpfwGif 0dZ…mbGJŒ&&SdcJhonf?xkdpOfu olESihf rsm;pGm&if;ESD;aom ol. vkyfazmfudkifbufwOD;rSm aemifwGif urBmhukvor*~}uD;. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;csKyfjzpfvmrnfh OD;oef‹ jzpfavonf? ol. ynmoifESpf (1934=35) ckESpfrsm;twGif;wGif ol‹xuf (8) ESpfi,f_yD; ol‹vkdyifrsKd;cspfpdwfjyif;xefaom udkatmifqef;tm; udkEk awGŒqHkcJh&avonf?

aemufxyf jrefrmEdkifiHY ‘'dkiftmcD’ESihf ‘91 Xme’ tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf acwfajymif;tcsdefumvrsm;twGif; ausmif;om;rsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;pGm EkdifiHa&;udk yHkrSefaqG;aEG;&ef awGŒqHkjzpf-uavawmhonf? r-umrDrSmyif &efukefwuUodkvfwGif uHhaumfyif

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&dyfrsm;atmufY tvGwfoabm EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;avh&Sdonfh tkyfpkav;wpk ay:aygufvmcJhavonf? xkdtkyfpkav;wGif udkEk/ udkatmifqef;wdk‹tjyif jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;/ ysOf;rem;òrd›rS vli,fwOD;jzpfonfh udkausmf_idrf;/ rmhufpf pmayrsm;udk us,fus,fjyef‹ jyef‹avhvmzwf±+xm;aom ^m%f&nf^m%faoG;xufjrufonfh (aemifaomtcg uGefjrLepfjzpfvmrnfh) udkodef;azESihf tdENd,EG,fzGm; rlqvifbmom0ifukd&m&Spfwdk‹vnf; yg0ifavonf? ,if;ig;a,mufpvHk;yif 1935=36 ckESpf ynmoifESpftwGuf &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~. tvkyftr+taqmifaumfrwD0ifrsm;tjzpf ta&G;cs,fcH&avonf? xkdtcsdefY udkEku OuU@ESihf udk&m&Spfu'k=OuU@jzpfvmonf? udkatmifqef;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. trsKd;om;txdrf;trSwfwHqdyfwckjzpfaom a'gif;iSuf. wGefusL;oHudk ,lxm;aom tdk;a0trnf& or*~r*~Zif;. t,f'Dwmtjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&avonf?

1936 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&DvwGif ay:aygufcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiH. 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwfudk Tvli,f (5) OD;tzGJŒu OD;aqmifr+ay;cJh&avonf? TwGif udkEkonf tpdk;&udk a0zefaom rdef‹cGef;rsm;ajyma[mr+jzifh ausmif;rS ,m,Dxkwfy,fjcif;cHcJh&avonf? xkd‹aemufrsm;r-umrDyif udkatmifqef;onfvnf; tkd;a0r*~Zif;wGifyg&Sdaom aqmif;yg;wyk'ftm; a&;om;ol aqmif;yg;&Sif. trnfudk (t,f'DwmyDyD) xkwfazmf&ef jiif;qefojzihf ausmif;rS txkwfcH&jyefavonf? i&JacG;}uD;vGwfaeonf (Hellhound at Large) 66666 [k acgif;pOfwyfxm;aom xkdt*Fvdyfaqmif;yg;u wuUodkvftm%mydkifrsm;udk vufoHajymifpGm jyuf&,fðyxm;avonf? xkdtcg &efukefwuUodkvfrS ausmif;om; (700) ausmfESifh ,k'\efaumvdyf (Judson

College) rS &m*%ef;ausmfaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf xdkodk‹ &mZ0wfom;qefqefausmif;xkwfcH&olrsm;tm; jyefvnfvufcH&ef awmif;qdk_yD; ausmif;om;oydwfudkpwifvdkuf&m xkdausmif;om;oydwfonf rEœav;aumvdyfESihf wEdkifiHvHk;&Sd txufwef;ausmif;rsm;odk‹ r-umrDyif ul;pufysHŒESH‹oGm;avawmhonf? Oa&mypnf;rsOf;nDomoemðyausmif;rsm;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh _Adwdo#udk axmufcH-uolrsm;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm ‚if;ausmif;rsm;omv#if jrefrmEdkifiHwGif xkdtcsdefu qlyGufae_yDjzpfaom vlxkv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;Y ryg0ifcJh-uacs?

aemufqHk;wGif udkEkESihf udkatmifqef;wdk‹udk wuUodkvftm%mydkifrsm;u jyefvnfvufcHcJh&aomfvnf; xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifawGŒr+um; _yD;qHk;roGm;cJhay? wEkdifiHvkH;tESH‹ jzpfyGm;cJhaom Toydwf. tusKd;&v'ftjzpf ‘ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm; or*~’ (Auo) (All Burma Students' Union) udk zGJŒpnf;EdkifcJh_yD; udk&m&Spfu

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yxrqHk;OuU@ESihf udkatmifqef;u 'k=OuU@jzpfvmcJhonf? xkd‹aemuf wuUodkvfy&d0%ftwGif;Yom usifvnfae-u&aom ausmif;om;rsm;onf wuUodkvfjyify&Sdtoif;tzGJŒ tpdwftydkif;rsm;odk‹ ajcqef‹rd-uawmhonf? ‘wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;’ (Our

Burmese Association) udk &efukefwuUodkvfrS enf;jyq&mwOD;jzpf_yD; t*Fvdyfbmomudk vGefpGm xl;c|efvsuf/ rdrdemrnfa&SŒwGif ocifwyfxm;aom rsKd;cspfwOD;jzpfonfhtjyif pma&;q&mwOD;vnf; jzpfaom ocifAaomif;. OD;aqmifr+jzifhpwifzGJŒpnf;cJhavonf? [if'DbmomwGif&Sdaom q[pf (Sahib) uJhodk‹yif jrefrmpum;wGif ‘ocif’ [lonfrSm t&Sifocif (Master) [k t"dy`m,f&&Sd_yD; t*FvdyfvlrsKd;wOD;ESifh pmay/ pum;/ a&;om;ajymqkd&mwGif jrefrmwdk‹taejzihf rdrdukd,fudk‘ocif’ [k oHk;E+ef;&efjzpfavonf? oludk,fwdkifESihf tpnf;t±Hk;tzGJŒ0ifwdkif;udk‘ocif’ [k ac:qdka&;om;apjcif;tm;jzifh ocifAaomif;u jrefrmEdkifiH. t&Sifocifwdk‹rSm _Adwdo#wdk‹r[kwfbJ olESihf usefwdkif;&if;om; jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;om jzpfa-umif;jyovdk&if;jzpfavonf?

rsm;r-umrD jrefrmjynftv,fydkif; a&eHacsmif;/ acsmufæpaom a&eHajrrsm;wGif 1937 ckESpfY tvkyform; ta&;tcif; jzpfyGm;cJh&m TEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mus,fjyef‹vSonfh v+yf&Sm;r+twGuf wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;onf rdrdtiftm;ESihf pnf;±Hk;v+yf&Sm;r+udk jyo&ef yxrqHk; prf;oyfonfhyGJjzpfvmcJhonf? ‘wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;’onf xkdta&;tcif;Y yg0ifywfoufcJh_yD; vli,fociftrsm;tjym;onf xdkoydwform;rsm;udk tultnDay;&eftwGuf &efukefòrd›rS txufjrefrmjynfodk‹ c&D;xGufcGmcJh-uonf? tvkyform;rsm;uvnf; olwdk‹. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ydkrdk zdtm;ay;awmif;qdka&;twGuf &efukefòrd›txd ajcvsifcsDwuf&ef qHk;jzwfcJh-uonf? &efukefòrd›awmfodk‹ vlxkcsDwufr+onf 1938 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvwGif pwifcJh_yD; e,frsm;ukd ajcvsifjzwfoef;vmcJh&m v,form;rsm;u u±k%mw&m;a&SŒxm;I tvkyform;rsm;ukd tpm;taomufESihf em;aep&mrsm; ay;cJh-ujcif;tm;jzihf EkdifiHwck. t}uD;rm;qHk; vlwef;pm; (2) &yfjzpfaom tvkyform;tiftm;pkESihf v,form;tiftm;wdk‹rSm uGif;qufrdoGm;-uonf? odk‹ jzpfonfhtavsmuf 'DZifbmv/ yxrtywftwGif; jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;&Sd rauG;òrd›Y a&eHajrrS csDwufvrf;av#mufvmolrsm;tm; ykvdyfrsm;u wm;qD;vsuf acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;um usefaom olrsm;rSm vrf;ab;&Sd ,m,Dpcef;wckwGif xdef;odrf;cHvdkuf-u&onf? xkdtcg tvkyform;rsm;u tpmiwfcHqENjy-uvsuf tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;xm;onfhtwGuf &efukefòrd›rS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;udk

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tiftm;jznfhwif;&ef 7 7 7 7 7 tvsiftjref rauG;odk‹ wufoGm;-uonf? ‚if;ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; tzrf;cH-u&jyefonf? ykvdyfrsm;. eHygwfwkwfrsm;jzihf ±dkufESufr+udk owWd&SdpGm &ifqdkifausmfv$m;_yD; tu,fI qufvufoGm;ygu aoewfjzifhypfcwfrnf[laom _cdrf;ajcmufr+rsm;ukdyif tefwkI tvkyform;rsm;onf qufvufcsDwufEdkifcJh-uonf? &efukefòrd›awmfwGifrl twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;udk oGm;a&mufqENjy-uonf? 88888 xdktcg tpdk;&tm; wpxufwp tefwkvmaom qENjyr+rsm;udk acsr+ef;ypf&ef ykvdyfrsm;udk wae&mrS wae&modk‹ ajymif;a&$ŒtoHk;cscJh&onf?

twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;udk ydwfqdk‹0dkif;&Hxm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;onf 'DZifbmv(20) &ufae‹ rGef;vGJcsdefavmufwGif twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;rS xGufcGmvmcJh-u_yD; olwdk‹acgif;aqmifrsm; a[majymonfudk em;axmif&eftwGuf pywfvrf;ESihf za&Zmvrf;wdk‹qHk&mY pka0;ae-uonfh xkdvltkyfudk jrif;pD;ykvdyfrsm;u eHygwfwkwfrsm;jzihf 9

0ifa&mufwdkufckduf-u_yD; ajrjyif&Sd ykvdyfrsm;uvnf; vufoD;jzifh xdk;olxdk;/ 0g;&if;wkwfjzifh ±dkufolu±kdufþjzpfukef-uonf? yxrqHk; t±dkuftESufcH-u&olrsm;rSm vltrsm;. a&SŒqHk;rScsDwufvm-uol trsKd;orD;uav;rsm;ESihf txufwef;ausmif;olausmif;om;uav;rsm; jzpf-uonf? ,k'\efaumvdyfrS ausmif;om;vli,fwOD;jzpfol udkatmifausmfrSm owdarhatmif t±dkufcHvdkuf&_yD;aemuf rsm;r-umrDwGifyif aq;±HkY aoqHk;oGm;cJhavonf?

Ttiftm;oHk; wdkufcdkufr+onf OD;apm &S,f,mtrsm;qHk;ydkifqdkifxm;onfhol&d, (The Sun) owif;pmwdkuf ta&SŒwnfhwnfhavmufwGif jzpfyGm;cJhjcif;jzpfonfhtwkdif; ol‹owif;axmufrsm;ESifh tjcm;owif;pmrsm;rS owif;axmufrsm;uvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;. qENjyr+ESifh ykvdyftzGJŒ. &uf&ufpufpufvkyf&yfrsm;udk"mwfyHkrsm; ±dkuf,lxm;cJh-uonf? xkdnwGifyif owif;pmwkdufonf ykvdyftzGJŒ.0ifa&mufpD;eif;jcif;udk cH-u&_yD; zvifrsm;ESifh tjcm;rSwfwrf;wifypPnf;rsm; todrf;qnf;cHcJh-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif Ttjzpftysufudk ppfaq;&efzGJŒpnf;vdkufaom ‘txl;pHkprf;a&;aumfrwD’ . a&SŒarSmufwGif ,if;"mwfyHkrsm;udkoufaocHypPnf;tjzpf toHk;ðycJhonf?

xkd‹aemuf 'DZifbmv (27) &ufae‹wGif ðyvkyfcJhaom udkatmifausmf.psmyerSm ol&Jaumif;wOD;. psmyetjzpf *k%fðycHcJh&_yD; jynfol (3) odef;ausmf(0rf;enf;yef;enf;) wufa&mufcJh-uonf? xdktcrf;tem;Y ol‹udk ‘aersKd;oD[ Akdvfatmifausmf’ [k Adkvf (t&m&Sd odk‹r[kwf acgif;aqmif) bGJŒtyfESif;vdkuf_yD; olaovkarsmyg; '%f&m&cJhaom pywfvrf;udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm -umaomtcgwGif ol‹em

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rnfwyfI ‘Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;’ tjzpf ,ae‹wdkif ajymif;vJac:a0:cJh-uonf?1939 ck/ Zefe0g&Dv (8) &ufae‹wGif &efukefòrd›awmfodk‹ aemufqHk;Y a&muf&Sdvmaoma&eHajrtvkyform;ESihf v,form;wyfzGJŒ }uD; ESpfckrS acgif;aqmifrsm;onf }uHawmok\ef&Sd Akdvfatmifausmf*lodk‹ yxrqHk; oGm;a&muf*g&0ðycJh-uonf? xdk‹aemufcsDwufvmolrsm;onf ppfa-umif;tvkduf &efukefòrd›wGif;odk‹ 0ifa&mufvm-uIolwdk‹tm;vHk;aygif;qHk&m ‘qHk&yf’ onfum; &efukefòrd›awmf. ajrmufbuf t0if*dwfjzpf_yD;/ ,ae‹wGifrl urm&Gwf&Jpcef;wnf&Sd&m tif;pdefESihf jynfvrf;wdk‹qHk&mvrf;qHkjzpfavonf?

oydwform;rsm;ESihf qENjyolrsm;. yxrqHk;tiftm;pkrSm vl (4˜000) ausmf&SdcJh_yD; olwdk‹udk óudqdk&ef &efukefòrd›wGif;rS vl (2˜000) ausmfxGufvm-uum olwdk‹ESihf yl;aygif;cJh-uonf? vl (6˜000) tiftm;&Sdaom xdkvlxk}uD;onf 1010101010 ppfa&;jybifc&mwyfzGJŒu a&SŒqHk;rSaevsuf &efukefòrd›awmftwGif;odk‹ 0ifa&mufvmcJhavonf? olwdk‹onf vGefcJhonfh (12) &ufurS usqHk;oGm;cJhaom Adkvfatmifausmfudk*g&0ðy-u_yD;aemuf &efukefòrd›wGif;odk‹ qufvufcsDwufoGm;-u_yD; a&$wd*Hkbk&m;taemufbufapmif;wef;ESihf awmifbufapmif;wef;t-um;/ atmufypP,H qifajcavsmrsm;wGif qufvufcsDwufoGm;-u_yD;aemuf tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;ycJh-uonf? xkdtcsdefwGif wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;ESihf OD;apm. *VKefwyfwdk‹rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u rdef‹cGef;rsm; ajym-um;-uonf?

&efukefodk‹ tvkyform;ESihfv,form; tiftm;pk}uD;rsm; csDwufvmr+.aemufydkif;&v'ftjzpf vlaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm tzrf;cH-u&avonf? rnfr#avmufzrf;qD;cJh-uoenf;udkrl tzrf;cHqENjyolrsm;tm; ae&may;Edkifa&;twGuf &efukefESihf tif;pdefaxmif&Sd tusOf;us &mZ0wfom;rsm;tm; axmifajymif;I z,f&Sm;ypfcJh&avonf? odk‹aomf Tv+yf&Sm;r+}uD;. wdkuf±kduftusKd;quftjzpf rsm;r-umrDArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m v,form;tpnf;t±Hk;ESihf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m tvkyform;or*~ uGef*&ufwdk‹udk zGJŒpnf;EdkifcJhavonf? tar&duefEdkifiHom; ordkif;ynm&Sifz&ifh xa&*g (Frank Trager) u Tv+yf&Sm;r+. aemufqHk;&v'fudk atmufygtwdkif; tusOf;csKyfazmfjycJhonf?

‘tusOf;csKH;qdk&v#if ,cif (YMBA) ESifh (GCBA) trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;rsKd;qufu rpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonfrsm;udk ocifrsm;u atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnfazmfEkdifcJhonf? tvkyform;ESihfv,form; tajccHvlxk}uD;ESpf&yfudk wckwnf;aom OD;wnfcsuft& twlwuG vufwGJrdap_yD; pnf;±Hk;nD!GwfoGm;aponfh

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&efukefòrd›Y avmavmq,f tcdkuftwef‹tm;jzihf Tv+yf&Sm;r+onf t&SdefaooGm;vifhupm; ‚if;. A[kdqGJiiftm; "mwfa-umrsm;onf bk&ifheef;òrd›a[mif;jzpfaom rEœav;odk‹ a&$Œajymif;oGm;cJhonf? odk‹ jzpfonfhtavsmuf pmoifwkduftoD;oD;Y tpkta0;jzifh &Sdae-uaom Ak'<bmom &[ef;awmf tajrmuftjrm;onfqENjyr+rsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifvmcJh-uonf? tcsKdŒqENjyr+rsm;wGif vl (40˜000) cef‹tiftm;&Sd_yD; ,if;onf }uD;rm;aom tiftm;w&yfjzpfcJhonf? Todk‹ q&mawmfOD;OwWrESihf OD;0dpm&wdk‹ aus;Zl;a-umifh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; yg0ifv+yf&Sm;vmr+rsm;wGif us,fjyef‹aom tawG;tac:rsm;ESihf xda&mufaom enf;vrf;rsm;uwdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHk yg0ifvmatmif qGJaqmifonfhvuQ%mudk tm;jznfh&ma&mufoGm;ayonf?

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ypfrnfh taetxm;jzifh toihfjyifxm;vdkuf-u_yD; olwdk‹onf wu,fhusnfqefrsm;tjynfhxnfhxm;aom ±dkifz,faoewfrsm;tm; qENjyolrsm;. wyfOD;odk‹ wnfhwnfhcsdef&G,fvdkuf-uonf? ra&S;raESmif;Yyif t&m&SdwOD;u a&SŒwdk;vm_yD; aºuG;a-umfoHrsm; atmf[pfae-uaom vlxk}uD;udk owday;vdkufonf? xkd‹aemuf ppfc&moH-um;vkduf&_yD; ppfom;rsm;u pwifypfcwfavawmhonf? av;csufypfcwf_yD;aemuf vlwef;}uD;. a&SŒqHk;rS tcsKdŒoHCmawmfrsm; ajrjyifay:odk‹ vJusoGm;-uonf? aemufxyfppfom;rsm;u aoewfrsm;udk xyfrHcsdef&G,f-uaomtcg vlxk}uD;onf tESH‹tjym; tkyfpkuGJoGm;vsuf toufvkajy;-uawmhonf? Todk‹ xdef;rEdkifodrf;r& y&rf;ywm qkwfcGmxGufajy;ae-uaom qENjyolrsm;t-um; usnfqefrsm;uvnf; qufwkduf xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufoGm;cJhonf? &ufpuf-urf;ñuwfvSaom xdkvlowfyGJ}uD;_yD;oGm;onfhtcgYum; zkeftvdrf;vdrf;xaeaom vrf;ay:wGif aoG;rsm;tdkifxGef;vsuf aoaeolrsm;/ '%f&m&olrsm; wHk;vHk;yufvufvJvsuf &Sdae-uayawmhonf? oHCmawmf (7) yg; tygt0if (17) OD;aoqHk;_yD;(13) OD;rSm jyif;xefpGm '%f&m&cJh-uonf?

rEœav;òrd›. awmifbuf (5) rdkiftuGm tr&yl&vrf;ay:wGif&Sdaom tmZmenfAdrmefwGif e,fcsJŒ. om;aumif (17) OD;wdk‹tm; aemufwywft-um azazmf0g&Dv (17) &ufae‹Y trSwfw& jr‡KyfESHoò*õ[fvdkuf-uaoma-umihf ,if;tokbtcrf;tem;odk‹ rEœav;ESihf ywfywfvnf&Sd e,frsm;rS xdwfvef‹wkefv+yfvsuf 0rf;enf;ylaqG;r+rsm; cHpm;ae-u&aom jynfolvlxkaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm wufa&mufvmcJh-uavonf?

rEœav;Y psmyerusif;yrD w&uftvdkwGifyif &efukef&Sd a'gufwmbarmf}uD;rª;aom !Gef‹aygif;tpdk;&tzGJŒonf atmufv$wfawmf (House of Representatives)

Y OD;ykESihfOD;apmwdk‹. t,Hkt-unfr&Sdtqdkudk ±+H;edrfhoGm;cJhonf?qif;&Jom;0HomEk (Nationalist Proletarian) ygwD.acgif;aqmifESihf q&m

pH*VKefolykefrsm;udk yxrqHk; xif&Sm;pGm tumtuG,fay;cJhol a'gufwmbarmfonfjrefrmEdkifiH. (91) XmetkyfcsKyfa&;acwfY yxrqHk; eef;&if;0eftjzpf 1937 ckESpf/{_yDv (1) &ufae‹wGif usrf;opPmusdefqdkcJh&avonf? odk‹aomf aemuf (2) ESpft-umwGif olvnf; ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHka-umihf EkwfxGufay;cJh&avonf? xkdtcg om,m0wDrS 0g&ihf (*sDpDbDat) tzGJŒ0ifa[mif;wOD;jzpfol OD;yku a'gufwmbarmfae&mudk qufcHcJhonf? OD;yk&mxl;vufcHcsdefwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtygt0ifwurBmvHk;Y 'kuQokuQwdk‹ jzihf yifv,fa0ae_yD; taemufbufwGifomru ta&SŒbuf

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wGifyg zufqpfESihf emZDrsm; wefcdk;tm%m }uD;xGm;pðyvmcsdefjzpfonf?'kwd,urBmppf jyuQ'defrsm;t&æpufwifbmv (1) &ufae‹wGif [pfwvm

u ydkvefudk usL;ausmf0ifa&mufonf? xdk‹aemuf ESpf&uf-um_yD;aemuf _AdwdefESihfjyifopfwdk‹u *smreDtay: ppfa-unmvdkufonf? 'kwd,urBmppfum; jzpfyGm;cJhav_yD? ,if;odk‹ jzpfyGm;vdkufjcif;onf vGwfvyfa&;udk qmavmifrGwfodyfaeaom jrefrmjynftwGufum; }uD;rm;aom tcsKd;tauGŒ/ tvSnfhtajymif;}uD;jzpfavonf?xkdtcsdefwGif OD;ykonf &efukefòrd›&Sd atmufv$wfawmfY _AdwdefEkdifiHtm; jrefrmEdkifiHu axmufcHtm;ay;oihfa-umif; xI axmufcHtqdkðyavonf? ajcmufv-um_yD;aemuf atmufv$wfawmfu qHk;jzwfcsufw&yfudk csrSwfcJhonf? ,if;qHk;jzwfcsufrSm _Adwdef. ppfr+a&;&mrsm;udk tultnDtaxmuftyHhay;a&;onf udkvdkeDtkyfpdk;olrsm;u jrefrmEkdifiHtm; "eo[m, twGif; ‘'dkrDeD,ef’ tqihftwef;ay;rnfh uwday:wGif rlwnfaeonf[k awmif;qdkvkdufonf? odk‹&mwGif OD;yku vlóudufrsm;aom awmif;qdkcsufudk at;wdat;pufwHk‹ jyefcJhjcif;onf 1940 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif ol‹ukd usqHk;cef;odk‹ a&mufoGm;apayawmhonf?

xdkppfóudacwfumv vydkif;r#twGif; ‘wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;’ESihf ‘ausmif;om;or*~’rsm;onf awmif;qdkr+rsm; ydkrdkðyvkyfvm-uonf? olwdk‹u udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;. zdESdyfr+enf;vrf;tm;vHk;udk &yfwef‹&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf? ‚if;tjyif,ckwnf&SdaeqJjzpfaom v$wfawmftrwf wpdwfwydkif;tm; jynfolu a&G;cs,f_yD;/usefv$wfawmftrwfwpdwfwydkif;tm; bk&ifcHESihf tpdk;&u wkduf±kdufcef‹tyfonfhOya'ðyzGJŒpnf;yHktpm; tm;vHk;wajy;nDrJay;a&G;cs,f-u&onfh wkdif;jynfðy v$wfawmfudk pwifjcif;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDudk jynfhjynfh00 csufcsif;taumiftxnfazmfay;&efvnf; olwdk‹u awmif;qdkvdkuf-uonf? xdktcsdefY OD;yk. tpdk;&tzGJŒwGif opfawma&;&m0ef}uD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhaom OD;apmonf oludk,fwdkif eef;&if;0ef topfjzpfvmaomtcg tkyfpktrsKd;rsKd;-um;wGif&Sdaeaom 0da&m"donf ydkrdkqdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm;jzpfvmavonf? OD;apm. tm%mt&Sdefjrihfwufvmjcif;onf ol.&nfrSef;csuf}uD;rm;_yD; vGefpGm^m%frsm;aom udk,fykdifo±kyfouefudk xyf[yfvsuf&Sdonf?olonf 1936 ckESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJtwGif;u tm%mrJh EdkifiHa&; tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;tm; r[mrdwfzGJŒ jcif;jzifh ol‹ae&mol tEdkif&cJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf; (3) ESpf-um_yD;aemuf OD;yktpdk;&tzGJŒwGif 0ifa&mufyl;aygif;_yD; wzef OD;yk0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmcsdefwGifvnf; ol‹aysmhnHhr+rsm;a-umifh OD;yktm; vlóudufenf;vm_yDqdkonfudk OD;apmoabmaygufvmavonf? xdk‹a-umihf 1940 ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif

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OD;yktm; t,Hkt-unfr&Sdtqdkudk wifoGif;cgeD;wGif OD;apmonf tpdk;&tzGJŒrSEkwfxGuf_yD; OD;ykudk qef‹usifqENrJay;cJhonf? Todk‹ jzifh tpdk;&tm%mcsdefcGif!Smudkapmif;oGm;ap_yD; OD;yktpdk;&tm; ðywfusoGm;apawmhonf?

odk‹&mwGif eef;&if;0efjzpfvmaom OD;apmonf ‘aemufvmwJh armifykvJ 'kdif;0efxufuJ’ qdkouJhodk‹ twdkuftcHrsm;udk pepfwuszdESdyfonfh tm%m&Sifqefaomrl0g'rsm;udk usihfoHk;cJhonf? Todk‹ olðyvkyfykdifcGihf&oGm;jcif;rSm xdktcsdefu _Adwdo#tm%mykdifrsm;onf olwdk‹. udkvdkeDtpdk;&rsm;tm; (waoG;woHwrdef‹ ) tm%mtm;vHk;eD;yg;r# ay;tyfxm;onfh topfjy@mef;xm;vdkufaom ppftwGif; Oya'w&yfjzpfonfh Defence of Burma Rules (jrefrmhpnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;udk umuG,fonfhOya') udk olu tcGifhaumif;,lcJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk‹ jzpfonfhtavsmuf OD;apmonf wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;. v+yf&Sm;r+rSefor# w&m;r0ifa-umif; a-unmvdkuf_yD;xif&Sm;aom ociftrsm;tjym;tygt0if ol. EkdifiHa&;òydifbuftm;vHk;eD;yg;udkzrf;qD;_yD; wdkif;jynfqlylatmif v+HŒaqmfr+jzifh w&m;pGJqdkcJhonf? ,if;wdk‹xJwGif*syefESihf tquftoG,f&Sdonf[k oHo,t0ifcH&aom a'gufwmbarmfESihfa'gufwm odrf;armifwdk‹tjyif ocifEk/ ocifpdk;ESihf ocifApdefwdk‹vnf; yg0ifavonf?xkd‹ jyif atmufajctqifhrsm;wGif ol‹udk vlóudufrsm;aprnfh tajccHvkyfief;&yfrsm;csrSwf&ef &nf&G,f_yD; wcsdefwnf;wGif jrefrmjynftESH‹odk‹ OD;apmonf c&D;xGufcJh_yD;ol‹tm; axmufcHa-umif; jyoolrSefor#tm; pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;wdk‹ESihf ywfoufaomtcGihfta&;t&yf&yftjyif tpdk;&tr+xrf;jzpfygv#ifvnf; &mxl;rsm;jzifh &uf&ufa&ma&m qkcsvdkufavonf?

bk&ifcH qmtmcsDabm aumhcf&def; (Sir Archibald Cochrane) 1941 ckESpfwGif jyefoGm;_yD; ol‹ae&mudk qm&Jvf*sDe,fa':refprpf (Sir Reginal Dorman-Smith)

u qufcHaomtcg OD;apmESihf tqihfjrihf _Adwdo#tm%mydkifwdk‹ qufEG,fr+rSm ydkrdkcdkifrmoGm;avonf? qm&Jvf*sDe,frSm touf (42) ESpfom &Sdao;_yD; OD;apmxufwESpfcef‹om }uD;avonf? r-umjrihfrD olwdk‹ESpfOD;onf wu,fh rdwf&if;aqG&if;rsm;jzpfoGm;-uavonf? 11 xkd‹a-umifh 1941 ckESpfwGif usif;y&rnfjzpfaom taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJudk a&$Œqdkif;vdkufjcif;jzihf qm&Jvf*sDe,fu ol. vkyfydkifcGihft&OD;apm. oufwrf;udk aemufxyf (5) ESpf oufwrf;wckodk‹ wdk;ay;vdkufavonf?xkd‹aemuf OD;apmudk ‘qm0ifpwefcsmcsD’ (Sir Winston Churchill) tjyif tjcm;_Adwdo#acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;&eftwGuf vef'efodk‹ zdwfac:vdkufavonf? OD;apm. &nf&G,fcsufrSm 'kwd,urBmppfwGif _Adwdo#wdk‹ atmifyGJcH_yD;aemuf

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jrefrmEdkifiHudk vHk;0vGwfvyfonfh EdkifiHtjzpf a-unmay;&eftwGuf _Adwdo#tpdk;&tm; qGJaqmifodrf;oGif;&efjzpfonf? olonftm%mESihf ywfoufI t±l;trl;jzpfae_yD; ordkif;wGif olyg0ifcJhonfh tcef;u¾tm; jrefrmEdkifiHudk vGwfajrmufapcJholtjzpfwGif&pfap&ef vdkvm;cJhayonf?

taemufodk‹ c&D;pwifrxGufcGmrD rdrdudk,fudk Ak'<bmom0ifwOD;[k a-unmxm;aom OD;apmonf olrsm;ESifhrwl wrlxl;jcm;onfh oljzpfonfhtwkdif; wdkuf*g;armh(of) av,mOfysH (Tiger Moth aeroplane) udk pD;oGm;&if; (326) ay ^m%fawmftjrifh&Sdonfh a&$wd*HkapwDawmf}uD;udk av,mOfysHtm; 0JysHywfapI olonf ylaZmfuefawmhoGm;ao;onf? *VKefeef;&if;0ef. xl;qef;aom tðytrlESihf ywfoufIxdktcsdefu Ak'<bmom0iftrsm;pk. tjrifwGif pdwf}uD;0ifr+ESihf a&$wd*HkapwDawmftm; r±kdrao rav;rpm; AdkvfqefpGm ðyvkyfoGm;onfh vuQ%mtjzpf xifjrif-uayvdrfhrnf? tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf apwDawmfonf Ak'<. qHawmf&SpfqlESihftjcm;"mwfawmfarGawmfrsm; udef;0yf&mjzpfI tjcm;tedpPoabmaqmif yk*~dKvfrsm;xuf jrihfrm;pGm wnf&Sdae&rnfjzpfaoma-umihfaywnf;?

rnfokd‹qkdap OD;apmonf 1941 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv apmapmykdif;wGifvef'efokd‹ xGufcGmoGm;cJhavonf? olESifhtwl umuG,fa&;aumifpDtwGif;0efOD;wifxGÉfu ol‹t}uHay;tjzpf vkdufygoGm;cJhonf?

OD;wifxGÉfonf udrf;A&pfwuUokdvfY ynmqnf;yl;cJh_yD; &efukefwuUokdvf.'k=t"dywdESifh *k%foa&jrifhrm;vSaom tdENd,yËdnmOfcHþ0efxrf;wOD;vnf; jzpfayonf? eef;&if;0eftaejzifh ,cifu Oa&myokd‹ ra&mufzl;acs? Oa&mywwkdufvkH;um;ppfrD;awmufavmifvsuf&Sdonf? olwkd‹ESpfOD;vkH; atmufwkdbmv (10) &ufwGift*Fvefokd‹ acsmacsmarmarmqkdufa&mufoGm;-uonf? (18) &ufae‹wGif qm0ifpwefcsmcsDu 0ef}uD;csKyftdrfawmfwGif ae‹v,fpmpm;yGJjzifh wnfcif;{nfhcH&ef OD;apmukd zdwf-um;cJhonf? jrefrmeef;&if;0eftaejzifh Tyk*~dKvf}uD;tm; rdrdvkdvm;csufbuf ,drf;,kdifvmap&ef pnf;±kH;odrf;oGif;EkdifpGrf; r&SdcJhacs? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;uppf±+H;vkqJqJtajctaerS aemufqkH;atmifyGJqifonftxd _Adwdo#vlrsKd;rsm;omrutaemufwkdif; 'Drkdua&pDacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh zGJŒxm;aom r[mrdwftiftm;pk}uD;twGif;wGifyg r,drf;r,dkifausmufpmwkdifuJhokd‹ acgif;aqmifr+ay;EkdifcJhonfhtwGufcsD;usL;axmyem«yjcif;cH&aom 0ef}uD;csKyftaejzifh ppfyGJqifE$Ja&;vkyfief;rsm;uom ol‹ukd ywfvnf0kdif;vsuf&Sdonf? _Adwdo#tifykdif,m ukdvkdeDe,frsm;ukd vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef qef‹usifaom ol‹&yfwnfcsufukdvnf; trsm;uod_yD;jzpfonf? okd‹ jzpfI

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csmcsDESifh OD;apmwkd‹t-um; ESpfem&Dausmf-um ajymqkdaqG;aEG;r+onf ,cifutwkdif;jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;tem*wfonf _Adwdo#wkd‹. ppfyGJatmifEkdifr+ &v'ftay:Y wnfrSDae_yD; xkdtcsdefusrSom jrefrmhta&;ukd tav;ay;ajz&Sif;Ekdifrnf[laom wH‹k jyefcsufokd‹om tESpfcsKyfa&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf? csmcsD. wif;rmaom oabmxm;ESifhtwl olawGŒcJh&or# tjcm;_Adwdo#acgif;aqmifrsm;. oabmxm;rsm;uvnf; OD;apmukd xyfwlxyfr# pdwftaESmifht,SufjzpfapcJhonf?

Ekd0ifbmvukefykdif;wGif olonf t*FvefrS jyefvnfxGufcGmoGm;onf[kqkdonf? ar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhvsuf pdwfpEkd;paemifh jzpfaeaom OD;apmonf tjyefc&D;ukd tar&duefEkdifiHbufrS jzwfjyef_yD; orRw z&efuvif/ 'D/ ±l;pAJh (vf) (Franklin

D. Roosevelt) ukd 0ifawGŒonf? tar&dueforRwtaejzihf _Adwdo#ukdvkdeDe,fwck. ta&;t&mrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef vufwGef‹aeonfukd awGŒcJh&onf?aemufqkH;c&D;pOftjzpf olwkd‹ESpfOD; ypdzdwfukdjzwfI ava-umif;jzifh jrefrmEkdifiHbufOD;wnfjyefvmcJhonf? tar&duefEkdifiHrS rxGufcGmrD OD;apmonf *syef&Sd jrefrmynmawmfoifrsm;. tajctaersm;ukd pkHprf;&ef &nf&G,fcsufjyI *syefaumifppf0efukdoGm;a&mufawGŒqkHcJhonf? ykvJqdyfurf; (Pearl Harbour) &Sd tar&duef ypdzdwfa&wyfukd *syefav,mOfwifoabFmrS av,mOfrsm;ESifh a&ikyfoabFmrsm;u vkH;0eD;yg;eD;eD; wkdufckdufzsufqD;_yD;onfh aemufw&uf 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae‹wGif olwkd‹pD;vmaom av,mOfu [m0kdif,D&Sd [kdEkdvlvlokd‹ qkdufa&mufoGm;jcif;rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;wkdufqkdifr+w&yfjzpfacsonf? okd‹ jzpfI olwkd‹av,mOfonf aemufa-umif;jyefvSnfhcJh&onf? tar&duefEkdifiHESifh twWvefwdwfyifv,fukdjzwf_yD; ta&SŒbufysHoef;vm&if; ay:wl*D vpfpbGef-rd›Y olwkd‹ -uef‹-umaecJhjyefonf? OD;apmu tcGifhaumif;,l_yD; xkdae&mY *syefaumifppf0efukd awGŒ jyefonf? ol‹zmom wOD;wnf;oGm;a&mufcJhjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; olwkd‹ajymqkdor#ukd wkdusKdokd‹ pum;0Sufjzifh owif;ay;ykd‹ jcif;cH&onf? _Adwdo#axmufvSrf;a&;u ,if;owif;ay;ykd‹csufukd -um;jzwfzrf;,l_yD; pum;0Sufrsm;ukd azmfxkwfcJhonf? owif;ay;ykd‹csuf. tusOf;csKyfrSm*syefu jrefrmEkdifiHukd usL;ausmf0ifa&mufv#if jrefrmwkd‹u _Adwdo#ukd xºuGykefuefaumif;ykefuefvdrhfrnf? xkdtcsdefwGif ol‹taejzifh *syefukd wwfEkdifor# tultnDay;rnf[lIjzpfonf? _Adwdo# EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;u olwkd‹ESpfOD;ukd zrf;&efqkH;jzwfvkduf_yD; [kdifzm-rd›okd‹ av,mOfqif;onfESifh zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;vkdufonf? OD;apmESifh OD;wifxGÉfukd ,l*ef'gjynfokd‹ykd‹vkduf_yD; OD;apmtaejzifh ppftwGif;umvwav#mufvkH; txdef;todrf;cHxm;&onf?

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OD;wifxGÉfukdrl jyefv$wfay;cJh_yD; 1945 ck arvwGif jrefrmEkdifiHrS qkwfcGmvsuftdENd,EkdifiH qif;rvm;-rd›Y zGJŒpnf;aom qma':refprpf. ppfajy;tpkd;&tzGJŒukdoGm;a&mufyl;aygif;aponf?

ODapmonf 'dkrDeD,eftqifhudk awmif;qdk&ef vef'efodk‹ wcrf;wem; xGufcGmroGm;rD vtenf;i,fcef‹uyifv#if eef;&if;0ef OD;apm rod&Sd&ao;aom ocifatmifqef;onf olESihf pdwfoabmxm;wlnDonfh ppfaoG;ppfrmef pdwfxufoefonfh rsKd;cspfvli,fyk*~dKvfrsm;ESihftwl *syefjynfodk‹ oabFmjzifh xGufcGmoGm;cJhavonf? xkdtcsdefu olwdk‹taejzifh udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;ESihf aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh ar#mfvifhcsufrsm; jynfh0oGm;vdrfhrnf[k r,Hk-unf-uawmh? rsKd;cspfvli,f rsKd;qufopftaejzihf 'dkrDeD,eftqifh tygt0if _Adwdo#bk&ifhtifyg,mESihf qufoG,fv+yf&Sm;/ EkdifiHudk xlaxmifoGm;&rnfhtvkyfrsKd;udk rvdkvm;awmhbJ vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;udk wdkufcdkuf&,l&ef qHk;jzwfcJh-uonf? vufeufudkifxºuGa&;enf;vrf;jzifhomv#if olwdk‹&nfrSef;csuf txajrmufEdkifrnf[k olwkd‹,Hk-unfcJh-uonf?

xkdtcsdefu udkatmifqef;onf touf (20) ausmfausmfom &Sdao;onf?odk‹aomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;0gtm;jzifh &ifhusufaeav_yD? wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJh_yD; a'gufwmbarmfOuU@tjzpf aqmif&Gufonfh us,fjyef‹aom r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pk}uD;jzpfonfh xGuf&yf*kd%f; (Freedom

Bloc) udk pwifwnfaxmifcJholwOD;vnf;jzpfayonf? olwdk‹onf tultnD&,la&;twGuf taemufxuf ta&SŒudk ar#mf-unfh-uonf? 1940 ckESpfqef;wGifwkd‹Armtpnf;t±kH;okd‹ tdENd,trsKd;om;uGef*&ufygwD &rf;*g(&f) (Ramgarh) nDvmcHokd‹ ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ vma&mufavhvm&ef zdwf-um;pm vufcH&&Sdygonf? xkduJhokd‹ zdwf-um;jcif;ukd 0rf;omtm;&pGmvufcH_yD; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; ocifatmifqef; acgif;aqmifvsuf ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifA[def;ESifh tjcm;toif;0ifrsm;yg0ifonfh ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒonf rwfvwGif tdENd,jynfokd‹ ‚if;tpnf;ta0;wufa&muf&ef oGm;-uygonf? xkduGef*&ufnDvmcHwGif -unf!kdav;pm;tyfaomr[wWr*E<DESifh wjcm;ausmf-um;aom uGef*&ufacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;jzpfonfhy¾pf*s0g[mvm(vf) ae±l;/ qlb(pf)csef'&m bkd(pf) pojzifh awGŒ ¯uHpum;ajymcGifh&-uygonf? y¾pfae±l;qkdv#if ocifatmifqef;onf ausmif;om;b0upI csD;rGrf;ESpfoufcJholjzpf_yD; xkdyk*~dKvf}uD; t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;cJhor# pmayrsm;ukdpdwftm;xufoefpGm zwf-um;avhvmrSwfom;cJhonf? 1936 ckESpfwGif ukdatmifqef;onf ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~OuU@ wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&csdefwGif

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pdwfykdif;jzwfum tquftoG,fyifr&SdcJhaom rpPwmae±l;tm; jynfvkH;u|wf rEœav;ausmif;om;nDvmcHukd 1937 ckESpfwGif pDpOf&mwGif wufa&mufcsD;jr‡ifh&ef owWd&SdpGmzdwf-um;vkdufonf? y¾pfae±l;uvnf; jrefrmausmif;om;acgif;aqmif atmifqef;qkdol. *k%foduQmta-umif;rsm;ukd -um;od_yD;jzpfojzifh zdwf-um;jcif;ukdvufcH_yD; olukd,fwkdif nDvmcHwufcJhonf? ae±l;vma&mufjcif;jzifh trsKd;om;ta&;tm; txl;jrifhwufapcJhonf? acgif;aqmif csef'&m bkd(pf) 0g't& wjcm;wbufrS t-urf;zufrlukd,kH-unfoljzpf_yD; jrefrmjynftm; vlpdrf;wa,mufr[kwfawmhyg? jypfr+Oya' yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+jzifh w&m;pGJqkdcH&vsuf olESifh awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif (16) a,mufwkd‹tm; rEœav;axmifwGif 1924 ckrS 1927 ckESpftxdtusOf;csjcif;cH-u&onf?

y¾pfae±l;onf jrefrmvli,fukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; txl;{nfh0wfausyGefpGm -unfh±+xm;um nDvmcHt_yD;wGif olwkd‹oabmt& wjcm;ae&mrsm;ukdyg oGm;a&muf-unfh±+avhvmcsifonfhqEN &Sd-uygovm;[k ar;jref;&mwGif ocifatmifqef;uyif taemufajrmufa'oac: tuf(zf)*ef e,fpyfokd‹ oGm;a&mufvkda-umif;ukd arwWm&yfcHonf? xkdtcg c&D;pOfvkyfay;cJhonfrSm Ak'<*g,mrS t-rd›-rd›rsm;okd‹0ifa&muf-u_yD; a'vD-rd›awmfrSwqifh tdENd,wkdufi,fukdjzwfausmfum ywfv#m;0g;-rd›/ ukdifbmawmif-um;uae bkHab-rd›rS umvuwWm;-rd›okd‹ jyef-u&ef pDpOfay;ygonf?taemufajrmufa'owGif ocifatmifqef;qENtwkdif; xl;uJpGm “e,fpyf*E<D” bGJŒ&yxef=rlqvifacgif;aqmif}uD; cef/ tuf'l *gzm/ cef ESifh awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;cJh-uonf?xkdacgif;aqmif}uD;onf a'otvkduf _Adwdo#rsm;ukd awmfvSefcsifonfhpdwf jyif;xefpGm&Sdaomfvnf; t-urf;rzufa&;oabmw&m; tjrif0g'ukd cH,lxm;oljzpfonf?

oljrefrmjynfjyefa&mufvmaomtcgwGif udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;u ol‹udkzrf;0&rf;xkwfxm;a-umif;udk olod&avonf? xkd‹a-umihf olonf wdkif;jynftwGif;rS wdwfwqdwfxGufcGmoGm;&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufI olESihf&if;EDS;aom rdwfaqGwOD;jzpfonfh ocifvSòrdif 1212121212 ESihftwl w±kwfjynfodk‹ yxrxGufawmhrnfh w±kwf=,dk;',m;vdkif; [dkifvDoabFm (China-Siam Line, Hai Lee) ay:odk‹ &efukefqdyfurf;rS cdk;wufum vkdufygoGm;avonf? ol‹tdwfuyfxJ&Sd ±lyD; (200) tjyif ol‹wGif pdwful;,Oftdyfrufwckom ygoGm;avonf? ol‹taejzihf wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGufwdkufcdkufvkdpdwf&Sd_yD; tjcm;ppfvdkvm;aom ocifrsm;uvnf; ‘&Sef[dkif;’ odk‹oGm;_yD;‘armf’ uGefjrLepfrsm;ESihf qufoG,fr+&,l&ef ol‹udk wdkufwGef;cJh-uonf? odk‹aomf ol‹b0rSm tajctaet& tvsifpvdkjzpfvsuf&Sdonf? [oFmwc±kdif &J0efaxmufjzpf

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ol aZ;AD;,m;qdkolu atmifqef;udkzrf;rdv#if (5) ±lyD; csD;jr‡ifhrnf[k vlod&Sif-um;qkaiGxkwfxm;onf? odk‹ jzpfI olESifh udkvSòrdifwdk‹u yxrqHk;awGŒonfh w±kwfjynfodk‹ oGm;rnfhoabFmjzihf vkdufygoGm;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf? olwdk‹onf olwdk‹udk,folwdk‹oabFmukef;ywfay:rS vdkufygvmonfh w±kwfc&D;onf ‘wefvltif&Sef;’ ESihf ‘wefqkawmif’ wdk‹tjzpf ±kyfzsufcJh-uonf?

xdkae‹&ufum; 1940 ckESpf/ -o*kwfv (8) &ufjzpfonf? oabFm OD;wnfckwfarmif;aeonfum; trGdKifòrd›odk‹ jzpfonf? ‘trGdKif’ òrd›onf w±kwfurf;±kd;wef;&Sdòrd›wòrd›jzpf_yD; *syefwdk‹u odrf;ydkufxm;um ,cktcg ‘ZD&mrif;’ [k ac:ae-uav_yD?1940 ckESpf ESpfv,favmufwGif rDemrDrql,kd 1313131313 emrnfcHvsuf &efukefokd‹a&muf&Sdvmaom Adkvfrª;}uD; uif*sDqlZluD;ukd ArmhxGuf&yf*kd%f;rS a'gufwmbarmf.a&mif;&if;wOD;jzpfol a'gufwmodrf;armifu (6) ywfcef‹t-umwGif oGm;a&mufawGŒqkHcJhonf? trGdKifwGif aomifwifaeaom jrefrmrsKd;cspfvli,f (2) OD;ukd *syefokd‹oGm;Ekdifa&;twGuf pDpOfay;yg&ef olu qlZluD;ukd tqkd«ycJhonf? Adkvfrª;}uD;ucsufcsif;yifoabmwlvkduf_yD; a'gufwmodrf;armifu vli,f (2) OD;. "mwfykHrsm;ESifhrdwfqufpmwapmifukd ol‹ukday;vkdufonf? qlZluD;onf ol.vufaxmufwOD;jzpfol ql*sDtDrufql,lESifhtwl *syefokd‹ r-umrDyif jyefoGm;cJhonf? tjcm;vufaxmufwOD;jzpfol rpfZlwmeDtDemtkdukdrl &efukefwGifxm;&pfcJhonf?

wkdifaywGif c&D;waxmufem;pOf azmfrkdqm (wkdif0rf) &Sd *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmfrS tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&SdwOD;ukd Adkvfrª;}uD;u jrefrmESpfa,muf pwif&SmazG&efESifhwkdusKdwGif ol‹xHokd‹ apmifh-uyfac:aqmifvm&ef rSm-um;cJhonf?

trGdKifwGif ocifatmifqef;ESifh ocifvS-rdifwkd‹ ta&SŒajrmuf{&d,m&Sd uGefjrLepfykdife,fajr ukef;wGif;ykdif;okd‹ c&D;oGm;vmEkdif&ef tultnDay;Ekdifrnfh wOD;wa,mufukd tquftoG,f&a&;twGuf (3) veD;yg;cef‹ &SmazGaomfvnf; tcsnf;tESD;omjzpfaeonf? olwkd‹rSm aiGa-u;vnf;ukef ar#mfvifhcsufvnf; cef;ajcmufvsuf&Sdonf? xkdtcsdefwGif uifaywkdifrS Adkvfrª;uef'gu ulvefqlu|ef;rS EkdifiHwumykdifpcef;wGif;&Sd wnf;ckdcef;av; (Inn) wckwGif olwkd‹ukd ajc&mcHrdoGm;onf? olwkd‹rSm tHhtm;woifh jzpfonfESifhtr# a'gufwmodrf;armif.pmukd zwf&onfESifh pdwfvufayghyg;oGm;-uonf? *syefokd‹ qufvufoGm;&efom taumif;qkH;[lIvnf;awG;awmrdcJh-uonf? olwkd‹onf *syef=zdvpfykdif ujym;rsm;tjzpf tkdrkd'grGef*sDESifh tDwkd'gwDtDcsD 1414141414 [laom emrnfrsm;jzifh taxmuftxm;pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ukdifaqmifum Ekd0ifbmv (8) &ufae‹wGif zlultkdtmavqdyfokd‹ qif;oufcJh-uonf?

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wkdusKda&mufonfESifh Adkvfrª;}uD; qlZluD;u olwkd‹ukd avqdyfwGif vma&muf¯udqkdcJhonf? jrefrmhta&;twGuf bk&ifhwyfrawmfOD;pD;XmecsKyfrsm;u pdwfrygwyg jzpfaeonfhtwGuf qlZluD;u ol‹tdwfrS aiGpkdufxkwfI olwkd‹ukd -unfh±+xm;&onf? rsm;r-umrD Armvrf;r}uD; 1515151515 (Burma Road) jyefvnfzGifhvSpfvkdufjcif;uolwkd‹. pdwfyg0ifpm;r+ukd jyefvnfEkd;xapcJhonf? -unf;wyfESifh a&wyfXmecsKyfppfOD;pD;rª;rsm;u v#Kd‹0SuftzGJŒwzGJŒ zGJŒpnf;a&;tpDtpOfukd yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifvm_yD; aemufqkH;Y 1941 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae‹wGif rDemrDuDueftzGJŒ jzpfay:vmcJhonf?

rDemrDuDuefukd Adkvfrª;}uD; uif*sDqlZluD;u OD;aqmif_yD; *syef-unf;wyfa&wyft&m&Sdrsm;tjyif t&yfom;rsm;jzifh ±kH;zGJŒpnf;xm;onf? jrefrmokH;OD;jzpfonfhatmifqef;/ vS-rdifESifh ukdaqmif; 1616161616 (‘uD&D,l’ pufr+txufwef;ausmif;wGifwufa&mufynmoif-um;aeol) wkd‹ukd *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmf. ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfrsm;. wkduf±kdufuGyfuJr+atmufwGif xm;&Sdvkdufonf? uDueftaejzifh tqifh (3) qifhyg0ifaom azazmf0g&Dv pDrHudef;jzifh ol‹ppfqifa&;vkyfief;&yfrsm;ukd csufcsif;yifpwifcJhonf? yxrqkH;tm;jzifh jrefrmrsKd;cspf (30) OD;ukd [kdifeef (okd‹r[kwf) azmfrkdqmwGif ppfoifwef;ay;&eftwGuf ac:xkwf&ef/ 'kwd,taejzifh oifwef;_yD;onfESifh jrefrmjynfwGif;jyef0if_yD; _Adwdo#wkd‹ukd qef‹usifaom vufeufukdifxºuGr+twGuf pnf;±kH;v+yf&Sm;um _Adwdo#wkd‹ukd armif;xkwf_yD; vGwfvyfa&;&,lEkdifa&;twGuf vufeufESifhaiGa-u; taxmuftyHhay;&ef/ wwd,taejzifh jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;ukd vufcHEkdifa&;/ jynfwGif;jyef0ifEkdifa&;ESifh befaumufrSae_yD; e,fpyfukdjzwfausmfum vufeufrsm; o,faqmif_yD; _Adwdo#qef‹usifa&;wyfzGJŒrsm;ukd axmufyHhEkdifa&;twGuf ,kd;',m;=jrefrme,fpyf tcsuftcsmusaom ae&mrsm;wGifv#Kd‹0SuftajccHpcef;rsm; wnfaqmufxm;&efwkd‹ jzpfonf?

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“ukd±lrm±l;” oabFmjzifh &efukefrStxGuf pifumyloGm;onfh c&D;pOfwGifyif ocifxGef;tkyf. oabmxm;a-umifh jzpfyGm;onfh rausvnfr+rSm tapmqkH;jzpfonf?

tjcm;xif&Sm;onfhwckrSm AdkvfausmfaZmajymjycsufjzpf_yD; bmwD;vfvifem.a'grmef[kefwGif ukd;um;xm;csufjzpfonf?

‘udkatmifqef;ESifh udkae0if;wdk‹ ‘[kdifeef’wGif r-umc% tcsif;rsm;-uonf?udkatmifqef;onf vl±dk;vlajzmifh ajAmiform;jzpfI udkae0if;u tvGef m%frsm;vsuf wGufcsuf_yD;rS vkyfwwfonf? odk‹aomfvnf; udkatmifqef; t"du róudufonfu udkae0if;. tusifhp±dkuf raumif;r+jzpfonf? olonf avmif;upm;orm;jzpfonfhtjyif rdef;rvnf; tvGef±+yfayGonf? xkd‹a-umihf tusifhpm&dwW aumif;rGefr+udk txl;tav;xm;aom udkatmifqef;ESihf usefaom u|efawmfwdk‹ &Jabmfrsm;uvnf; ,if;tcsufudk rESpfòrd›-ujcif;jzpfonf? odk‹aomf tem*wfudk ar#mfawG;Ipnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf u|efawmfwdk‹ wwfEdkifoavmuf tnDt!GwfaecJh-uygonf?’

xdkrSwyg; atmufyg ‘bmwD;vfvihfwfem’ a&;om;csufudkvnf; owdrloihfayonf?

‘&efukefwGif udkatmifqef;onf oabFmrSm;pD;rdcJhjcif;oufoufa-umihf*syefESihf qufoG,fvdkuf&jcif;um; r[kwfacs? *syefwdk‹. v#KdŒ0Sufvkyfief;rsm;udkolwdk‹. olv#Kdrsm;u &efukefESihf tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif vkyfaqmifvsuf&SdcJhonf?1930 ckESpfrsm;avmufuyif ‘±+dZdk=udkulbl’ (Shozo Kokubu) [k ac:aom *syefa&wyft&m&Sdwa,mufonf ocifApdefšocifxGef;tkyf tkyfpkESifh qufoG,fr+&cJhonf? xkd‹ jyif &efukef&Sd *syefolv#KdwOD;jzpfaom a'gufwm ‘qlumpm qlZluD;’pDpOfay;cJhonfhtwGuf tjcm;rsKd;cspfyk*~dKvfwOD;jzpfonfh a'gufwmodrf;armifonfvnf; 1940 ckESpfwGif wdkusKdodk‹ tvnfc&D;oGm;cJhzl;onf? udkatmifqef;tygt0ifocifudk,fawmfrd+if;. aemufvdkufrsm;rSm *syefrsm;tay:Y ta-umif;a-umif;udkaxmufqI oHo,&Sd-uonf? wenf;tm;jzifhvnf; ratmifjrifaom w±kwfjynfc&D;pOfonf jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;v+yf&Sm;r+twGuf tultnD&rnfhae&mudk óud;pm;&Sm}uHjcif;w&yf[k jrif&ayrnf? odk‹aomf ,if;óud;yrf;r+ ratmifrjrifjzpfoGm;onfhtcg jrefrmvli,frsKd;cspfrsm;twGuf (olwdk‹vdkcsifonfh vGwfvyfa&;udk E+wfuwday;aeonfh) *syefomv#if a&G;cs,fp&m &SdoGm;ayawmhonf?’

*syefwdk‹taejzihf Ttcsufudk aumif;pGmoabmaygufxm;-uonf? odk‹ jzpf

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t"duacgif;aqmifrsm;

I olwdk‹onf olwdk‹. ppfoifwef;tpDtpOfwGif ‘0if±kd;wef;’ vdkvm;aom vusfmtpGef;a&muf0g'D ocifApdefšocifxGef;tkyf tkyfpkudk xnfhoGif;I vuf0Jorm;rsm;tm; xdef;xm;&ef qHk;jzwfcJh-ujcif;jzpfonf? xkd‹a-umihfvnf; wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;udk pwifwnfaxmifcJh&mY yg0ifcJhol wOD;jzpfaom ocifApdefonf ocifxGef;tkyfESihftwl 1938 1919191919 ckESpfcef‹rSpI *syefudk pwifqufoG,fcJhonf? 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;xJrS EkdifiHjcm;om;rdwfaqGrsm;þcsOf;uyfrdwfzGJŒolrsm;rSm ocifApdefESifh ocifxGef;tkyfwkd‹uþpcJh-uonfr[kwf? OD;apmomv#if yxrjzpfygonf? olonf owif;pmq&mwOD;taejzifh ukd,fpm;«yum *syefEkdifiHokd‹ 1935 ckESpfwGif tvnfoGm;cJhonf?olonf xkdc&D;rStjyefwGif &efukef-rd›wGif owif;pm}uD;wapmifjzpfaom “ol&d,”owif;pm. t"du tpkydkif&Sifjzpfvmjcif;rSm wkdufqkdifr+w&yfjzpfykH&onf? oluvlr+aygif;oif;qufqHa&;taejzifh *syefoHt&m&Sdrsm;ESifh tvnftywfvmolrsm;ukdazsmfajz{nfhcHcJhonf? ,if;okd‹aom {nfhcHyGJrsm;ukd *syefEkdifiHta-umif; aqmif;yg;rsm;tm; rSefrSefykHESdyfazmfjyavh&Sdaom ol‹owif;pmwGif tjynfhtpkHowif;tjzpf a&;om;azmfjycJhonf?

aemufrS ay:aygufvmaom b0. oa&mfuGufw&yfrSm *syefwkd‹ESifh txufygtwkdif; qufoG,fcJhonfh ocifApdeftm; *syefwkd‹uyif t}uHay;r+a-umifh 1942 ckESpfatmufwkdbmvwGif e,fpyfuae_yD; ,kd;',m;EkdifiHbufokd‹ jzwful;&ef ud;pm;&mzrf;qD;cH&_yD; tusOf;cscH&jcif; jzpfayonf?

rnfodk‹yifjzpfap ocifxGef;tkyfwdk‹ aemufqHk;tokwf a&muf&Sdvm_yD;onfhaemufwGifum; udkatmifqef;wdk‹ t&if *syefodk‹a&mufESihfaeaom udkaqmif;tygt0if pkpkaygif; rsKd;cspfvli,f (30) OD;&SdoGm;av_yD? odk‹ jzpfI olwdk‹udk jrefrmhordkif;wGif ‘&JabmfoHk;usdyf’ [k ac:a0:cJhavonf? olwdk‹. *syefwyfrª;rSm Akdvfrª;}uD; ‘autD*sD=qlZluD;’ jzpfonf? olonf udkatmifqef;ESihf udkvSòrdifudk ‘trGdKif’ wGif zrf;qD;cJhol t&m&Sdjzpfavonf? &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if ocifudk,fawmfrd+if;tkyfpk. wckwnf;aom &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifrSm jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;jzpfaomfvnf; Adkvfrª;}uD; qlZluD;ESihf *syefaxmufvSrf;a&;wdk‹ tzdk‹&mYum; tjcm;&nfrSef;csufrsm; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;&Sdaeav_yD?

1938 ckESpfwGif *syefwdk‹onf w±kwfjynf ajrmufydkif;ESifh ta&S›ydkif;wdk‹udk usL;ausmf0ifa&mufcJhonf? odk‹&mwGif *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmf. w±kwfjynftwGif;ydkif;ESihf aemufqHk;wGif tdENd,jynftxd xdk;azmufrnfh taemufbufcsD ppfqifa&;r[mAsL[mudk csefau&SdwfOD;aqmifaom (w±kwfjzL) ulrifweftpdk;&u tpGrf;

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ukefqef‹usifwGef;vSefae&m ,if;udk r[mrdwfu ulnDyHhydk;vsuf&Sdonf? xdktcsdefY armfpDwkef;wdk‹. w±kwfeDuGefjrLepfrsm;vnf; tjyif;txef awmfvSefaejcif;a-umifh csefau&Sdwf ulrifwefwyfrsm; ajcukyfpcef;wckjzpfaom w±kwfjynftaemufawmifbufjynfe,fwckjzpfonfh ‘,leef’ odk‹ r[mrdwfwdk‹. ppfypPnf;wefaygif;rsm;pGmudk tusOf;tusyfrsm;-um;rS ay;ydk‹ae&onf? &efukefqdyfurf;rSjrefrmjynftv,fydkif; tylydkif;uEœm&udk jzwfausmfvsuf &Srf;awmifwef;rsm;txd/xkdrSqufvufI ,leefjynfe,fodk‹ 0ifa&mufaom jrefrmvrf;r}uD; (Burma Road)

onf xdktcsdefu vGefpGm ta&;}uD;_yD; *syefppfOD;udk wm;qD;Ekdifa&;twGuf wckwnf;aom axmufyHha&;vrf;a-umif;jzpfonf? xkd‹a-umifh *syefwdk‹taejzihf jrefrmjynfudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf_yD; ,if;qufoG,fa&;vrf;a-umif;udk jzwfawmufvdkonf? xdkodk‹ðyvkyfEkdif&eftwGuf olwdk‹ ppfqifa&; atmifjrifacsmarmapjcif; tvdk‹iSm ±kyfjyaumif;aom jrefrmwdkif;&if;om; wdkufcdkufa&;wyfwwyf tckdiftrm&Sd&ef*syefwdk‹u vdktyfaecJhonf? TaxmufvSrf;a&;tpDtpOfudk ‘rDemrDuDuef’(Minami Kikan) [k v#KdŒ0Sufemrnfay;xm;cJhonf? odk‹ jzihf *syefa&muf jrefrmvli,frsm;rSm TtpDtpOf. t"dutoufaoG;a-um}uD;jzpfvmcJhonf?

odk‹ jzpfonfhtwdkif; 'DZifbmvwGif &JabmfoHk;usdyfrS (28) a,mufudk befaumufodk‹ a&$Œajymif;vdkufonf? ukdaqmif; (okd‹r[kwf) Adkvfxdef0if;ukd ,kd;',m;EkdifiH&Sd *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmf. 0g'jzef‹csda&;Xmeokd‹ wm0efcsxm;cJhonf? ‘[kdifeef’wGif tpysKd; ppfa&;avhusifr+rsm; ðyvkyf_yD;aemuf ppfoifwef;udk ‘azmfrdkqmu|ef;’odk‹ a&$Œajymif;cJh&m jrefrmvli,fwOD;jzpfonfh ocifoef;wifonf ,if;ae&mY iSufzsm;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? xkd‹aemuf 'DZifbmv (26) &ufae‹wGif befaumufY ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (Burma Independence Army) udk w&m;0ifzGJŒpnf;vdkufavonf? Tta-umif;ESihfywfoufI ocifvSaz (Adkvfvusfm) uaemufydkif;wGif Todk‹ jyefvnfajymjycJhonf?

“tJ'Dae‹u orm;awmf}uD; OD;vGef;aztdrfrSm vlawGtm;vHk;[m wtm; pdwfxufoefae-uw,f? vlwdkif;qDu vufarmif;aoG;udk azmuf,l_yD; aoG;aomufopPmqdk-uw,f? tJ'DnrSm *syefppfoifwef;pcef;u jyefvm-uwJh olawGtm;vHk;pk_yD; pnf;a0;-uw,f? udkatmifqef;u u|efawmfwdk‹pdwfóuduf twdwfedrdwfaumif;r,fh emrnfwckpD a&G;oifhw,fvdk‹ t}uHðyw,f? 'Demrnfu u|efawmfwdk‹udk *k%fvJ&Sdapr,f? ,Hk-unfr+vJ ay;Ekdifr,f? vkyfief;_yD;pD;atmif aqmif&Guf&r,fhtodpdwf"mwfvJ 0ifapr,f? aemuf u|efawmfwdk‹ csDwufr+udk qufvufo,f

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aqmifay;r,fh emrnfrsKd;jzpf&r,fvdk‹ olu ajymw,f? 'Dt}uHtpnf[m u|efawmfwdk‹ pkaygif;pOf;pm;xm;-uwmvJ r[kwfbl;? t&ifxJu t-um}uD; pOf;pm;xm;cJh-uwmvJ r[kwfbl;? 'g[m udkatmifqef;&JŒ t}uHtpnfyJ jzpfw,f? u|efawmfwdk‹udk tJ'Dvdk csjyawmh u|efawmfwdk‹tm;vHk; tJ'Dt}uHtpnfudk oabmusoGm;-uw,f? tJ'DrSmyJ u|efawmfwdk‹ emrnfawG a&G;-uw,f? prf;ac: -unfh-uw,f?oabmus-uw,f? emrnftopfeJ‹ udk,fhudk,fudk eJeJawmif t&yfjrihfoGm;w,fvd‹kcHpm;-u&w,f”

xdkae‹wGifyif olwdk‹tm;vHk;. emrnfa&SŒ Y Akdvfwyfvdkuf-uonf? Akdvf[lonfrSm vltaygif;/ av;pm;cH&r+ESihf -oZmtm%m&Sdr+udk jyqdk_yD; t&m&Sdtqifh&Sdolwdkif;. emrnfa&S›Y (OD;/ armif/ udk) tpm; wGJoHk;oGm;&onfh a0g[m&wckjzpfayonf?

Todk‹ jzifh udkatmifqef;u (AdkvfawZ) jzpfvmonf? udkvSazu (Adkvfvusfm)emrnfcH,lonf? ocifatmifoef;u (Adkvfp}ufm) ESihf udk±+armifu (Adkvfae0if;)pojzihf jzpfvm-uonf? wckwnf;aom ¹cGif;csufrSm ocifxGef;tkyfjzpfonf? olu *syefemrnfudk cH,lvdkufonf? Ttkyfpk. wyfrª;jzpfol Adkvfrª;}uD; qlZluD;udk‘Adkvfrdk;óud;’ [k emrnfay;vdkuf-uonf? *syeft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;uvnf; jrefrmemrnf&,lcsifonf? odk‹ jzifh TAdkvfrdk;óud;[laomemrnfudk udkatmifqef;udk,fwdkif a&G;cs,fay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk‹aomf rdk;óud;wGif&Sdaom pmt"dym,foufouftjyif Adkvfrª;}uD;qlZluD;udk ,if;jrefrmemrnfay;&mY vdrRmyg;eyfI av;eufaom t"dy`m,fudkvnf; aqmifayonf? tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf æ_Adwdo#wdk‹ tkyfpkd;pOfuyif“xD;±kd;ukd rdk;óud;ypfr,f” [laom wabmifpum;onf ysHŒESH‹xGufay:vsuf&Sdonf?

Twabmif. t"dym,frSm æbk&ifheef;pOf ueuU'%f ‘xD;’ wnf;[laom(_Adwdo# tcsKyftjcmtm%m) onf ‘rdk;óud;’ wnf;[laom aumif;uifrS usvmonfh vufeufa-umifh usKd;ysufaom tajcodk‹ {uefqdkufa&mufoGm;vdrhfrnfæ[kqdkvdkonf? TwGif Akdvfrdk;óud;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ‘rDemrD’ (Adkvfrª;}uD; qlZluD;) [laom &mxl;tqihfESihf emrnfcH,lum bDtkdifat ppfXmecsKyfudk uGyfuJvdkufumAkdvfcsKyf ‘rl&mumrd’ (uy`wdef Ekd'g) u ppfOD;pD;csKyf tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ AkdvfcsKyf‘tdkrdk'g’ (udkatmifqef;) u tqihfjrihfppfOD;pD;t&m&Sd (jrefrmrsm;xJwGif &mxl;t}uD;qHk; tqifhtjrihfqHk;) tjzpfvnf;aumif; cef‹tyfjcif;cH&onf? tjcm; jrefrmt&m&Sd (8) OD;rSm 'k=Adkvfrª;}uD; &mxl;rS Adkvf}uD;tqifhtxd &mxl;rsm;jzifh ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfESihf tjcm;oD;jcm;wm0efrsm;wGif cef‹tyfcH-u&onf? Akdvfae0if;tm; cef‹tyfr+

t"duacgif;aqmifrsm;

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rSm pm&if;. atmufajcwGifrS yg&Sdvmonf? jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd &efolwyfzGJŒrsm;udk'kuQa&mufap&ef pDpOf!¸ef-um; vkyfudkifoGm;&rnfhwyfrSm 'k=Adkvfrª;}uD;±+armif&mxl;emrnfjzifh OD;pD;uGyfuJ&ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&onf? *syeft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;.vluJcwfr+um; rqdk;vSyg? ol‹wGif &Sdaom yifukd,ft&nftaoG;ESihf xdkwm0efonfododomomyif oihfavsmfvSayonfæ[k qdk&ayvdrfhrnf? 2020202020

1942 ckESpf apmapmykdif;wGif bDtdkifatonf *syefwyfrawmfESihftwl jrefrmjynfwGif;odk‹ 0ifa&mufcJhonf? tpueOD; (28) OD;rSvGJ_yD;v#if jrefrmtrsm;tjym;onf xkdif;EdkifiHwGifvnf;aumif;/ wu,fhe,fpyfwav#mufwGifvnf;aumif; bDtdkifatwyfxJodk‹ 0ifa&mufvmcJh-uonf? 2121212121 arG;&yfajray:wGif a&SŒodk‹csDwuf&if;olwdk‹ *k%f,l0ifhºuGm;pGmjzifh jrihfjrifhrm;rm; v$ihfxlcJhonfhatmifvHrSm t0g/ tpdrf;/teD oHk;a&mifjc,f/ tv,frS ua'gif;jzpfonf? 2222222222 xdyfqHk;rS t0ga&mifvdkif;onfbmoma&;,Hk-unfr+udk azmfjyonf? tv,frS tpdrf;a&mifrSm aygrsm;ºuG,f0aomajr,mESihf aumufyJoD;ESHtxGufudk jyqdkonf? atmufajcrS teDa&mifrSmrl a-umuf&GHŒr+uif;aom &JpGrf;owWdudk azmf!¸ef;vsuf&Sdonf? tv,fA[dkwGif tjzLa&mifaemufcHjzifh puf0kdif;twGif;rS rmefrmetjynfht0jzifh ab;taygif;rS vGwfajrmufapaom (arm& y&dwfawmf) udk udk,fpm;ðyonfh jrefrmh u˜a'gif;udk jyoxm;onf?,if;onf EkdifiH. *k%fusufoa&wihfw,fr+ESihf xGef;ajymifr+wdk‹udk trSwftom;ðyxm;jcif;jzpf_yD; jrefrmbk&ifrsm; vufxufrSpI wdkŒArmtpnf;t±Hk;ESihf (BIA)

acwftxd oHk;pGJvmcJhaom tvHjzpf.? bDtkdifat. tiftm;rSm tpwGif (2˜300)om&Sdaomfvnf;þr-umrDþjrefrmjynftv,fydkif;odk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;onfhtcsdefYþtiftm;(30˜000) odk‹ wdk;wufoGm;avonf? 1942 ckESpf/ rwfv (7) &ufae‹wGif *syefwdk‹u bDtkdifattultnDjzifh &efukefòrd›udk acsmarmpGm odrf;ydkufEkdifcJhonf? xdk‹aemuf_Adwdo#wdk‹onf a&$awmifY jyif;xefpGm ckcHI taemufbuf&Sd tdENd,odk‹ ‘wrl;’vrf;rS pnf;urf;wus qkwfcGmoGm;cJhonf? TtcsdefY urBmh 6 yHk/ 1 yHkudk pdk;ydkifxm;aom_Adwdo# t&Sifocifrsm;tm; rnfolr# rvSefEdkif[laom tawG;txifonf vGihfpifaysmufuG,foGm;cJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; wrif;ajymif;rS wrif;ta-umif;od qkdouJhodk‹ jrefrmEdkifiHtm; *syefrsm; odrf;ydkuf&mwGif &ufpufr+ESifh ywfoufI pHwifavmufaom tppftrSefo±kyfouefrsm;udk r-umrD jrefrmrsKd;cspfwdk‹ pdwfysufzG,f&m awGŒ&Sdvm&awmhonf? 2323232323 -rd›awmfokd‹ jyef0ifonfh tcsdefykdif;avmufuyif ol‹taejzifh*syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf pnf;±kH;&ef ¯ud;pm;cJha-umif;/ ppf_yD;aemuf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u xkwfazmfajymqkdcJhonf? tcsdefapmvGef;ao;onfhtwGuf ‚if;tpD

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tpOfukd ol±kyfodrf;vkduf&onf? *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmfu ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (BIA) ukd zsufodrf;&ef qkH;jzwfcJh_yD; ysOf;rem;wGif tajccsxm;aomwyf&if; (3) &if;r#jzifh 1942 ckESpf ZlvkdifvrSpI ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf (BDA)

ukd zGJŒpnf;cGifh«ycJhonf? bD'Datukd Adkvfrª;}uD; &mxl;jzifh Adkvfatmifqef;uuGyfuJcJhonf? 1943 ckESpf rwfvwGif a'gufwmbarmf/ ocifjrESifh AdkvfcsKyfwkd‹ukdwkdusKdokd‹ zdwf-um;cJhonf? xkd‹aemuf a'gufwmbarmfu 0ef}uD;csKyf a['DuDwkd*sKdESifhaqG;aEG;cJh_yD; wkd*sKdu “jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;twGuf vrf;!efpnf;rsOf;rsm;” [kac:onfh taxmuftxm;pmwrf;ukd a'gufwmbarmfokd‹ ay;tyfcJhonf? ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒacgif;aqmifrsm;ukd *syef{u&mZfbk&ifukd,fwkdif taqmifta,mifbGJŒwHqdyfrsm; qifjref;ay;tyfcJh_yD; OD;atmifqef;rSm AdkvfcsKyf (ar*sm*sife&,f)&mxl;okd‹ wkd;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&um wwd,wef; wufaetxdrf;trSwfbGJŒwHqdyf tyfESif;jcif;cH&onf? a'gufwmbarmfonf jyefa&mufa&mufcsif; “jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;jyifqifr+aumfrwD” ukd zGJŒpnf;vkdufonf? aemufqkH;Y 1943 ckESpf -o*kwfv(1) &ufae‹wGif jrefrmEkdifiHukd vGwfvyfaomEkdifiHtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ a'gufwmbarmfukdvnf; EkdifiHawmft"dywdtjzpfvnf;aumif; a-unmvkdufonf? bD'Datukd ArmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf (BNA) tjzpf emrnfajymif;vkduf_yD; umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;&mxl; ,lxm;aom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Adkvfrª;ae0if; (Adkvfrª;}uD;&mxl;okd‹vsifjrefpGm wkd;jr‡ifhcH&onf) ukd bDtifat. umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhonf? okd‹aomfvnf; umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmeukd _Adwdo#pepftwkdif; jyefvnfjyifqifzGJŒpnf;cJh&m aemufwESpftapmykdif;wGif _yD;pD;oGm;onfhtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u OD;pD;aoemywd &mxl;ukd jyefvnf&,lvkduf_yD; Adkvfrª;}uD;ae0if;ukd ppf±kH;okd‹ppfOD;pD;csKyftjzpf ajymif;a&$Œvkdufonf? vGwfvyfa&; ESpfywfvnfae‹wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; *syef {u&mZfbk&ifu yxrwef; jrifhjrwfaom &wembGJŒwHqdyf(First Class Order of the Sacred Treasure) jzifh tyfESif;csD;jr‡ifhvkdufjyefonf?xkdtcsdefwGif pdwf}uD;0ifaeaom *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmfESifh olwkd‹. a-umufrufzG,fuifaywkdif axmufvSrf;a&;,Eœ&m;wkd‹tay: rauseyfr+rsm; qlyGufvsuf&Sdaeav_yD?

tjzpftysufrsm;aygif;pkHaeonfh Ttcsdefukd u|efawmf a&;om;ae&mwGifrdrdtcsKyftjcmtm%mukd vkH;0O\kHjyefvnf&,lvkdonfh zufqpfqef‹usifa&; jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;u usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufxm;onfh *syefwyfrsm;ukd jyefvnfawmfvSefonfhv+yf&Sm;r+ukd pdwf0ifpm;zG,f tusOf;csKyfjyefvnfwifjyvkdayonf?

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ta&;}uD;aom trsKd;om;EkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD; (3) ck yl;aygif;_yD; “ArmhxGuf&yf*kd%f;” tjzpf 1939 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv (1) &ufae‹wGif jzpfay:vmcJhonf?ol. OD;wnf&nfrSef;csufw&yfrSm jrefrmEkdifiH. ukd,fykdifqkH;jzwfEkdifonfh tcGihfta&;ukd _Adwdo#tpkd;&u todtrSwf«y_yD;v#if vGwfvyfa&;ay;&eftwGuf awmif;qkd&efjzpfavonf? tvm;wl &nfrSef;csufrsm;xm;&Sdaom “Armhta&;awmfykHygwD”[k ac:aom ajratmuftzGJŒwzGJŒukd ,if;u arG;xkwfay;cJhonf?

tzGJŒ0ifrsm;ukd ocifrsm;/ qkd&S,fvpfrsm;/ uGefjrLepfrsm;-um;rS a&G;xkwfcJh_yD; ‚if;tzGJŒ. xif&Sm;aom acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf OD;ausmf_idrf;/ OD;AaqG/ ocifatmifqef;ESifh ocifodef;azwkd‹ jzpfvmcJhonf? tcsKd‹aomEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;u *syefta-umif; tom;ay;ajymjyaomfvnf; uGefjrLepfw±kwfukdrl trsm;u ykdrkdvkdvm;-uonf? odef;azurl zufqpf*syefESifh yl;aygif;a&;ukd tjyif;txefuef‹uGufoljzpfonf?

1942 ckESpf tapmykdif;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u *syefbk&ifhwyfrsm;ESifhtwlArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfukd OD;aqmifum trdajray:okd‹ atmifjrifpGm 0ifa&mufvmcsdefwGif odef;azu ajratmufqufoG,fa&;uGef&ufuwqifh *syefqef‹usifa&;pm&Gufrsm;ukd jzef‹a0tvkyfrsm;aecJhonf? TwGif orkdif;wGifrnfh uH-urRmw&yfjzpfvmcJhonf? Armhta&;awmfykHygwDu odef;azukd tdENd,okd‹v$wf&ef tm;vkH;oabmwlvkduf-uonf? olwkd‹odrf;oGif;xm;ol rmhufpf0g'Drsm;. aoG;aqmifpnf;±kH;r+ pGrf;&nfay:wGif ar#mfvifhcsufxm;&SdonfESifhtnD wzufuvnf; r[mrdwfwkd‹xHrS tultnDukd ,cifu rdwfaqGwOD;taejzifh &SmazG&ef qkH;jzwfvkduf-ujcif;jzpfonf?

ulrifwefwyfrsm;. tultnDukd&,lum odef;azu wifa&$ESifhtwl uomukdjzwfI taemufajrmufvrf;a-umif;twkdif;oGm;&ef ud;pm;cJhaomfvnf; xkda'owGif *syefwkd‹&SdaeonfhtwGuf jyefvSnfhvmcJh&onf? xkdtcsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh Adkvfvusfmwkd‹u jrefrmjynftv,fykdif;&Sd a&$bkdwGif &Sdae-u_yD; olwkd‹ESifhtHh-op&maumif;avmufatmif rar#mfvifhbJ awGŒqkHrdcJh-uonf? tHhtm;woifhjzpfae-uaom ,cifa&mif;&if;ESpfOD;rSm xkdtcsdefwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf. tqifhjrifht&m&Sdrsm; jzpfae-u_yD; *syeft}uHay;rsm;teD;wGif vkdufyg&Sdaevifhupm; aESmifhaES;jcif;r&SdbJ olwkd‹ESpfOD;ukd tumtuG,fay;vsuf olwkd‹c&D;ukd jzpfajrmufatmif aqmif&Gufay;cJhonf? odef;azESifh wifa&$onf ajcvsifjzifhwoG,favSjzifhwwef &ckdifukdjzwfI 1942 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif b*FgvDokd‹ a&mufoGm;cJh-u

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onf? olwkd‹.v+yf&Sm;r+ukd t}uD;tus,foHo,0ifvsuf&Sdaom _Adwdo#tm%mykdifrsm;u olwkd‹ukd csufcsif;yifzrf;qD;vkduf-uonf?

qif;rvm;wGif ckdv+Hae&aom ta0;a&muf_Adwdo# jrefrmtpkd;&taejzifhjrefrmhawmfvSefa&;v+yf&Sm;r+. ±kd;om;r+ukd tcsdefwkdtwGif; em;vnfvmonfhtavsmuf odef;aztaeESifh ta0;a&muftpkd;&tzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESifh awGŒcGifh&vmonf?1943 ckESpf tapmykdif;wGif olwkd‹ukd w±kwfjynfokd‹ oGm;cGifh«yvkdufaomfvnf; (7)vcef‹ -um_yD;aemuf olwkd‹onf a'vDokd‹ vufcsnf;oufoufjzifh jyefvmcJh-u&onf?ulrifwefa&m/ uGefjrLepfrsm;uyg ±kyf0wKypPnf; tultnD wpkHw&mrygbJ oem;-uifemr+ oufoufukdom ay;cJh-uonf?

_Adwdo#wkd‹taejzifh oabmxm;ajymif;_yD; olwkd‹bufygvmum v#Kd‹0Suf,lepfwckjzpfonfh trSwf (136) wyfzGJŒtopf zGJŒpnf;ay;vkdufonfhtwGuf olwkd‹t}uD;tus,f 0rf;omyDwdjzpfae-uonf? xkdwyfzGJŒtaejzifh ta&S›awmiftm&S&Sd&efol‹e,fajrrsm;ukd xkd;azmuf0ifa&muf/ vJAD;wyfrsm;ukd xlaxmifoifwef;ay;/ajymufusm;ppfukd pnf;±kH;_yD;/ &Sd_yD;jzpfaom zufqpfqef‹usifa&; awmfvSefa&;v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf? okd‹ jzpfI wifa&$ukd a&ikyfoabFmESifh ac:aqmifoGm;_yD; &ckdifurf;ajcwGif 1943 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvwGif csxm;ay;cJhonf? aemufwESpf azazmf0g&DvusrS tzkd;rjzwfEkdifaom owif;rsm;ESifhtwlol‹ukd oGm;a&mufac:,lEkdifcJhonf? odef;azu tdENd,wGif qufaecJhonf? olur[mrdwfXmecsKyfESifh jrefrmhvGwfajrmufa&;v+yf&Sm;olrsm;t-um; qufoG,fa&;t&m&SdtaersKd;aqmif&Guf_yD; wcsdefwnf;rSmyif jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD;Xme. 0g'jzef‹csda&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd aqmif&Gufay;aecJhonf?

xkdtcsdefY 1943 ckESpf -o*kwfv (1) &ufae‹Y jrefrmEkdifiHukd vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd_yDjzpfa-umif; a-unmvkdufonf? t"dywd a'gufwmbarmfu ocifacgif;aqmif (4) OD;ukd tpkd;&tzGJŒ0if0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpf cef‹tyfvkdufonf? ocifjrukd'k=0ef}uD;csKyf/ ocifEk=EkdifiHjcm;a&;/ ocifatmifqef;=umuG,fa&;ESifh ocifoef;xGef;=qufoG,fa&;wkd‹ jzpfonf? Tcef‹tyfr+rsm;rSm *syefwkd‹u aemufqkH;twnf«y&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; TuJhokd‹ -oZmwduUr&Sdaom yk*~dKvfrsm; ukd,fpm;«yyg0ifjcif;ukd vG,fvifhwul oabmwl_yD;jzpfayonf? olwkd‹tm; jyefvnfqef‹usifawmfvSef&mwGif ‚if;wkd‹ (4) OD;pvkH; acgif;aqmifyg0ifrnfqkdonfukdum; olwkd‹ rod&Sm-uacs? ocifoef;xGef;rSm xkdv+yf&Sm;r+. acgif;aqmifjzpfcJhonf?atmifqef;. &mxl;wm0efESifh ywfouf_yD; Ttajctaeukd Akdvfrª; tdyf(csf)/ yD/

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qD;*&if; (Major H.P. Seagrim) u trSwf (136) wyfzGJŒokd‹ (3) vt-umwGifowif;ay;ykd‹ _yD;jzpfonf?

yxrqkH;vGwfvyfa&; ESpfywfvnfae‹wGif qef‹usifawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; pkHnDpnf;a0;rd-uonf? zufqpf*syefrsm;ukd rvkdvm;a-umif;ESifhtcGifh&onfESifh ol‹vufatmuf&Sd vufeufukdifwyfzGJŒrsm;u olwkd‹ukd xºuGqef‹usifrnfjzpfa-umif; twdtvif; atmifqef;. ajym-um;csufu xkdae‹ukd rSwfrSwf&&jzpfapcJhonf? EkdifiHa&;ygwDtm;vkH;taejzifh pkpnf;nD!GwfpGm &yfwnf-u_yD;zufqpfqef‹usifa&; jynfol‹vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJŒcsKyf (AFPFL) wnf;[laomemrnfukd vkdufavsmnDaxGpGm a&G;cs,fcJh-uonf? ygwDrsm;taejzifh zufqpfpepfukd acsr+ef;&efESifh jynfol‹tpkd;&w&yf xlaxmif&eftwGuf tzGJŒcsKyfY yg0ifjcif;jzpfa-umif; tpnf;ta0;rS xkwfjyefvkdufaom a-unmcsufwGif yg0ifvmcJhonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. t_rJwrf;vufeufukdifwyfzGJŒrsm;ukd tiftm;&Sdaomr[mrdwfrsm;tjzpf wGufxm;aomfvnf; *syefwkd‹ra&mufEkdifonfh jrefrmjynfajrmufykdif; awmifwef;rsm;&Sd ucsif/ csif;/ em*ESifh vl&SD; vlrsKd;rsm;rSvnf; vJAD;wyfzGJŒrsm;ukd_Adwdo#u xlaxmifcJhonf? u&ifvlrsKd;wkd‹rSm vlrsKd;pkajymufusm;rsm;wGif t"dutiftm;pkjzpfonf? ,dk;',m;EkdifiHe,fpyf oHvGifc±kdif u&ifawmifwef;rsm;ukdtoufaoG;a-ume,fajrtjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf? tb,fa-umifhqkdaomf ,if;e,fajrwGif _Adwdo#ukdvkdvm;_yD; trsm;pkrSm c&pf,mefrsm;jzpf-uaom u&ifrsm;aexkdif-uaoma-umifhjzpfonf? Adkvfrª; qD;*&if; taejzifh xkda'oY aemufcsefusef&pfaecJh_yD; vJAD;rsm; pkaqmif;jcif;ESifh avhusihfoifwef;ay;jcif;[lonfhtxl;vkyfief;&yfrsm;ukd pnf;±kH;aqmif&Guf&ef rdrdpdwfqENt& oabmwlnDcJhonf?_Adwdo#vlrsKd; (2) OD;/ u&ift&m&SdwOD;ESifh tjcm;opPmapmifhodaom _Adwdo#tpkd;&0efxrf;rsm;ESifh vJAD;rsm; yg0ifonfh tkyfpkwpkukd olu OD;aqmifr+ay;_yD; 1943ckESpf azazmf0g&DvrS 1944 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dvtxd ,if;awmifwef;rsm;wGifaqmif&GufvkyfukdifaecJhonf? *syefuvnf; olwkd‹ukd trdt& &SmazGzsufqD;&rnfhppfqifa&;ukdqifE$J_yD; aemufqkH;wGif qD;*&if;tkyfpkukd z,f&Sm;EkdifcJhonf? qD;*&if;ESifhtwl&Sdaeaom _Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm; owfjzwfcHcJh&_yD; vlxktay:ESdyfuGyfr+rsm;&yfwef‹oGm;ap&ef olukd,fwkdif vufeufcscJhonf? qD;*&if;ESifh ol‹vl (8) OD;rSm&efukefwGif aemufykdif;Y uGyfrsufjcif;cH&onf? 'k=Adkvfrª;}uD; a*s/ c±kdrmwD=wl;avmh(cf) (Lt. Col. J. Cromarty-Tulloch) tygt0if trSwf (136) wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;ukd u&ifawmifwef;rsm;ay:okd‹ avxD;jzifhcsay;cJh_yD; aemufqkH; xkd;ppfajymufusm;

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v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;ukd jyefvnftouf0ifapcJhonf?AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. taetxm;ukd qD;*&if;u owif;ay;ykd‹cJh&mwGif

taxmuftxm;tcsufwcsufrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;ay:xGufvmcJh_yD; bufwmpAD.pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; (Battersby Papers) wGif yg&SdvmcJhonf? ,if;tcsufukd arm&pfaumvpf (Maurice Collis) u ol. “jrefrmjynfY aemufqkH;ESifh yxrqkH;1941=1948” [laom pmtkyfpmrsufESm (205) wGif ukd;um;azmfjycJhonf?

“1943 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvwGif Adkvfrª;qD;*&if;ESifh ¯ud;rJha-u;eef;tquftoG,f«yvkyfEkdifcJhonf? ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfrS atmifqef;u tajctaeay:aygufonfESifh *syefukd ol‹wyfjzifh jyefvnfwGef;vSef&ef pDpOfaea-umif; azmfjyonfh ol. tapmqkH; owif;ay;ykd‹csufw&yfrSm rSwfom;p&maumif;vSonf?”

1945 ckESpfwGif _Adwdo#wkd‹ jrefrmjynfxJ jyefvnf0ifa&muf_yD; *syefukdtEkdifwkduf_yD;rS atmifqef;u xkdokd‹vkyfaqmif&ef qkH;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfa-umif;t*FvdyfvlrsKd;trsm;tjym;u rSm;,Gif;pGm,kH-unfaecJh-uonf[k bufwmpAD(trSwf 136 wyfzGJŒ/ txl;ppfqifa&;tr+aqmif) u jznfhpGufxm;jyefonf? “u|Ekfyfukd,fwkdif jrifawGŒcJh&aom Adkvfrª;qD;*&if; owif;ay;ykd‹csuf. ckdifrmr+ukd u|EkfyftmrcH&Jonf? xkd‹xufrapm&ifawmif tenf;qkH; 1943 ckESpfwGif atmifqef;taejzifh *syefwkd‹ukd u,fwif&Sifrsm;tjzpf xifrSwfcJhjcif;ukd aemifw&cJh_yD; awmfvSefa&;tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfcJh_yD; jzpfonfqkdonfukd ocifEk.pmtkyf “*syefvufatmufjrefrmjynf” wGif taxmuftxm;trsm;}uD; wifjycJhonf?

1944 ck ESpfukefcgeD;wGif atmifqef;u r[mrdwfwyfzGJŒrsm;ESifh qufoG,fr+&&Sd_yD;jzpfonf? ,cktcg rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmf (Patriotic Burmese Forces-PBF)

jzpfvmaom ArmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmfu 1945 ckESpf rwfv (27) &ufae‹wGif*syefwkd‹bufokd‹ olwkd‹. aoewfajymif;ukd jyefvnfvSnfhcJhawmhonf? “,if;pwifaygufuGJr+Y AdkvfcsKyf}uD; (2) OD;tygt0if *syef (700) cef‹ukd olwkd‹owfjzwfcJhonf?aemufykdif; ppfqifa&;rsm;wGif &efukefokd‹ OD;wnfcsDwufvmaom _Adwdo#wyfukdydwfqkd‹wm;qD;rnfh wyfzGJŒtawmfrsm;rsm;ukd olwkd‹u rv+yfEkdifatmif «yvkyfEkdifcJh-uonf” [laom armifhbufwefrSwfpkrsm;ukd arm&pfaumvpfu “jrefrmjynfYaemufqkH;ESifh yxrqkH;” pmtkyf pmrsufESm (236) wGif xyfrHukd;um;xm;jyefonf?tdENd,&Sd r[mrdwfwyfzGJŒrsm;u ta&SŒbufokd‹ zdqif;vm_yD; arvtpykdif;wGif*syefwkd‹taejzifh &efukefrS qkwfcGmay;vkduf&awmhonf?

*syefrsm; qkwfcGmoGm;aomtcg _Adwdo#wdk‹ jyefa&mufvmavonf? xkd‹twl

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jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;uvnf; (AdkvfcsKyf&mxl;udk &aeygvsuf) wyfrSxGufvdkufaom OD;atmifqef;acgif;aqmifr+jzifh jyefvnftpðyvmonf? vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;udk wESpftwGif;[laom uef‹oef‹csuft& jywfjywfom;om; zdtm;ay;awmif;qdkvmaom vlxkpnf;a0;yGJrsm; &efukefòrd›wGif topfwzefusif;y-ujyefonf? tdENd,EkdifiH/ qif;rvm;òrd›wGif ppftwGif; ESpfrsm;Y ta0;a&muftpdk;& (0g)jynfajy;tpdk;&tjzpf oGm;a&mufaexkdifcJh&aom _Adwdo#bk&ifcH qm&,f*sDe,f a':refprpfonf 1945 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (16) &ufae‹wGif &efukefodk‹ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmonf? odk‹aomf xdkrwdkifrD -o*kwfv (19) &ufae‹wGif *syefacwfuajratmuftzGJŒtpnf;b0rS ajray:tzGJŒtpnf;tjzpfodk‹ OD;atmifqef;OD;aqmif_yD;jyefvnfpnf;±Hk;v+yf&Sm;cJhaom ‘zufqpfqef‹usifa&; jynfolŒvGwfajrmufa&;’tzGJŒcsKyf(zqyv) . rsKd;cspfacgif;aqmifrsm;u &efukefòrd›&Sd aeol&def±kyf&Sif±Hkcef;r}uD;wGifvlxkpnf;a0;yGJ}uD;w&yf usif;y_yD;v#if "eo[m,jyify&Sd vHk;0vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEdkifiHtjzpfudk awmif;qdkvdkuf-uonf?

odk‹&mwGif ppftwGif;umvu awmfvSefa&;qifE$JcJhaom ,cifwyfrsm;rSmxkdtcsdefwGif vufeufrsm;±kyfodrf;jcif;udk cHcJh-u&onf? 1945 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif oD[dkVf(,ckoD&dvuFm) EdkifiH/ uef'Dòrd›Y _Adwdo#tpdk;&ESifh jrefrmhrsKd;cspfacgif;aqmifrsm;t-um; &&SdcJhaom oabmwlnDcsuft& tcsKdŒwyf&if;tenf;i,fom ppfyGJt_yD;jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;cJhaom jrefrmhwyfrawmfwGif jyefvnfyg0ifcGifh&&SdcJhonf? vufeufrsm;jyeftyf&ef jiif;qefcJholrsm;u 'DZifbmv (1) &ufae‹wGif jynfol‹&JabmftzGJŒ (People's Volunteer Organisation) udk zGJŒpnf;cJh-uonf? ,if;tzGJŒonfwu,fwrf;tm;jzifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; opPmapmihfodaom jynfol‹ppftzGJŒjzpfonf?

xdk‹aemufydkif;rSpI tjzpftysufrsm;onf vsifjrefpGm jzpfysufcJhonf? OD;apmonf ‘qm&,f*sDe,f’ u ol‹udk 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf ig;ESpfoufwrf; tydkay;cJhaomfjim;vnf; oufwrf;jynfh rxrf;aqmifcJh&acs? *syefu jrefrmjynfudk pwifxkd;azmuf0ifa&mufvmcsdefwGif olonf t*FvefEdkifiHodk‹ oGm;a&mufvnfywfae_yD;ta0;a&mufeef;&if;0eftjzpf aecJhonf? ta&SŒtm&SwGif *syefwdk‹. t[kefjyif;pGma&SŒwdk;csDwufaer+udk -um;-um;csif; olonf (tvGef m%frsm;olyDyD) ay:wl*DEdkifiH/‘vpPbGef;’ &Sd *syefoHtrwfESihf qufoG,f&ef óud;pm;cJhonf? xkd‹a-umifh _Adwdo#wdk‹u ol‹udk r,Hk-unfawmhbJ zrf;qD;vdkuf_yD; 1942 ckrS ppf_yD;onftxd udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;u csKyfxm;cJhonf? odk‹aomf ppf_yD;acwf oljrefrmjynfjyefa&muf

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onfESifh 2424242424 ol‹rsKd;cspfygwDudk jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;cJhonf? ol‹ ‘*VKefwyf’udkvnf; ol.udk,faysmufrdwfaqGrsm; tultnDjzifh aqmvsifpGm jyefvnfwnfaxmifEdkifcJh_yD;,if;wdk‹onf &efukefwGif tm%m&&Sda&;twGuf taqmwvsif pwifvkyfaqmif&ef tqifoihfjzpfae-uavonf?2525252525

odef;azjrifh/ “olwkd‹acwf/ olwkd‹twdwf/ olwkd‹t&dyf”/ wkdif;vif;pmay/ &efukef2000 ckESpf/ pmrsufESm 206=208? (Adkvfwaxmifowif;pm/ Zlvkdifv 19/ 1966?“rsKd;cspfa,mifaqmif *VKeftwk OD;apm” aqmif;yg;wGif azmfjyxm;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mjzpfvsuf avsmfuefonf?)

“ppf}uD;t_yD; _Adwdo#tusOf;axmifrS jrefrmjynfokd‹ jyefa&mufaomtcgzqyvukdyif axmufcHawmhra,mif/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhyif yl;aygif;awmhra,mif avoHypfao;onf?

OD;apmu ol‹tdrfokd‹ owif;pmq&mrsm;ukdzdwf-um;_yD; owif;pmuGefz&ifhay;I ol‹ukd,f&nfaoG; ppftwGif;twˆKy`wWdukd Zmwf[eftjynfhESifh ajymjyykHukdjynfol‹tm%m*sme,f. t,f'DwmwOD;taejzifh wufa&mufaom ocifoef;-rdifuatmufygtwkdif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf?

ocifoef;-rdifu OD;apmtm; “'kdrDeD,Hukd vufcHoihfovm;” [k ar;vkdufaomtcg OD;apmu “usKyf0g'[m Armjynf jyef&a&;0g'yJ/ 'kdrDeD,HukdvufcH_yD; vufeuftjzpf Armjynfukd jyef&atmifvkyf&r,f? tkdif,mvefvkdaygh” [k ajzvkdufavonf?

xkdtcsdefY 1946 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvwGif _Adwdef/ avbm0ef}uD;csKyftopf‘uvD;rifhtufwvD’ onf jrefrmEdkifiH. a&SŒa&;udk aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf vef'efodk‹ºuGa&mufpum;ajymyg&ef OD;atmifqef;ESihf zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;udk zdwf-um;vdkufonf? 1947 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif vef'efodk‹toGm; e,l;a'vD 2626262626 wGif OD;atmifqef;u “u|efawmfwdk‹u vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;udkyJ vdkcsifygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf'dkrDeD,eftqifheJ‹ ywfouf_yD; ajymp&mr&Sdygbl;” [k ajymqdkcJhonf? odk‹&mwGiftrsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmuf&ef óud;yrf;onfhtaejzifh OD;atmifqef;onf vef'efudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒwGif ol‹tm; qef‹usifaom tjcm; jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udkvnf; oabmxm;}uD;pGm xnfhoGif;yg0ifapcJhonf? xkdtcgppftwGif;umvu jrefrmEdkifiHESihf uif;uGmI OD;atmifqef;udk ±+H;edrfhoGm;cJhonfhoduQmrJhae_yDjzpfaom OD;apmESihf tjcm; OD;atmifqef;. qef‹usifbufwOD;jzpfolocifApdefwdk‹onf ykvif;ESifh bl;qdk‹uJhodk‹ r[mrdwfrsm;jzpfoGm;um twdkuftcH tiftm;pkjzpfvmonf? Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufae‹wGif _Adwdo#tpdk;&u jrefrmEdkifiHudk

t"duacgif;aqmifrsm;

100

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vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef oabmwlnDr+ &&Sdonfhtcg OD;apmESihf ocifApdefwdk‹ ESpfa,mufvHk;u vufrSwfa&;xkd;&ef jiif;qefcJh-uonf? odk‹aomf oabmwlnDr+um;&cJhav_yD? 2727272727 jrefrmEdkifiHonf "eo[m,jyifywGif vGwfvyfaom orRwEdkifiHjzpfvmayawmhrnf? ol. vef'efc&D;pOftwGif; OD;atmifqef;. _Adwdo#wdk‹tay: xm;&Sdaom oabmxm;rSm aysmhaysmif;oGm;cJha-umif; ‘uvD;rifhtufwvD’ udk,fwdkifu aemufydkif;wGif xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf? 28

“olwdk‹ (jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ ) [m vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;eJ‹ orRwEdkifiHjzpfa&;twGuf olwdkŒ&JŒ pum;vGefr+a-umihf olwdk‹aemufvdkufawG&JŒ oabmxm;tay:uHraumif;vSpGm vdkufemtav;ay;cJh-u&w,f? 'gayr,fh ajymqdkaqG;aEG;r+awGqufvufðyvkyfaewmeJ‹tr# u|efawmfwdk‹tay: olwdk‹&JŒr,HkouFmjzpfr+awG aysmufuG,fukefw,f? u|efawmfxifw,favæ wcsKdŒawG txl;ojzihf cdkifrmjywfom;wJh vlwa,mufjzpfwJh olwdk‹&JŒ acgif;aqmif OD;atmifqef;[m "eo[m,xJrSmqufvuf&Sdaeoihfw,fqdkwmudk oabmaygufpðyvmygw,f”

vef'efodk‹ oGm;a&mufcJhonfh Eke,fi,f&G,faom jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ.tzGJŒ0ifwOD;u aqG;aEG;aepOfwGifyif ododomom Todk‹ xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf?“trSefajym&&if u|efawmfwdk‹wawG[m tawGŒtóuHr&ihfusufao;wJh vli,fav;wpkom jzpfygw,f”

rSwfom;p&mtaumif;qHk;onfum; ‘uvD;rifhtufwvD’ (Clement Atlee)

. OD;apmtay: oHk;oyfcsufjzpfonf? urBmausmf pma&;q&mESihf jyZmwfq&m}uD;0DvsH&SdwfpyD;,m; (William Shakespeare) . pum;&yfudk jyefvnftoHk;cs&if;uvD;rifhtufwvDu Todk‹ ed*Hk;ur`wf tqHk;owfcJhonf?

“vlenf;pkygwD&JŒ udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;jzpfwJh OD;apmu vGJvdk‹ olwdk‹tm;vHk;[mESpfvdkzG,f&m aumif;vSygw,f? ppf}uD;r_yD;cifu u|efawmf OD;apmudk awGŒcJhzl;ygw,f? ol[m’ òyH;òyH;uav;ESihf rdkufwJhol’ qdkwJh vlpm;rsKd;vdk‹ u|efawmfol‹udktuJcwf_yD; todtrSwfðycJhygw,f”

Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô

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tif;pdefaxmiftwGif; txl;cHk±Hk;wGif ±Hk;wif ppfaq;&mwGif ‘*VKef’ OD;apm/ 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;ESifhaomif;usef;aom tzGJŒ. acgifol}uD;[k pGyfpGJcH&ol/ oufaocHae&mwGif awGŒ&yHk?

vkyf}uHr+wGif vlowform;[k pGyfpGJcH&olrsm;= armifpdk;/ oufESif;/ pdef}uD;ESihf &ef}uD;atmifESihf }uH&mygpGyfpGJcH&ol (txufykH) okc/ cifarmif&if/ armifeDESihf r+ef}uD;wdk‹tm; cHk±Hk;0uf_cHtwGif; awGŒ&yHk?

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tif;pdefaxmif= pDrHa&;qGJxm;onfh yHk-urf; (wdkif;wmtrSwft& r[kwf)?1947= 48 ckESpf/ Tae&mwGifOD;apmtm; tusOf;csxm;jcif;/ ±Hk;wifppfaq;jcif;ESihf óud;'%fay;jcif;

ðyvkyfcJh_yD; ol. cef‹rSef;&aom ocsK õõ õõ õif;ae&mjzpfonf?(OD;bapmcif/ wlaqmifòrdŒ t&DZkdeme,f/ USA . arwWmvufaqmif)

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vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+jzpfyGm;_yD; vtenf;i,ft-umwGif OD;apmESifh }uH&mygrsm;w&m;rqdkif-u&ao;rD xdkpOfu bk&ifcHjzpfol (vGwfvyfa&;&csdefwGif aemufqHk;bk&ifcHjzpfrnfh) qm[l;bwf&ef‹(pf) (Sir Hubert Rance) taejzifh OD;apmwdk‹tm;w&m;pD&ifrnfh txl;cHk±Hk;zGJŒ&mY rar#mfvifhbJ tcuftcJtcsKdŒ óuHawGŒcJh&onf?w&m;v$wfawmf w&m;ol}uD; OD;ausmfjrifhtm; cHk±Hk;obmywdtjzpf a&G;cs,f&mwGifacsmacsmarmarm jzpfcJhonfqdkaomfvnf; orBm&ifhOya'ynm&Sifrsm;xJrS tzGJŒ0iftjzpf oifhawmfrnfhol (2) OD;tm; jznfhpGufcef‹tyf&mwGifrl ±kwfw&ufqdkovdkyiftcuftcJrsm; jzpfay:vmcJhonf? vsmxm;ol tawmfrsm;rsm;onf ‚if;wm0efudkr,lvdk-uacs? tcsKdŒu olwdk‹rSm ESvHk;a&m*g&Sdonf ponfjzifh qifajcay; a&Smifwdrf;-uonf? tcsKdŒurl cHk±Hk;wGif wm0efr,lEdkifa-umif; ajAmifjiif;qdk-uonf? aemufqHk;usrS orBm&ifh puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;rsm;jzpf-uaom OD;atmifomausmfESifh OD;pDbl;(U Si Bu) wdk‹ ESpfa,mufu vufcHvdkuf-uonf? odk‹ jzifh qm[l;bwf&ef‹(pf) onf1947 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (20) &ufae‹wGifrS (3) OD;tzGJŒ txl;cHk±Hk;udk w&m;0ifcef‹tyf wm0efay;EdkifcJhavonf?

aemufav;&uft-umwGif yxrqHk; ppfaq;r+udk pwif«yvkyfEdkif_yD; w&m;vdkbufrS pGyfpGJav#mufvJcsufudk a&S;OD;pGm -um;emcJhonf? wzef bk&ifhoufaorsm;udk pwifppfaq;cJhonf? xdk‹aemuf ,cifu &efukefw&m;v$wfawmf. a&SŒaewOD;jzpfcJh_yD; t*FvefwGif aexdkifaom rpPwm bif*srif&maz;&,fAmwefepf(Mr. Benjamin Raphael Vertannes) udk iSm;&rf;Edkifa&;twGuf 11111 OD;apmtm; cGifh«ycJh&onfhtwGuf w&m;qdkifjcif;onf atmufwdkbmv (15) &ufae‹txd qdkif;iHhoGm;cJhonf?

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&aom OD;tAŠ'l&mZwf. wljzpfaeavonf?OD;pHwifhonf csufcsif;yif xkdudpPudk pDtkdif'Dt}uD;tuJ OD;xGef;vSatmifxH

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aemufw}udrf OD;apmESihf awGŒaomtcg axmifrª;}uD;u xkdaiGudk xyfrHawmif;qdkvdkufonf? xkdtcg OD;apmu ol‹taejzifh uywdefADAD,ef; (Capt. David Vivian)

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Flats) udk (20) &ufae‹/ ae‹v,fydkif;wGif 0ifa&mufpD;eif; &SmazGcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

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v#KdŒ0Sufqef;-u,fjcif;

‚if;a';ApfADAD,ef;qdkolonf xkdae&mwGif aexkdifvsuf&Sd_yD; yxrY &Jrsm;tm; 0ifa&mufcGihfray;cJhacs? olu &SmazG0&rf;-unfh±+vdkonf[k awmif;qdkvmonf? ,if;awmif;qdkr+udk vufaxmufaumfr&Sifemrif;}uD;bwfpfcfESifh vufaxmuf &J0efaxmufOD;odef;tkef;wdk‹u jiif;qef_yD; wdkufcef;twGif; twif;0ifa&muf-u&m pdefa&$aiG&wemrsm; pkyHkxm;onfhtay: cvkwfwdkufvJrvdk jzpfcJh-uonf? yxrqHk;awGŒ&Sdonfh vufeufrSm ajcmufvHk;jyL;wvufjzpf_yD; ADAD,ef;.ZeD;vufqGJ t0wfaowWmav;xJwGif 0Sufxm;jcif;jzpfonf? em&D0ufcef‹t-umwGif ol‹*spfum;wpD;wdkufpm vufeufrsm;udk &SmazGawGŒ&Sd-uawmhonf? ±kdifz,faoewf (3) vuf/ ypPwdk (3) vuf/ pwif;*ef;wvuf/ vufypfAHk;rsm;/ aemufxyf±kdifz,faoewfrsm;ESifh usnfqeftajrmuftjrm;wdk‹ jzpfonf? tcsKdŒusnfqefrsm;udkwdkufcef;-urf;jyifay:wGif awGŒ&aom bGwfzdeyft&Snft}uD;}uD;rsm;xJwGif aocsmpGm odk0Sufxm;jcif;jzpfonf? xkd‹a-umifh uy`wdefADAD,ef;udk csufcsif;yif xdef;odrf;vdkuf-uawmhonf? T _Adwdo#uy`wdef. vufeufarSmifcdkr+wGif xifxif&Sm;&Sm;yg0ifywfoufaejcif;rSm trSefwGifrl tHh-op&mraumif;vSacs? ppf_yD;acwf xdktcsdefu jrefrmhvufeufudkifwyfzGJŒrsm;&Sd t&m&Sdtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm vufeuf0,fvdkol rnfol‹udkrqdk arSmifcdkaps;uGuf&Sm}uHI a&mif;csjcif;jzifh jyifywGif tydk0ifaiG&SmaecJh-uonf? jrefrmEkdifiH. EkdifiHa&;tajctaeudk rajz&Sif;Ekdifao;jcif;ESifh udk,fydkifcg;ydkufaqmif v#KdŒ0SufwyfzGJŒtrsm;tjym; &Sdaejcif;a-umifh vufeufazmufonfrsm;rSm vHk;0jywfvyfr+r&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf? aiGa-u;xkxnfyrm% rsm;rsm;pm;pm; &SmazGay;&ef tultnDawmif;cHcJhjcif;jzifh Tuywdeft&m&Sdi,f ADAD,ef;udk OD;apmtaejzifh aumif;aumif;odcJhyHk&avonf?

OD;apmu T_Adwdo# uywdeftm; qufoG,fvdkonfh tHhtm;oifhp&m owif;tpteudk OD;pHwifhu qufpyfajymqdk&mwGif pDtkdif'Dt}uD;tuJ OD;xGef;vSatmiftaejzifh ,if;udpPudk axmufvSrf;vdkpdwf jyif;jyvmavonf? axmifrª;}uD;tm;owif;ydkrdkEd+ufxkwfcdkif;vdkuf_yD; owif;o,fydk‹oltjzpf aqmif&Gufaponf? OD;pHwifhonf OD;apmqDjyefoGm;_yD; uy`wdefADAD,ef; b,frSmaeonfudk oloda-umif; ajymvdkufonf? OD;apmu ol‹udk ol‹vufa&;jzifh a&;xm;aom pmwapmifay;&mwGifolu uywdefADAD,ef;xH ta&mufydk‹ay;rnfjzpfa-umif; uwday;vdkufonf? OD;apmu uywdefADAD,ef;xHay;aom yxrqHk;pmrSm v#KdŒ0SufoauFwjzihf a&;xm;onf?

“ajcqGHŒaewJh raumif;qdk;0g;}uD;/ iSufaysmoD;pdrf;eJ‹ {nfhcH/ oHyk&m&nfrSm a';Apf. tcspfqHk;æ”

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OD;pHwifhu ‚if;pmudk OD;xGef;vSatmifxH ay;vdkuf_yD; OD;xGef;vSatmifuw&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdefudk qufvufjyonf?

“u|efawmfwdk‹tm;vHk; 'Dpm[m ta&;}uD;w,fvdk‹ ,lq_yD; 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEktdrfudk tjrefoGm;cJh-uw,f? u|efawmfwdk‹ jzpfovdk ocifEkvJ Za0Z0gjzpfaew,f?jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf_idrf;vJ 'DvdkygyJ? 'Dvdk pmtay;t,lvkyfwmudk tm;ay;zdk‹ u|efawmfwdk‹tm;vHk; qHk;jzwfvdkuf-uw,f” [k OD;aomif;pdefu jyefajymif;ajymqdkcJhonf?

xdkpum;0Sufpmwdkav;udk OD;pHwifhu aemufydkif;wGif ADAD,ef;&Sd&m axmifwGif; tusOf;cef;av;qDodk‹ oGm;a&mufay;ydk‹cJhonf? oltaejzifh OD;apm. v#KdŒ0Sufowif;o,fydk‹ol vl,HkawmfvHk;0r[kwfaomfvnf; OD;pHwifhu xdkuJhodk‹ jzpfoa,mifta,mifaqmifaevdkufonf? “u|efawmf 'Dvl}uD;vlaumif;udk rSwfrdw,f” [lIuy`wdefADAD,ef;u OD;apmxH pmjyefvdkufonfhtcgwGifrl ‚if;pmrSm ydkrdk ya[Vdqefvmavonf? OD;apmu “u|efawmfuawmh yefcsmyD” [k jyefa&;onf?

xdkpum;0Suf pmwkdav;rsm;udk zwf&if;zwf&if; pHkprf;axmufvSrf;olrsm;oabmaygufpðyvmonf? OD;apmonf olwdk‹ESpfa,mufvHk;wufa&mufcJhonfhqef;jym;aom0wfpHk {nfhcHyGJwckudk &nf!ef;ajymqdkaejcif;jzpf_yD; oltquftoG,fðyvkyfaeolrSm ADAD,ef;jzpfa-umif; vHk;0aocsmatmif ðyvkyfaejcif;jzpfonf? Todk‹ yxrt}udrf pmrsm; tvJtvS,fðyvkyf_yD;aemuf ADAD,ef;onf u|efawmftpm;u|efawmfwdk‹ [lI ol‹udk,fol ±kwfw&uf csufcsif;&nf!ef;ajymqdkvmonf? -oZmwduUr&SdolwOD;jzpf[ef&Sdoludkvnf; pwifazmfjyvmonf? “u|efawmfwdk‹ 'gawGtm;vHk;udk pDpOfEkdifygw,f? cifAsm;u t&yfjrihfjrihfeJ‹ vl}uD;vlaumif;udk bma-umifhrcsOf;uyfwmvJ”? OD;apmESihf ADAD,ef;wdk‹pmrsm;wGif ‘t&yfjrihfjrihfeJ‹ vl}uD;vlaumif;’udk azmfjycJh-uonf? t&yfjrihfjrihfeJ‹vl}uD;vlaumif;udk wdkuf±kdufqufoG,f&ef ADAD,ef;u jyef-um;av[ef jyefpmtwkudk OD;apmxH &Jrsm;u ay;ydk‹cJh-uonf? xkdpm &&csif; em&Dydkif;twGif;rSmyif &efukef_Adwdo#aumifpDrS rpPwm *|efpwsL;0yfbif*av(John Stewart Bingley) qdkolxHodk‹ OD;apmu pmESpfapmifa&;om;ay;ydk‹vdkufavonf?

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r+wGif xdkt&m&Sd (2) OD; qufEG,fr+&SdaecJhonf? ‘pDtkdif'D’ taejzifh Zlvdkifvv,frSpI ,if;vufeufcdk;,lr+rsm;udk pHkprf;axmufvSrf;&mwGif yg0ifcJhaomfvnf;txufygzrf;qD;r+ðy&mwGif olqifxm;aom axmifacsmuftwGif;odk‹ 0ifrdolrsm;udk,fwdkif TaxmifacsmufrSm rnfol‹vufcsufjzpfonfudk rnfolur# rodcJh-uacs? xkdt&m&Sdrsm;xJrS wa,mufjzpfol tdENd,-unf;wyf. ar*sm a*satrdk; (Ma-

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AdkvfcsKyfwdk‹ vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;rcH&rD (4) &uftvdk Zlvdkifv (15) &ufae‹wGif OD;atmifqef;onf vufeufrsm; aysmufqHk;aer+udk bk&ifcHxHodk‹ oludk,fwdkif owif;ay;ydk‹cJhonf? vufeufrsm; aysmufqHk;csdefESihf jyefvnfawGŒ&Sdcsdeft-um;tvGeftrif; tcsdefuGm[r+}uD;rm;aer+ESihf ywfoufI ol. pdk;&drfylyefr+udk txl;ojzifh xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf? ZGefv (24) &ufae‹wGif &Jrsm;[k ,lq&aom tzGJŒwzGJŒonf vufeufodkavSmif±Hkodk‹ a&muf&Sdvm-uonf? yHkpHwus vufrSwfrsm; a&;xkd;xm;vsuf trSeftuefjzpfyHk&aom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzihf xdktzGJŒu vufeufrsm;udk xkwf,loGm;cJhonf? 66666 xdktwkta,mif&JtzGJŒonf &JwyfzGJŒ. ,mOfudk roHk;bJ trSwfwHqdyfryg&Sdaom x&yfum;wpD;udk toHk;ðyoGm;onfhtwGuf oHo,jzpfay:apcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; Zlvdkifv (14) &ufae‹usrSom xdkudpPudk xdyfydkif;tm%mydkifrsm; odcJh&onf? vufeufrsm;um; aysmufoGm;cJhav_yD? odk‹aomf ,if;vufeufrsm; rnfol‹vuf0,f&Sdaeonfudkrl &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;rod&acs?

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OD;xGef;vSatmifonf ADAD,ef;xH OD;apmu ay;ydk‹aom v#KdŒ0SufoauFwjzifha&;xm;onfh rdwWLrsm;udk _Adwdo#ar*smtm; jyvdkufonf? ar*sm,ef;onf tHh-oavmufatmifyif Tv#KdŒ0Sufqef;-u,fr+udk ajz&Sif;jyawmhonf?

Û ‘wap>u nwdkif; axmheif;axmheif;jzpfaeonf’ = ar*sm,ef;u ol‹tdrfrSm axmheif;axmheif;jzpfaeaom wap>tajcmufcH&onf[k emrnf}uD;aea-umif;&Sif;jyonf?

Û ‘iSufaysmoD;tpdrf;eJ‹ {nfhcH’ = OD;apm. ygwDyGJwGif wnfcif;{nfhcHaomiSufaysmoD; trsKd;tpm;jzpfonfh tpdrf;a&mif oD;ar$;iSufaysmoD; t&Snfrsm;udk qdkvkdjcif;jzpfonf?

Û ‘oHyk&m&nfrSm a';Apf. tcspfqHk;’ = onf a';ApfrSm tjcm;olr[kwfbJ_Adwdo#ar*sm. om;ti,fjzpfonf? olonf oHyk&m&nfudk óudufESpfouf_yD; ygwDyGJrsm;wGif ,if;udkom ESpfESpfòcdufòcduf aomufoHk;oljzpfonf?

ppfaq;ar;jref;r+um; _yD;pD;oGm;aomtcg OD;xGef;vSatmifonf ol‹±Hk;cef;odk‹jyef_yD; tHh-op&maumif;vSaom xkwfazmfawGŒ&Sdr+rsm;tay: jyefvnf pOf;pm;oHk;oyfonf? pGyfpGJxkdufaom vufn‡dK;onf ‘bif*av’ qDodk‹ xdk;vsuf&Sdaeav_yD? olonfjrefrmtrsm;pkxuf udk,fcE<mjrihfrm;onfrSm aocsmonf? uy`wdefADAD,ef;.pmwapmifxJwGif yg&Sdaom “t&yfcyfjrihfjrihfeJ‹ vl}uD;vlaumif;” qdkonfrSm ol‹udk&nf!ef;ajymqdkjcif;jzpfygovm;? tjcm;t&yfjrihfolrsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;&Sdae&mOD;xGef;vSatmifonf TtqifhwGif wddwdusus twyfaumufcsufrcsEdkifao;acs?

xdktcsdefwGif tif;pdef&Sd txl;cHk±Hk;wGifvnf; -um;emppfaq;r+rsm; qufvufðyvkyfvsuf&Sdonf? b!Gef‹u bk&ifhoufao azmfaumiftjzpf tcsKdŒxl;jcm;aom0efcHcsufrsm;udk azmfxkwfvsuf&Sdonf? olonf OD;apm. rsKd;cspfygwD0ifjzpfvm_yD;aemuf vufeufrsm;/ cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; pkaqmif;&efESihf &efyHkaiG&Sm&ef wm0efoHk;&yf ol‹udk tay;cHcJh&onf? ZGefv (24) &ufae‹wGif Adkvfwaxmifyifr ppfvufeufypPnf;wdkufrS b&if;*ef; tvuf (200) xkwf,loGm;olrSm oljzpfa-umif;b!Gef‹u xkwfazmfvdkufonf? xkdvufeufrsm;udk oHk;wefwif avmf&Dum;jzifhw}udrfwnf;wif_yD; OD;apm. at'Dvrf;aetdrfodk‹ olarmif;ydk‹cJha-umif; olu ajymqdkvkdufonf? aemufw}udrfwGifvnf; jynfvrf;ay:&Sd tjcm; vufeufodkavSmif±HkwckrS '\r (303) usnfqHtawmifh wodef;wdwdudk oloGm;a&muf,laqmifcJh&a-umif; 0efcHonf? Zlvdkifv (20) &ufae‹wGif OD;apm. tdrfaemufbufuefxJrSawGŒ&Sd&aom tvHkydwfaowWmrsm;xJ&Sd usnfqefrsm;rSm Txkwf,lvmr+ taxmuf

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txm;rsm; jzpfayonf? 0efcHcsufESihf awGŒ&Sdr+wdk‹rSm tH0ifcGifusjzpfaeygonf?OD;apmZeD;onf. wlawmfol cifarmif&ifuvnf; qyfr&Sif;*ef;wvuf/

tar&duef umbdkifoHk;vuf/ pwif;*ef;wvuf/ awmfrD*ef; (2) vuf/ vsL*gypPwdkwvuf/ ajcmufvHk;jyL; (2) vufESihf usnfqefrsm; 0,f,l&ef ar*sm,ef;qdkolESihf qufoG,fr+ ðyvkyfcJha-umif; aemufqHk;wGif 0efcHcsufay;avonf? ar*smrdk;/uy`wdef ADAD,ef;wdk‹ESihf OD;apm qufoG,fr+&SdyHk vufeufESifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmufwdkufrsm;rS b&if;*ef;ESihf usnfqefrsm; rnfodk‹rnfyHkcdk;,lcJhyHk/ ,if;wdk‹udk *VKefwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;&Sdaom c±kdiftwGif; jzef‹a0xm;yHkESihf OD;apmtdrfab;&Sd a&uefxJwGif 0Sufxm;yHkwdk‹udk cifarmif&ifu ajymjyavonf?

ukuUdKif;vrf;ay:&Sd ol (OD;apm) ydkif ajruGufay:wGif wnf&Sdaom ppfwyfo,f,lydk‹aqmifa&;pcef;. wm0efcHrSmvnf; ar*sm,ef;jzpfa-umif; cifarmif&ifu xyfrHxkwfazmfjyefonf? 77777 xdk‹ jyif ar*smvef‹pf (Major Lance) qdkolxHrS py&if;zD;vf ±kdifz,f (Springfield Rifle) wvuf/ awmfrD*ef; (2) vufESifh umbkdifwvufwdk‹udk OD;apm&&SdcJha-umif;vnf; olu qufvufxkwfazmfonf? xkdt&m&Sd. trnftjynfhtpHkrSm ar*smyDwm tm;eufpf vef‹pfavmh'def; (Major Peter Ernest Lancelot

Daine) jzpf_yD;/ olonf urm&Gwf a&mfbmpuf±Hkab;&Sd bef*vdk ESpfxyftdrfwGifaexkdifcJhonf?

OD;apmonf xdkbef*vdktdrfodk‹ r-umc% tvnfoGm;cJhzl;onf? ar*sm'def;onf jrefrmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf/ axmufvSrf;a&;wyfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifae_yD;&efukefajrmufbuf&Sd r*Fvm'Hk yifrppfvufeufypPnf;odkavSmif±Hk. wyfrª;vnf;jzpfonf? Todk‹ jzihf ar*sm,ef;ESifh ar*sm'def;wdk‹onf OD;atmifqef;wdk‹tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+wGif ypfcwftoHk;ðycJhaom vufeufrsm;udk OD;apmtm; ay;tyfcJha-umif;,Hk-unfavmufonfh ckdifrmaom ta-umif;tcsufwdk‹udk &&SdcJhonf[k cHk±Hk;awmfuazmfjyEkdifcJhonf? AdkvfwaxmifESihf tjcm;vufeufodkavSmif±Hkwdk‹rS vufeufrsm;&,lEdkifa&;twGuf uywdefADAD,ef;u &JtzGJŒ. pm&Gufpmwrf;twkrsm; ðyvkyfay;cJhonf? ADAD,ef;onf &efukef zdkufcsf&dyfom (Fytche Flats) wGif aexdkifvsuf&Sd&m,if;wdkufcef;rsm;wGif tjcm; _Adwdo#t&m&Sdi,frsm;ESihf a'ocHpD;yGm;a&;orm;tcsKdŒvnf; aexkdifvsuf&Sd-uonf? ,if;pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;txJrS rmvf[dkx&m(Malhotra) qdkolonf ,if;t&m&Sdrsm;ESihfvnf;aumif;/ OD;apmESifhvnf;aumif;txl;tu|rf;w0if &SdyHk&avonf? tdENd,tEG,fjzpfol rmvf[dkx&monf _Adwdo#ukr`%Dwckjzpfonfh vDvf tif ukr`%D (Leele & Co) wGif tvkyfvkyfvsuf&Sd_yD;

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ar*sm'def;ESihf txl;ojzifh eD;pyfr+&Sdonf? _Adwdo#aiGa&;a-u;a&; tusKd;pD;yGm;udkvdkvm;aom _Adwdo#t&m&Sdi,frsm;onf OD;apmudk axmufcH-u_yD; &efukefukefonftodkif;t0kdif;tcsKdŒae&mrsm;wGif OD;atmifqef;. vuf0J,drf;aom tawG;tac:rsm;a-umihf pdwfuoduatmufjzpfvsuf&Sd-u&m OD;atmifqef;tm; qef‹usifðyvkyf&ef OD;apmudk aoG;xdk;ay;cJhyHk&onf[laom t,ltqtm; Ttcsuftvufrsm;u twnfðyay;ovdk jzpfaeavonf?

OD;atmifqef;tm; qef‹usifaom r[mrdwftpdwftydkif;w&yftjzpf zGJŒpnf;xm;aom tjcm; vusfmEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf? jrefrmjynfudk *syefodrf;,lxm;pOfu *syef±kyfao;tpdk;&. EdkifiHt"dywdjzpfcJhol a'gufwmbarmfrSmvnf; xdkolrsm;xJwGif wa,muftygt0ifjzpfonf? vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ jzpfyGm;_yD;v#if_yD;csif; OD;xGef;vSatmif vkdufvHzrf;qD;xm;aom oHo,t&SdcH&ol vl (800)xJwGif olvnf; ygavonf? xdk‹twl tjcm;EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;wOD;rSm ocifApdefjzpf_yD; olonf ocifxGef;tkyfESihftwl &JabmfoHk;usdyf. e,fcsJŒt*Fvdyftm; qef‹usifaom (*smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syef) 0if±kd;wef; vdkvm;ol (pro-Axis faction) udkacgif;aqmifr+ay;cJhonf? ‚if;wdk‹tkyfpkonf OD;atmifqef;ESihf Akdvfvusfmwdk‹ acgif;aqmifaom ‘ocifudk,fawmfr+dif;tkyfpk’ ESihf qef‹usifbufjzpfonf? ocifxGef;tkyfonf olESihftwlvkdufygrnfh ol‹ -oZmcH jrefrmrsKd;cspfvli,f (11) a,mufudkOD;aqmifI aemufqHk;tokwftjzpf *syefodk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf? ,if;tokwfwGifocif±+armifac: Adkvfae0if;onfvnf; ygvmcJhonf?

txufyg vusfmEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf twlwuGpkaygif;um vusfmtpGef;a&muftkyfpktjzpf zGJŒpnf;vdkuf_yD; ,if;tkyfpkonf OD;apmESihfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHjcm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESihfvnf;aumif; eD;uyfpGm qufoG,fr+&SdcJhonf? xkd‹a-umifh olwdk‹onf OD;atmifqef;. òydifbufrsm;jzpfonfrSm oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkay?,if;EkdifiHa&;orm;wOD;pDonf EkdifiHjcm;pdk;rdk;r+rS vGwfajrmufa&;&&Sd&efESifh _Adwdo#tkyfpdk;r+ae&mY olwdk‹udk,fwdkif tpm;xkd;0ifa&muf&ef wdkif;jynfudk acgif;aqmifvdk-uolrsm;jzpf-uonf? odk‹&mwGif olwdk‹udk ppfaq;ar;jref;&mYvnf; OD;atmifqef;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+wGif olwdk‹ tquftpyf&Sdaeonfh oufaocH tckdiftrmrxGufay:cJhacs? odk‹ jzpfI olwdk‹udk jyefv$wfay;cJh&onf?

OD;xGef;vSatmifu apv$wfxm;aom Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹u vlowform;rsm;. um;ESihf um;wkdufr+jzpfvkeD;yg;jzpfcJhaom OD;apm. tdrfeD;csif; uy`wdefcef; }uD;-uyfonfh t&yf0wf&JaxmufvSrf;a&;orm;rsm;u oHo,&Sdaom _Adwdo#

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t&m&Sdrsm;. v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk tcsdeftwef-um teD;uyfapmihf-uyf-unfh±+aecJhonf? OD;apmaetdrf. tjcm;wbufESihf tif;vsm;uef. u|ef;qG,furf;pyfrsm;ay:wGif ig;r#m;orm;toGif yHkzsufxm;-uaom uywdefcef;. vlrsm;onf vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+rjzpfyGm;rDu OD;apm_cHtwGif; vlt0iftxGuf v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk teD;uyfapmihf-uyf-unfh±+aecJh-uonf? olwdk‹onf x&yfum;rsm; t0iftxGufESihf av;vHaom ypPnf;rsm; _cHtwGif; cscJhonfrsm;udk owdxm;rdcJh-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf;xdktcsdefu rnfuJhodk‹aom ypPnf;rsm; o,fydk;aeonfudk rnfolr# twdtusrod&SdcJh-uacs?

u|efawmf. a,muQrjzpfol w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdefu aemufydkif;wGifu|efawmhfudk Todk‹ jyefajymjycJhonf? “jrefrmpum;rSm pdefudk pdefuyJ jzwfEkdifw,fvdk‹ qdkxm;w,f? OD;xGef;vSatmif[m wcsdefu *VKefwyf&JŒ wyfrª;}uD;wOD;jzpfcJhwJhOD;apmtwGufawmh w&m;Oya'udk qef‹usif_yD; oloGm;r,fhvrf;rSm tkwfwHwkdif;}uD;wckygyJ” [kyifjzpfonf?

OD;apmESifh ol‹aemufvdkufrsm; rnfr#^m%frsm;I rnfuJhodk‹ pDpOfonfjzpfap æolwdk‹aoaocsmcsmrodonfrSm olwdk‹twGuf qef‹usifbuf (w&m;Oya' bufawmfom;) &efol}uD;wa,muf &Sdaeonfhtcsufyifjzpfavonf?

bk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&ef‹pf (Sir Hubert Rance) onf vef'efodk‹ a-u;eef;±kdufvdkufonf? “tcsKdŒaom twdkuftcH EkdifiHa&;orm;awGu vufeufrsm;udk cdk;,lpkaqmif;_yD;/ wpwp vufeufudkifxºuGr+vrf;a-umif;twGuf jyifqifoGm;_yD;/tm%mudk wdkufcdkuf&,loGm;vdrfhr,fvdk‹ u|efawmfjrifrdygw,f” [k jzpf.?

OD;apmtaejzifh uy`wdefADAD,ef;/ ar*sm,ef;/ ar*sm'def;ESihf tjcm;pdwfwloabmwl _Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm;. tultnDrsm;udk &,lEdkifajcvnf;&Sdaeav_yD? jynfwGif;ppfudk zefwD;Edkifonfh vufeuftvHktavmufvnf; OD;apmESihf ol‹*dk%f;wGif&Sdaeav_yD? OD;apm_cH0if;twGif; tcsdefESihftr# ðyvkyfaeaom wdwfwqdwfv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udkvnf; aoewform; ciffarmif&ifu w&m;±Hk;awmfwGif Zmwfa-umif;jyefjycJhonf? ar*sm,ef;.tdrfrSm ajrjyifvrf;rS oGm;v#if (4) rdkifr#a0;aomfvnf;avSjzifh avSmfoGm;v#if em&D0ufc&D;omjzpfonf? olESihf ol‹&Jabmfrsm;onf avSjzifh(7) acguf/ (8) acgufcef‹oGm;cJh_yD; uefudkjzwfI vufeufrsm; o,fydk‹cJha-umif; cifarmif&ifu xGufqdkcJhonf? uef.w0ufcef‹avmufwGif &Sdaom uAifu|ef; (Cabin

Island) rSmvnf; urf;ESifha0;I olwdk‹ aoewfypfavhusihf&m pcef;wckjzpfcJhonf?pdwful;,Ofvsuf rnfonfhtpDtpOfudk olwdk‹ óudwifa&;qGJcJhonfjzpfap/

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OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&_yD; aemufqufwGJ tusKd;quftjzpf ,if;tpDtpOfrsm; ysufokOf;cJh&avawmhonf? OD;apmonfvnf; EkdifiHhacgif;aqmifjzpfrvm?olonf w&m;±Hk;p&dwfrsm;ay;&efESihf tu,fI ar#mfvifhcsuf&SdcJhv#if olvGwfajrmufa&;udk aiGjzifh0,f,l&ef csufcsif;vufiif; aiGvdktyfaeaom pdwfysufzG,f tusOf;om;wOD;omjzpfvmcJhonf? odk‹ jzpfonfhtavsmuf rEœav;&Sd csrf;omºuG,f0aomrdwfaqGwOD;xH pmwapmifa&;om;cJhonf? OD;xGef;vSatmifonf xkdoludk csufcsif;zrf;qD;xm;vdkufonf? OD;apmonf tvm;wlarwWm&yfcHr+rsm;udk wjynfvHk;&Sdol‹aemufvdkufrsm;xH ay;ydk‹cJhonf? xdkolrsm;udkvnf; tvm;wl xdef;odrf;xm;vkdufonf?

rwwfomonfhtqHk; OD;apmonf owdxm;a&Smif-uOf&rnfrsm;udkyif *±krpdkufEdkifawmhbJ ‘bif*av’ xHodk‹ ajymifajymifwif;wif;yif pma&;vkdufawmhonf?xkdpmY olwdk‹. tcsdef;tcsufae&mrsm;ESihf em;vnfxm;r+rsm;udk tusOf;csKH;azmfjyxm;_yD; olonf aiGa&;a-u;a&;tusyftwnf; jzpfaea-umif;ESihf aiGtjrefvdka-umif; a&;om;xm;onf? jrefrmhxHk;pHtwkdif;yif wbufom;udk pdwftaESmihft,Sufray;vdka-umif;vnf; jznfhpGufa&;om;xm;onf? odk‹&mwGif tjrefta-umif;jyef&efum; olu awmif;qdkxm;avonf?

axmifrS vGwfvmcgp axmifxGufwOD;yHkpH yHkzsufxm;aom ykvdyfwOD;udk&efukef&Sd ‘bif*av’ aexdkif&m tdrfodk‹ udk,fwdkifudk,fus ,if;pmukd oGm;ay;cdkif;vdkufonf? ‘bif*av’ u pmtdwfudk ,lvdkuf_yD; zGihfazmufvdkufum pmo,faqmifvmoltm; ,Hk-unfr+tjynfh xm;&SdonfhyHkpHrsKd;jzifh bif*avonf ol‹a&SŒwGifyif pmudk us,fus,favmifavmif toHxGufzwfvdkufonf? bif*avhrsufESmrSm pmudkzwf&if; toHwdk;oGm;vsuf aoG;rsm; csufcsif;qkwf,kwfoGm;onf? olonf pmudktydkif;ydkif; tppjzpfatmif csufcsif;qkwf_zJvdkuf_yD; xdkpm&Guftptersm;udk vufxJudkifxm;&if; twGif;cef;odk‹ tjref0ifoGm;onf? xdktcdkuf axmifxGuf[efaqmifxm;ol &Jom;onf tdrfom a&qGJcsvdkufoH-um;vdkuf&onf? bif*avonf wHcg;rS jyefxGufvm_yD;æ “rif;'Dae&mu xGufoGm;/ csufcsif;xGufoGm;” [k ol‹udk atmf[pf&if; armif;xkwfvdkufonf?

ueOD;od&Sd&aom taxmuftxm;rsm;u bif*avESihf OD;apmonf qufqHa&; tvGefaumif;cJha-umif; jyqdkaeonf? OD;apmonf -o*kwfv (22) ESihf (23)&ufae‹txd ae‹pGJrsm; wyfxm;aom pmESpfapmif bif*avxH a&;cJhonf? olonfaiGxyfrHawmif;qdkvdkuf_yD; uy`wdefADAD,ef;[k ,lqolwOD;udkvnf; ‘VV’ [k pm

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xJwGif &nf!¸ef;azmfjycJhonf? xdkpmrsm;u ol‹vGwfajrmufa&;ar#mfvifhcsufudkajymqdkcJh±Hkomru jynfwGif;ESifhjynfy EdkifiHwum&Sd ±kdufcwfr+rsm;jzpfoGm;apEkdifaom xkwfazmfr+rsm; ðyvkyfrnfh _cdrf;ajcmufr+rsm;yifv#if yg&SdvmcJhonf? OD;apmupmo,faqmifvmoludk ,Hk-unfpdwfcs&a-umif;vnf; bif*avudk tmrcHcsufay;xm;onf?

xkd‹aemufydkif; bif*avonf pmrsm;udk rnfonfhtcgr# &&Sdjcif;r&Sdawmhacs?ykvdyfwyfzGJŒu aemufxyfpmwapmifudk bif*avxHoGm;ay;zdk‹&ef pmo,faqmifoltm; trdef‹ay;cJhpOfu xdkolonf bif*avtdrfodk‹ta&mufwGif ol‹udk pdwfwdk[efwlaeaom t*FvdyfvlrsKd;wOD;u ab;odk‹wGef;xkwfypfcJhonf? bif*avonf ol‹ypPnf;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;_yD; ol‹aetdrfrS urf;em;vrf;[dkw,fodk‹ csufcsif;ajymif;a&$ŒoGm;um urf;em;[kdw,fwGif wnwmae_yD;aemuf tapmqHk;&Edkifrnfh (bDtdkatpD) a&jyifqif;av,mOfysH (Flying Boat) jzihf jrefrmjynfrS xGufcGmrnfjzpfonf?xdkav,mOfysHonf aemufae‹eHeufwGif xGufcGmayawmhrnf? OD;xGef;vSatmifonfjynfxJa&;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf_idrf;tm; ,if;udpPtm; tvsiftjref tpD&ifcHvkdufonf?OD;ausmf_idrf;u csufcsif;yif bk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&ef‹pfESihf oGm;a&mufawGŒqHkonf?OD;ausmf_idrf;u ‘bif*av’ udk ykvdyfrsm;u pHkprf;ppfaq;Ekdifa&;twGuf csufcsif;zrf;qD;&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf? odk‹aomfvnf; bk&ifcHu oabmrwlacs? jrefrmEdkifiH. tvGefcspfjrwfEdk;jcif;cH&aom acgif;aqmifrsm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+wGif _Adwdo#wdk‹ yg0ifaeonf[laom jzpfEkdifajc&Sdonfh owif;tpte xGufay:oGm;ygujrefrmEdkifiHwGif&Sdaeaom Oa&myvlrsKd;pkrsm;tay: t-urf;zuf pD;eif;wdkufcdkufr+rsm;/vufpm;acsr+rsm; jzpfay:vmEdkifonfhta&;udk bk&ifcHu awG;awmpdk;&drfaeyHk&onf?olu OD;ausmf_idrf;udk oHo,&Sdaeaom xkdt&m&Sd}uD;tm; tenf;qHk; avmavmq,ftm;jzifh ta&;r,l&ef ajymqdkcJhonf?

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ol‹tusôtdwfxJwGif OD;apmu bif*avxH aemufqHk;a&;om;xm;_yD; ray;&ao;onfh pmrdwWLwapmifygvmcJhonf? OD;xGef;vSatmifudk rar#mfvifhbJ awGŒvkduf&pOfuyif wkefv+yfacsmufcsm;aeaom bif*avonf &Jt&m&Sd}uD;u “cifAsm;æ'Dvufa&;udk rSwfrdygovm;cifAsm” [lI ar;_yD; pmudkjyvkdufaomtcg rsufESmwGifaoG;r&SdawmhbJ jzLqGwfoGm;avonf?

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Todk‹ ‘bif*av’ udk xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifawGŒonfh OD;xGef;vSatmif. &nf&G,fcsufrSm &efukef&Sd _Adwdo#aumifpD. t}uD;tuJESihf (OD;atmifqef;ESihf trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm;) vufawGŒtaumiftxnfazmf vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJholrsm;t-um;&Sdaeaom uGif;qufudk oHo,uif;pGm qufpyfjy&ef óud;pm;jcif;omjzpfavonf? aemufqHk;Y OD;xGef;vSatmifu bif*avudk jrefrmEkdifiHajray:odk‹ rnfonfhtcgr# ajcrcsawmh&ef &nfrGef±kd;om;pGm owday;vdkufonf? bif*avonfbDtdkatpD a&jyifqif;av,mOfysHay:odk‹ tvsiftjrefwufoGm;_yD;aemuf ,ae‹txd rnfonfhtcgr# ol‹ta-umif;r-um;&awmhacs? bif*av jrefrmjynfrS xGufcGmoGm;cJhonfh &ufrSm 1947 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (4) &ufae‹ jzpfonf? xdk‹aemufydkif;ol‹uH-urRmESihfol rnfonfht&yfa'oodk‹ a&mufoGm;_yD; rnfodk‹rnfyHk jzpfysufcJhonfrsm;rSmrl rnfolr#rodEdkifawmhaom v#KdŒ0Sufqef;-u,fr+yifjzpfaeayawmhonf? 88888

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153

tcef; (5)

tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGef;rsm;

OD;apmESihf ol‹aemufvdkufrsm;. ±Hk;awmfY w&m;qdkif&r+onf bufaygif;pHku-unfhv#if w&m;r#wr+&Sdonf[k qdk&aomfjim;vnf; orm"dw&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdefonfyifv#if tcsKdŒae&mrsm;wGif oHo,0ifrdcJhygonf? Oyrmjy&ygv#ifxHk;wrf;tpOftvmt& pD&ifcsufudk cHk±Hk;obmywduom a&;om;_yD; zwfjy&_rJ"rRwm&SdcJhonf? 'DZifbmv (30) &ufae‹u w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;ausmfjrihfonf cHk±Hk;.pD&ifcsufudk trSefwu,fzwfjycJhaomfvnf; ,ckOD;apmudk ppfaq;onfhtr+wGifrl txl;cHk±Hk;. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;r#omjzpfonfh OD;atmifomausmfu xkdpD&ifcsuftm;a&;om;wifjycJhonfudk olowdxm;rdcJhonf? TpD&ifcsufcsr+onf jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&&Sd&ef (5) &uftvdkwGif jzpfcJhonfhtwGuf vef'ef&Sd y&DADaumifpD (Privy

Council) ac: w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfodk‹ toem;cHpmwif&ef rjzpfEkdifawmhay? xdk‹jyif Ttr+ESihf ywfoufI txl;cHk±Hk;tzGJŒ0ifrsm; cef‹tyf&mwGifyif ueOD;tcuftcJrsm; &SdcJhonf? vmrnfh q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHudk ajcmufvSef‹aernfh tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m jy\emrSm TcHk±Hk;jzpfvmEkdifonfudk vltrsm;tjym;u em;vnfoabmaygufxm;-uonf? tcsKdŒrSm vHk;0O\Hk a-umufvef‹ae-uonf?tu,fI OD;apmwa,mufwnf;omr[kwfbJ usef&Sdaom tjcm;}uH&mygrsm;u,cktcsdefxd vGwfajrmufaecJhaomf xkdolrsm;u ,cktr+udpPwckvHk;udk rnfuJhodk‹wkH‹ jyefrnfqdkonfrSm rodEdkifacs?

±kH;awmf. aemufqHk;pD&ifcsufxufausmfvGef_yD; óud;yrf;rdoltcsKdŒrSm oufqdk;r&Snf-uay? &efukefteD;&Sd [Hom0wDrS c±dkif&J0efaxmufa[mif;wOD;jzpfol

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aumvif;wk (cf) (Colin Tooke) onf TcHk±Hk;. ppfaq;r+_yD;onfhaemuf OD;apm.tr+udk v#KdŒ0SufpGm pwifpHkprf;axmufvSrf;cJhonf? wpHkwck rSm;,Gif;ae_yD[k olxifcJhonf? wae‹ oltdrfjyefa&mufaomtcg ol‹Armtdrfazmfu ol‹t,fvfaZ;&Sif; acG;}uD;rSm acG;±l;jyefae_yD[k ajymcJhonf? odk‹ jzifh ol‹acG;udkol aoewfjzihf ypfowfvdkuf&_yD;/ ol‹acG;rSm teD;&Sd jrpfurf;ab;wGif vJaoaeav_yD? wk (cf) rSm ,Hk-unfI r&Edkifatmif jzpfaeonf? xHk;pHtm;jzifh acG;±l;jyefa&m*grSm tcsdeftwef-um pwifjzpfyGm;&_rJjzpf_yD; xdkae‹eHeufuyif ol‹acG;rSm taumif;yuwd jzpfaeonfr[kwfygvm;? odk‹ jzpfI wk (cf) onf ol‹acG;. acgif;udk jzwfum &efukefòrd›&Sd wd&p>mefukq&m0efxH ,loGm;_yD; ppfaq;-unhf&m wd&p>mefukq&m0efu ol‹acG;wGif acG;±l;jyefa&m*gr&Sda-umif; twnfðycJhonf? xdk‹aemuf ol‹tdrfudk azmufxGif;cHcJh&_yD;AdkvfcsKyf}uD; atmifqef; vkyf}uHcH&r+ESihf ywfoufaom ol. pm&Gufpmwrf; zdkifwGJrsm; aysmufqHk;oGm;cJh&jyefonf? &ufowWywftenf;i,f-um_yD;aemuf tpmtqdyfoihf_yD; wk (cf) onf aq;±HkwGif aoqHk;oGm;cJhavawmhonf?

OD;apmtr+ESifh qufEG,fvsuf tqef;w-u,faoqHk;cJh&ol aemufwOD;rSmOD;wifxGÉfjzpfonf? olonf OD;atmifqef;. vHk;0,Hk-unfr+udk cH&aom wOD;wnf;aom AsL±kdu&uft&m&Sdjzpfonf? tdENd, yËdnmOfcH 0efxrf;t&m&Sd}uD;wOD;jzpfcJh_yD;/1940 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuUodkvf. 'k=t"dywdtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhzl;onf? 1941ckESpfwGif OD;apmESifhtwl _AdwdefESifh tar&duefEkdifiHwkd‹okd‹ vkdufygoGm;cJh_yD; vpfbGefESifh[kdifzm-rd›rsm;ukdjzwfI ava-umif;c&D;jzifh jyefvm&mwGif 1942 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif[kdifzmavqdyfY ESpfOD;vkH; tzrf;cH&onf? xkd‹aemuf rsm;r-umrD OD;wifxGÉfrSmjyefvnfv$wfay;jcif;cH&_yD; tdENd,EkdifiHokd‹ apv$wfum jrefrmppfajy;tpkd;&tzGJŒ.jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;qkdif&m t}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&onf? 1942ckESpfrS 1945 ckESpftxd tdENd,EdkifiH/ qif;rvm;òrd›wGif aexdkifvsuf jynfya&mufaecJhonf? ppf_yD;aemuf bk&ifcH.aumifpDwGif b¾ma&;ESihf taumufcGefqdkif&maumifpDtzGJŒ0ifjzpfvmcJhonf? 1947 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;twGuf !SdE+dif;aqG;aEG;&ef OD;atmifqef;ESihftwl vef'efòrd›odk‹ vdkufygoGm;cJhonf?xdkc&D;pOfwGif _Adwdo#tpdk;&ESihf oabmwlpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xkd;&ef jiif;qefjcif;jzihf OD;apmonf OD;atmifqef;udk twdtvif; qef‹usifvmcJhonf?

jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&&Sd_yD; yxrqHk; tpdk;&tzGJŒwGif OD;wifxGÉfonf EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;tjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cHcJh&onf? odk‹aomf 1948 ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGifEkwfxGufcJh_yD; Adkvfrª;csKyf&mxl; 11111 jzihf t&efvufeufudkifwyfrsm;. ppfOD;pD;csKyfjzpf

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tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGef;rsm;

vmcJhonf?EkdifiHhxdyfwef;t}uD;wef;0efxrf;wOD;ESifh tpkd;&tzGJŒ0if 0ef}uD;wOD;tm;ppfwyfrS jrifhrm;vSaom &mxl;wckokd‹ ay;tyfcH&jcif;rSm xl;qef;aumif;xl;qef;aeayvdrfhrnf? okd‹aomfvnf; ol. toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r+b0onf ppfr+xrf;b0rS pwifcJhjcif;jzpfonfukd awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rod-uacs? olonf tdENd,&Sd tif'kdppfwuUokdvfrSbGJŒ&cJh_yD; tdENd,yËdnmOfcH 0efxrf;b0okd‹ 0ifa&muf&eftwGuf ppfwyft&m&Sd&mxl;ukd pGef‹v$wfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? orRwEkdifiHawmfopftaejzifh jynfwGif;ppfrD;awmufavmif_yD; ysufpD;vkeD;yg;tajctaeokd‹ qkdufa&mufaecsdefwGif ppfr+xrf;a[mif;rsm;ukd &Ekdifoavmuf jyefvnfpkpnf;I ckdifrmonfh t&HwyfrawmfzGJŒpnf;a&;av;vHvSonfhwm0ef}uD;ukd ol‹zmomurf;vSrf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? The New Times

of Burma owif;pmudk pwifxlaxmifolESihf ,if;. t,f'DwmjzpfvmcJhonf?olonf w&m;ol}uD;OD;ausmfjrihf.tudkvnf; wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkifjzpfaecJhonf?xdk‹tjyif ol‹owif;pmwGif toHk;ðy&eftwGuf OD;apm.tr+udk xdktcsdefu OD;wifxGÉfonf pl;prf;avhvmaecJhonf[k trsm;u ,Hk-unfcJh-uonf?

1948 ckESpf pufwifbmvtwGif; wnY OD;wifxGÉfonf pywfvrf;&Sdol‹owif;pmwkduf±kH;cef;rS um;jzifh xGufcGm&m aygufuGJapEkdifaom ud&d,mwckuol‹um;twGif; aygufuGJoGm;onf? qD'ifum;twGif;&Sd um;armif;olESifh tapmifha*:&cg;ESpfOD; (wOD;rSm ol‹ab;wGif xkdifaeonf) rSm csufcsif;yif aoqkH;oGm;cJhonf?Adkvfrª;csKyftaejzifh aoavmufatmif '%f&m&oGm;onf? obm0w&m;u jyuf&,f«youJhokd‹yif vGefcJhaom wESpfcGJcef‹u OD;atmifqef; vkyf}uHcHcJh&aom twGif;0ef±kH;ukd vSrf;jrifEkdifonfhae&mY T&mZ0wfr+jzpfyGm;jcif;jzpfonf? xkdtcif;jzpfyGm;onfhae&mESifh "m;vG,fckwf vrf;wzufwGif&Sdaom pdef‹aygvfausmif;twGif;wGif a&wyfpcef; ,lbDtufpf ‘&wemykH’ (U.B.S. “Ratanabon) wnf&Sdonf? xkdnu u|efawmfu wm0efust&m&SdwOD;jzpf_yD; xkdaygufuGJr+toHrsm; -um;&jcif;ukd rSwfrdaeonf? t}uD;tuJ y=t&mcHAdkvfjzpfol au/ 'D=*0kduf(pf) (K.De-Goise) vufatmuf&Sd a&wyfOD;aqmifv+yf&Sm;wyfzGJŒu xkdae&mokd‹ tajy;tv$m;a&muf&SdoGm;_yD; a*:&cg; (2) OD; vJaoae_yD; Adkvfrª;csKyfrSm touf&Sif±kHom&Sdonfh owfjzwfr+jrifuGif;ukd awGŒ -u&onf? a&wyfom;rsm;u ol‹ukd *spfum;ay:wif_yD; odyfra0;vSaom &efukefaq;±kH}uD;okd‹ wufokwf±kdufykd‹-uaomfvnf; aq;±kH}uD;a&muf_yD;odyfr-umrDrSmyif OD;wifxGÉf aoqkH;oGm;avonf? [l;wifum (Hugh Tinker) uol. *E<0ifajrmufavhvmr+jzpfonfh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf (The Union of

Burma) wGif ‘jynfaxmifpk. r¾dKif}uD;wckudk aorif;u 'kwd,t}udrf z,f&Sm;

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ypfcJhjyef_yD[lIvnf;aumif;/ OD;wifxGÉfudk EkdifiHa&; òydifbufwOD;. tiSm;a-u;pm;orm;rsm;u vkyf}uHcJhjcif;jzpfonf[lIvnf;aumif;’ a&;om;cJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xkd EdkifiHa&;òydifbuf rnfolrnf0gjzpfonfudkrl rnfolur# azmfxkwfEkdifjcif;r&SdcJhacs?

OD;wifxGÉftowfcH&r+onf OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHcH&r+}uD;tm; olu okawoeðyvkyfaejcif;ESihf qufEG,fywfoufaeoavm/ odk‹r[kwf vufeufudkifwyfrsm;twGif; tm;òydifaejcif;ESihf oufqdkifygoavm? 1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;_yD;csif;yif uGefjrLepfrsm;onf tpdk;&udk vufeufudkif qef‹usifcJh-uonf? u&ifwdkif;&if;om; olykefrsm;vnf; vufeufudkifxºuGcJh-uonf?xdk‹tjyif tiftm;toifhtwifhom&Sd_yD; ao;i,fvSao;aom Armhwyfrawmf wyf&if; trsm;tjym;vnf; ykefuefcJh-uonf? xkdtcgu tpdk;&udk qufvufopPmapmihfodaom wyf&if;rsm;teuf t"dutusqHk;rSm Adkvfrª;csKyfae0if; OD;pD;uGyfuJaomtrSwf (4) Armhvufeufukdifwyf&if;jzpfonf? Tykefuefr+rsm;a-umifh 1948 ckESpftukefydkif;wGif ydkrdkpnf;pepfusaom wyfrsm;udk wdk;csJŒzGJŒpnf;cJh&onf? Oyrmtm;jzifhOD;wifxGÉf uGyfuJaom jynfaxmifpkt&efwyfzGJŒ (Union Auxiliary Forces) ESihfxdk‹aemuf ‘ppf0efxrf;’ [k ac:aom e,fjcm;a'owyfzGJŒ (The Territorial Forces,

sitwundan) wdk‹ jzpf-uonf? xdkwyfzGJŒrsm;onf c±kdife,frsm;wGif a'oqdkif&m wm0efrsm; ,lxm;-u&onf? ppfa&;wGifomru EkdifiHa&;wGifyg -oZmwduUr}uD;rm;r+a-umihf OD;wifxGÉftaejzihf ppfa&;&nfrSef;csufwGifom &yfwef‹raebJ EkdifiHa&;wGifyg tjrihfqHk; tm%m&,lvdkcsif-uaom ArmhwyfrawmftwGif;&Sd t&m&Sdrsm;twGuftiftm;aumif;aom òydifbufwOD;jzpfaecJhavonf?

1947 ckESpftwGif;u armfvòrdifY jynfaxmifpkppf&JwyfzGJŒ (Union Military

Police) wGif 'k=Adkvftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom wkdif;&if;om;u&ifeDvlrsKd;(u,m;) jzpfonfh apm,dk;±ª; (Saw Yoo Shoo) onf ol. _Adwdo#t&m&SdjzpfolAkdvf}uD; rdkufu,fvDav; (Captain Michael Lilley) Zlvdkifv (18) &ufae‹wGif ol‹xHodk‹ a&mufvm_yD; “atmifqef; r-umrD vkyf}uHcH&vdrfhr,f? r_idrfroufjzpfvmcJh&if armfvòrdifòrd›udk xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifzdk‹ toifhjyifxm;yg” [k ajymcJhonfudk ,ae‹xufwkdif rSwfrdaeao;onf? Adkvf}uD;vDav; rnfr#avmuf ydkrdkodxm;onf qdkonfudk rnfolr# rodEkdifawmhacs? tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf olonf rsm;r-umrD tcsdeftwGif; armfvòrdifòrd›wGif ±kwfw&ufaoqHk;oGm;cJhaoma-umihfjzpfonf?

rSefuefr+&Sdonfjzpfap=r&Sdonfjzpfap/ TZmwfvrf;tm;vHk;ESihf tjcm; tvm;

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tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGef;rsm;

wl '¾m&DqefqefZmwfvrf;rsm;onf OD;atmifqef;ESihf ol‹vkyfazmfudkifbuft&if;tcsmrsm;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfonfh yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+}uD;wGif OD;apmtjyiftjcm;olrsm; ydkrdkyg0ifywfoufaea-umif; vltrsm;tjym;tm; ,Hk-unfr+ jzpfapayawmhonf? jyif;jyaom remvdk0efwdkr+a-umihfjzpfap/ tm%m&ruf irf;irf;wufaoma-umihfjzpfap/ odk‹r[kwf tcsKdŒae&mXmersm;rS yk*~dKvfrsm;u u|Efkyfwdk‹.i,f&G,fvSaom trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;udk vGefrif;pGm r,Hk-unfonfhtwGufa-umihfjzpfap/ rnfodk‹yifjzpfap/ tppftrSefwu,f&Sdaom odk‹r[kwf awG;xifrSef;qr+r#omjzpfaom xkdæxdkæxdkæxdkæ yk*~dKvfrsm;u OD;atmifqef;udk z,f&Sm;ypfcsifcJh-uayvdrfhrnf? OD;atmifqef;onf avmh'farmifhbufwef. ta&;ay;jcif;udkcHcJh&oljzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ti,fwef; _Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm;taejzifh ppfyGJtwGif;OD;atmifqef;u *syefESihf yl;aygif;cJhonfudk rarhEkdif-uacs? ArmhwyfrawmftwGif;&Sd a&S;±kd;tpOftvm t&if;&SiftawG;tac:orm;rsm; (conservative elements)

ESihf tvGrf;oifhaom &efukef&Sd EkdifiHjcm;om; t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&; tkyfpkrsm;twGufum; OD;atmifqef;. vuf0J,drf;aom EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:rsm;onf pdwfysufp&mjzpfaeayawmhonf? Ttcsufudk Adkvf}uD;ADAD,ef;/ Adkvfrª;,ef;ESihf 'def;wdk‹.yg0ifywfoufaer+rsm;u &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; azmf!ef;jyovsuf&Sdayonf?

rnfodk‹qdkap/ jrefrmh&JwyfzGJŒ. &mZ0wfr+cif; ppfaq;a&;Xme (Criminal In-

vestigation Department) taejzihf OD;apmuvGJI rnfolwOD;wa,mufudkr# vufn‡dK;xdk; rpGyfpGJcJhacs? Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹u twGif;0ef±Hk;Y jzpfyGm;cJhaom vlowfr+}uD;wGif OD;apmtaejzifh &nf&G,fcsuf/ OD;wnfcsuf &Sd±Hkwifru óudwif}uHpnfIyd&daocsmaomtpDtpOfjzifh aemufuG,frS óud;udkif!¸ef-um;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? oludk,fwkdif um,uHajrmufaoewfcvkwfudk rqGJcJhonfhtwGuf ol‹tm; ‘vlowfr+’ jzifh pGJcsufrwifEdkifaomfvnf; ‘tm;ay;r+’ jzihfum; pGJcsufwifcJhayonf? xkdacwfu jrefrmbmomjzihf xkwfa0aom pme,fZif;ESihf pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;wGif xkdtjzpftysufESihf ywfoufI yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+ t&dyft¹rGufr#udkaomfvnf;aumif; w&m;±Hk;awmfY -um;emppfaq;r+rsm; ðyvkyf&mwGif Oya'ta-umif;t& c|wfacsmfwdrf;yg;r+rsm;tm; &nf!ef;Iaomfvnf;aumif; azmfjya&;om;cJhjcif;r&SdcJhacs?

1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf ‘EdkifiHawmf vkyf}uHr+}uD;’ ESpfywfvnfae‹wdkif;udk ‘tmZmenfae‹’ tjzpf trsKd;om;±Hk;ydwf&ufowfrSwfum ,ae‹wdkif ESpfpOfusif;yavh&Sdonf? xdkae‹wae‹vHk; usqHk;oGm;av_yD;aom acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm;vGrf;qGwfwo owd&vsuf jrefrmwrsKd;om;vHk;u *k%fðyr+ðy-uonf? tpdk;&o

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wif;pmrsm;uvnf; tmZmenf}uD;rsm;ESifhywfoufI t,f'Dwmhtmabmfrsm;wav;wpm; t_rJa&;om;avh&Sdonf? usqHk;av_yD;aom tmZmenf}uD;rsm;. pGef‹v$wfr+rsm;udk vuf&Sdtm%mydkifwdk‹. óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr+rsm;ESifh qufpyfazmf!ef;&ef óud;pm;-u&if; tmZmenf}uD;rsm;. txkywWdrsm;udkvnf; azmfjyavh&Sd-uonf?TtpOftvmtwdkif; 1992 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹xkwf ppftpdk;&ydkif ysif;&d_iD;aiGŒzG,faumif;vSonfh ‘vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOf’ owif;pmwGif ‘rsKd;cspfpdwfESihfEdkifiHcspfpdwf ðypkysKd;axmifa&;’ [k a&S;qefqefacgif;pOfjzihf csD;rGrf;cef; zGihfxm;onfh aqmif;yg;wapmifY ‘,ae‹tcsdeftcgwGif EkdifiHawmf_idrf0yfydjym;r+wnfaqmufa&;tzGJŒonf rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sifoefaeap&ef rsm;pGm vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdonf? EkdifiHa&;rsufESmpmESihf pD;yGm;a&;rsufESmpmwGifyg enf;rsKd;pHkjzihf EdkifiH.*k%foduQmESihf tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk zsufvdkzsufqD;ðyvkyfum taxGaxGrauseyfr+rsm;udk aygufzGm;aponfh trsKd;rsKd;aom tiftm;pkrsm;. &efvdkonfh vkyf&yfrsm;a-umihf ,ckuJhodk‹rsKd;cspfpdwfudk a&SŒwef;wifum xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jyefvnfazmfxkwfae&jcif;jzpfonf’[lI a&;om;xm;onf?

jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDta&;twGuf ay:aygufvmaom 1988 ckESpf/ vlxktHkºuGr+}uD;udk ESdrfeif;cJh&mwGif _idrf;csrf;pGm qENjyae-uaom vli,fvl&G,f axmifaygif;rsm;pGmudk ppfwyfu aoewfjzifh ypfcwfowfjzwfcJhr+tm; 1947 ckESpfu vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ESihf qufpyfvsuf tqdkygaqmif;yg;Yæ‘wkdif;jynfwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaomraumif;r+ ted@m±Hkrsm;rS u|Ekfyfwdk‹taejzifh oifcef;pmrsm; &&SdcJh_yD;jzpfonf? 1988ckESpf/ tzsufvkyf&yfrsm;rS awGŒóuHcHpm;cJh&aom rif;rJhp±kdufESifh ted@m±Hkrsm;udkoifcef;pmtjzpf u|Ekfyfwdk‹&,l_yD; TuJhodk‹ aemufwzef xyfrHrjzpfay:a&;twGufwm;qD;&vdrhfrnf” [k qufvufa&;om;xm;avonf?

tmZmenf}uD;rsm;tm; t_rJwap *k%fðyavh&Sdaomfvnf; vlowform;rsm;rSm rnfolrsm;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;udk rnfonfhtwGuf owfjzwfonfudkrl wvHk;wyg'r# azmfjy±dk;xHk;pHr&SdcJhacs? Oyrmtm;jzihf txufazmfjyyg vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOf owif;pmyg aqmif;yg;Yyifv#if vufonfw&m;cHrsm;udkom &nf!¸ef;_yD;tvGefa00g;vsuf qdkvkdcsuf t"dy`m,fESpfcGxGufaeom pum;vHk;rsm;jzihfæ

‘ (19) Zlvdkifonf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtzdk‹ tarSmifusaomae‹jzpfonf?tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf e,fcsJŒ0g'Drsm;u olwdk‹. a-u;pm;orm;rsm;udk cdkif;ap_yD;wdkufcdkufcJhI jzpfonf? aemufwESpft-umwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf vGwfvyfa&;udkw&m;0if&&SdcJhaomfjim;vnf; e,fcsJŒ0g'Drsm; rsKd;aphcscJhaom udk,fhvlrsKd;tcsif;csif;

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oabmxm;rnD!Gwfr+rsm;onf jy\emw&yftjzpf }uD;rm;pGm aygufzGm;vmcJh_yD;,ae‹wdkif &SifoefaeqJjzpfonf? t-urf;zufvufeufudkif a&mifpHkaomif;usef;olykefrsm; wwkdif;wjynfvHk; r+daygufouJhodk‹ aygufvmcJh_yD; 0g;tpnf;ajyouJhodk‹jzpfum ysufpD;qHk;±+H;r+rsm;udkom jzpfay:apcJhojzihf wyfrawmfu _idrf0yfydjym;atmifaqmif&GufcJh&jcif;jzpfonf ’ [k qdkxm;jyefonf?

wzef 1990 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvxkwf vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfowif;pmYvnf;vkyf}uHr+}uD;wGif _Adwdo#wdk‹ yg0ifywfoufaeyHkudk rD;armif;xkd;um a&;om;wifjyaom tcef;qufaqmif;yg;rsm; yg&Sdvmjyefonf? TonfrSm _Adwdo#wdk‹ESihf ywfoufI ¹cGif;csufxm;apmihfxdef;cJhaompnf;udk yxrqHk; pwifazmufzsufvkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf? xdktcsdefu e,l;a,muf&Sd urBmhukvor*~}uD;Y _Adwdo#tpdk;& udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u jrefrmEkdifiH. vl‹tcGihfta&;csKd;azmufr+rsm;udk wifjyaecdkufjzpfI_Adwdo#tpdk;&tm; oduQmusap&ef aqmif&Gufonfh óud;yrf;r+w&yfom jzpfayvdrfhrnf? odk‹aomfjim;vnf; xkdtcsdefu vDvfESifh ukr`%DrS rmvf[dkx&m (Malhotra of

Leele Co.) uJhodk‹aom xifxifay:ay:r[kwfonfh pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsKd;ESihf qufEG,fr+&Sdaom &efukefrS ADAD,ef;ESihf ti,fwef;t&m&SdtcsKdŒrSvGJI _Adwdo#tpdk;&.xdyfydkif;tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m tm%mydkifyk*~dKvfrsm;xJrS Ttr+ESihf ywfoufqufpyfaejcif;udkrl xkwfazmfEkdifjcif;r&Sdao;acs?

Tyk*~dKvfrsm; yg0ifywfoufaer+rSm trsm;todyifjzpfonf? Tt&m&Sd tcsKdŒESihf _Adwdo#pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;onf _Adwdo#aumifpDrS v#KdŒ0Sufqef;-u,fvSonfha*stufpf bif*av (J.S Bingley) uJhodk‹aom yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifhtwl yl;aygif;umOD;apmESihf ol. vusfm*dk%f;0ifEkdifiHa&;orm;tkyfpkudk wdwfwqdwfaxmufyHhcJhonf[lIom vufwGif;&Sd taxmuftxm;rsm;t& qGJ,loHk;oyfcJh&onf? xdkrSwyg;bk&ifcHudk,fwkdif vef'efodk‹ ta-umif;-um;onfh a-u;eef;pmxJY Tyl;aygif;}uHpnfr+}uD;wGif xdyfydkif; _Adwdo#t&m&Sd}uD;rsm; yg0ifywfoufaea-umif; azmfjyrxm;onfhtwGuf rdrdoabmt& pdwfvdkufrmefyg aqmif&Gufae-uaom &efukefòrd›&Sd _Adwdo#t&m&Sdi,frsm;xJrS tcsKdŒyg0ifa-umif; oufaojy±HkrSvGJI txufazmfjyyg aqmif;yg;taejzihf _Adwdo#tqihfjrifht&m&Sd}uD;rsm;udk pGyfpGJ&ef rwwfEkdifcJhacs?OD;atmifqef;ESifh ol‹vlrsm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&pOfu &efukef&Sd tpdk;&tdrfawmftwGif;Yomru t*Fvefjynf/ vef'efòrd›&Sd EdkifiHjcm;a&;±Hk; tqihfjrihf _Adwdo#tm%mydkifrsm;yg tjcm;olrsm;enf;wl ododomom xdwfvef‹wkefv+yfoGm;cJh-u&avonf?22222

OD;apmtaejzifh vef'efESihf tquftoG,f&Sda-umif; jyoEdkifaom wckwnf;

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aom taxmuftxm;rSm OD;apm.tr+udk ckcHumuG,f&eftwGuf &efyHkaiG pkaqmif;cJhaom OD;apm.tudkt&if; OD;armifarmif}uD;qkdoljzpfonf? OD;apmtaejzihft*Fvefjynf&Sd ‘y&DADaumifpD’ ac: ‘w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf’ odk‹ toem;cHpm wifydkifcGihf&&Sdoifha-umif; 3 3 3 3 3 urBmausmf pmapmif}uD;wckjzpfaom ‘wkdif;rf’ (The Times) .t,f'DwmxHodk‹ olu ay;pmrsm; a&;om;ay;ydk‹cJhonf? ‚if;tjyif tr+r_yD;qHk;rDyifjrefrmEdkifiH. zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:cJhonf? tu,fI xkdodk‹om rjzpfcJhv#if OD;apmonf ‚if;ydkifcGihfESihf tusLH;0ifr+ &Sdayvdrfhrnf?

odk‹aomfvnf; OD;atmifqef;udk &Sif;ypf&ef }uHpnfr+tm; vef'ef&Sd tcsKdŒaomtodkif;t0dkif;rsm;u axmufcHcJhjcif; &Sd=r&Sd[laomtcsufESihf ywfoufI _Adwdef&Sdyk*~dKvfwcsKdŒyif oHo,0ifcJh-uonf? OD;atmifqef;aov#if ol‹ae&mY OD;apmudk0ef}uD;csKyftopftjzpf jyefvnftpm;xdk;EkdifcJhaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHudk _Adwdo#wdk‹vufckyfxJwGifyif qufvufxdef;xm;Ekdifayrnf?

vkyf}uHr+}uD; jzpfyGm;_yD; (2) &uft-um 1947 ck/ Zlvdkifv (21) &ufae‹wGif_Adwdo#atmufv$wfawmfY avbmtrwf wGrf'&Dbwf (cf) (Tom Driberg) u‘OD;atmifqef;ESifh ol‹vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm;udk av;pm;&aumif;rSef;odaom v$wfawmf. Tbufjcrf;&Sd trwfrif;rsm;taejzifh trSefwu,f eufeufeJeJ 0rf;enf;a-uuGJr+udk azmfjyvdkufygonf? ‘opPmazmuf taumuf}uH&ef v+H‹aqmftm;ay;vlrdkufarG;-uvsuf ,cktcg oufawmihfoufom jzpfae-uukefaom uGefqmaA;wpf vl}uD;vlaumif;rsm;xuf &efukefY &uf&ufpufpufðycJh-uaom vlrormrsm;taejzihf Tvkyf}uHr+}uD;. udk,fusihfydkif;qkdif&m tjypf&Sdr+rSm enf;yg;vdrfhrnfr[kwfa-umif; u|Ekfyf pGyfpGJajym-um;vdkufygonf’ 44444 [k wifjyajymqkdvdkuf&m '&Dbwf (cf) udk ol‹twkduftcHtcsKdŒu avSmifajymifatmf[pfcJh-uonf? avbmtpdk;&ESihf uGefqmaA;wpftwdkuftcHwdk‹ yl;wGJvsuf v+dufv+dufvSJvSJ 0rf;enf;a-umif;xkwfazmfajym-um;cJh-u_yD; T&mZ0wfjypfr+}uD;wGif ygwDESpfbufvHk;rS tvdkwltvdkyg vdkufavsmnDaxGr+ r&SdcJha-umif; jiif;y,fcJh-uonf?

1990 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv (17) &ufrS (22) &uftwGif; vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfowif;pmwGif ydkrdkI ±+yfaxG;_yD; ykp>mqefaom aqmif;yg;rsm; tcef;qufyg&SdvmcJhonf? Edk0ifbmv (13) &ufae‹wGif rdwˆDvmcsnfr#ifpuf±HkY ajym-um;aomAdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD; apmarmif. rdef‹cGef;udk txl;tqef;ðyI udk;um;xm;onf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tcef;u¾udk uyfajr‡miftoHk;csI vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r+wGifOD;ae0if;. tcef;u¾udk yHk}uD;csJŒ&ef &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;&nf&G,fxm;onf? &efukef

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&Sd udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;u vef'efodk‹ ay;ydk‹aom tcsKdŒa-u;eef;pmta[mif;rsm;wGifyg&Sdonfh OD;ae0if;tm; tom;ay;azmfjyxm;csufrsm;udk owif;pmrsm;wGif jyefvnfazmfjycJh-uonf?

‘umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; ae&mtwGuf vSaz (Adkvfvusfm) ESifh ae0if;t-um;&Sdaeaom atmifqef;. axmufcHcsufudk u|Ekfyf tpysKd;aqG;aEG;vkdufygonf? ae0if;onf (ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfrS ajymif;vJzGJŒpnf;cJhaom) ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf trSwf (4) wyf&if;. wyf&if;rª;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJh_yD; tpOftvmaumif;cJholjzpfI ppfwyftjrifrS-unfhv#if olonf tvm;tvm ydkrdkaumif;rGefolwOD;jzpf[ef&Sdonf? odk‹aomfvnf; vSazudk a&G;cs,fv#if ydkrdkvlóudufrsm;ayvdrhfrnf’

‚if;tjyif atmufyg _Adwdo#umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfAdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifyvm(Templer) . ajym-um;csuf taxmuftxm;udkvnf; vkyfom;jynfol‹ ae‹pOfowif;pmwGif yHkwlul;I azmfjycJhonf?

‘jrefrmvlrsKd;wdk‹. rqHk;Edkifaom oHo,rSm tvGef‹tvGef _iD;aiGŒp&mjzpfvmcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; u|Ekfyfwdk‹taejzifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;udk tultnDay;&eftwGuf wwfpGrf;or# aqmif&Gufay;&ef tvGefpdwftm;xufoefvsuf&Sdygonf’

OD;atmifqef;. emrnfonf jrefrmjynfwGif xdktcsddeftxd udk;uG,ftyfolozG,fjzpfaeonf? vGefpGmav;pm;&aom AdkvfcsKyf}uD;qdkonfrSm wyfrawmf.zcifomru EdkifiHawmf. zcifvnf; jzpfaecJhonf r[kwfygvm;? &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifwOD;jzpfcJh_yD; OD;atmifqef;ESifh &Jabmf&Jbufjzpfvmjcif;onf OD;ae0if;tm;tjrihfqHk;acgif;aqmifr+udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm awmif;qdkxm;Edkifzdk‹ jzpfvmcJhonf?&JabmfoHk;usdyfwGif OD;atmifqef;ESihf OD;ae0if;wdk‹onf qef‹usifbuftkyfpk (2) pkrSjzpf-uvsuf ,if;wdk‹ESpfa,muf rnfonfhtcgr# tap;ruyfcJh-uacs? Ttcsufudktpdk;&owif;pmrsm;u rnfonfhtcgr# azmfjycJhjcif;r&SdcJhacs?

odk‹aomfvnf; 1988 ckESpf jrefrmjynftESH‹ jzpfyGm;cJhaom 'Drdkua&pDv+yf&Sm;r+wGif t"duacgif;aqmiftjzpf ay:xGufvmaom AdkvfcsKyf. orD; a':atmifqef;pk-unfonf ‘OD;atmifqef;. tarGudk olu qufcHcJh&ygonf’ [laom OD;ae0if;. tqkdudk vlod&Sif-um; pdefac:vmcJhonf? odk‹ jzihf tmZmenfae‹t_yD; aemufw&uf1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (20) &ufae‹wGif OD;ae0if;onf a':atmifqef;pk-unfudktdrfwGif;Y tus,fcsKyfcsxm;vdkufavonf? 55555 a':atmifqef;pk-unfu usqHk;av_yD;aom zcifjzpfolESihf &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;udk *k%fðy&ef tmZmenfAdrmefodk‹ &efukefòrd›wGif;rSjzwfI vlxkcsDwufyGJudk OD;aqmifoGm;&ef pDpOfcJh_yD; OD;ae0if;ppfwyfu

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vnf; vrf;ay:xGufol rnfolrqdk aoewfjzihf ypfrnf[k _cdrf;ajcmufwHk‹ jyefcJhojzihfxdkae‹u vlxkcsDwufyGJudk zsufodrf;cJh&_yD; vlajrmufjrm;pGm tzrf;cHcJh&onf? xkd‹aemuf wESpfausmfcef‹t-umwGif tpdk;&ydkif owif;pmrsm;Y 1990 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmvtwGif; tcef;qufaqmif;yg;rsm; yg&Sdvmonf? ,if;aqmif;yg;rsm;taejzifhOD;atmifqef;. tarGqdkonfudk cgxkwfypfvkdufum OD;ae0if;tay: vlxku -unf!kdav;pm;onf[laom tcsufjzihf tpm;xkd;Ekdif&ef óud;pm;-ujcif; jzpfaumif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? xkdtcsdefwGif tvGeftrif; xifay:ausmf-um;vmaom a':atmifqef;pk-unfu OD;ae0if;. tjrihfqHk; tm%mydkifqdkifr+udk pdefac:vsuf&Sdae_yDr[kwfygvm;? odk‹aomf xdkr#jzihf r_yD;ao;? 1991 ckESpf/ ZGefv (28) &ufrS Zlvdkifv (2) &uftxd vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfowif;pmwGif oufwrf;-umjrihfvS_yDjzpfaom OD;apm.ol&d, (The Sun) owif;pmrS OD;atmifqef;tay: wdkufcdkufxm;aom aqmif;yg;tpOfvkdufwckvHk;udk rl&if;twkdif; jyefvnfazmfjycJhonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹. trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;tay: OD;apmu apmfum;wdkufcdkufajymqdkxm;r+rsm;ESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf OD;atmifqef;udk &,foGrf;aoG;_yD; oa&mfxm;aom umwGef;yHkrsm;udkyifv#ifjyefvnfazmfjycJhao;onf? 0efwdkr+ESihf avSmifajymifr+rsm; jynfhESufaeaom yk*~dKvfa&;&m/ rl0g'a&;&mESihf tzGJŒtpnf;a&;&m wzufapmif;eif; wdkufcdkufr+rsm;udk jyo&efjyefvnfyHkESdyf&oa,mif a0zefcsufa&;om;xm;aomfvnf; tqdkygaqmif;yg;rsm;jyefvnfay:xGufvmonfh tcsdefudkrl jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfu owdxm;rdcJhygonf?xkdtcsdefu a':atmifqef;pk-unftaejzifh tdrfwGif;tus,fcsKyf (2) ESpfausmfcef‹cHcJh&_yD;jzpf_yD; csufukdpvkdAuforRw Am;uvuf(Af) [mA,f(vf) (Vaclav Havel)

u olrukd Ekdb,fvf_idrf;csrf;a&;qktwGuf emrnfpm&if; tqkd«y_yD;cgpjzpfonf?wòydifwnf;vdkvkdyif tpdk;&owif;pmY jrefrmhwyfrawmfxlaxmif&mwGif OD;ae0if;. ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾udk xyfrHtxl;ðy a&;om;xm;aom wyfrawmf.acgif;aqmifr+orkdif;a-umif;udk tcef;qufaqmif;yg;tjzpf azmfjycJhonf?

vkyfom;jynfol‹ ae‹pOfowif;pmyg ,if;tcef;qufaqmif;yg;rsm;onf ta&;ygvSaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk jzpfay:apcJhonf? yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+ESihf ywfoufaom,lqcsufoDtdk&Dtrsm;pkonfvnf; ‚if;ar;cGef;rsm;udk A[kdcsufr ðyvsuf&Sdayonf?oludk,fwdkif tjrihfqHk;acgif;aqmifjzpfvm&eftwGuf OD;ae0if;onf OD;atmifqef;udkpDrHudef;cs z,f&Sm;cJhoavm? vGefpGmaumufuspf,kwfrmvSaom }uHpnfr+wGifppfwk&if e,f±kyfuav;wckyrm OD;apmonf qifxm;onfhtuGufxJ 0ifrdcJhavoavm? òydifbufwOD;tjzpf ‚if;tjyif olESihf tjrihfqHk;tm%mt-um; -um;cHydwf

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twdkcsKyfqdk&v#if tjrifoHk;rsKd; ay:xGufvmonf? ‚if;wdk‹rSm æ1?1?1?1?1? w&m;qdkifr+onf w&m;r#w_yD;v#if OD;apmtm; t"duvufonfw&m;

cHtjzpf azmfxkwfEkdifcJhonf?2?2?2?2?2? OD;apmonf qifuGufxJ 0ifrdcJh_yD; w&m;qdkifr+ w&yfvHk;onf w&m;a&;

jy,k*fomjzpfonf?3?3?3?3?3? OD;apmonf tjypfvnf; &Sdonfhtjyif qifuGufxJodk‹vnf; 0ifrdcJhonf?yxrtjrifonf jrefrmtrsm;pk udk,fwdkif ,Hk-unfaomtjrifjzpf_yD; jrefrm

&Jtm%mydkifrsm;ESihf pma&;q&mrsm; wifjy-uaom w&m;0iftjrifw&yfvnf;jzpfonf? 'kwd,tjrifrSm 1940 ckESpf aESmif;ydkif;umvu jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tr+xrf;cJhzl;_yD; ,cktcg _AdwdefEkdifiHwGif a&muf&Sdaexdkifae-uaom _Adwdo#t&m&Sd trsm;tjym; pGJ_rJaomtjrifjzpfonf? wwd,awG;ac:r+tjrifrSmrl tajccHtm;jzihf jynfya&muf oabmxm;uGJvGJol jrefrmrsm;t-um; r-umrDtcsdefurS ay:xGufvmonfhtjrifjzpfonf?

txl;ojzihf xdwfvef‹wkefv+yfzG,faumif;vSaom vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+}uD;jzpfyGm;_yD; tESpf (40) eD;yg;cef‹ jzpfonfh 1986 ckESpf/ {_yDvtwGif;u u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±kH; (KNU) rS xkwfa0onfh pmapmifwckwGif yg&Sdvmaom aqmif;yg;wyk'fonf txufazmfjyyg 'kwd,tjrifukd axmufcHxm;onf? ,if;onf 'kwd,tjrifESifhywfoufI a&;om;xm;aom trsm;od&onfh wckwnf;aom yHkESdyfrSwfwrf;jzpfonf? aqmif;yg;.acgif;pOfrSm ‘atmifqef;udk wu,f b,folowfovJ’ [lIyif jzpf_yD;v#if a&;om;oltrnfudk ‘u|Ekfyfwdk‹. &efukefowif;axmuf’ [k azmfjyxm;onf? ed'gef;udk atmufyg pmydk'fESpfydk'fjzihf tpðyxm;onf?

‘1947 ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif jrefrmEdkifiH. 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;atmifqef;udk v#KdŒ0Sufqef;-u,fpGm vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhr+onf u&ifvGwfajrmufa&; óud;yrf;r+wGif}uD;rm;aom tcsKd;tauGŒwckudk jzpfapcJhonf? (39) ESpf-umjrihfcJh_yDjzpfaomfvnf;xdkvlowfr+tm; tppftrSef }uHpnfzefwD;cJholrsm;udkrl ,ae‹xufwkdif vlod&Sif-um;razmfxkwfEkdifao;acs? tr+. tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; ,ae‹xufwdkif rajz&Sif;Edkifao;acs’

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‘tppftrSef yl;aygif;}uHpnfolrsm;xHrS tm±HkvGJajymif;oGm;ap&ef tuGufcs_yD;OD;apmudk w&m;±Hk;wifum tjypf'%fcscJhjcif;rSm qifuGufwckomjzpfa-umif; cdkifvHkaom oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdaeonf? tu,fI OD;apmonf tuGufqifcHcJh&onf[kqdkv#if jrefrmEdkifiH. vGwfvyfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk rnfolwdk‹uwrSefwu,f owfcJh-uygoenf;? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;/ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkESifh tjcm;yk*~dKvfrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeonfqdkonfh -um&SnfpGm pGJ_rJaeaom aumvm[vrsm;wGif trSefw&m; rnfr#avmuf &Sdaeygoenf;’

jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf_idrf;/ tjcm;qdk&S,fvpf trmcH Adkvfcifarmifuav;wdk‹tygt0if OD;Ek/ OD;ae0if;ESihf tjcm;wif;rmaom oabmxm;&Sdol jrefrmrsm;.tvdkqENudk qef‹usifvsuf u&ifESihf tjcm;vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tay:Y }uD;rm;aom vkdufavsmr+rsm; ðyvkyf&ef OD;atmifqef;u pDpOfcJhonfhtcsufudk pOf;pm;awG;awmp&mtjzpf xkdaqmif;yg;Y qufvufa&;om;xm;onf? xdk‹ jyif Zlvdkifv(19) &uf/ eHeufcif;wGif &efukefajrmufbuf&Sd u&ifvlrsKd; trsm;tjym; aexkdifaom tif;pdefòrd›. c±kdif&J0efaxmufjzpfol wdkif;&if;om; u&ifvlrsKd; apmpdefr+H qdkolonf OD;apmtm; zrf;qD;&ef trdef‹&&SdcJhojzihf ‘wu,fhvkyf}uHowfjzwfr+}uD;rjzpfyGm;rD eHeuf (9) em&Dcef‹wGif ‚if;u oGm;a&mufzrf;qD;cJh&onf’ [k a&;om;xm;&m xdkazmfjycsufrSm tH-op&maumif;vGef;vSaom tqdkðycsufjzpfaeayonf?‘xdktcsdefu OD;apmonf wpHkw&m xl;xl;jcm;jcm; vkyfaejcif;r&SdbJ ol‹rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESihftwl eHeufcif;tcsdefav;udk ðzef;aejcif;omjzpfonf’ [k apmpdefr+Hu ajymqdka-umif; xdkaqmif;yg;wGif a&;om;xm;jyefonf? xdk‹aemuf apmpdefr+Honf nwGif;csif;yif yJcl;odk‹ c±kdif&J0efaxmuftjzpf ajymif;a&$Œ jcif;udkcHcJh&onf[k qdkxm;jyefonf?

TwGif OD;apmudk u|efawmf. zcifjzpfol OD;xGef;vSatmifu ae‹v,fydkif;wGifzrf;qD;cJhjcif;tpm; apmpdefr+Hu Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ eHeufcif;wGif zrf;qD;cJhonfqdkjcif;rSm vHk;0rSm;,Gif;vGJacsmfaeonf? twGif;0ef±Hk;rS jyefvmaom vlowform;rsm;udk OD;apmu eHeuf (11) em&DwGif óudqdkvufcHcJhjcif;udk oludk,fwdkif jrifawGŒcJh&ygonf[k w&m;±Hk;awmfwGif xGufqdkcJhaom uy`wdefcef;rSmrl OD;apmudk zrf;onfhtcsdefESifh ywfoufI rrSm;,Gif;Ekdifay? olonf OD;apmESifh OD;apmtdrfudk tcsdef-umjrihfpGm apmihf-unfhaecJholvnf;jzpfonf? xdkrSwyg; KNU pmapmifwGif a&;om;ol/ tqdkyg aqmif;yg;&SifrSvGJI xdkae‹u OD;apmtdrfodk‹ &Jrsm; eHeufydkif;0ifzrf;jcif;ukdOD;apmudk,fwdkifujzpfap/ tjcm;wOD;wa,mufujzpfap rnfonfhtcgur# a&;om;ajymqdkcJhjcif;r&SdcJhacs? OD;apmtdrfudk &Jrsm; vma&muf0dkif;0ef;xm;onfhtcsdef

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rSm ae‹v,f (2) em&D &Sd_yD[k azmfaumfb!Gef‹uvnf; twnfðyajymqdkcJhygonf?odk‹aomfjim;vnf; aqmif;yg;wGif yg&Sdonfh tjcm;tajctjrpf&Sdaom a&;om;

csufrsm;tm; avhvm-unfhv#if OD;Ek (,cifu ocifEk) ESihf AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tp&Sdonfh oabmxm;wif;rmol jrefrmrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeonf[laom pGyfpJGcsufudkrl owdcsyfoihfvSygonf? (_Adwdo# tvdkawmf&drsm;) [k pGyfpGJcHxm;&aom u&ifvlrsKd;pkrsm; (ppftwGif;Y u&iftajrmuftjrm; r[mrdwfbufrS &yfcJh-uonf) ESihfjrefrmjynfrS qkwfcGmoGm;aom _Adwdo#wdk‹aemuf xdk;ppfqifvdkufygvmcJhaom ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfxJrS pnf;rJhurf;rJh y&rf;ywm jzpfae-uao;aom wyfrsm;t-um; aoG;ajrus cdkuf&efjzpfr+rsm; trSefwu,f jzpfay:cJhavonf? jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&_yD;onfhaemuf u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±kH; (KNU) awmcdkoGm;onfhtcsdefYum; xdkvlrsKd;pktcsif;csif;t-um; jzpfyGm;cJhaom roifhrwifh &efrD;yGm;onfjynfwGif;ppftjzpfodk‹ t&Sdefwdk;jr‡ihfoGm;cJhawmhonf? 66666

Todk‹ qdkyifqdk&jim;aomfvnf; OD;Ekonf u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;tay: touf!SmqHk; Armacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? u&ifaomif;usef;r+ ray:aygufrD 1948ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif olonf u&ifrsm;. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk avhvm&efa'oqdkif&m udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; aumfr&Sifw&yfudk cef‹tyfcJhonf? rsm;r-umrD1949 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&DvwGif u&ifrsm;ESihf tpdk;&ppfwyft-um; jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGm;aepOf OD;Ekonf _idrf;csrf;a&; tqdkðycsufw&yfudk urf;vSrf;cJhygao;onf?odk‹ jzpfI u&ifwdk‹. ykefuefxºuGr+udk ppfwyftiftm; oufoufjzifhom acsr+ef;vdk-uaom oabmxm;wif;rmol jrefrmrsm;u ol‹tm; oduQmcsonfhtaejzifh ‘u&ifEk’ [k ‘emrnfajymif’ ay;cJh-uonf?

Ttjzpftysufrsm; jzpfyGm;_yD; ESpftwef-umrS autJif,lrsm;u txifvGJrSm; rkef;wD;r+rsm; jzpfcJh-u[efwlygonf? 1962 ck/ rwfvwGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;tm%modrf;vdkufonfhtcg ol‹udk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJh_yD; 1966 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvtxd v$wfray;cJhacs? ydkrdkI zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'enf;usaom tpdk;&pepfw&yf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jyefvnftoufoGif;&mY tultnDay;&ef OD;Ektygt0if ,cifEkdifiHhacgif;aqmifa[mif; (21) OD;jzifh ‘t}uHay;tzGJŒ’ udk m%feD m%feufrsm;aomppftm%m&Sifu zGJŒpnf;ay;vdkufonf? 1962 ckESpfwGif OD;ae0if; oGwfoGif;cJhaom‘jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD’ wnf;[laom ‘wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf’ tpm; 1962ckESpf rwkdifrDu usifhoHk;cJhaom ‘ygwDpHk 'Drkdua&pDpepf’ ESihf ‘vGwfvyfaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;’ odk‹ jyefvnfOD;wnfvkyfudkifoGm;&ef (21) OD;tzGJŒ. trsm;pku t}uH

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^m%fay;cJhonf?1969 ckESpf/ ZGefv (2) &ufae‹wGif OD;ae0if;u ,if;t}uHðycsufudk jiif;

y,fvdkufonf? xdk‹aemuf OD;Ekvnf; pdwfysufum wdkif;jynfrS xGufcGmoGm;cJhavonf? olonf vef'efodk‹ oGm;cJh_yD; xdkae&mYyif OD;ae0if;. ppftm%m&SifpepfukdvufeufudkifawmfvSef&ef pnf;±Hk;vkyfaqmifrnfh ol‹tpDtpOfrsm;udk -o*kwfv (29)&ufae‹wGif a-unmcJhonf? aemufqHk;wGif ,if;vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJonf xdkif;=jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf&Sd jynfwGif;rS xGufajy;vm&olrsm; cdkvH+&mpcef;rsm;rS pwifcJhonf? OD;Ek. vGwfajrmufa&;v+yf&Sm;r+rS aygufzGm;vmaom ppfwyfudkvnf; ‘jynfcspfvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf’ (Patriotic Liberation Army- P.L.A) [k trnfay;vdkuf-uonf? xkdwyfudk ArmhwyfrawmfY xifay:ausmf-um; vlodrsm;-uonfh0g&ifhxdyfwef;ppfacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfcJh-uaom &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if Adkvfvusfm/ Adkvf&efEdkifESihf Adkvfrª;atmifwdk‹tjyif vGwfvyfa&;&ptcsdefu Armhwyfrawmf. ppfqifa&; OD;pD;csKyf/ u&iftrsKd;om; Adkvfrª;csKyf [ifqef-um'dk; (Brig. Henson Kya Doe)/Armhavwyf OD;pD;csKyfa[mif; AdkvfcsKyfawmfrDuvpfzf (Air Commodore Tommy

Clift) wdk‹u OD;aqmif-uonf? OD;Ek. v+yf&Sm;r+tzGJŒonf yl;wGJppfqifa&;twGufxkdif;=jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf tajcpdkufxm;-uaom autJif,lESihf rGefwdkif;&if;om;olykefwdk‹ESihf oabmwlnDr+ vufrSwfa&;xdk;-uonf? odk‹aomf r-umvSygacs?jrefrmEkdifiHtaejzihf yxrqHk; a&;qGJjy@mef;cJhaom 1947 ckESpf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif &Srf;ESihf u,m;jynfe,fwdk‹udk ay;tyfxm;aom ‘cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufydkifcGihf’ &Sdonfh &ydkifcGihftay:Y oabmuGJvGJtjiif;yGm;r+rsm; jzpfay:vmawmhonf?tu,fI ppftm%m&Sifwdk‹udk wGef;vSef_yD;onfESifh wòydifeuf olwdk‹tm;vnf; ‚if;&ydkifcGihfudk ay;ygrnf[laom uwdu0wfudk wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm;u ,ckawmif;cHvm-uonf?

Todk‹ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. ‘cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufydkifcGifh’ udk zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya't& umuG,fwm;qD;xm;&efom vdkvm;ESpfòcdufaom OD;Ekonf 1973 ck/ZlvdkifvwGif ol. acgif;aqmif&mxl;udk Adkvfvusfmtm; v$Jajymif;ay;tyfum xkdif;EkdifiHrS 0rf;enf;pdwfysufpGmjzifh xGufcGmoGm;cJhavonf? Adkvfvusfmonf tjrihfrm;qHk;pGrf;&nfESihf jynfhpHkaomyk*~dKvfwOD;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;. yk*~dKvfa&;t& cifrif&if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGwOD;vnf;jzpfonf? 1978 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvtwGif;wGifvufeufudkifwyfzGJŒ (2) zGJŒt-um; em;vnfr+vGJ&mrS jzpfyGm;yHk&aom autJif,lwdk‹u ol‹pcef;tm; 0ifa&mufpD;eif;wdkufcdkufr+wGif AkdvfvusfmusqHk;oGm;cJhonf?

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yDt,fvfat wyfrawmfrSmvnf; xdktusKd;quftjzpf tpdwfpdwft¹rm¹rm uGJoGm;cJhonf? xdk‹aemuf (10) ESpfr# -umonftxd Armhvufeufudkifqef‹usifr+rSm r&SdcJhawmhacs? xdk‹aemufwGifrS &efukefESihf te,fe,ft&yf&yfwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom ppfwyf. vlowfuGif;rsm;rS xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifvmaom 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJ0if ausmif;om;axmifaygif;rsm;pGm e,fpyfodk‹ a&muf&Sdcdkv+Hvm-u_yD; yDt,fvfatwyfrsm;tajccsoGm;onfhae&mrsm;Yyif tajccsum &efukefppftpkd;&udk vufeufudkifawmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&ef topfwzef óud;pm;-ujyefawmhonf?

autJif,lpmapmifwGif tpGyfpGJcH&aom jrefrmacgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS wOD;jzpfol AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;rSmrl OD;EkESihf tajccHupI jcm;em;aom yk*~dKvfwOD;jzpfonf?OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHcH&r+ESihf ywfoufI &efukefbk&ifcH±Hk;rS vef'efodk‹ yxrqHk;tao;pdwfa&;om;ay;ydk‹vdkufaom a-u;eef;wGif aoewform;rsm;udk Adkvfae0if;. trSwf (4) ArmhvufeufudkifwyfrS wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;tjzpf azmfjyxm;onfudk owdcsyfoihfonf? 77777 xdk‹aemufydkif; bk&ifcH±Hk;rS ay;ydk‹aom a-u;eef;pmrsm;wGifrl ya[VdqefvSaom ,if;owif;udk csefvSyfxm;cJhawmhonf? ,if;onf rSm;,Gif;azmfjyr+ayyJvm;? odk‹r[kwf EdkifiHa&;&m axmufxm;p&m ta-umif;rsm;a-umifh tm%mydkifrsm;u ueOD;owif;ay;ydk‹r+udk qufvufpHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;rðybJ a&Smif&Sm;cJhjcif;ayyJvm;? u|Ekfyfwdk‹ rnfonfhtcgr# odEdkif-uawmhrnfr[kwfacs? odk‹aomfvnf; m%feD m%feufrsm;vSaom trSwf (4) Armhvufeufudkifwyf. wyf&if;rª;onf xdktcsdefrSpI jrefrmhjrifuGif;wGif ajcmufvSef‹vsuf&Sdaeayawmhonfwum;?

1911 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonfh w±kwf=jrefrmujym;jzpfol i,femrnf ±+armifac: OD;ae0if;onf OD;Ekxuf (4) ESpfi,f_yD; OD;atmifqef;xuf (5) ESpf}uD;oljzpfonf? &JabmfoHk;usdyftzGJŒ0if jzpfyifjzpfaomfjim;aomfvnf; OD;ae0if;onf 1946 ckESpf/ aemufydkif;usrSom ,SOfòydifolrsm;udk &uf&ufpufpufz,f&Sm;_yD; xdyfydkif;ae&modk‹ r&rae pwifwufvSrf;vmEkdifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf uGefjrLepfrsm;/ jynfol‹&Jabmfrsm; awmcdkoGm;_yD; trSwf (1) ESihf trSwf (3) Armhvufeufudkifwyfrsm; ykefuefxºuGonfh tcsdefwGif Adkvfae0if;. trSwf (4) Armhvufeufudkifwyfonf tpdk;&twGuf wckwnf;aom rDScdktm;xm;&m t"dur¾dKif}uD;jzpfvmcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; EkdifiHawmfumuG,fa&;udk wjynfvHk; jzef‹usufxm;Ekdif&eftwGuf OD;wifxGÉf. jynfaxmifpkt&efwyfzGJŒrsm;uJhodk‹aom wyfzGJŒtopfrsm;udkxlaxmifcJh&onf?

trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&; ckdifrmap&ef &nf&G,fI wdkif;&if;om; u&iftrsKd;

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om;wOD;jzpfol 'k=AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef; (Lt. Gen. Smith-Dun) udkyif wyfrawmf. umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf tpdk;&u cef‹tyfcJhonf? ol‹vufatmufwGifrS 'k=OD;pD;csKyf (2) OD;&Sdonf? wOD;rSm AdkvfcsKyfjzpfvm_yDjzpfaom OD;ae0if;ESihf aemufwOD;rSm &JAdkvfcsKyfjzpfol u|Efkyf.zcif AdkvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmif jzpfonf? 88888 ppfwyf&mxl;tpOfwGif eHygwf (4) ae&mY &Sdaeaom OD;wifxGÉfonf vufonfw&m;cH vlowform;ray:bJ 1948 ckESpf pufwifbmv (8) &ufae‹wGif towfcHcJh&onf? xdk‹aemuf vtenf;i,ft-umwGif u&ifykefuefr+ ay:aygufvmcJhonf? 'k=AdkvfcsKyf}uD;prpf'Gef;taejzifh tpdk;&tay: qufvufopPmapmihfodaeaomfvnf; olonf&uftuef‹towfr&Sd cGihf&uf&Snf,lcdkif;jcif;udk cHcJh&onf? ol‹udk 1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae‹wGif tem;ay;vdkuf_yD; tvkyfrvkyfolrsm; pm&if;wGif xnfhoGif;jcif;cH&um olonf ucsifjynfe,ftwGif;wGif rdrdoabmESifhrdrd ta0;odk‹oGm;a&mufaexkdifcJhavonf? 99999

OD;xGef;vSatmifonf qif; ('f) [wf (pf) (Sandhurst) bk&ifhppfaumvdyfodk‹ 0ifcGifh&cJhol yxrOD;qHk; jrefrmtrsKd;om;jzpf_yD; 1922 ckESpfwGif oifwef;_yD;qHk;I bGJŒ&onfESihf bk&if. &mxl;cef‹xm;jcif;udk cHcJh&oljzpfonf? olonf 1948 ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;wGif vef'ef&Sd jrefrmoH±Hk;odk‹ jrefrmppfoHrª;tjzpf apv$wfjcif;cHcJh&onf?xdk&mxl;rSm ,cifu oludkifwG,fcJh&onfh &mxl;xuf tqifhrsm;pGmedrfhaom &mxl;jzpfavonf? 1951 ckESpfwGif _AdwdefEdkifiHY ol‹wm0efoufwrf;ukefqHk;cJh_yD; olonfrdcifwkdif;jynfodk‹ jyefvmcJhonf? odk‹aomf olpD;vmaomoabFm oD[dkVfu|ef; (,ckoD&dvuFm) udkvHbdkqdyfurf; qkdufuyfcsdefwGif ol‹udk jrefrmaxmufvSrf;a&; t&m&Sdrsm;u vma&mufawGŒqHk_yD; oludkifaqmifxm;aom EkdifiHul;vufrSwfudk y,fzsufypfvdkuf-uonf? TonfrSm &Sif;vif;jyI r&Edkifavmufaom xl;qef;r+jzpfonf? Todk‹ jzifh olonf oD[dkVfwGif 1954 ckESpftxd aomifwifaecJh&onf? jrefrmEdkifiH. ArmhwyfrawmfY t&if;cH tqihftjrihfqHk; ppfwyft&m&Sd}uD; (4) OD; &Sdonfhteuf 1949 ckESpfta&mufwGifrl OD;ae0if;wa,mufom usefcJhayawmhonf?

OD;ae0if;onf ‘rufcsD,m A,fvD’ t,ltqorm;/ tm%mt±l;trl;orm;jzpfonfrSm ,cifuvnf; rSefcJhonf? ,ckvnf; rSefaeao;onf? oHo,jzpfp&mr&Sd? EkdifiHa&;avmutwGif;Y jzpfap/ ppfwyftwGif;Y jzpfap/ ol‹òydifbufrSefor#udk1940 ckESpfrS ,ae‹txd z,f&Sm;ypfcJhonfh ol‹vufol‹ajcrsm;udk jrefrmtrsm;pk jrifawGŒae&onfr[kwfygvm;? xdk‹aemuf ydkItvSrf;us,f/ ydkI vufoGufvmonf?1947 ckESpfY trsm;jrifuGif;rS OD;atmifqef; aysmufuG,foGm;cJh&onfudk OD;ae0if;

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taejzihf pdwfoufom&m&um usdwf_yD; 0rf;tom}uD;omaeayvdrfhrnf[k ,lqv#ifum; ta-umif;usKd;qDavsmfonf[k qdk&ayvdrfhrnf? tb,fa-umifhqdkaomftjrihfqHk;tm%mtwGuf ol‹t"du ,SOfòydifbuf}uD; r&SdawmhIjzpfonf? odk‹aomfOD;atmifqef;ESihf ol‹vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm;tm; OD;apmu owfcsifvmatmif ol‹taejzifh aemufuG,fu óud;udkifI tuGufqifEkdifavmufatmif pGrf;aqmifEdkifygrnfavm? ,if;odk‹qdkv#if odyfudk vGefoGm;avrnfvm;? odk‹aomfvnf; ,ae‹tcgwGifjynfya&muf jrefrmtcsKdŒu xdktwdkif;yif ,Hk-unfvsuf &Sdae-uayonf?

1992 ckESpf/ arvwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ‘zdk‹avmh'f'ga'; (vf)’ (Fort

Lauderdale) Y ±kdufESdyfxkwfa0aom pmtkyfi,fwtkyfwGif ,if;wwd,tjrifudkaemufqHk;xkwfazmfxm;onf? zavmf&D'g (Florida) Y tvkyfvkyfaeaom jrefrmq&m0efwOD;jzpfonfh a'gufwm-uif[dk; (ac: ) a'gufwmEdkif0if;u xkdpmtkyfi,fudk a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf? ,if;pmtkyfrSm Adkvfvusfm.nDi,f &Jabmfjrv+difESifh olwkd‹pum;ajymqkdr+ta-umif;tcsufwcktay: tajccHI a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? OD;jrv+difonf wcsdefu Armhvufeufukdifykvdyfaomif;usef;r+ESdrfeif;a&;wyfzGJŒ (Burma

Armed Police Striking Force) wGif tr+xrf;aqmifcJh_yD; aemufykdif;wGif ayzl;v$mr*~Zif;ukd t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,lxkwfa0cJhonf? olonf 1987 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkokd‹ aq;ukor+cH,l&ef oGm;a&mufcJhonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk awmiftwWvefwdwfjynfe,frsm;. awmifykdif;tpGefqkH; zavmf&D'g&Sdol‹ukd,fykdifaq;ukcef;wGif OD;jrv+difESifh pwifawGŒqkHcJh&r+jzifh a'gufwm-uif[kd;uol.pdwfv+yf&Sm;zG,f jyefajymif;ajymjycsufukd pwifcJhonf? xkdaemufykdif;wGifolwkd‹ESpfOD; ykdrkd&if;ESD;vmum r-umc%tjyeftvSef vnfywf-uum twlwuG pm;&if;aomuf&if; axG&mav;yg; aqG;aEG;ajymqkdjzpf-uonf? a'gufwm-uif[kd;taejzifh 1957 ckESpfu zwfrdcJhaom vlxkOD;vS. pmtkyfwtkyfxJrS a&;om;xm;onfh*VKefOD;apm.touftm; &ef&Sm&ef ud;pm;jcif;ESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tjcm;tmZmenfrsm;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif; ponfhta-umif;jcif;&mwkd‹onf xkdpOfrSyifq&m0ef.pdwfukd ±+yfaxG;apvsuf ykp>mwyk'ftvm; tawG;yGm;apcJhygonf? 1988ckESpf pufwifbmv (10) &uf/ om,mvSarmaom zavmf&D'g. naecif;wcsdefwGifOD;jrv+dif. aetdrfY ‚if;wkd‹ESpfOD; npmpm;aomufaecsdefwGif ‚if;ta-umif;t&mwkd‹tay: pum;pyfrdoGm;-uonf? q&m0efu ar;cGef;rsKd;pkHukd tm;wufwa&mar;onf? ol‹rdwfaqGu EkdifiHa&;orm;wOD;jzpfonfh &efukefbaqG[k vlodrsm;aomol.wGJzufwOD;yg/ yg0ifywfoufcJhonfh tHh-o&ifzkdp&m Zmwfvrf;w&yfukd azmf

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Ekdif&eftwGuf (2) v-um oifwef;ay; avhusifhcH&a-umif;/ xkdokd‹ }uHpnfjcif;jzifhOD;atmifqef;ukd aoG;xkd;ajr‡mufyifhay;oltjzpf txifrSm;tjrifrSm;ap&efjzpfa-umif;olu twdtvif;zGifh[cJhonf? Tokd‹aom ol&Jabmfa-umifvSonfhvkyf&yftm;pnf;±kH;pDrHolrsm;rSm tjcm;olrsm;r[kwf? AdkvfcsKyfae0if;ESifh ol. teD;uyfqkH;vkyfazmfukdifzufjzpfol Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;wkd‹omjzpfonf[k OD;jrv+difu ajymjycJhygonf?

a'gufwm-uif[dk; jyefajymif;ajymjyonfh OD;jrvd+if. ajymqdkcsufrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?

“wae‹ u|efawmf ppf±Hk;rSm tvkyf_yD;vdk‹ tdrfjyefr,ftvkyfrSm u|efawmhfq&m Adkvfatmif}uD;uæ “udkjrv+dif cifAsm;tdrfrjyefeJ‹tHk;/ u|efawmhftdrfvdkufcJh?ta&;}uD;wJhudpPwck aqG;aEG;p&m&Sdw,f” vdk‹ u|efawmhfudk ajymygw,f? u|efawmfoleJ‹ vkdufoGm;ygw,f? tJ'Daemuf olu u|efawmhfudk ar;w,f? “cifAsm;rSm aiGb,favmuf&SdovJwJh”? u|efawmfuæ “u|efawmfhrSm aiGwodef;/ ESpfodef;avmufawmh&Sdw,f” vdk‹ jyefajzawmh oluæ“aumif;w,f/ 'gqdk cifAsm;tdrftwGuf vHkavmufw,f? u|efawmfwdk‹rSm txl;wm0efwck vkyfp&m&Sdw,f? u|efawmhftdrfrSmcifAsm;ae/ tm;vHk;udpP0dpP_yD;&if cifAsm; tdrfjyefEkdifw,f” vdk‹ ajymjyw,f? 'DvdkeJ‹Akdvfatmif}uD;tdrfrSm u|efawmf (2) vavmuf aecJh&w,f? &efukefbaqGuawmhAdkvfae0if;tdrfrSmae_yD; aoewfwvufeJ‹ typfavhusifhae&w,f? vHk;0aocsmzdk‹u|efawmfwdk‹udk ydkavhusihfay;wmyg? (wu,fwrf;u &efukefbaqGu vufwnfh_yD;om;yg)? OD;apm&JŒ v+yf&Sm;r+udk u|efawmfwdk‹ tao;pdwfavhvm&w,f? ol ±Hk;udkoGm;zdk‹ tdrfuae b,ftcsdefxGufw,f? b,ftcsdefjyefa&mufw,fæpojzihfaygh?OD;apmtoufudk &ef&Smzdk‹vkyfwJhae‹u olu ol‹teufa&mifum;}uD;xJrSm '±kdifbmab;u xkdifvkdufvmw,f? u|efawmfwdk‹ ol‹aemufu uyfvdkufoGm;w,f? ae&maumif;vJ a&mufa&m/ u|efawmfu ol‹um;udk ausmfwufvkdufw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm&efukefbaqGu aoewfcvkwfudk qGJðzwfvdkufwmyJ? yxrypfcsufu OD;apm ezl;udk &SyfrSefoGm;w,f? 'gta&;}uD;qHk;ypfcsufyJ? &efukefbaqGu aemufwcsufxyfypfw,f? tJ'gu OD;apmudk rxdbl;? bmjzpfvdk‹vJqdkawmh OD;apmu ol‹xkdifcHkatmuf av#mcsvdkufvdk‹yJ? wwd,tcsufuawmh rdk;ay:axmifypfvkdufwmyg?&efukefbaqGu æ“a[;/ udkjrv+dif/ armif;ajy;ayawmh” vdk‹ atmfajymvdkufw,f?

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u|efawmf b,favmufjrefjrefarmif;vdkufvJ rodbl;? tdrfudk b,fvdkjyefa&mufvmrSef;awmif rodawmhbl;? aoewfuawmh Adkvfae0if;&JŒ udk,fydkifaoewfyg?&efukefbaqGeJ‹ u|efawmfwdk‹vkyf}uHwmudk OD;apmvHk;0rodcJhygbl;? 'guawmhu|efawmfwdk‹ (4) a,muf/ Adkvfae0if;/ Adkvfatmif}uD;/ &efukefbaqGeJ‹ u|efawmfwdk‹yJ odwmyg”?

Adkvfae0if;onf OD;atmifqef;udk remvdkjzpfaecJh_yD; t_rJa-umufaecJh&onf[k a'gufwm-uif[dk;u jznfhpGufonf? xkdtcsdefu taysmfusL;I vufvGwfpy,ftoHk;tjzKef;}uD;aom Adkvfae0if;udk OD;atmifqef;u qlyl}udrf;armif;aecJh&onf?Adkvfae0if;u OD;apmtouf rqHk;±+H;apbJ &ef&Sm±Hkoufouf jrif;orm;^m%f 1010101010 ESifh}uHpnfpDpOfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? xdkae‹u um;xJygol aoewform;ESpfa,mufudkvnf;OD;atmifqef;. udk,fydkifwyfjzpfonfh jynfol‹&Jabmfwyf (PVO) rS ,leDazmif;rsm;udk 0wfxm;apjcif;jzifh ol‹toufukd &ef&Smr+aemufuG,fwGif OD;atmifqef;&Sdaeonf[k OD;apmxifoGm;ap&efjzpfonf? odk‹rSom OD;apmu OD;atmifqef;udk &efwHk‹jyefvufpm;acsayvdrhfrnf?

aoewform;rsm; rnfolrnf0gjzpfonf[laom tcsufESihf olwdk‹. &nf&G,fcsuf/ OD;wnfcsufrsm;rSvGJI Ttjzpftysuf. tao;pdwfudk 1940 ckESpfrsm;aemufydkif;wGif rSwfwrf;wifxm;EdkifcJh_yD; jzpfavonf? OD;atmifqef;towfrcH&rD (10) vtvdk 1946 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (21) &ufae‹wGif OD;apmtoufudk&ef&Smjcif;ESifh tcif;jzpfyGm;&mwGif jynfol‹&Jabmfrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeyHk&jcif;wdk‹udkvkyf}uHr+twGuf aphaqmfcsuftjzpf w&m;qdkifaepOftwGif;wGifyif udk;um;jcif;cHcJh&avonf? odk‹aomf OD;jrv+dif. Zmwfa-umif;jyefzGihftefjcif;rsm;onf cdkifvHkr+rnfr#&Sdonfudkrl rnfolr# odEkdifawmhrnfr[kwfacs? &efukefbaqGonf twef-umuyif OD;aESmufuifqma&m*gjzifh aoqHk;oGm;cJh_yD; OD;jrv+difrSmvnf; zavmf&D'godk‹ oGm;a&mufvnfywf_yD; ESpftenf;i,ft-um 1991 ckESpftwGif;wGif &efukefaq;±Hk}uD;Y uG,fvGefoGm;cJhaoma-umihfjzpfavonf?

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“OD;ae0if;onf Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;ESihf wkdifyif_yD;oumv tcGihfta&;orm;wOD;jzpf_yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. t"du òydifbuf}uD;jzpfaom OD;apmudkaoewfjzihfypf&ef aoewform; (2) OD;udk wm0efay;tyfcJhonf?”

OD;atmifqef;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef }uHpnf&jcif;. &nf&G,fcsuf tao;pdwf twdtusudk od&SdcJh-uol AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif;rsm;ESihf ppfwyfacgif;aqmifrsm;tenf;i,fom&SdcJhonf? 1962 ckESpfwGif ppfwyfu tm%modrf;cJh_yD; Zlvdkifv (19)&ufae‹wGif tmZmenfukef;odk‹ ppf0wfpHkjynfhjzifh csDwuf-u&ef ppfwyfu pDpOfcJhonf? wyfrawmf pwifwnfaxmifcJhol OD;atmifqef;om toufxif&Sm;&SdcJhygrl,if;tm%modrf;r+udk oabmwlnDayvdrfhrnf[k jynfolvlxkudk jyo&efjzpfonf?awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if (17) OD;om &Sdonfhteuf (14) OD;onf xdkcsDwufr+ pDpOfa&;ESihfywfoufonfh tpnf;ta0;odk‹ wufa&mufcJh-uonf? Adkvfrª;csKyfwifazuAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;aoqHk;cJh&r+udk 0rf;enf;woajymqdkcJhonf? AkdvfcsKyfae0if;ux&yfvdkuf_yD; æ “bmvdk‹ 0rf;enf;ae&rSmvJ? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m vlaysmhwa,mufyJ? 'ghtjyif wkdif;jynf&JŒ jy\emawGtay: ol‹xufpm&if b,fvdkudkifwG,f&r,fqdkwm ig trsm;}uD; ydkodw,f” [k cyfjywfjywfajymqdkvdkufonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tmZmenfAdrmefodk‹ oGm;a&mufrnfh r[mpDrHudef;}uD;rSm csufcsif;yif aysmufuG,foGm;cJhawmhonf?

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jrefrmtrsKd;om; trSwfwHqdyfrS rmef0ifhx,fvSaom Oa'gif;udk twk,lonfhtvm; olonf cyfrwfrwfav#mufvmonf? ol‹tem;&Sdvlrsm;udk vufqGJvsuf cGJcGmumeD; E+wfqufpum;qdkonf? jznf;nif;pGm/ wnf_idrfpGm/ tòyH;wpGef;wpjzifhOD;apmonf óud;pifay:odk‹ wufoGm;avonf? xkdtcsdefonf 1948 ckESpf/ arv (8)&ufae‹/ t±k%fwufcsdefjzpfonf? jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&_yD;I (4) vESifh (4)&uf&SdcJh_yD? OD;atmifqef;ESihf ol‹vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm; vkyf}uHcH&_yD; (10) vausmf-umjrihfcJhav_yD? ‘owf&J&if ao&J&r,f’ 11111 [laom ol‹vufoHk;pum;twkdif; owWdudkjyonfh aemufqHk;vuQ%mtjzpf OD;apmonf ol‹ jrifuGif;udk zHk;tkyfrnfh acgif;pGyfudk jywfom;pGm jiif;y,fvdkufonf?

ol‹aemufqHk;c&D;udk oufaocH&ef pk±Hk;vsuf&Sdol vltenf;i,fudk olonfcyf&J&Jyif wcsuf tjrefvSrf;-unhfvdkufonf? óud;ay;olonf ol‹vnfyif;udk óud;uGif;pGyfvdkuf_yD; óud;udk aqmihfqGJvkdufonf? puUef‹ydkif;twGif;wGif vl-urf;rif;om;toufxGufoGm;avonf? 22222 armifpdk;/ oufESif;ESifh r+ef}uD; 33333 wdk‹onf tif;pdefaxmifwGifyif olwdk‹acgif;aqmifaemuf óud;pifay:vkdufoGm;-uonf? armifpdefESihf &ef}uD;atmifwdk‹onf &efukefwGif óud;ay;cHcJh&onf?

w&m;pD&ifa&; cHk±Hk;.wm0efum; _yD;pD;cJh_yD? w&m;Oya'onf wOD;aumif;pGef‹pm;r+ 0g'tay: tEkdif,lEkdifcJh_yD? odk‹aomfjim;vnf; ,ae‹xufwdkif wdkif;jynftaejzifh cHpm;ae&qJjzpfaom jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;. t-urf;zufr+tarGudk OD;apmESihf ol‹vlrsm;u csefxm;cJhavonf?

OD;atmifqef; vkyf}uHjcif; rcH&rDuyif jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;. ppftwGif; acgif;aqmifjzpfaom a'gufwmbarmfuæ “aoewfudk;uG,fr+[m tpGJtvrf;}uD;aewJht&mudk udk;uG,fovdk jzpfvmw,f? *syefawGqDu jrefrmawG ESpfcsufavhvmcJh&

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w,f? vlpkvla0; tpnf;t±Hk;udk tajccHwJh acgif;aqmifr+ enf;twwfynmeJ‹vufeufwyfqifxm;olrsm;&JŒ tm%meJ‹ wifhw,fr+jzpfw,f? jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ tem*wfudk a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJawGu qHk;jzwfrSmr[kwfbJ aoewfu qHk;jzwfrSmjzpfw,f? jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;rSm cifAsm;wdk‹ vdktyfwmu Ekdifr,fhbufu prdzdk‹eJ‹ aoewfawGtajrmuftjrm; &Sdzdk‹yJjzpfw,f” [k rSwfcsufcscJhzl;onf?

a'gufwm barmf. taumif;rjrifaom óudwifedrdwfzwfr+onf 44444 OD;apmESihfwu,fvufawGŒ jzpfvmcJhonf? eef;pOfrudkÉfudk t&,leef;wufEkdifa&;twGufòydifbuf[lor#udk vHk;0O\kH&Sif;vif;ypfonfh okwfoifa&;udk jrefrmtm%m±l;rsm;,ae‹wdkif usihfoHk;vsuf&Sdonf? trSeftm;jzifh Ttcsufudk pwifoabmaygufolrSm OD;atmifqef;udk,fwdkifyifjzpfonf? 1946 ckESpfOD;ydkif;wGif olonf xdktcsdefubk&ifcHjzpfaom qm&,f*sDe,fa':refprpfESihf awGŒ _yD; ol. txD;usefr+ESifh rdwfaqGenf;yg;r+wdk‹ESihf ywfouf_yD; ESpfudk,f-um;ajymcJhonf? xkdtcsdefu OD;atmifqef;onf rsuf&nf0Jvsufæ “trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif qdkolawG[m b,favmuf-um-umcHovJ/ 'Dwkdif;jynfrSmawmh odyf-um-umrcHygbl;? olwdk‹rSm &efolodyfrsm;vGef;w,f? touf&Sifaezdk‹ (3) ESpfqdkwm trsm;qHk;ar#mfvifh&rSmyJ? usaemhftwGufawmhaemufxyf (18) vxuf ydkae&zdk‹ wGufrxm;ygbl;” 55555 [k qdkcJhonf?

aemufxyf (18) v -um_yD; oltoufrqHk;±+H;rD (6) &uftvdkwGif OD;atmifqef;onf &efukefòrd›Y vlxkpnf;a0;yGJ}uD;wckudk rdef‹cGef;ajymcJhonf? xkdae‹onfZlvdkifv (13) &ufae‹ jzpf_yD; vwfwavma&G;cs,fjcif;cHxm;&aom wkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmf. wdk;wufr+ tajctaeESihf ywfouf_yD; olu ajymqdkcJhonf? xkdpnf;a0;yGJ}uD; wufa&mufolrsm;onf ol‹rdef‹cGef;udk E+wfqufrdef‹cGef;tvm; cHpm;-u&onf? “cifAsm;wdk‹udk usaemf uae‹ajymcJhcsifw,f” [laom edrdwfjyaemufqHk;pum;jzifh OD;atmifqef;u ol‹rdef‹cGef;udk tqHk;owfcJhavonf?

1947 ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ wzGJŒvHk;eD;yg;udk &Sif;vif;ypfjcif;onfokwfoifa&; tawG;tac:. yxrqHk;ESihf t±kdif;tpdkif;qHk; &v'fjzpfonf? uHwltusKd;ay;jzpfrnfh aemufwzGJŒrSm wyfrawmfjzpfonf? orkdif;. ta&;ay: tajctaersm;u ocifwjzpfvJ ppfom;jzpfol OD;ae0if;udk _Adwdo#u avhusifhoif-um;cJholrsm;jzpf-u_yD;/ ynm&nfjrihfrm;vSaom t&m&SdoHk;OD;jzpfonfh Akdvfrª;csKyf wifxGÉf/AdkvfcsKyf xGef;vSatmifESifh 'k=AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef;wdk‹ESifhtwl vkyfazmfudkifbuftjzpf ae&mcsxm;ay;cJhonf?

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rvnfcHpm;&ayvdrfhrnf? ol‹òydifbufrsm;rSm r-umrDyif towfcH&olcH&/ &mxl;rSz,f&Sm;cH&olcH& jzpfukef-uavonf?

u|efawmf.þzcifjzpfolþAdkvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmifESihfþ'k=AdkvfcsKyf}uD;þprpf'Gef;wdk‹omta-umif;jycsuf tcdkiftvHkr&SdbJ &mxl;rS xkwfy,fjcif;cH&onfr[kwfacs? u&ifwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESihf tjcm;e,fpyfa'o&Sd vlxkudk pdwfauseyfap&eftwGuf'k=AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef;udk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpf&ef rsm;ygonf? xdk&nf&G,fcsuftwGufyif tjcm;u&ifvlrsKd;ESpfOD;jzpfonfh qif;'f[wfpfppfausmif;qif; Adkvfrª;csKyf apm-um'dk;udk ppfqifa&; OD;pD;csKyftjzpfvnf;aumif;/Adkvfrª;}uD; &SD±+d;udk avwyfOD;pD;csKyftjzpfvnf;aumif; wyfrawmfxdyfwef; &mxl;rsm;twGuf a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

'k=AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef;ESihftwl olwdk‹ESpfOD;onfvnf; &mxl;rS xkwfy,fjcif;cHcJh&onf? 1949 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±Hk; (KNU) uvufeufudkifawmfvSefcsdefwGif wyfrawmfxJrS ,if;xdyfwef; u&if (3) OD;rSm tpdk;&udk qufvufopPmapmihfodqJjzpfonfrSm ,HkrSm;oHo,jzpfp&m r&Sdygacs? odk‹ jzpfIolwdk‹xkwfy,fcH&jcif;onf vlrsKd;a&;oufouftay:wGif tajccHIaomfvnf;aumif; odk‹r[kwf olwdk‹udk &Sif;vif;ypfEkdifa&;twGuf csufaumif;&&SdoGm;ol òydifbufwOD;a-umihfaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfEkdifayonf?

tm;aumif;aom òydifbufwdkif;udk z,f&Sm;ypf&ef OD;ae0if; pGJpGJ_rJ_rJjzpf&jcif;. tpdwftydkif;w&yfonf ol. tm;i,fpdwfrS trsm;qHk; tajccHjcif; jzpfEkdifacs&Sdayonf? OD;ae0if;. i,femrnfrSm ±+armifjzpfonf? udk±+armifonf *syfqifaumvdyfrS 1931 ckESpfwGif ausmif;xGufcJh&_yD; ,cifcsmcsDvrf; (,ck udk,fhrif;udk,fcsif;vrf;) &Sd &efukefòrd›/ qifajczkH;&yfuGuf pmwkdufcGJwckwGif ti,fwef;pma&;av;jzpfcJhonf? ol. txky`wWdudk a&;om;ol a'gufwm armifarmifu ‘jrefrmjynfESihf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;’ (Burma and General Ne Win) pmtkyfwGif ‘xdkpma&;tvkyfonf ocifvli,fuav;tm; pmrsm;/ a-u;eef;rsm;udk wdwfwqdwfppfaq;zwf±+_yD; ykvdyftzGJŒ. v+yf&Sm;r+udk ol‹&Jabmf&Jbufrsm;tm; óudwiftoday;EkdifcJhonf? olonf axmufvSrf;a&;tvkyfwGif xufoefonf? xkdtvkyfonf owif;&,la&; pcef;aumif;wckjzpfcJhonf’ [k a&;om;cJhonf?

xdktcsdefu ol. &Jabmf&Jbufa[mif;jzpfcJhol wOD;wa,mufur# OD;ae0if;xHrS wpHkw&m owday;cHcJh&jcif;udk jyefvnfrSwfrdjcif; r&Sd-uacs? OD;ae0if;jrif;òydifuGif; r-umc%oGm;cJhjcif;onfvnf; ol. EkdifiHa&;v+yf&Sm;r+udk tum

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tuG,f ,lxm;r+w&yfjzpfa-umif;æ‘jrif;òydifuGif;onf vltrsm;pka0;&m ae&mjzpfonf? olonf jrif;wpfay;r+rsm;udkom em;axmifonfr[kwf/ tpdk;&Xme toD;oD;wGif vkyfudkifae-uaom ol‹todrdwfaqGrsm;xH vSnfhywfoGm;vm_yD; aemufqHk;owif;rsm;udk ar;jref;pHkprf;cJhonf’ [k a'gufwmarmifarmifu OD;ae0if;.vli,fb0udk pdwful;pdwfoef;aumif;aumif;jzihf qufvufyHkazmfxm;onf?

OD;ae0if;tm; axmufcHtumtuG,fay;olrsm;xJwGif wOD;jzpfaejcif;twGuf olr-umc% xkwfy,fypf&mwGif a'gufwmarmifarmif yg&SdroGm;bJ &SifoefvGwfajrmufaejcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? Tonfudk óudwifcef‹rSef;I &Edkifonf[kqdkEkdifygonf? a'gufwmarmifarmifonf aysmh!HholwOD;jzpfonf? olonf OD;ae0if;tay: rnfonfh_cdrf;ajcmufr+r# rjzpfapcJh? ‚if;tjyif uyfzm;owW0gjzpf&eftwGuf ol. ,cif ynmwwft&nftcsif;rsm;udk pGefŒv$wfypf&efvnf; olu 0efrav;acs?1988 ckESpf/ -o*kwfvtwGif; xkdtcsdefu jrefrmEkdifiHwGif Oya't& &yfwnfEkdifaomwckwnf;aom EkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD;jzpfonfh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD (rqv). OuU@ESihf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH. orRwtjzpfyif rnfrnf&&r[kwfaom a'gufwmarmifarmifudkyif wifajr‡mufapcJhayonf?

odk‹&mwGif ydkrdktpGrf;tp&Sdaom tjcm;yk*~dKvfrsm;rSmrl okwfoifa&;vrf;pOf.om;aumifrsm; jzpfcJh-u&onf? OD;atmifqef;. ausmif;om;b0u t&if;ESD;qHk;a&mif;&if;wOD; jzpfcJholjzpf_yD; 'k=0ef}uD;csKyf/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;wm0efrsm;ukdvGwfvyfa&;_yD;aemuf xrf;aqmifcJhol Adkvfvusfmonf ol‹taejzifh tpkd;&&mxl;tm;vkH;rSEkwfxGuf_yD; pD;yGm;a&;avmutwGif;okd‹ 0ifa&muf&ef taumif;qkH;jzpfa-umif; qkH;jzwfcJhonf? 66666

OD;atmifqef;. tjcm; t&if;ESD;qHk;a&mif;&if;wOD;rSm AdkvfausmfaZmjzpfonf?olonf 1950 ckESpfrsm; tv,ftxd wyfrawmfxJwGif qufvuf&SdaecJhonf?w±kwfjynf}uD;wGif uGefjrLepfwdk‹atmifyGJcH_yD; wqufwnf; ,leefjynfe,frS jrefrmjynfxJxGufajy;_yD; usL;ausmfvmol ulrifwefwyfrsm;tm; qef‹usifwGef;vSefaomwdkufyGJtrsm;tjym;udk olonf atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEkdifcJhonf?

1950 ckESpfrsm; apmapmydkif;wGif AkdvfausmfaZmonf tvGefausmf-um;aomwyf&if;rª;wOD;jzpfcJhonf? OD;ae0if;udk,fwdkifuvGJI ArmhwyfrawmfxJwGif qufvufwm0efxrf;aqmifaeol &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifxJrS olwOD;om usefawmhonf?tvGeftrif; ±dkaoav;pm;jcif;cH&aom &JabmfoHk;usdyfonf acwfopfjrefrmhordkif;wGif '¾m&Dqefqef taetxm;eD;yg;rsKd;okd‹yif a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf? olwdk‹onf

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jrefrmEkdifiH. vGwfvyfa&;zcifrsm;ESihf EkdifiHhvufeufudkifwyfrsm;udk pwifxlaxmifcJholrsm; r[kwfygvm;? xkd‹a-umifh bDtkdifat (BIA)/ bD'Dat (BDA) ESihf bDtifefat(BNA) wdk‹. ti,fwef;t&m&Sdrsm;udk OD;ae0if;taejzifh pdk;&drfylyefp&m r&Sdacs?AdkvfausmfaZmomv#if wyfrawmfwGif tm%mtwGuf wOD;wnf;aom ol. ,SOfòydifbufjzpfonf?

bmwD;vfvifhwem (Bertil Lintner) u ‘a'grmef[kef’ (Outrage) wGif‘txufjrefrmjynf&Sd uGefjrLepfygwD Armjynfudk 1956 ckESpfwGif atmifrmCtrnf0Sufjzifh tðywfwkdufppfqifa&;ðyvkyf&mwGif odrf;ydkufrdaom uGefjrLepfpcef;wckrSv#KdŒ0SufpmtcsKdŒudk &&SdcJhonf? oufaocHtaxmuftxm; (odk‹r[kwf) wdkuf±dkufqufoG,fr+wpHkw&mudk jyojcif;r&SdbJvsuf AdkvfausmfaZmonf owif;ayguf-um;r+jzihf tpGyfpJGcH&onf? jynfolvlxkonf wkefv+yfacsmufcsm;oGm;_yD; rnfonfudk,Hk&rnfrod jzpfoGm;cJhonf? odk‹&mwGif AkdvfausmfaZmudk wyfrawmfrS xkwfy,fcJh_yD; acwW,m,Dxdef;odrf;xm;cJhonf? ol‹pGJcsufcdkifrmaprnfh taxmuftxm;wdwdusus ray:aygufvmonfhtwGuf 1957 ckESpfwGif AkdvfausmfaZmudk jyefvnfv$wfay;cJhonf? odk‹ jzihf ol‹b0wdk;wufr+vrf;a-umif;rSm ysufpD;oGm;cJh_yD; olonf&efukefòrd›/ prf;acsmif;&yfwGif wyfrawmfrS ay;aom oihfwifh±Hkr#om&Sdaom yifpifvpmav;jzifh tajccsaexkdifcJhonf’ 77777 [k a&;om;cJhonf?

aomif;usef;r+a-umifh wpdwfwydkif;taejzifh ppfwyfonf tiftm;&&SdvmcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;onf wyfrawmfwGif ol‹qkyfudkifr+_rJ_rHap&ef tvkyfrsm;aecJhonf? 1958 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmvwGif tHh-op&majcvSrf;tjzpf ol‹udk 0ef}uD;csKyfwm0ef,l&ef jynfol‹v$wfawmfu tqdkðyvdkufonf? OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom oef‹&Sif;zqyvESihf OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf_idrf; qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifESpfa,muf OD;aqmifaom wnf_rJzqyv[lI OD;aqmif zufqpfqef‹usifa&; jynfol‹vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJŒcsKyf}uD;onf ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;cJh_yD; tusKd;quftjzpf EkdifiHa&;tusyftwnf;}uD;ay:aygufcJhonf? a&G;aumufyGJopf _yD;pD;onftxd tdrfapmifhtpdk;&udk OD;aqmif&ef AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udk vkyfydkifcGihftm%m tyfESif;cJhavonf?

AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;. tdrfapmifhtpdk;& pGrf;aqmifr+rsm;onf trSefwu,ftm;jzifh csD;rGrf;zG,fjzpfonf? &efukefòrd›awmfonf oef‹&Sif;oGm;onf? Oya'ESihf wnf_idrfr+udk jyefvnftpm;xkd;EkdifcJhonf? ESpfOD;ESpfbufr#waom tajccHrsm;jzifhaomif;usef;oltajrmuftjrm; vufeufcscJhonf? Tatmifjrifr+onf tkyfcsKyfr+,Eœ&m;twGif;&Sd t&nftcsif;jynfhrD_yD; oGufvufxufjrufaom t&yfom;0ef

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xrf;rsm;/ tqifhjrihf ppfwyft&m&Sd}uD;tcsKdŒESifh 'kwd,urBmppfrS ppfjyef}uD;rsm;trsm;pka-umihfjzpfonf? tpdk;&rl0g'onf t&if;&Sif0g'jzpf_yD; vufawGŒusonfhtwGuf rl0g'onf tvkyfjzpfcJhonf? 1960 ckESpfwGif uwdðyxm;aom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk usif;ycJh_yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;onf OD;AaqGESihf OD;ausmf_idrf;acgif;aqmifaom tkyfpkbuf tav;ay;cJhonf? 1958 ckESpfwGif tusyftwnf;jzpfcJhvifhupm;OD;Ekonf vlxkaxmufcHr+udk qufvuf&&SdcJh_yD; tjywftowf tEkdif&&SdcJhonf?rJqEN&Sifrsm;taejzifh EkdifiHa&;wGif ppfwyf0ifpGufr+udk rESpfòcdufa-umif; OD;AaqG/OD;ausmf_idrf; tkyfpkudk jiif;y,fvdkufjcif;jzifh jyovdkuf-uonf?

odk‹aomfvnf; 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae‹wGif wkdif;jynfonf uHqdk;rdk;arSmifuscJhavonf? vlóudufrsm;pGmjzifh a&G;cs,fcHxm;&aom 0ef}uD;csKyf/ 0ef}uD;tm;vHk;/ jynfaxmifpk}uD;. wkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm;. jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf qef‹usifbuf ðyvmEkdifolrSefor# tzrf;cHcJh&avonf? 1947 ckESpf/ 'Drkdua&pD zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'}uD;udk zsufodrf;vdkufonf? jrefrmEkdifiH. zuf'&,fwnfaqmufyHkonf ppfwyfpdk;rkd;aom A[dktajcðyEkdifiHawmf,Eœ&m;udk vrf;z,fay;cJh&avonf? tm%modrf;&jcif;tm; tvGeftrif; ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;vmaomjynfaxmifpk}uD;. tajctaersm;a-umifh[lI ta-umif;jycJhonf? &efukef.xdkumvudk rSwfrdol u|efawmftygt0if jynfoljynfom;rsm;taejzihf xdkodk‹aom,dk,Gif;ysufpD;aeonfh rnfonfht&dyfvuQ%mudkr# xkdtcsdefu rawGŒrdcJhygacs?aomif;usef;r+udk aumif;pGmxdef;xm;Ekdifonf? pD;yGm;a&;rSm aumif;rGefvsuf&Sdonf?1960 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJ_yD;aemuf EkdifiHa&;&moDOwkonf ododomomyif wnf_idrfvsuf&Sdonf?

AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;. ppftm%modrf;r+onf aoG;ajrusr+r&Sd[k r-umc%a&;om;cJhaomfvnf; trSefpifppfwGif xdkodk‹r[kwfacs/ 1948 ckESpfrS 1952 ckESpftxd jrefrmEkdifiH. yxrqHk;aom orRw}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom pyfa&$odkuf. (17) ESpft&G,f om;i,fjzpfol pdkif;_rD;onf tm%modrf;r+. yxrqHk; om;aumifjzpfcJhonf? pyfa&$odkufonf &Srf;vlrsKd;wdk‹. t"duacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpf_yD;zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepft& jrefrmEkdifiH. pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr+udk xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifrnf[k tckdiftrm ,Hk-unfaxmufcHolwOD;jzpfonf? xkdtcsdefu u|efawmf aexkdifaomtdrfonf ukuUdKif;ESihf [mrpfwpfvrf;qHkwGif&Sdonfh pyfa&$odkuf. &efukeftdrfESihf udkuftenf;i,fr#om uGma0;onf?

pyfa&$odkufxH u|efawmf t}udrfrsm;pGm oGm;vnfzl;_yD; tdrfr}uD;ESihfwGJvsuf

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aqmufxm;aom tcef;wGif aexkdifvsuf&Sdaom ol. t}uD;qHk;orD;ESihf cifyGef;onfwdk‹xH r-umc%qdkouJhodk‹ oGm;vnfavh&Sdonf? pdkif;_rD;. nDtudkrsm;jzpf-uaom apmqdkif;anmifa&$ (,l*sif;odkuf) ESihf apm[efzwdk‹onf ,cktcg uae'gEkdifiHY aexdkifvsuf&Sd-uonf? tm%modrf;onfhnY jzpfysufcJhonfhrsm;udk apm[efzu u|efawmhftm; atmufygtwkdif; jyefajymif;ajymjycJhygonf?

“tJ'Dae‹ eHeuf (1) em&DeJ‹ (2) em&D-um;rSm &efukefukuUdKif;vrf;/ trSwf (74)rSm &SdwJh (9) {u us,fwJh u|efawmfwdk‹tdrfudk ppfwyfu vm0kdif;ygw,f? _cHxJrSmaeaewJh tdrfapawG/ tvkyform;awG/ rDScdkaeolawG/ tapmifhawGeJ‹ olwdk‹rdom;pkawG tm;vHk;udk xdef;odrf;xm;vdkufygw,f? 'Daemuf ppfom;awG[m tdrf&Sd&mudka&SŒwdk;vm-uygw,f? ay (100) avmufawmif ra0;awmhwJh ae&mvJ a&mufa&m/ atmfwdkrufwpfaoewfawGeJ‹ bufaygif;pHkuae_yD; tdrfudk y&rf;ywm ypfawmhwmygyJ? (45) rdepfavmuf qufwdkufypfaecJhygw,f? bma-umifh olwdk‹ pypf_yD;/ bma-umifh olwdk‹typf&yfoGm;&ovJqdkwm b,folrS rod-uygbl;?

aoewfoH-um;-um;csif; u|efawmf&JΠtudkwa,mufjzpfwJh ,l*sif; (Eu-

gene= 23 ESpf) [m ol‹tdyf&may:u vSdrfhcsvdkuf_yD; ol‹tdyfcef;xJu wGm;oGm;_yD;xGufcJhygw,f? tdrfa&SŒwHcg;r tus,f}uD; yGifhaewmudk olawGŒvdkuf&ygw,f?,l*sif;&JŒtdyf&m[m tdrfatmufxyfrSm yGifhaewJh jywif;aygufa&SŒwnfhwnfhrSm &Sdygw,f? tdyf&mxJu vSdrfhrcsbJ xrsm;xdkifcJh&if tckxd ol touf&Sifvsuf &SdrSmr[kwfygbl;? ol&JŒ jcifaxmiftjzLav;[m aoewfusnfqef&mawGeJ‹ rGpm}uJaeawmhwmygyJ” [k jyefajymif;ajymjycJhygawmhonf?

“u|efawmf&JŒ aemuftudkwa,mufjzpfwJh pdkif;_rD; (17) ESpf aysmufaewmvJoda&m/ u|efawmfhtaz[m atmufxyfqif;oGm;ygw,f? yGihfaewJh tdrfa&SŒwHcg;aygufem;rSm ,l*sif;udk olawGŒawmh olwdk‹ESpfa,muf tdrfa&SŒwHcg;udk ydwf_yD;aomhcwf csufxkd;xm;vdkuf-uygw,f?

reufusawmh tJ'Dtdrfa&SŒwHcg;[m usnfqef&mawGeJ‹ jynfhaewmygyJ? u|efawmhftazeJ‹ ,l*sif;wdk‹ b,fvdk usnfqefrrSefcJhovJ qdkwmuawmh tawmfqef;-u,fygw,f?

taqmufttHkwckvHk; ysufpD;aewmudk jrif&olwdkif;u tJ'Daoewfypfcwfr+a-umifh u|efawmfwdk‹ rdom;pkwckvHk;aoEkdifw,fvdk‹ oabmwl-uygw,f? ppfrjzpfcifu udkvdkeDacwfyHkpHþtaqmufttHktdrfjzpfaewmu u|efawmfwdk‹toufudk u,fcJhwmyg? ajrnDxyfrSm&SdwJh tkwfeH&HawGu (18) vufravmuf xlygw,f? tay:

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xyfuom opfom;eJ‹aqmufxm;wmyg? ypfcJhwJh aoewfusnfqeftrsm;pk[meH&Htxl}uD;awGudk razmufEkdifcJhygbl;? ppfom;awGu ajrnDxyfeH&Hxl}uD;awGeJ‹tawmf eD;eD;uyfypfwmrdk‹ ypfwJhaxmifh usOf;vGef;_yD; odyftEœ&m,frjzpfcJhwmyg? olwdk‹ typf&yfwJhtcgusrS ppfom;awGu u|efawmfwdk‹ 0if;xJae˜aewJh vlwa,mufudk tdrfa&SŒwHcg;aygufudk ac:vm_yD; ppfwyfu tm%modrf;vdkufwJhta-umif; &Sif;jyygw,f? olwdk‹u tdrfwHcg;zGihfay;zdk‹ trdef‹ay;awmh u|efawmhftazu zGihfvJay;vdkufa&m ol‹udk zrf;awmhwmygyJ? u|efawmhftazeJ‹ ,l*sif;udk _cHudkjzwf_yD; tdrfywfywfvnf _cHpnf;±kd;umxm;wJh yef;±HkawG wae&mrSm olwdk‹0ifayguf vkyfxm;wJhae&mudk ac:oGm;ygw,f? tJ'DrSm u|efawmhftazudk um;wpD;eJ‹ ac:oGm;awmhwmygyJ? ,l*sif;udkawmh olwdk‹ tapmifht-uyfeJ‹ tdrfbufjyefac:vmcJh_yD; usefwJholawGtm;vHk; xGufvmcJhzdk‹ ajymygw,f?

tdrfbuftjyefvrf;rSm t&m&Sdwa,mufu olwdk‹aoewfeJ‹ypfwm wa,mufa,mufxdoGm;w,f/ tJ'g rif;nDjzpfEdkifw,fvdk‹ ajymygw,f?

ppfom;awGu 'Daemuf tdrfudk p&SmawmhwmygyJ? uHqdk;csifawmh olwdk‹ypfvdkufwJh aoewfusnfqefwcku v#yfppfzsLŒpfaowWmudkrSefxm;awmh wtdrfvHk;arSmiftwdusaeygw,f? olwdk‹ukd acsmif;ajrmif;wkdufcdkufrSmudk pdk;&drfawmh tcef;wcef; 0ifwkdif;/ 0ifwdkif; ,l*sif;udk a&SŒu t&ifqHk;0ifapygw,f?

r-umcifubJ u|efawmhftaz EkdifiHawmforRwtaeeJ‹ csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m; oGm;vnfwkef;u csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m; tpdk;&u vufaqmifay;vdkufwJhatmfwdkrufwpf ypPwdkaoewf (2) vufuvGJvdk‹ olwdk‹bmrS rawGŒygbl;? tJ'Daoewf (2) vufvHk;udk u|efawmfhtaz&JŒ bD±dkxJrSm vHkvHkòcHòcH aomhcwfodrf;xm;wmjzpfygw,f?

tJ'Dreufaemufydkif;rSm olwdk‹ u|efawmfwdk‹ _cHxJu jyefxGufcgeD;rSm t&m&Sdwa,mufu ol‹vlawGudk olwdk‹ypfxm;wJh usnfqeftcGHawG jyefaumufcJhzdk‹ trdef‹ay;ygw,f? 'gawmifrS ppfom;awG awGŒroGm;wJh usnfqef tcGH (100) avmuftcsKdŒopfyifawG yef;±HkawGatmufu u|efawmfwdk‹ &cJhygao;w,f?

ppfom;awG xGufoGm;_yD; reufvJvif;vma&m pdkif;_rD;udk u|efawmfwdk‹ vkduf&Sm-uygw,f? tdrfa&SŒqif0ifayguf&JŒ vuf0Jbuf yef;cif;xJrSm pdkif;_rD;tavmif;udkawGŒ -u&ygw,f? ol‹acgif;eJ‹ ajcaxmufrSm aoewfusnfqefrSefxm;ygw,f?taqmifta,mifwcktjzpf toHk;ðywJh vSHwHwacsmif;udk ol‹cE<mudk,fab;em;rSmawGŒ -u&ygw,f?

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rwfv (1) &ufae‹nrSm pdkif;_rD;u olAdkufatmifhaew,fvdk‹ nnf;aeygw,f?olaumif;aumif; tdyfraysmfawmh wdwfqdwfaewJhnrSm toHAvH-um;wmeJ‹ olxGuf-unfhwmvdk‹om u|efawmfwdk‹ xifrdygawmhw,f?

pdwfv+yf&Sm;aewJh ppfom;awGu ta-umufvGefoGm;_yD; ol‹udkvJypf/ aemufqufwdkuf qufypfwmvJ jzpfEkdifw,f? 'grSr[kwf óudwifpDrHxm;wJh tpDtpOftwdkif; ppfom;awGu pypfwmrSm ol‹udk rSefoGm;wmvJ jzpfEkdifygw,f? reufcif;rSm&JawG ppfaq;zdk‹ a&muf&Sdvmygw,f? &Jpcef;rSm 0ifa&mufae&m,lxm;-uwJh ppfom;awGu tJ'Dvdk ppfaq;r+rðyvkyfzdk‹ &JawGudk wm;jrpfcJhygao;w,f? vlowfr+tjzpf tr+zGihfvdkufygw,f?

owif;pmq&mrsm; a&mufvmawmh jzpfysufcJhwmudk tjynfhtpHkowif;ay;vdkufygw,f? 'gayr,fh owif;pmq&mawG olwdk‹ owif;pmwkdufawG jyefa&mufawmh 'Dtjzpftysufowif;trSefudk owif;pmxJ rxnfhzdk‹ olwdk‹ydwfyifwm;jrpfcH-u&ygw,f?

tJ'Dowif;tpm; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu ppfom;rsm;taeeJ‹ olwdk‹ wm0efxrf;aqmif&mrSm ckcHr+eJ‹ &ifqdkifcJh&vdk‹ rdrdudk,fudk umuG,fwJhtaeeJ‹ tajctaet& jyefvnfypfcwf&mrSm pyfa&$odkuf.om;i,f rawmfwq aoqHk;cJh&w,fvdk‹owif;xkwfjyefa-unmcJhygw,f”

‘jrefrmEdkifiH. &Srf;vlrsKd;= jynfya&muf &Srf;wOD;. rSwfwrf;rsm;’ [laomol. pmtkyfwGif rw&m;r+ aumufuspf,kwfrmr+wdk‹ }uD;pdk;aecJhonfh xdkn.em-unf;zG,ftawGŒtóuHrsm;udk cHpm;r+jyif;jypGmjzifh apmqdkif;anmifa&$u a&;om;xm;jyefonf?

‘1962 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae‹/ eHeuf (4) em&Dcef‹wGif aoewfoHrsm;a-umihf u|efawmf ±kwfw&ufEkd;vmcJhonf? aoewfoHrsm;onf yxrwGif wdk;wdk;omjzpfaomfvnf; u|efawmf ydkrdkEkd;vmonfESifhtr# wpwpydkus,fvmygonf? aoewfypfcwfr+rSm tdrfa&S›tjyifbufwnfhwnfhrS jzpfonf? aoewfusnfqefrsm;onfjywif;aygufrSefrsm;/ abmifrsm;udk azmufxGif;0ifa&mufvm_yD; eH&Hrsm;udk xdrSefv$ihfpifusvsuf&Sdygonf? ppfwyfwyfzGJŒwzGJŒonf ntarSmiftwGif;wGif u|efawmfwdk‹tdrfbuf wGm;oGm;wufvm_yD; tdrfudk ab;wbufwcsufpDrS 0kdif;&Hum ypfcwfcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? touf (17) ESpfom&Sdao;aom u|efawmf. nDi,fjzpfol pdkif;_rD;rSm towfcHcJh&ygonf? oufqkdif&m tm%mydkifrsm;. tqdkt&rl wm0efxrf;aqmifaeonfh vufeufudkifwyfzGJŒudk ckcHcJhonfhtwGuf[k qdkygonf’

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‚if;tcef;ESihf wGJbufxm;aom rSwfpkrsm;wGif apmqdkif;anmifa&$u ol‹avhvmawGŒ&Sdr+udk TuJhodk‹ txl;ðy a&;om;xm;jyefonf?

pmrsufESm (28)æ‘t&efppf&Jrsm; xlxyfpGm apmihf-uyfaeaom 0ef}uD;csKyfESihf0ef}uD;rsm;. tdrfrsm;udkrl aoewfwcsufr# rypfcwfcJhjcif;rSm xl;qef;vSygonf’

tm%m&Sifpepfonf ppfwyf. vlowf,Eœ&m;udk w&pyftoHk;csvsuf ol‹vrf;a-umif;wGif&Sdaeaom tjypfrJhjynfolrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wdkufpm;oGm;cJhonf?wcsdefu jynfolrsm;. cspfjrwfEkd;r+udkcH&_yD; *k%f,l0ifhºuGm;zG,fjzpfaom wyfrawmfonf tm%m&SifwOD;. tm%mwnf_rJa&;twGuf ol‹cg;ydkufaqmif udk,fydkifppfwyftoGifodk‹ ajymif;vJjcif; cHvdkuf&avonf? apmqdkif;anmifa&$u ol‹nDtowfcH&r+udk ajzrajyEkdifpGm atmufygpum;&yfrsm;jzifh jyefvnfowdw&&SdcJhjyefygonf?

“u|efawmfhnDudk u|efawmf ppfaq;-unfhawmh '%f&m (2) ck awGŒ&ygw,f?±kdifz,fusnfqefwcku olajcusif;0wftwGif; azmuf0ifxm;ygw,f? ol‹acgif;aemufbufrSmvnf; ao;i,fwJh usnfqHayguf&mwck &Sdaejyefygw,f? 'g[m aoG;at;at;eJ‹ owfxm;wm xif&Sm;ygw,f? ppftkyfpku aoG;at;at;eJ‹ wGufcsufowfjzwfcH&wJh vufeufrJh vli,fvl&G,f jrefrmEkdifiHom; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmxJrSmol[m yxrqHk;jzpfvdrfhr,fvdk‹ ajymEkdifygw,f”

orRwa[mif; udk,fwkdifyifv#if xdkae‹eHeufY zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;jcif;cH&_yD; tif;pdefaxmifxJY Ekd0ifbmvtwGif;wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhavonf? ,if;ESifhywfoufI tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm; xkwfjyefa-unmjcif; rðycJhay? &Srf;jynfe,fY oDaygapmfbGm; apm-umqkdif 88888 udk ppfwyfu ac:aqmifoGm;cJh_yD; olonfol‹rdom;pkxHodk‹ rnfonfhtcgr# jyefa&mufrvmawmhacs? OD;ae0if; tm%modrf;_yD; r-umrDyif awmif}uD;òrd› ajrmufbuf&Sd Axl;òrd› wyfpcef;wGif ol‹udk w&m;pD&ifjcif;rðybJ uGyfrsufypfcJhonf[k ,Hk-unf&avonf?

1958 ckESpfrsm;uJhodk‹ tdrfapmifhtpdk;& oufwrf; c%wmr#om r[kwfbJtm%mudk a&&SnfudkifpGJ&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh ppfwyfu tm%modrf;,lrSef;odomxif&Sm;vmaomtcg ZlvdkifvtwGif; &efukefòrd›awmfY ausmif;om;qlylr+ ay:aygufvmavonf? jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf[k ac:wGifaom OD;ae0if;. rl0g'topfudk OD;b_idrf;/ OD;odef;azjrihf (ocifodef;az) tp&Sdonfh tpGef;a&muf0g'a&;&morm;rsm;udk ac:I axmufcHcdkif;cJhonf? 'Drkdua&pDodk‹ jyefoGm;&ef a0;oGm;yHk&onfESihftr# ausmif;om;rsm;u olwdk‹obm0t& uef‹uGufqENjy-uavonf? olwdk‹. qENjyr+rsm;onf t-urf;zuf&ufpufr+rsm;ESifhom &ifqkdifóuHawGŒ&avonf?

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tm%modrf;_yD; (4) vt-um Zlvdkifv (7) &ufae‹wGif &efukefwuUodkvf0if;udk ppfwyfu 0dkif;&Hvdkuf_yD; atmfwdkrufwpfaoewfrsm;/ pufaoewfrsm;jzifhypfcwfcJhavonf? (15) a,mufom aoa-ucJhonf[k w&m;0ifa-unmcJh&m,if;ta&twGufrSm t"dy`m,fuif;rJhvS_yD; enf;vGef;vSonf? rsufjrifoufaorsm;u ppfwyf. om;aumifrsm;rSm &mausmfonf[k qdkcJh-uonf? aemifaomtcgEkdifiHhacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfvmrnfh udkatmifqef;/ udkausmf_idrf;/ udkEk/ udkAaqGESihftjcm;vli,frsm; 1930 ckESpfrsm; ywf0ef;usifwGif pwifawGŒqHkcJh&m ae&mjzpf_yD;acwfopf jrefrmhrsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfaygufzGm;cJh&m orkdif;0if wuUodkvfor*~taqmufttHkudkyif ppfwyfu aemufwae‹wGif 'dkif;erdkufjzifh azmufcGJypfvkdufavonf?

OD;ae0if;onf rnfodk‹aom qef‹usifr+rsKd;udkr# onf;rcHcJhacs? 1960 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif oltav;ay;cJhaom OD;AaqGESihf OdD;ausmf_idrf;wdk‹udkyif OD;ae0if;uzrf;qD;_yD;av_yD? ,cifu ol‹q&ma[mif;rsm; jzpfcJh-uaom ocifxGef;tkyfESifhocifApdefwdk‹onfvnf; vljrifuGif;rS aysmufuG,foGm;-u&onf? ,if;wdk‹onfOD;ae0if;xuf tqihfjrihfcJh-uolrsm;jzpfI ab;z,fjcif; cHcJh&avonf?

wyfrawmftaejzifh ‚if;. jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efjzifh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfudk vufawGŒtaumiftxnfazmf_yD; wESpfcef‹t-umwGif tkyfcsKyfaeaom ppftkyfpktwGif;wGifyif &mxl;rS xkwfy,fjcif;rsm; pwifjzpfay:vmavonf? ,cifuvGwfvyfcJhaom owif;pmrsm;rSm csKyfudkifjcif; cHvm&onf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk jynfolydkifodrf;_yD; ppfwyfu ajymif;vGJudkifwG,fvmonf? OD;ae0if;. udk,fydkifjrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDrSvGJI usefygwDtm;vHk;onf w&m;r0ifa-umif;a-unmjcif;cH&onf? ,if;vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk ol‹vlrsm;xJuyif vlwdkif;oabmwlnDcJh-uonfawmh r[kwfacs? ol‹t±kduft&m qufcHrnfhol[k ,lqjcif;cH&aom a&mif;&if;a[mif;jzpfol Akdvfrª;csKyfa[mif; atmif}uD;onf 1963 ckESpfwGifawmfvSefa&;aumifpDrS xkwfy,fjcif;cH&_yD; axmifoGif;tusOf;cscH&avonf?ppfwyfu wnfaqmufaeaom acwfopfjrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif vHk;0tav#mhay;/t±+H;ay;rSomv#if touf&Sif&yfwnfEkdifayrnf? jrefrmEkdifiHawmfudk ,Hk-unfr+ESihftm;vHk;oabmwlnDr+tay:wGif wnfaqmufjcif;r[kwfbJ wOD;wnf;. tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfr+atmufwGifom wnfaqmufjcif;jzpfavonf?

1970 . q,fpkESpf tv,fydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif ausmif;om;qlylr+rsm;u jrefrmEkdifiHudk udkifv+yfaecJhonf? 1974 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv (25) &ufae‹wGif urBmausmfjrefrmEkdifiHom; urBmhukvor*~}uD;. twGif;a&;rª;csKyfa[mif; OD;oef‹onf e,l;

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a,mufòrd›wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? ol‹tavmif;udk ajrðr‡yfoò*õ[f&eftwGuf jrefrmEkdifiHodk‹ av,mOfysHjzifh o,faqmifoGm;cJhonf? wurBmvHk;u av;pm;-unf!dk_yD;urBmausmfyk*~dKvfwOD;jzpfonfh ‘OD;oef‹’ 99999 tay: OD;ae0if;onf tvGeftrif; remvdk0efwdkr+jzpf_yD; ol‹tavmif;udk &efukefòrd›pGef&Sd omrefocsKõif;wckwGifom ðr‡yfESHvdkonf?odk‹aomfvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;u trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;wOD;ESihf xkdufwefaomEkdifiHawmfpsmye jzpfapcsif-uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf OD;oef‹tavmif; xnfhxm;onfh acgif;udk vk,l-u_yD; &efukefwuUodkvf0if;twGif;odk‹ o,faqmifoGm;cJh-uonf? Ak'<bmom &[ef;awmfrsm;uvnf; xdkv+yf&Sm;r+wGif yl;aygif;yg0if-uonf? ,if;v+yf&Sm;r+onf óudwifwGufqxm;ouJhodk‹yif aoG;at;at;jzifh acsr+ef;jcif;cH&avonf? ppfom;rsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;udk aoewfrsm;jzifh ypfcwfcJh_yD; ausmif;om;&maygif;rsm;pGmrSm tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf towfcHcJh&avonf? w&m;0ifxkwfjyefa-unmr+rSm aoqHk;ol (9) OD;/ '%f&m&ol (74) OD;ESihf zrf;qD;cH&ol(1˜800) OD;jzpfonf?

OD;oef‹ta&;tcif;jzpfyGm;_yD; (2) ESpft-umwGif wyfrawmftwGif;wGif }uD;rm;aom xkwfy,fr+wck xyfrHjzpfjyefonf? aròrd›ppfwuUodkvf ausmif;qif;t&m&Sdi,ftcsKdŒu OD;ae0if;udk &Sif;vif;ypf&ef }uHpnfóud;pm;cJh-uonf? -unf;wyfrSAdkvf}uD;tkef;ausmfjrihf OD;aqmifaom t&m&Sdi,frsm;onf ydkrdkvGwfvyfI ydkrdk 'Drdkua&pDusaom jrefrmEkdifiHawmfudk wnfaqmuf&ef pdwful;,OfcJh-uonf? odk‹aomfolwdk‹.t}uHtpnfrSm ay:aygufoGm;cJh_yD; acgif;aqmifrsm; tzrf;cHcJh-u&onf?Adkvf}uD;tkef;ausmfjrihf 1010101010 onf ao'%fuscH&_yD; uGyfrsufjcif;cHcJh&onf?

ratmifrjrifjzpfoGm;onfh tm%modrf;&ef óud;yrf;r+wGif yg0ifywfoufjcif;r&Sdaomfjim;vnf; wyfrawmf. OD;pD;csKyfa[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&wifOD; 1111111111 taejzifh,if;tr+ESihf qufEG,fr+&SdaecJhonf? olonf ESpf&Snfaxmif'%ftjypfay;jcif;cHcJh&avonf? OD;wifOD;tay: opPmapmihfodonf[k txifcH&ol wyfrawmft&m&Sd (200)cef‹ ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;cH&_yD; 1976 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvwGif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD0ifESihf au'g (50˜000) ausmftm; vuf&Sd tkyfcsKyfaeaom ygwDrS xkwfy,fa-umif; OD;ae0if;udk,fwdkif a-unmcJhavonf? 1212121212 OD;wifOD;onf jrefrmEkdifiH.ppfOD;pD;csKyfrsm;xJwGif vlcspfvlciftrsm;qHk; OD;pD;csKyfwOD;jzpfonfhtwGuf tiftm;aumif;aom òydifbufwOD;tjzpf owfrSwfcH&_yD; ol‹aemufvdkuf[k ,lqcH&olrsm;ESihftwl z,f&Sm;cH&jcif;jzpfavonf?

1980 ckESpf apmapmydkif;umvwGif ‘okwfoifa&;’ onf vufawGŒtoHk;cs

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cH&jyefavonf? Tw}udrfwGif ypfrSwfonf EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;vnf;r[kwf/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkufyGJ0if ausmif;om;rsm;vnf;r[kwf/ oabmuGJvGJaom ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;vnf;r[kwf/ OD;ae0if;tpdk;&twGuf t"du taxmuftyHh a'gufwkdif}uD;jzpfaom jrefrmEkdifiH. tiftm;aumif;vSonfh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJΠjzpfavonf?

&JabmfoHk;usdyfESihftwl *syefwGif &SdaepOfumvY OD;ae0if;onf a-umufp&maumif;vSaom *syef ppfykvdyf uifaywkdif. axmufvSrf;a&;oifwef;twGuftxl;a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJh&onf? *syefacwfwGif uifaywdkifwdk‹vufcsuf cHcJh&olrsm;onf olwdk‹vkyf&yfrsm;udk ,ae‹wdkif rSwfrdaeqJjzpfonf? vlwa,mufudk olv#Kd(spy) [k pGyfpGJvdkufjcif;rSm uifaywdkif. vufpGJpum;vHk;jzpfonf? Tpum;vHk;onf olwdk‹tenf;tusOf;omwwfaom t*FvdyfpmrS ,loHk;vdkufaom a0g[m&jzpfonf? olv#Kd[kwfonfjzpfap/ r[kwfonfjzpfap/ vufonf;cGHcGmjcif;/ oGm;ESihfqHyifwdk‹udk qGJE+wfjcif;jzifh vlwa,mufonf trsm;tm;jzifh olv#Kd[k 0efcHr+ðyavawmhonf?

oHo,&Sdolrsm;udkom Todk‹ &ufpuf-urf;ñuwfonfr[kwf? jrefrmAdkvfavmif; ausmif;om;rsm; ppfa&;jyavhusihf&mwGifyif xdkodk‹ &ufpuf-urf;ñuwfwwfonf? Tenf;vrf;rsm;onf tusKd;xda&mufr+&SdrSef; tcsKdŒu oabmaygufyif aygufjim;aomfvnf; ppfa&;jyavhusihfuGif;twGif; rw&m;_cdrf;ajcmufðyr+cH&_yD; jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tay: zufqpft-urf;zuf0g' usihfoHk;r+wdk‹udk jyefvnf-um;odvm&aomtcg jrefrmAdkvfavmif; ausmif;om;trsm;pktaejzifh aemufqHk;wGif *syeftm; jyefvnfqef‹usifavawmhonf?

ppf}uD;_yD;onfESihf jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf *syefudk tajccHcJh&r+ trsm;tjym;tm; ajrðr‡yfoò*õ[fypfvdkufawmhonf? 1947 ckESpf/ -o*kwfv (29) &ufae‹wGif umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; Adkvfvusfmonf _Adwdo#udk,fpm;vS,f a*s 'AvsL z&D;rif; (J.W

Freeman) ESihf oabmwlpmcsKyfw&yf vufrSwfa&;xdk;vdkufonf? TpmcsKyf oabmwlnDr+t& ppftoHk;taqmifypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;ESifh ppfa&,mOfwpD;udk _Adwdo#wdk‹u jrefrmEkdifiHtm; ay;&rnfjzpf_yD; _Adwdo# -unf;wyf/ a&wyf/ avwyfwdk‹u jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tajcpkduftzGJŒwzGJŒudk xlaxmifum jrefrmhumuG,fa&;wyfzGJŒ topfjyefvnfzGJŒpnf;&mwGif ulnDoifwef;ay;&rnfjzpfonf? xdkoabmwlnDr+udk 1954 ckESpfwGif aemufqHk;Y zsufodrf;cJhaomfvnf; _AdwdefEkdifiHwGif oifwef;ay;r+rsm;udkrlxkdaemufydkif;wGif tvGwfoabmtm;jzifh qufvufaqmif&GufcJhonf?

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xkdoifwef;ay;r+rsm;wGif axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;udk oifwef;ay;r+rsm;vnf; aemufydkif;wGif wdk;csJŒyg0ifvmcJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiHtaejzifh t&nftcsif;&Sdonfhvli,fvl&G,frsm;udk _AdwdefEdkifiHodk‹ apv$wfI vef'efòrd›awmf &JwyfzGJŒ r+cif;ppfaq;a&;Xme (paumhwvef,'f) rS omru _Adwdo#axmufvSrf;a&;XmerS (MI. 6) uyg oGefoif!¸ef-um;r+rsm; &,lapcJhonf? oifwef;trsm;pkrSm &SufzD;vf &Jody`H(Sheffield Police Academy) wGif ðyvkyfjcif;jzpf_yD; vufa&G;piftcsKdŒomv#if ydkrdktqifjrihfonfh v#KdŒ0SufaxmufvSrf;a&; oifwef;ausmif;jzpfonhf &Sufrd'f(Shetmead) odk‹ oGm;a&mufwufcGihf&&Sd-uonf?

TuJhodk‹ axmufvSrf;a&;tpOftvmjzifh jynfhpHkolwOD;rSm pufbD;vufudkifyHkpH E+wfcrf;ar$;ydkif&SifjzpfI E+wfcrf;ar$;vGif[k emrnfay;jcif;cH&aom Adkvfrª;}uD;vGifjzpfonf? 1930 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif olonf ocifwOD;jzpfcJhum rsKd;cspfygwD acgif;aqmifjzpfol OD;apmESihf tcsif;rsm;cJhzl;onf? 1962 ckESpfY OD;ae0if; tm%modrf;,lcsdefwGif E+wfcrf;ar$;OD;vGifonf ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJŒ. t}uD;tuJ jzpfaeqJyif? xkd‹aemuf rsm;pGmr-umrD ol‹udk tem;,lcGihfðycJhonf? tem;,lcGihfðyjcif;qdkonfrSm xkwfy,fvdkufjcif;udk w&m;0ifoHk;E+ef;onfh toHk;tE+ef;jzpfonf? ol‹udkqufcHolrSm ‘Akdvfrª;csKyfwifOD;’ jzpfonf? vkyfief;cGifoHk; rsufvHk;jyL;rsufqefjyL;rsufrSefrsKd; wyfavh&SdonfhtwGuf Akdvfrª;csKyfwifOD;ukd rsufrSefwifOD;[k ac: -uonf?

1950 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif qdkifyef ypPzdwfu|ef;Y olonf tar&duef A[kdaxmufvSrf;a&;Xme (CIA) . oifwef;udk wufa&mufcJhonf? olonf trSefwu,ftm;jzifh OD;ae0if;. arG;pm;om;jzpfonf? OD;ae0if;onf ol‹udk 1972 ckESpfwGif ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJŒ. t}uD;tuJtjzpf cef‹tyfvdkufonf? ol‹wm0efonf _Adwdo#tpOftvmudk azmufxGuf_yD; ppf}uD;_yD;onfhaemuf zsufodrf;cHcJh&aom uifaywkdif (odk‹r[kwf) *smr%D. oGufvufxufjrufvSonfh *wfpwmydkwdk‹. vrf;a-umif;twdkif; axmufvSrf;a&;wyfudk v#KdŒ0Suf&Jwyf toGifajymif;vJypf&efjzpfonf? Todk‹vkyfaqmifjcif;onf Adkvfrª;}uD;vGif t"duxm; vkyfaqmifcJhouJhodk‹ vdktyfonfh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;owif;rsm;om pkaqmif;&efr[kwfbJ jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;udk xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifrnfh v#KdŒ0Suf&Jwyf zefwD;xlaxmif&ef &nf&G,favonf? ydkrdkta&;}uD;onfhtcsufrSm ppfwyftwGif; tqihfwkdif;wGif &SdaeEkdifaom oabmxm;uGJvGJolwdkif;udk &SmazGazmfxkwfI z,f&Sm;jcif;jzifh ppfwyfudk teD;uyfapmihf-uyf-unfh±+xm;&efjzpfonf? ppfwyfu ol‹udk qef‹usifumjyefonfESihf olZmwfodrf;_yDjzpfa-umif; OD;ae0if;u odavonf?

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ta-umif;w&m; wdkufqdkifr+wdk‹a-umifhr[kwfbJ olwdk‹avhusihfay;vdkufolu zefwD;v+HŒaqmfonfhtwGufa-umihf uifaywdkif tpOftvmonf Todk‹TES,fwzef jyefvnfarG;zGm;vmcJhavonf? Todk‹ jzihf ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJŒonfjrefrmEkdifiHwGif a-umufvef‹r+ rif;rlaeaprnfh EdkifiHa&; &JtzGJŒtpnf;wck jzpfvmavonf? AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;onf ppfa-uma&;pcef; tajrmuftjrm;udk tif;pdefaxmifwGif }uD;-uyfwnfaqmufcJh_yD; A[dkaxmufvSrf;a&;±Hk;udk tif;pdefaxmifodk‹ ajymif;a±$Œvdkufonf? xkdppfa-uma&;pcef;rsm;xJwGif emrnfysufjzifh tausmf-um;qHk;rSmr*Fvm'HkavqdyfteD;&Sd a&-unftkdifpcef;jzpfonf? txdef;odrf;cH EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm; !SOf;yef;EdSyfpufI ppfaq;ar;jref;&mwGif Akdvfrª;csKyfwifOD;udk,fwdkiftm;wufoa&m yg0ifavh&Sdonf[k owif;jzpfay:cJhonf?

oabmxm;uGJvGJol[k oHo,&SdcH&olrsm;onf eHeufrdk;rvif;rD olwdk‹aetdrfrS zrf;qD;cH&avh&Sd_yD; rsufpdrsm; pnf;aESmifcH&um a&-unftdkif odk‹r[kwf tvm;wl pcef;rsm;odk‹ ac:aqmifoGm;cH&avh&Sdonf? rsufpdusdef;avmufatmif xkd;xm;onfh rD;a&mifatmufwGif ppfaq;ar;jref;r+ ðyvkyfonf? pD;u&ufaq;vdyfrD;jzifhtom;udk xkd;onf? *syefwdk‹vufpGJ a&pufcs ESdyfpufenf;tjyif taemufwdkif;yHkpHjzpfaom v#yfppfusifpuf (electric shock) udkvnf; toHk;rsm;onf?

OD;ae0if;.t±kduft&mqufcHrnfhol 'kwd,tqihfyk*~dKvf[k ,lqcH&aomAkdvfrª;csKyfwifOD;onfvnf; ol‹a&SŒu oGm;ESihf_yD;ol Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;. uH-urRmrsKd;udk ta-umif;jycsuf vHk;0 uGJjym;jcm;em;pGmjzifh óuHawGŒ&avonf? 1960 ckESpfrsm; apmapmydkif;umvu xm;&SdcJhaom jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD. wif;rmaom rl0g'rsm;jzihf -unfhrnfqdkv#if Akdvfrª;csKyf atmif}uD;onf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm; vpfb&,f0g'Djzpfonf? rdbrJh Adkvfrª;csKyfwifOD;onf ol‹arG;pm;zcif OD;ae0if;. ,Hk-unfpdwfcs&aom aemufvdkufwa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJŒudk wnfaqmuf&if; olonf tm%m tqrwef}uD;xGm;vmonf? ol‹vlrsm;omv#if EkdifiHjcm;odk‹ oGm;csifovdk oGm;vmEkdifonf? EkdifiHjcm;xkwf pmapmifrsm;udkvnf; axmufvSrf;a&;udpPtvdk‹iSm zwfcGihf&&Sd-uonf?

Todk‹ E+dif;,SOftaetxm;jzifh xGef;awmufvmaom ‘EkdifiHtwGif;rS EkdifiH’udk ol. wOD;wnf; òydifbufr&Sd tjrifhqHk; tkyfpdk;oltaetxm;tay: tm;aumif;aom _cdrf;ajcmufr+w&yftjzpf OD;ae0if; cHpm;rdvmonf? 1983 ckESpf/ arvwGifrlAkdvfrª;csKyfwifOD; tz,f&Sm;cH&avawmhonf? axmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ aemufwOD;jzpfol Adkvfrª;}uD;bdkeDESihftwl olonf xkwfy,fjcif;cH&_yD; oludk,fwdkif zefwD;

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cJhaom emrnfqdk;vSonfh a&-unftdkif xdef;odrf;a&;pcef;odk‹ apv$wfjcif; cHcJh&avonf? Adkvfrª;csKyfwifOD;. tawmfqHk; axmufvSrf;a&;olv#Kd &maygif;rsm;pGmvnf; txkwfy,fcH-u&onf? jrefrmEkdifiH. oGufvufxufjrufvSaom axmufvSrf;a&; vkyfief;&yfrsm; ,m,D&yfoGm;avmufatmifyif ppfaxmufvSrf;a&; wyfzGJŒwckvHk; tiftm;csdeJ‹oGm;cJhonf?

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1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif ta,mifaqmif tm%modrf;r+jzpfyGm;_yD;aemuf a':atmifqef;pk-unfonf wEkdifiHvHk;tESH‹ c&D;oGm;_yD; vlxktm; awGŒqHkcJhonf? olroGm;av&mwkdif;wGif olrtm; ol&Jaumif;wOD;tjzpf óudqdkcJh-uonf?1989 ckESpf/ {_yDv (5) &ufae‹wGif &efukeftaemufawmifydkif;wGif&Sdaom {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay:a'orS "EkjzLòrd›uav;odk‹ olra&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf? olrESihf vlwpk vrf;wcktwdkif; av#mufvmcJh&mwGif ppfwyfrS Adkvf}uD;jrifhOD;onf ol‹wyfESihftwl olrudk xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifvmcJhonf? ‚if;t&m&Sdu ol‹ppfom;rsm;tm; aoewfudk usnfxdk;I olrudkcsdef&G,f&ef trdef‹ay;vdkufonf? odk‹aomfvnf; a':atmifqef;pk-unfu ol‹rdwfaqGa&mif;&if;rsm;tm; vrf;ab;odk‹qif;&ef ajymvdkuf_yD; olrwOD;wnf; owWd&SdpGm a&S›qufwdk;oGm;cJhonf? uHaumif;axmufrpGmyif Adkvfrª;wOD;xdktcsif;jzpfyGm;&modk‹ a&muf&Sdvm_yD; Akdvf}uD;jrihfOD; qufvufrvkyfaqmifEkdif&efwm;jrpfcJhonf? rnfodk‹yifqdkap e0w. oabmwlnDr+t&om Akdvf}uD;jrihfOD;u,if;odk‹ aqmif&GufcJhjcif;jzpfayonf? olonf &mxl;wdk;jr‡ifhcHcJh&onf? Akdvfrª;. uH-urRmudkrl rod&awmhacs?

tajctaeonf wif;rmvmcJhonf? {_yDvapmapmydkif;wGif &efukefòrd›Y usif;yaom e0w. owif;pm &Sif;vif;yGJwGif (7) &ufae‹xkwf vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfowif;pmtwdkif;qdk&v#if ‘tajctjrpf r&Sdolrsm;. rdk;vHk;jynfh rkom0g'rsm;’ ESihfywfoufI AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu &Sif;vif;jycJhonf? ,if;odk‹aom aumvm[vwckrSm {_yDv (2) &ufae‹xkwf befaumufae‹pOfxkwf ‘The Nation’ owif;pmwGifyg&Sdaom owif;wyk'fjzpfonf? ,if;owif;u ‘aemufqHk; aumv[vwckrSmweoFm&Dwdkif;twGif;wGif tpdk;&. OD;aqmifr+jzifh vl (30) yg0ifaom wyfzGJŒwzGJŒudk zGJŒpnf;cJha-umif;/ ,if;wyfzGJŒudk 'kwd, *VKefOD;apmtkyfpk[k emrnfay;xm;_yD;vufeuftjynfhwyfqifxm;a-umif;ESihf ,if;wyfzGJŒ. vkyfief;wm0efrSm a':atmifqef;pk-unfudk vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef jzpfa-umif; [lIjzpfonf’ [k a&;om;xm;onf? olwdk‹.&nf&G,fcsuf txajrmufatmifjrif_yD;ygu ‚if;tkyfpkonf tcsdeftwef-um ajratmuf0ifoGm;&efjzpfonf?

rnfodk‹yifjzpfap/ a':atmifqef;pk-unfrSmrl ypfcwfjcif; rcHcJh&ay? odk‹aomfvnf; ‘1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (20) &ufae‹wGif &efukefwuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;&Sd olraetdrfudk ppfwyfu 0dkif;vdkuf_yD; olrudk tus,fcsKyfcsxm;vkdufawmhonf?’ 1616161616

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OD;ae0if;aexkdif&m tif;vsm;uefeHab; tjcm;wbufurf;Y olr aeae&_yD; xdkae&monf olr.zcifudk vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef *VKefOD;apmtkyfpku tpDtpOfqGJ ZmwfwdkufcJhonfhae&m teD;wGifyif jzpfavonf? olrwnfaxmifcJhaom ygwDjzpfonfhtrsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf. 'k=OuU@onfvnf; zrf;qD;cHcJh&_yD; axmif'%fESpf&SnfusoGm;cJhonf? olonf ,cifuvnf; axmif'%fuscHcJh&zl;onf? ,if;yk*~dKvfrSm 1988=89 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfyHk. a&SŒwef;rS ay:xGufvmcJhaom wyfrawmf. ppfOD;pD;csKyfa[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD; jzpfavonf? a':atmifqef;pk-unfrSmxdef;odrf;cHvdkuf&aomfvnf; olr. vlóudufrsm; a&yef;pm;r+rSm usqif;roGm;cJhay? olrudk ab;z,fxkwfvdkuf_yD;aemuf 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvu tm%modrf;pOfu uwday;cJhonfhtwdkif; taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJudk usif;yay;&ef pdwfcsoGm;&_yD[k ppfwyfu awG;xifcJhavonf? odk‹ jzihf 1990 jynfhESpf/ arv (27) &ufae‹wGif jrefrmjynfolvlxkonf a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJay;cJh-u&onf? trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfonf jynfol‹v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fae&m (485) ae&mteuf (389)ae&mudk tHh-op&m aumif;avmufatmif tEdkif&&SdcJhavonf? rqvwjzpfvJwpn (wdkif;&if;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;ygwD) onf (11) ae&mr#om tEdkif&&SdcJhonf? ,if;qENrJonf OD;ae0if;udk qef‹usifa-umif;ESihf a':atmifqef;pk-unfudkaxmufcHa-umif; jyovdkufayonf?

jynfolvlxku rdrdwdk‹.toHudk xkwfazmfcJhaomfvnf; ppfwyfu emcH&efjiif;qefcJhjyefavonf? jynfol‹v$wfawmfudk usif;yjcif;rðycJhay? xkdtpm; a&G;cs,fcH v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f (60) ausmfudk zrf;qD;cJh_yD; trsm;tjym;rSm tao;tzGJpGJcsufrsm;jzifh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfrS ±kyfodrf;cHcJh-u&onf? v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f (10) OD;cef‹ xkdif;=jrefrme,fpyfodk‹ xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifoGm;cJh-uonf? ‚if;xGufajy;oGm;olrsm;onf 1990 jynfhESpf/ 'DZifbmv (18) &ufae‹wGiftrsKd;om;!Gef‹aygif;tpdk;&udk xlaxmifvdkuf-uonf? 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19)&ufae‹wGif vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&ol wOD;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;. tudkawmfol OD;b0if;. om;jzpfol a'gufwm pdef0if;u ,if;tpkd;&tzGJŒudk OD;aqmifcJhavonf?'Drkdua&pDenf;uspGm a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&aom tpdk;&w&yfu &efukefòrd›wGif tkyfcsKyf&rnfhtpm; OD;ae0if;. vufa0cHom; ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJŒ. t}uD;tuJAkdvfrª;}uD; cif!Gef‹ ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; tvsiftjref -oZmtm%mwufvmonfudkom jynfolvlxku rsufjrifudk,fawGŒ jzpfcJh&avonf? ‚if;. oabmxm;wif;rmol tkyfpk0ifrsm;onfvnf; ae&m ydkrdkckdifcef‹vmcJh-uonf?

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OD;apm. aoewform;rsm; twGif;0ef±Hk;twGif; 0ifa&muf_yD; OD;atmifqef;ESihf ol. vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhonfrSm ,cktcg (59)ESpf&SdvmcJhav_yD? OD;apmonf tm%mtwGuf ol‹òydifbufrsm;ukd &Sif;vif;ypfcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdyfqHk;acgif;aqmifum; oludk,fwdkifjzpfrvmEkdifcJhacs? ol.tarGrSmrl qufvuf&SifoefaeqJyif? OD;atmifqef;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ jzpfyGm;_yD;onfhaemufydkif; okwfoifa&;enf;udk OD;ae0if;ESihf ol. twGif;pnf;&Sd aemufvdkufrsm;u atmifatmifjrifjrif usihfoHk;cJhavonf? 1947 ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvtwGif;-urRmiifonfh xdkae‹wGif trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifwOD; usqHk;cJh&±Hkwifru wEkdifiHvHk;. ±kd;om;jrihfjrwfr+ESihf vufawGŒtouf0ifv+yf&Sm;aeaom 'Drkdua&pDpepftay:wGif xm;&Sdonfh EkdifiH. *k%f,l0ihfºuGm;r+onfvnf; tpdwfpdwft¹r$m¹r$mysufjym;usef&pfcJh&avonf?

OD;ae0if;taejzihf vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+udk rpDrH r}uHpnfcJhv#ifyif olonf OD;apm. tpOftvmtwdkif; xJxJ0if0if usihfoHk; rif;vkyftkyfcsKyfolwOD;jzpfavonf?OD;atmifqef;.orD; a':atmifqef;pk-unfurl touf (32) ESpft&G,fwGifowfjzwfjcif;cHvdkuf&I _yD;qHk;atmif rvkyfaqmifoGm;EkdifcJhaom trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;.tvkyfudk qufvufaqmif-uOf;vkyfaqmif&ef óud;pm;jcif;om jzpfavonf? jrefrmEkdifiHtaejzifh ,ae‹tcgor,wGif _idrf;csrf;aom 'Drkdua&pDpepfusaomom,m0ajymaom EkdifiHwEkdifiHtjzpf &yfwnfaeoihf_yD;/ ,if;o±kyfouef.trSwftom;tjzpf a':atmifqef;pk-unfudk jrefrmtrsm;pku ±+jrifae-uavonf?1717171717 wae‹ae‹wcsdefcsdefY vGwfvyfaom 'Drkdua&pD jrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif ,if;odk‹aompGrf;&nfESihfjynfhpHkonfh acgif;aqmifrsm; ay:xGufvmrnfrSm aocsmvSygonf?

ydkrdkaysmf&$ifzG,faumif;aom tem*wfae‹rsm;odk‹ ar#mfrSef;&if; xkdtcsdefwGif,if;acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm;udk xyfrHvufv$wf tqHk;±+H;cHI rjzpfawmhay?

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eef;&if;0efOD;apmESifh twGif;0efOD;wifxGÉff ICS wkd‹ukd vef'efòrdŒawmfwGif 1941 ckESpfatmufwkdbm§Ekd0ifbmvrsm;twGif; awGŒ&ykH? _Adwdo#tpkd;&. zdwf-um;csuft&

0ef}uD;csKyf 0ifpwifcsmcsDESifh wjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh pum;vufqkHaqG;aEG;cJh-uonf?

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‘AdkvfcsKyfESifhtwl tzdk;wefacgif;aqmifaumif;rsm; u|Ekfyfwdk‹-um;rSaysmufuG,foGm;cJhav_yD? ol&Jabma-umifvSaom &efol. om;aumifjzpfcJh-u&onfh ‚if;wdk‹tm;vHk;rSm jrpfa&jyifv$mY jzpfay:vmaom a&ðryfyrm(odk‹r[kwf) a&yef;yGm;rsm;rS wzef jzpfwnftyfaom a&ylaygif;rsm;yrmtvm;o¿mefwlvS.? u|Ekfyfwdk‹ cHpm;&or#um; Oyrmtm;jzifh E+dif;,SOfwdkif;wmI r&Ekdifaumif;wnfh?’

(ocifEk toHv$ifhrdef‹cGef;=22 Zlvdkifv/ 1947) (ocifEk toHv$ifhrdef‹cGef;=22 Zlvdkifv/ 1947) (ocifEk toHv$ifhrdef‹cGef;=22 Zlvdkifv/ 1947) (ocifEk toHv$ifhrdef‹cGef;=22 Zlvdkifv/ 1947) (ocifEk toHv$ifhrdef‹cGef;=22 Zlvdkifv/ 1947)

jrefrmEdkifiH. xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹Y owfjzwfcJhonfh OD;apm. &mZ0wfjypfr+a-umihf xdk‹twGuf jypf'%fuscH&r+ESihf ywfoufI ‘The Burma Bulletin’ 11111 pmapmifwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmt-um u|efawmf aqmif;yg;oHk;yk'fa&;cJhzl;onf? xdkaqmif;yg;rsm;udk “òyH;r,f/ òyH;r,f= vl-urf;jzpfw,f”/ “wap>/ iSufaysmoD;ESihf oHy&m&nf”ESihf “u|efawmhftm; vufr+difcsumþE+wfqufyg”þ[lIþacgif;pOfwyfcJh.? xdkaqmif;yg;rsm;u u|efawmftm; tHh-op&m aumif;avmufatmif wkH‹ jyefulnDr+rsm; &&SdapcJhojzifh u|efawmhftaejzifh pmtkyfyHkpH a&;om;&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfapcJhayonf? pmtkyfjzpfvmaomtcgYvnf;pHkprf;ar;jref;r+rsm; a0zefcsufrsm; &&SdcJhjyefygonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹ trdajr. vGwfvyfa&;r&rD aoG;jzifh ay;qyfcJh&aom acwfopforkdif;udk pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;twGuftcsKdŒrSm ya[Vdqefqef pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;vSonfhtwGuf u|Ekfyfwdk‹taejzihfxyfrHpkaqmif;r+rsm;/ jyefvnf&Sif;vif;csufrsm; csufcsif;ðyvkyfcJh&ayonf?

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befaumuf. ‘The Nation’ owif;pmwGif yg&Sdvmonfh emrnfausmf pma&;q&m r,f,m'l;AGdKufpf (Mair Dubois) . u|efawmfhpmtkyftay: aumufEkwfoHk;oyfcsufrSm tao;pdwfus_yD; tawG;tac: eufeJvSayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;olonf jrefrmEkdifiHom;ESihf EkdifiHjcm;om; pma&;q&mrsm; a&;om;r+tcsKdŒay:wGifom ol.awG;ac:r+udk tajcpdkufxm;ayonf? txl;ojzifh OD;xGef;vSatmif yg0ifcJh&onfhtcef;u¾ESihf ywfouffI t_idrf;pm;Akdvfrª;csKyfa[mif; OD;armifarmifa&;om;aom “jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+rsm; (1940=1948)” ‘ (Burmese Nation-

alist Movements (1940-1948)’ udk tppftrSef t&if;cHtjzpf udk;um;xm;avonf? r,f,m'l;AGdKufpfu ,if;pmtkyfyg atmufygpmydk'frsm;udk udk;um;xm;onf?

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Nash) ESihf jrefrmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfrS axmufvSrf;a&;ppfOD;pD; Adkvfrª;csKyf=Adkvfrª;csKyfEdkuf (Brig Knight) wdk‹ jzpfa-umif; od&Sd&onf”

pmrsufESm (321)æ“tH-op&maumif;onfhtcsufrSm pDtkdif'Dt}uD;tuJtaejzifh bmjzpfaeonfudk od&Sdae_yD; tcif;jzpfyGm;_yD;_yD;csif; rnfol‹udk zrf;qD;&rnfudk od&Sdaeonfhtcsufjzpfonf? r+cif;pHkprf;axmufvSrf;a&;Xme (pDtkdif'D) t}uD;tuJ/ 'kwd,&JAdkvfcsKyf OD;xGef;vSatmiftaejzifh aoewfypfcwfr+rsm; jzpfyGm;_yD;rdepfydkif;twGif;rSmyif &JAkdvfcsKyf (IGP) udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tcef;xJodk‹ ac:aqmifoGm;cJh_yD; ae‹rukefrDrSmyif &JwyfzGJŒwzGJŒudk OD;aqmifI OD;apm_cH0if;odk‹ oGm;cJhonf? (,if;wyfzGJŒrSm BAPS ac: jynfol‹&Jabmf wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESifh zGJŒpnf;xm;aomt&efppfwyftzGJŒ jzpf_yD; ppfrjzpfrDu _Adwdo# &J*sD;rifh (wyf) rS _Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm; OD;aqmif_yD; yef*syfESihf e,fpyfa'orsm;rS tdENd, rlqvifrsm;ESifhom zGJŒpnf;xm;

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onfh BMP ac: ArmppfykvdyftzGJŒudk tpm;xkd; zGJŒpnf;xm;onfhtzGJŒ jzpfonf”pmrsufESm (339)/ rSwfcsuf (123) æ“vlowform;rsm; twGif;0ef±Hk;

taqmufttHkwGif;rSþxGufcGmoGm;_yD; rdepftenf;i,f-um_yD;aemuf (pDtkdif'D t}uD;tuJ/ 'kwd,&JAdkvfcsKyf OD;xGef;vSatmifonf ol‹tcef;rS &JAdkvfcsKyftcef;odk‹ ul;oGm;_yD; tay:xyftcef;rS ±kwf±kwfoJoJtoH-um;&a-umif;ESihf oGm;-unfh±+oihfa-umif;ajymqdkI tay:xyfwufoGm;cJh&m tjzpfqdk;}uD;udk awGŒ jrifcJh&jcif;jzpfonf”

Todk‹ txufwGif qufpyfwifjycJhonfh jzpfpOfrsm;wGif yg&SdcJhaom u|Ekfyfzcif. tcef;u¾ESihf ywfoufI a&;om;ajymqdkr+rsm;udk u|efawmfhtaejzifhtav;wrl jyefvnfrwHk‹ jyefcJha-umif; r,f,m'l;AGdKuf (pf) u a&;om;azmfjycJhonf?&nf!ef;csufrsm;rSm &efukefxkwf owif;pmrsm;rS owif;rsm;tay: tajccHxm;yHk&avonf? vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+jzpfyGm;_yD; aemufw&ufwGif yHkESdyfazmfjycJhaom Oa&myt&m&Sd (2) OD; owif;udk &nf!ef;xm;a-umif; 0efcHr+ ðyxm;avonf? xdkodk‹ tkwfatmfaomif;wif;jzpfaeaom tcsdefwGif u|efawmfpkaqmif;&&Sdxm;aom owif;rsm;rSm tjzpfrSefrsm;ESifh vkyf}uHowif;rsm; a&maxG;aeonf? vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+udke,fcsJŒ _Adwdo#wdk‹u }uHpnfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? 22222 jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;rSm e,fcsJŒ_Adwdo#wdk‹. xifovdk jc,fvS,ftoHk;csr+udk cHcJh&onf? a'ocH jrefrmtrsKd;om;yËdnmOfcH 0efxrf;rsm;rSm olwdk‹. (txuft&m&Sdšq&morm;) _Adwdo#wdk‹tay:,drf;,kdifr+twGuf tjypfqdkzG,f&mjzpfonfæponfwdk‹rSm vlxkt-um; xif&Sm;onfh,lqcsufrsm; jzpfaecJhonf? T,lqcsuf oHk;csuftay: a0zefwdkufckduf&mwGifvusfmorm;rsm;xuf vuf0Jorm;rsm;u ydkrdkjyif;xefpGm wdkufcdkufonf? uGefjrLepf ae‹pOfowif;pmrS a&;om;wdkufcdkufr+rSm tjyif;xefqHk;jzpfavonf? ,if;odk‹v#if tydkiftEkdifa&;om;ajymqdkr+rsm;rSm vkyf}uHowfjzwffr+}uD; _yD;_yD;csif;yif ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;vm_yD; xdef;rEkdifodrf;r& jzpfvmonf?

1947 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv (19) &ufae‹ eHeufcif; tv,fcef‹wGif *VKefwyfzGJŒ0ifvlowform; (4) a,mufonf 0ef}uD;rsm;aumifpDcef;rtwGif;odk‹ twif;0ifa&muf_yD; tcef;wGif;&Sd olrsm;tm; olwdk‹udkifaqmifvmaom atmfwkdrufwpf aoewfrsm;jzifh puUef‹ (30) cef‹ -um ypfcwfcJh-uonf? aoewfypfoHrsm;rSm taqmufttHkwck òydusoGm;ouJhokd‹ vnf;aumif;/ vufypfAHk; 'gZifaygif;rsm;pGm aygufuGJouJhodk‹vnf;aumif;/ ajymif;us,f atmfwdkrufwpfvufeuf}uD;rsm; ypfcwfouJhodk‹ vnf;aumif; tvm;o¿mefwlvSonf?

uyfvsuftcef;um; AdkvfcsKyf. ukd,fa&;vufaxmuf AdkvfxGef;vS.tcef;

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jzpf_yD; xkdtcsdefwGif {nfhonfjzpfol ArmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf OD;pD;AdkvfcsKyf (General Of-

ficer Commanding Burma Command) . ukd,f&Hawmf (aide-de-camp)

Adkvfoef;0if;ESifh pum;ajymvsuf&Sdonf? aoewfrsm; ypfcwfonfESifh olwkd‹ -urf;jyifwGif 0yfaecJh-uaomfvnf; r-umcif jyefx-u_yD; AdkvfxGef;vSonf pnf;a0;cef;r}uD;twGif;okd‹ tajy;0ifa&mufcJhonf? olonf yxrqkH; a&muf&Sdvmoljzpfonf?(tcef; 1/ pmrsufESm 46)? vufeufudkif vlowform;rsm; avSum;ay: wufvmonfudk jrifvdkuf&aom tpdk;&tr+aqmiftzGJŒ. vufaxmuftwGif;a&;rª;jzpfolOD;wiftkH;onf xkdcef;rodk‹ aemufxyf0ifa&mufvmoljzpfonf?

xkdae‹/ paeae‹ eHeuf (9) em&DrS pwifI TtaqmufttHktwGif;wGifyifjrefrmEkdifiH &JAdkvfcsKyf OD;barmifonf tqihfjrifh òrd›jy&Jt&m&Sdrsm; tpnf;ta0;udk}uD;-uyfðyvkyfvsuf&Sdonf? &efukefòrd›awmf &Jrif;}uD; OD;atmifcsdefESihf 'kwd, &JAdkvfcsKyf OD;xGef;vSSatmifwdk‹vnf; xkdtpnf;ta0;odk‹ wufa&mufvsuf&Sdonf? 33333 olwdk‹onfvnf; aygufuGJr+rsm;a-umihf xdwfvef‹acsmufcsm;oGm;-uonf? ,if;aygufuGJr+udk oufaoxGufqdk&mwGif &efukefòrd›&Jrif;}uD;u tkwfrsm; òydusoHuJhodk‹vnf;aumif;/ u|Efkyf. zcifu tHk;tHk;ºuGufºuGufqlnHoHrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; xifjrifcJh-uonf? odk‹ jzifh xdkae‹tpnf;ta0;onf wef‹oGm;cJhonf?

&JwyfzGJŒ. ±Hk;cef;rsm;onf ESpfxyftaqmufttHkjzpfaom twGif;0ef±Hk;.ta&S›buftaqmifwGif wnf&Sdonf? tpdk;&±Hk;cef;rsm;rSmrl ta&S›/ taemufESihfawmifbufwdk‹wGif qufpyfwnf&Sdaeaom taqmufttHkrsm;twGif; ae&m,lxm;-u_yD;/ ajrmufbufwGif taqmifao;wckom&Sdonf? ,if;ajrmufbuftaqmifonf (xdktcsdefu a&wyfrS ,m,Dawmif;,lwyfpGJxm;aom) pdef‹aygvf (St. Paul's)

ausmif;udk rsufESmrlvsuf&Sd_yD; av;axmifhyHk/ twGif;0ef±Hk; taqmufttHk. pwkwajrmuf rsufESmpmjzpfvsuf&Sdayonf? ta&SŒbuftaqmif ajrnDxyfwGif&SdaomjrefrmEdkifiH &JAdkvfcsKyf±Hk;cef;rSmrl AkdvfcsKyf.tcef;ESihf wnfhwnfhqef‹usifbufwGif&Sdonf?þtaemufbuftaqmifþyxrxyfwGif&SdaomþAkdvfcsKyf.tcef;onf ðzwfIwyfI&aom eH&Ht&Sifrsm;&Sd_yD; tpdk;&tr+aqmiftzGJŒ cef;rtjzpf wdk;csJŒtoHk;csI&onf?

txl;cHk±Hk;u oufaorsm;udk -um;emr+ pwifv#if pwifcsif;yif Ttr+}uD;. w&m;0ifwdkifwef;oljzpfaom &efukefòrd›awmf &Jrif;}uD; OD;atmifcsdefonf w&m;vdkbufrS yxrqHk; pwifoufaocHoljzpfvmonf? olonf jrefrmEkdifiH &JAdkvfcsKyf±Hk;cef;rS taemufbuftaqmifodk‹ vrf;av#mufvmcJh_yD; aumifpDcef;rodk‹ a&mufaomtcg AdkvfxGef;vSESihf OD;wiftkH;wdk‹udk ,if;ae&mwGif awGŒcJh&a-umif; olu

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oufaocHxGufqdkcJhonf?OD;xGef;vSatmifonf w&m;vdkjyoufaotrSwf (38) jzpfonf? olonf

zswfvwfoGufvufoltjzpf vlodrsm;jym; xifay:ausmf-um;oljzpfonf? olonftaemufawmifbufxGufaygufrS pywfvrf;odk‹ um;armif;xGufcGm_yD; taemufbufydkif;odk‹oGm;um awGŒor#vltaygif;udk ar;jref;awmhonf? ar;jref;I c&D;ra&mufonfhtcg olonf taemufajrmufbuf*dwfrS jyefvmcJhonf? xdktcsdefwGifjrefrmEdkifiHawmf &JAdkvfcsKyf OD;barmiftaejzihf ypfcwfr+rsm;ESihf ywfoufI od&SdESihf_yD;jzpfaeum OD;xGef;vSatmif jyefa&mufa&mufcsif; olu xkdowif;udk ajymjyvdkufonf? xdk‹aemuf olwdk‹ESpfa,mufvHk; owfjzwfr+ tcsif;jzpfyGm;&mae&modk‹ csufcsif;oGm;cJh-uonf? xdk‹aemuf twGif;0efcsKyf (Chief Secretary) OD;umpD. ±Hk;cef;odk‹qufvufoGm;-uum a-uuGJzG,f&m tjzpfqdk;udk today;cJh-uonf? OD;xGef;vSatmiftaejzifh OD;umpDESihf pum;ajymaeqJrSmyif uy`wdefcef;xHrS w,fvDzkef;tac:0ifvmonf? uy`wdefcef;tm; twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;odk‹vm&ef ajymvdkufojzifh‚if;onf em&D0uftwGif; a&muf&Sdvm_yD; pDtkdif'Dt}uD;tuJtm; oludk,fwdkiftpD&ifcHavawmhonf?

OD;armifarmifu ol‹pmtkyfxJwGif azmfjycJhaom Oa&mywdkufom; ppfwyft&m&Sd (2) OD;rSm jrefrmhppfOD;pD;±Hk;/ jrefrmjynfawmifydkif;c±kdifa'o wyfrif;jzpfolAdkvfrª;csKyf ‘euf (&Sf) ESifh jrefrmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf±Hk; ppfOD;pD; (axmufvSrf;a&;) Adkvfrª;csKyfjzpfol ‘Ekduf’ wdk‹tjzpf xkwfazmfod&SdcJh&onf? olwdk‹onf ypfcwfr+rsm;jzpf_yD;_yD;csif; *spfum;wpD;jzifh armif;xGufoGm;cJh-uonf? tmZmenfae‹ ywf0ef;usifavmufwGif xkwfa0aom ppftm%mydkifwdk‹. owif;pmrsm;u wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif r-umc%qdkovdk pmrsufESm (317) wGif yg&Sdaom Ttv,fpmydk'fudk udk;um;azmfjyavh&Sdonf? 44444 pma&;olu Tta-umif;t&mudk &nf!¸ef;azmfjycJhaom pmrsufESm (339) &Sd rSwfpk trSwf (125) udk udk;um;v#ifvnf; qDavsmfayvdrhfrnf?

(“Adkvfrª;csKyf euf (&Sf) rSm tpdk;&tdrfawmftwGif;&Sd bk&ifcH. vufatmufcHudk,fydkiftwGif;0eftzGJŒrSþtwGif;0efcsKyfjzpfol yD*sDtD;euf (&Sf) (P.G. E Nash) (tdENd,yËdnmOfcH0efxrf;= ICS) . tudkawmfoljzpfonf? Zlvdkifv (28) &ufae‹pGJjzihfay;ydk‹aom a-u;eef;trSwf (313) (Telm.Gvr-SSB, No. 313) pmydk'f (6) wGifæZlvdkifv (18) &ufae‹wGif u|Ekfyfonf zdvpf (&Sf) wufa&mufaeaom aq;±Hkodk‹tvnfoGm;a&mufcJh&m ol‹taejzifh vufeuftrsm; aysmufqHk;aer+udk od&Sdaea-umif; awGŒ&SdcJh&onf? olu OD;apm. bef*vdkudk ntcsdefwGif ppfajrjyifoHk; rSef

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ajymif;rsm;jzifh apmihf-unfhaecJh&m OD;apmonf vl (4/ 5) OD;ESihftwl avSwpD;jzifht}udrftawmfrsm;rsm; rouFmzG,f&m tif;vsm;ueftwGif; oGm;vmaeonfudkawGŒ&SdcJh&a-umif; owif;rsm; u|Ekfyftm; xyfrHajymjycJhonf? OD;apmtaejzihf aumif;aumif;rGefrGef t_rJ0wfpm;qif,ifxm;wwf&m ol‹0goemt& rdef;rr+ayyJvm;[k,lqcJhonf? ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;taejzihf OD;apmonf vufeuftajrmuftjrm;pkaqmif;aecJha-umif;þ,Hk-unfae-uonfhtcsufudkþeufþ(&Sf)þuþ[ef‹ (Lt.Col. Hunt)

udk owday;cJh&ao;onf? ‘[ef‹’ qdkonfrSm jrefrmppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf/ umuG,fa&;Xme/ vHkòcHa&;t&m&Sd 'k=Adkvfrª;}uD;wOD;jzpfonf? TonfrSm vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+wu,frjzpfyGm;rDtcsdefujzpfonf? ‘[ef‹’onf ppfrjzpfrDu &efukefwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wckY tvkyfvkyfudkifcJhzl;oljzpf_yD; OD;apm.pdwftxmudk od&SdcJholjzpfonf?'kwd,&JAdkvfcsKyfþ(pDtkdif'D)þuvnf; ol‹tm;þuefudkjzwfIþOD;apmtdrfudkþaxmufvSrf;apmihf-unfhcdkif;xm;cJhonf? OD;apm.tr+wGif pDtkdif'D&JwyfzGJŒ. oufaoxGufqdkcsufudk-unfhyg?)”

owfjzwfr+jzpfyGm;aecsdefwGif tpdk;&tr+aqmiftzGJŒcef;ratmufwGif &Sdaom±Hk;cef;wGif qm[l;bwfpf&ef‹. vufaxmuftwGif;0efjzpfol ‘qmepfavrdktm(Sir Nick Larmour)’ 55555 onf tvkyfvkyfaecJha-umif; od&onf? Tonfu u|Ekfyfwdk‹tm; ‘zdvpfeuf (&Sf)’ 66666 . tjcm;xGufqdkcsufwckudk tm±Hka&mufoGm;apcJhonf?,if;xGufqdkcsufrSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf?

“TrESpfòrd›zG,f tjzpftysufowif;. tjcm;±+axmifhwckrSm vkyf}uHr+rjzpfyGm;rD wywftvdkavmufY tpdk;&tr+aqmiftzGJŒwGif tpnf;ta0;&Sdaecdkuf tr+aqmifcef;rodk‹ wufa&mufoGm;aom avSum;t0ifwHcg;0Y jrefrm&JwyfzGJŒESifh wGJzufI wm0efcsay;xm;aom _Adwdo#t&m&SdESpfOD;udk wm0efcsxm;cJhjcif;yif jzpfonf? TonfrSm jrefrmvlrsKd; &JwyfzGJŒ0ifwdk‹. *k%foduQmudk xdcdkufapojzihf ‚if;t&m&Sdrsm;udk jyefvnf±kyfodrf;ay;cJh&onf? odk‹ jzpfav&m (19) &ufae‹u ‚if;t&m&Sdrsm;om wm0efcsxm;onfhae&mwGif &SdaecJhaomf rnfodk‹ jzpfysufEkdifonfudk cef‹rSef;wGufq-unfhI&ayonf? tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf olwdk‹onf vufeufrsm; udkifaqmifxm;-u_yD; rouFmzG,f&m vlowform;rsm; 0wfqifxm;-uaom ppfwyf,leDazmif;ta[mif;rsm;a-umihf vG,fvG,fESihf ausmfjzwfcGihfay;vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs?”

Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹/ nae (4) em&D (25) rdepfwGif ‘qm*D;vfbwfvdwf0dwf’(Sir Gilbert Laithwaite) xHodk‹ ,m,Dbk&ifcH. twGif;0ef ‘qm'AvsL'D azmifvm’(R.W.D. Fowler) ay;ydk‹aom a-u;eef;pmwGif yg&Sdonfh tcsuftvufrsm;ESihf zdvpf

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euf (&Sf) ajymqdkcsufrsm;rSm uGJvGJqef‹usifvsuf&Sdonf? (pmrsufESm=268 pmwGJ/yl;wGJ pmrsufESm =230) ? ‘azmifvm’. owif;ay;ydk‹csufwGif rwdus rrSefuefr+rsm;jynfhESufvsuf&Sd_yD; vlowform;rsm; pD;eif;vmaom *spfum;wGif trSwf (12)ppfwyf. trSwftom;rsm; yg&Sdonf[k olu ajymqdkcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; tpdk;&tr+aqmiftzGJŒcef;r. wHcg;0tjyifbufwGif wm0ef,lapmihf-uyfae-uaomvufeufudkif jynfol‹&Jabmfrsm;rSm aoewform;rsm; ypfcwfr+a-umihf jyif;xefpGm'%f&m&-u_yD; ‚if;vlowform;rsm;udk trSwf (4) ArmhaoewfudkifwyfrS wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;tjzpf olwdk‹u rSwfom;rdvdkuf-uonf? xdkae‹u tpdk;&tr+aqmiftzGJŒ cef;r. wHcg;aygufY &yfaecJhaom ±Hk;vkvifaomif;pdefonf awmpdrf;a&mif abmif;bD&Snf 0wfqifxm;cJhonf? OD;&mZwf. i,f&G,fEkysKdaom udk,f&Hawmf udkaxG;onfaoewfypfcwfoHrsm; -um;onfESihf uyfvsuftcef;rS ajy;xGufvmjcif;a-umihfaoewfypfcHvkduf&jcif;jzpfonf? olonf ppfwyfyHkpH ,leDazmif;udk 0wfqifxm;_yD;xkdtcsdefu ypPwkdaoewf udkifxm;cJhyHk&onfhtwGuf jynfol‹&JabmfwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESifh txiftrSm;cHvdkuf&jcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? trSwf (4) ArmhvufeufudkifwyfrSmAdkvfae0if;. wyf&if;jzpfonf?

-urRmqdk;0ifonfh xdkae‹u vHkòcHa&;avsmh&JaeonfrSmawmh jiif;Ir&acs?tjcm;±Hk;wuf&ufrsm;ESifhwlaomfvnf; ae‹w0uf±Hk;ydwf&uf&onf[k u|Ekfyfwdk‹ajymavh&Sdaom paeae‹wGif vHkòcHa&;rSmvnf; avsmh&Jaejcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? odk‹aomf t&m&mrSm omrefyHkrSeftwdkif;jzpfonf? bk&ifcH. tr+aqmiftzGJŒtpnf;ta0; usif;yaecsdefwGif tr+aqmifcef;rodk‹ wuf&m avSum;&if;wGif _Adwdo# ppfwyfrS t&m&Sdrsm;tm; wm0efcsxm;jcif;rSmvnf; t"dutm;jzifh taqmifta,mifoabmrsKd;om jzpfayvdrfhrnf? AdkvfcsKyf. ±Hk;cef;okd‹ csOf;uyf&ef tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm; trsm;tjym; &Sdao;onf? jrefrmvlrsKd;wdk‹ *k%foduQmudk xdcdkufaponfhtwGufa-umifh EdkifiHjcm;om; tapmihft-uyfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;apcJhonfqdkonfrSm rSefuefaumif; rSefuefvdrfhrnfjzpfaomfjim;vnf; twGif;0ef±Hk;0if;twGif; vHkòcHa&;udkxdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smuf&eftwGuf &JwyfzGJŒwzGJŒ wm0eft_rJcsxm;jcif;rSm xHk;wrf;tpOftvm jzpfonf[k ,Hk-unf&ayonf?

aoewfoHrsm; xGufay:vmonfESifh vlowform;rsm;. *spfum;udk xGufajy;&mwGif tqifoihfjzpfaeap&eftwGuf um;armif;olu avSum;ajc&if;em;odk‹armif;a&$Œxm;onfudk &JwOD;u xdkae&mrS qufvufa&$ŒoGm;ap&ef um;armif;oludk ajymcJhaomfvnf; um;armif;olu a&$Œray;cJh[k od&Sd&onf? tcsKdŒtr+aqmif

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aumifpD0ifrsm;wGif txl;t&m&Sdrsm; oufawmfapmifhrsm;&Sd-u_yD; AdkvfxGef;vSESifhudkaxG;wdk‹rSm xdktcsdefu teD;tem;wGif &SdaecJh-uonf? Todk‹aom óudwifowdxm; vkyfaqmifr+tcsKdŒ &Sdyif&Sdjim;aomfvnf; tm;vHk;csKyf-unfhvkdufaomtcg óudwifumuG,fr+rSm tvGeftrif;vdktyfaecJh_yD; xkdtcsdefu twGif;0ef±Hk;rSm wu,fyif ‘wHcg;r&Sd="m;r&Sd’ tajctaejzpfcJhonf? t"du0ifayguf}uD;rsm;rSm [if;vif;yGifhvsuf&Sd_yD;þ±Hk;csdeftwGif;wGifyifþarmfawmf,mOfrsm;/ vrf;oGm;vrf;vmrsm; O'[dkjzwfoef;oGm;vmvsuf&Sdayonf? OD;apmu óudwifaxmufvSrf;&ef apv$wfcJhonfhtzGJŒESihf vlowform;wdk‹ pD;eif;vkdufygoGm;aom *spfum;wdk‹ vG,fvG,fulul 0ifxGufoGm;vmEkdifcJhjcif;u T wHcg;r&Sd/ "m;r&Sd tajctaeudk jyoaeayonf?

vHkòcHa&;twGuf óudwifumuG,fr+ vdktyfjcif;. tjcm;odomxif&Sm;onfhtcsufrSm t"duacgif;aqmifjzpfol AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwdkifu &efoludktav;rxm;bJ ol‹tzdk‹ jynfolvlxk. arwWmjzihf vHkòcHaeonf[k vGJrSm;pGm cHpm;rdaejcif;jzpfonf? TonfrSm jynfolvlxktrsm;pk}uD;udk &nf&G,f&if;jzpfonf? ol‹taejzihf 0ifh0gyv$m;r+udk rESpfòrd›oljzpfonfhtwGuf tvkyfrSmjzpfap/ tdrfrSmjzpfap/oloGm;av&m rnfonfhae&mYjzpfapæ ol‹twGuf txl;umuG,fapmihfa&Smufr+vdktyfonf[k olu rxifjrifrdcJhacs?

odk‹aomfvnf; xdktcsdefu tEœ&m,fonf xifxif&Sm;&Sm; eD;uyfvsuf&Sdonf?_Adwdo#wdk‹. vufeufwdkufrsm;rS vufeufESihf cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf tajrmuftjrm;tcdk;cHxm;&onfudk olvnf;odonf? Zlvdkifv (15) &ufae‹u ,m,DjynfxJa&;0ef}uD; (aysmfbG,f) OD;jrvdkufygvsuf AkdvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif bk&ifcHxH oGm;a&mufumb&if;*ef;rsm;/ tykdypPnf;rsm;ESihf ywfoufaom oHo,jzpfzG,fudpP&yfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI awGŒ&Sdxm;csufudk owif;ay;ydk‹cJhao;onf? ,if;udpP&yfrSm ZGefv (24) &ufae‹wGif jzpfyGm;cJh_yD; wu,faysmufqHk;oGm;onfhtcsdefESihf aysmufqHk;a-umif; od&Sdcsdefwdk‹t-um; tcsdeftwef-um uGm[-umanmif;oGm;cJhonfESihfywfoufI ol.pdk;&drfaomuudk OD;atmifqef;u ‘qm[l;bwfpf&ef‹’ udk xdktcsdefu xkwfazmfajymjycJhygonf? Tr#avmuf tvGeftrif;ta&;}uD;aomudpP&yfrSm ,refae‹urS xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm; od&SdcJh&onf? (tcef; 4/ pmrsufESm =137) oHk;&uf-um_yD;aemuf vkyf}uHr+}uD;rjzpfyGm;rD w&uftvdkwGif ocifEkonf qm[l;bwfpf&ef‹xHoGm;a&mufI ppfwyfvufeufwdkufu rnfolrnf0grSef;rodaom olrsm;udk cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf tajrmuftjrm; xkwfay;cJha-umif; xyfrH owif;ay;ydk‹cJhao;onf?AdkvfcsKyfESihf bk&ifcHwdk‹ awGŒqHk_yD;aemuf &efukefòrd›xkwfowif;pmrsm;u ,if;owif;

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udk rsufESmzHk;owif;jzpf azmfjycJh-uonf?Tvufeufcdk;,lolrsm;tay: jrefjrefqefqef jywfjywfom;om; ta&;,l

aqmif&Guf&ef tpDtpOfw&yfudk Zlvdkifv (19) &ufwGif usif;yonfh tr+aqmifaumifpD. aemufqHk;tpnf;ta0; tpDtpOfwGif OD;atmifqef;ESihf ol‹tpdk;&tzGJŒu xnfhoGif;xm;_yD;jzpfonf? tpnf;ta0;_yD;onfESihf (48) em&DtwGif; OD;apm.tdrfudk 0ifa&mufpD;eif;&SmazG&ef pDpOfxm;onf[kvnf; ,Hk-unf&avonf?

Tvufeufcdk;,lr+udk pHkprf;ppfaq;&mwGif jrefrmh&JwyfzGJŒ. r+cif;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;Xme (pDtdkif'D) onf &efukefòrd›&Jrif;}uD;ESihf yl;aygif;qufoG,fvsuf aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf? _Adwdo#wdk‹. jrefrmhppfOD;pD;Xme ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;uvnf;Ttr+udk udkifwG,fvsuf&Sdonf? odk‹&mwGif olwdk‹taejzifh jrefrm&JwyfzGJŒESihfrnfr#avmuf eD;uyfpGm yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonfudkrl rod&acs? Zlvkdifv(17) &ufae‹rSpI (pDtkdif'D) u OD;apmtdrfudk apmihf-unfh&ef wm0efcsxm;ay;cJh_yD;OD;apm. tdrfeD;csif;jzpfol uy`wdefcef;onf TteD;uyfapmihf-uyf-unfh±+&mwGifyg0ifaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf? OD;xGef;vSatmifxH uy`wdefcef;. ae‹nrpJ wzGJzGJowif;ay;ydk‹r+u *VKefwdk‹. ppfqifa&;tajccHpcef;udk pD;eif;&ef pDpOfr+udk jzpfapcJhonf? *VKefwdk‹.XmecsKyfudk olwdk‹. AkdvfcsKyf/ vlowform;tzGJŒESihftwl odrf;ydkufrd_yD;aemuf a'gufwmbarmfESifh ocifApdeftp&Sdonfh qef‹usifbufštwkduftcHEkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;. tdrfrsm;udkvnf; 0ifa&mufpD;eif;-u&onf? aemuf&ufowWywfrsm;twGif; cef‹rSef;ajc vl (800) cef‹ txdef;odrf;cH-u&onf? 'kwd,&JAdkvfcsKyf (pDtkdif'D) OD;xGef;vSatmiftaejzifh ol‹tvkyfudkol vkyfudkif&mwGifu|rf;u|rf;usifusif vkyfudkifEdkifonfrSm xl;qef;vSonf r[kwfyg? ol&&SdcJhaomt_rJwrf;wyfrawmf. avhusifhr+ oifwef;rsm;tjyif ppfwyfESihf òrd›jy&JwyfzGJŒwGifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh&onfh b0tawGŒtóuHrsm;u ol. yifudk,ft&nftaoG;rsm;udk taumif;qHk;taetxm;txd xufjrufoGm;ap&ef aoG;ay;cJhjcif;a-umihfjzpfonf?

rsKd;±kd;pOfqufwnf&SdcJhaom rsKd;cspfpdwfudk qufcH&&Sdaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;ESihf cyfuif;uif;aecJh_yD;/ olonf w&m;0if tm%mydkifrsm;tay: opPmapmihfod±kdaoI ol.wm0efudk xrf;aqmif&mwGifrl qEN*wd/ b,m*wd wd‹krSvGwfuif;atmift_rJowd&SdcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. òrd›jytkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf ArmhwyfrawmfxJwGif wm0efxrf;aqmif-uol jrefrmrsm;xJwGif olvdkvl tawmftrsm;tjym; &Sdygvdrfhrnf? _Adwdo#tpdk;& vufatmufcH rif;r+xrf;wdk‹. obm0/ olwdk‹. _Adwdo#wdk‹tay: axmuf

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cH,drf;,dkifr+twGuf vli,frsKd;cspfrsm;u olwdk‹tay: yxrwGif oHo,tjrifjzifh-unfh±+ae-uaomfvnf; olwdk‹. vkyfief;qdkif&m toHk;0ifr+a-umihf vGwfvyfa&;&_yD; tpdk;&rsm;vufxufY trsm;tjym;rSm vufcHjcif;cHcJh-u&onf? xdk‹a-umihf qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmif OD;ausmf_idrf;tygt0if rsKd;cspfacgif;aqmifrsm;. ,Hk-unfr+udk &&SdcJh-uol t&m&Sdrsm;teuf (2) OD;rSm OD;xGef;vSatmifESifh u|efawmf. a,muQrjzpfol w&m;0ef}uD; OD;aomif;pdefwdk‹ jzpf-uonf?

tjrifxufykdxl;

u|efawmf.pmtkyf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh yxrt}udrfESifh 'kwd,t}udrfxkwfrsm;wGif tusOf;csKH;wifjycJhaom yk*~dKvftcsKd‹ESifh tjzpftysuftcsKd‹wkd‹. zrf;pm;r+ukdcH-u&aom pmzwfolrsm;&SdcJh-uonf? olwkd‹taejzifh ,if;wkd‹ESifhywfoufI ykdrkdod&Sdvkd_yD; olwkd‹odor#ukdvnf; r#a0vkd-uonf? *|efbif*av/ apmpdefr+H/ apmbOD;}uD;ESifh rmvf[kdx&muJhokd‹aom yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh ywfoufqufEG,fIjzpfonf?

_Adwdo#aumifpD. udk,fpm;vS,f ‘*|efpwsL;0yfbif*av’ udk u|EkfyfpmtkyfwGif xl;jcm;qef;-u,faom t&yfjrihfjrihfESihf vl}uD;vlaumif;[k azmfjycJhonf?(tcef;=4/ pmrsufESm = 136 ESifh pmrsufESm= 143)? xdk‹aemuf xdktcef;tqHk;wGif‘bif*av’ yg0ifywfoufqufEG,faer+udk pma&;q&mrsm;u jzwfueJom azmfjycJh-uaomfvnf; bif*avonf OD;atmifqef;ESihf rdwfaqGrsm;udk qef‹usifonfh tiftm;pkrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;oGm;rdyHk&avonf? xdk‹a-umihfvnf; bif*avESihf ol‹vdkvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf OD;atmifqef;onf _Adwdo#tifyg,mtusKd;pD;yGm;udk tEœ&m,fðyrnfholrsm; jzpfaecJhonf? OD;apmusif;yðyvkyfonfh ygwDyGJwckwGif ar*sm,ef;u‘bif*av’udk OD;apmESifh rdwfqufay;cJhonf? ,ef;.tqdkt& *VKeft}uD;tuJESihfyxrqHk; awGŒqHkaomyGJwGifyif olwdk‹taejzifh OD;apmudk vHk;0tultnDay;rnfhta-umif; vlwdkif;-um;Edkifavmufatmif us,favmifaomtoHjzifh ajymqdkcJhonf[k qdkavonf? ‘qmbOD;’ 77777 u ol. udk,fa&;txkywWdjzpfaom ‘u|Ekfyf. jrefrmjynf’ (My Burma) wGif ol‹ta-umif; w}udrfom wdkwdkav; a&;om;xm;onf?odk‹aomfvnf; ,if;rSm rSwfom;avmufatmif vHkvHkavmufavmuf ywfoufaeayonf? jrefrmwdk‹. trsKd;om;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk rnfonfhenf;ESihfrqdk zsufqD;ypfrnfh _Adwdo#e,fcsJŒ0g'D pifppfwOD;jzpfonfh tqihfjrihf òrd›jytkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sd

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wOD;ESifh ‘bif*av’ onf taygif;toif;jzpfvsuf&Sdonf?odk‹ jzpfonfhtwdkif; bif*avtaejzifh olwdk‹.tpDtrHrsm;bufodk‹ ,drf;,dkif

vkdufygvmrnf[k ,lq&onfh EdkifiHa&;-oZmwduUr&Sdol jrefrmwOD;ESihf rdwfaqGzGJŒvdkyHk ay:cJhygonf? xkdtcsufESihfywfoufI 1947 ckESpftwGif; tjzpftysufwckudkqmbOD;u jyefajymif;a&;om;csufrSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf?

“u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJaeqJjzpfonf? rGefESihfu&ifwdk‹xºuGr+tay: ,if;onf tawmftwef -oZmoufa&mufr+&SdcJhayonf?wae‹aomtcg nae (5) em&DcGJwGif trnftm;jzifh ‘a':e,fbm;rif;yuf (csf)’(Donald Burman Petch) [k ac:aom tqihfjrifh òrd›jytkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&SdwOD;onfa&$awmif-um;&Sd u|Ekfyf.tdrfwGif u|Ekfyftm; tcsdef;tcsufr&SdbJ vma&mufawGŒqHkavonf? u|Ekfyfonf ,cifu Todk‹ xkdolvma&mufawGŒqHkvdrfhrnf[k rxifrSwfcJhacs? u|Ekfyfonf xdkoltm; odaomfvnf; ol‹udk rawGŒrjrifcJhonfrSm ESpftawmf-umcJhav_yD? w&Ha&mtcgu olESihfu|Ekfyfonf ajrmif;jrwGif twl&SdaecJh-u_yD; oluta&;ydkifjzpfI u|Ekfyfu puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;wOD;jzpfonf? 1930 ckESpfwGif u|Ekfyfonf w&m;v$wfawmfodk‹ &mxl;wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&csdefrSpI olESihf u|Ekfyfwdk‹ rawGŒcJh-uawmhacs? olvmvnfcsdefwGif olonfvnf; weoFm&Dwdkif;. wdkif;rif;}uD; jzpfaeay_yD? olESifh u|Ekfyfonf yËdoE<m& pum;rsm; ajymqdk-u_yD;aemuf yuf (csf) u“bOD;/ cifAsm;wdk‹ tck vGwfvyfa&;&awmhr,f? cifAsm;wdk‹taeeJ‹ zuf'&,ftpkd;&yHkpHzGJŒvdrfhr,fvdk‹ u|efawmfem;vnfxm;w,f? weoFm&Dwkdif;udk jynfe,fwcktjzpfu&ifawGudkay;zdk‹ cifAsm;&JŒ vkyfazmfudkifbuf vli,frdwfaqGawGudk cifAsm;bmvdk‹rqGJaqmifwmvJ? 'Dtwkdif;omqdk&if u&ifeJ‹ ArmawGt-um; tjyif;txef òydifqdkifr+awG jzpfvm-uvdrfhr,f? u&ifawGtaeeJ‹ armfvòrdifudk olwdk‹&JŒ t"du qdyfurf;vkyfEkdifovdk cifAsm;wdk‹&JŒ &efukefudk cifAsm;wdk‹&JŒ t"duqdyfurf;vkyfEkdifwmyJr[kwfvm;? 'Dvdk tòydiftqdkif&SdrS wdk;wufrSmaygh”[k oluajymonf?

xkdodk‹ajymonfhtwGuf u|Ekfyfonf t}uD;tus,f a'golykefxrdonf? xdk‹a-umihf u|Efkyfuæ “cifAsm;u uav;uvm;pum; ajymaewmyJ? 'grkef‹a0wmr[kwfbl;? cifAsm;em;vnf&rSmu weoFm&Dwkdif;rSm u&ifawGu vlenf;pkjzpf_yD;ArmawGu vlrsm;pkqdkwmyJ? ArmawGtjyif rGefawGvJ &Sdao;w,f? 'Dawmh vlenf;pku vlrsm;pkudk tkyfcsKyfzdk‹ cifAsm;rar#mfvifheJ‹av? cifAsm;ajymovdkom vkyfvkduf&if r-umcif jy\emawG jzpfvmvdrhfr,f? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf u&ifawGudk wkdif;wckay;zdk‹ zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'xJrSm u|efawmfwdk‹ xnfhqGJxm;_yD;_yD? 'ga-umihf 'DudpP

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rSm cifAsm;wdk‹&ufa&mwmxuf u|efawmfwdk‹u ydk&ufa&mw,fqdkwm cifAsm;em;vnfxm;yg? aemuf_yD; cifAsm;wdk‹ t*FvefrSm paumhcsfeJ‹ 0JvfcsfawG[m ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihfawmif;aecJhwm cifAsm;wdk‹ ay;zdk‹ jiif;cJhwmyJr[kwfvm;? cifAsm;t}uHðywmu u&ifeJ‹Armt-um; jy\emjzpfapzdk‹yJ? 'gudkawmhu|efawmfwdk‹taeeJ‹ vufrcHEdkifwJhtwGuf 0rf;enf;ygw,f? cifAsm;vdk t*FvdyfvlrsKd; enf;enf;yJ&Sdwm u|efawmfodwJhtwGuf 0rf;omrdygw,f? tck= cifAsm; oGm;awmhrvm;? u|efawmfnpmpm;zdk‹ tcsdefausmfaeyg_yD? u|efawmfvJ qmaeyg_yD?cifAsm;twGuf bmrSr&SdwJhtwGuf cifAsm;udk npmpm;zdk‹ qufaezdk‹ u|efawmf rajymawmhygbl;” [k ajymvdkufygonf?

xdktcg olonf xvdkuf_yD;æ “xyfaqG;aEG;zdk‹ u|efawmfvmygOD;r,f” [kajym&if; xGufcGmoGm;avonf?

&uftenf;i,f-um_yD;aemuf &efukef&Sd _Adwdo#aumifpD. udk,fpm;vS,f ‘a*stufpfbif*av’ ESihftwl olonf xyfvmjyefonf? odk‹aomf u|Ekfyfu ol‹wdk‹udkawGŒqHk&ef jiif;qdkvdkuf&awmhonf?

ESpfaygif; (40) eD;yg;cef‹ u|EkfyfESihf qufoG,fr+jywffaecJhaom rdwfaqGwOD;jzpfonfh OD;bapmcifu tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ tm&DZdk;em;jynfe,f/ ‘wlqif’ òrd›rSaeI 1949=50 ckESpf rsm;twGif;u pdefrH+ (tcef; 5/ pmrsufESm =145) udk olod&SdcJha-umif; pma&;om; ajym-um;vmcJhonf? 1968 ckESpf. {_yDvtwGif;u u&iftrsKd;om;pmapmifwGif ‘atmifqef;udk trSefwu,frnfolowfoenf;’ [laomaqmif;yg;udk a&;om;cJhol u|Ekfyfwdk‹. owif;axmufonf pdefrH+a&SŒY ‘apm’wyfIu&ifemrnf ay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf; &efukefòrd›/ atmuf-unfhjrifwdkifvrf;wGif u|Ekfyf. rdwfaqGESihf tdrfeD;csif;jzpfcJhpOfu ol‹emrnfonf OD;pdefr+Homjzpfavonf? xdktcsdefu olonf tpdk;&tvkyfvkyfaecJh_yD; &mxl;rS csxm;jcif;cHaecJh&onf? u|EfkyfxH pma&;om;ol rdwfaqGonf OD;pdefr+H &JwyfzGJŒwGif tr+xrf;aejcif; &Sdr&Sdudkvnf;aumif;/ tu,fI tr+xrf;aeqJjzpfygu 1947 ckESpf/ ZlvkdifvwGif olonf tif;pdefc±dkif. wm0efcH [kwfr[kwfudkvnf;aumif; rod&Sd&acs?odk‹aomfvnf; u|Ekfyf.rdwfaqGuæ

“u|efawmfonf OD;pdefr+Hudk oduQmorm"d&SdolwOD;/ E+wfapmihfpnf;olwOD;tjzpf txl;rSwfrdygonf? tu,fI ol‹a&;om;csufrsm;onf wu,frjzpfysufcJhygu OD;atmifqef;ESihf ol‹vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm; towftjzwfrcH&rD ol‹taejzifhOD;apmudk zrf;qD;cJhav[efa&;om;xm;jcif;rSm vkyf}uHZmwfvrf;xGifjcif;om jzpf

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ygvdrfhrnf? xdk‹a-umihf tqdkyga&;om;csufrsm; rnfr#rSefrnfudk ol‹taeESihf pOf;pm;I r&Ekdifyg? xdk‹ jyif u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±Hk;. &efukefowif;axmufu OD;pdefr+Hudk udk,fwdkifudk,fus vlcsif;awGŒqHkar;jref;cJhjcif; &Sdr&SdESifh xdkaqmif;yg;udk a&;om;csdef 1968 ckESpfwGif OD;pdefr+Honf toufxif&Sm; &Sdae=raeudk vHk;0rod&yg?odk‹ jzpfonfhtavsmuf ‘&efukefowif;axmuf’ taejzifh OD;apm.tr+wGif OD;pdefrH+yg0ifaejcif;ESihf ywfoufI wqihf-um;udk ola&;om;cJhjcif;om jzpfayvdrfhrnf” [ka&;om;cJhonf?

tjcm;jzpfEdkifajc&Sdaom ±+axmifhwckrSm uy`wdefcef;u u|Efkyf.zciftm;vludk,fwdkif vma&muftpD&ifcH_yD;onfhaemuf EdkifiHawmf&JAdkvfcsKyf/ twGif;0efcsKyf/&efukefòrd›&Jrif;}uD;ESifh u|efawmf. zcifwdk‹onf OD;apmudk zrf;qD;&ef qHk;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? OD;apmtdrfudk 0ifa&mufpD;eif;&ef &efukefòrd› &Jrif;}uD; OD;atmifcsdefudk wm0efay;cJhaomfvnf; ol‹taejzifh OD;apmaexkdif&m at'Dvrf;rSm tif;pdef pD&ifpktwGif;yg&SdaeonfhtwGuf wHk‹qdkif;aecJhonf? odk‹ jzpfI xkdtcsdefu OD;pdefrH+onf tif;pdef.c±kdifr+cif;0efaxmufjzpfcJhygu ol‹udk vSrf;I today;ta-umif;-um;rdayvdrfhrnf?xkd‹a-umihf 'k=&JcsKyf (pDtdkif'D) jzpfaom u|Ekfyf. zciftaejzifh aESmihfaES;umþ-uef‹-umr+rjzpfap&ef t}uHðycJh_yD; oludk,fwdkif xdkwm0efudk ,lcJhjcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf[ku|Efkyfem;vnfrdygonf? 1986 ckESpf {_yDvwGif xkwfa0cJhaom txufazmfjyygu&iftrsKd;om;pmapmifwGifyg&Sdaom aqmif;yg;ESifhywfouf_yD; pdwf0ifpm;olu&ifaoG;csif;rsm;&Sd-uonf? 1950 ckESpf -o*kwfvtwGif;wGif “om;owform;pdefvGif OD;aqmifaomwyfzGJŒu xkdif;=jrefrme,fpyf aumhu&dwfteD;wGif apmbOD;}uD;/ ol‹taygif;ygrsm;ESifh ukd,f&Hawmfrsm;ukd ajc&mcHrdoGm;_yD; aemufqkH;Y &Sif;vif;okwfoifypf&mY yg0ifoGm;onf[k rSm;,Gif;owfrSwfjcif;cH&onfh Adkvf}uD; a';ApfADAD,ef;. tcef;u¾ESifhywfoufI xkd u&ifaoG;csif;rsm;u tawmfav;aqG;aEG;ajymqkdvm-uonf? u|efawmhfpmtkyftcef;wcef;wGifvnf; ‚if;tjzpftysufESifh ywfoufI a&;om;azmfjycJh_yD; 0&rf;ajy; _Adwdo#Akdvf}uD;taejzifh u&ifacgif;aqmif. tzGJŒxJwGif ryg&SdonfhtwGuf jrefrmppfwyfu ol‹ukdowfjzwfcJhonf[k ajymqkdcsufukd jiif;qkdcJhygonf? okd‹aomfvnf; u|efyf. u&ifrdwfaqGrsm;taejzifh ADAD,ef;ukd odyfpdwfr0ifpm;bJ ya[Vdqefqef xdktcsdefY apmbOD;}uD; vkyfaqmifaecJhjcif;ukdom txl;pdwf0ifpm;-uygonf? tb,fha-umifhqkdaomf olonfomv#if 1946ckESpf tapmykdif;wGif u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±kH; autJif,l (KNU) ukd zGJŒpnf;cJhol/vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf wESpft-umwGif u&ifhykefuefxºuGr+ukd OD;aqmifcJhol

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olwkd‹.av;pm;&aom acgif;aqmifr[kwfygvm;? u&iftrsKd;om;umuG,fa&;tzGJŒ autJif'Dtkd (KNDO) taejzifh autJif,l. vufeufukdifvufwHjzpfcJh_yD;ykefuefxºuGr+ jzpfcsdefrSp_yD; txufazmfjyyg u&iftrsKd;om;pmapmifyg aqmif;yg;xGufay:vmonfhtcsdefxdqkdv#if (36) ESpfeD;yg;cef‹ ausmfjzwfcJh_yD; ,if;ykefuefr+rSm,ae‹wkdif t"Gef‹&Snfvsuf&Sdaeayonf? autJif,l. tqkdygtjzpftysufESifh ywfoufI ykdrkdtao;pdwfjrifodEkdifap&eftwGuf u|efawmfu olwkd‹ukd zwf±+avhvmEkdif&ef pmtkyfaumif;rsm; !efjycJhygonf? okd‹aomfvnf; jyefvnfrGrf;rHjyifqifwkd;csJŒxm;aom u|Ekfyf.pmtkyf 'kwd,t}udrf (t*Fvdyfbmom) xkwfukd 1996 ckESpfwGif±kdufESdyfxkwfa0_yD;onfESifh 1996 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif ,lEkdufwufuif;'rf;(United Kingdom) &Sd bDbDpD (2) ±kyfjrifoH-um;rS tmZmenfae‹ ESpf (50) jynfhtjzpftaxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh txl;tpDtpOfw&yfjyo_yD;aemufY ,if;ta-umif;t&monf xyfrHay:aygufvmjyefonf? 1996 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvtwGif;wGifvlawGŒar;jref;r+«yvkyf&eftwGuf xkwfvkyfa&;rª;rsm;u u|efawmfhukd t*Fvefjynfokd‹zdwfac:cJhonf? xkwfvkyfa&;rª;rsm;taejzifh 0d0g'jzpfaeaom u&iftrsKd;om;pmapmifyg aqmif;yg;acgif;pOftwkdif; tpDtpOf.acgif;pOfukd tokH;«yvdrfhrnfukdvnf;aumif;/ tpGyfpGJcHae&onfh _Adwdo#wkd‹ yg0ifywfoufr+rSm t"duausm±kd;jzpfvdrfhrnfukdvnf;aumif; u|efawmfwkd‹taejzifh xkdtcsdefu rod&SdcJhacs? ‚if;±kyfjrifoH-um;tpDtpOftaejzifh tcsKd‹aom u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;. apm'uwufr+ukdvnf;aumif;/ ,lau&Sd -unfh±+oltajrmuftjrm;. ±+wfcsr+ukdvnf;aumif; jzpfay:apcJhonf? taemufEkdifiHrsm;xHrS cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf taxmuftyHh&&Sda&; ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh apmbOD;}uD;u ,if;c&D;vrf;ukd uHukdykHI tokH;cscJhjcif;/ ,cif0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;EkESifhAkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tp&Sdonfh wif;rmaomoabmxm;&Sdol Armrsm; yg0ifywfoufaer+ukd u&iftrsKd;om;pmapmifyg aqmif;yg;u pGyfpGJxm;jcif;/ jrefrmEkdifiHawmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm; tp&Sdonfh _Adwdo#tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;rS v#Kd‹0Sufv+yf&Sm;aeonfh yk*~dKvfrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k bDbDpD (2) tpDtpOfu wifjycJhjcif; ponfwkd‹rSm wckESifhwck qufpyfaeayonf? v#Kd‹0Sufv+yf&Sm;olrsm;. yxrqkH;tpnf;ta0;ukd jrefrmEkdifiH awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;tzGJŒ 88888 (Friends

of the Burma Hill Peoples) ukd zGJŒpnf;onfhtcsdef 1947 ckESpf Zlvkdifv EkdifiHawmfvkyf}uHr+rwkdifrD vef'ef-rd›Y usif;ycJha-umif; ‚if;±kyfjrifoH-um;tpDtpOfu jyocJhaomfjim;vnf; autJif,lrS txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f tkdvDAm boef; taejzifh _Adwdo#vkdvm;aom u&ifrsm;. tajccHvkdvm;csufukd tultnD&&Sda&;twGuf a&muf&Sd

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vm_yD;aemuf tpnf;ta0;ukd 0ufpfrifpwm yef;_cHtwGif;þ1948þckESpfþZGefv (30)&ufwGifusif;ycJh_yD; ‚if;rdwfaqGrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf[k xkdtcsdeftxd ,kH-unfaecJh-uonf? rnfokd‹ jzpfap/ u&ifaomif;usef;olwyfzGJŒrsm;twGuf aemufqkH;taumiftxnfay:vmaom tusKd;jzpfxGef;r+ESifh ywfoufI ar;p&mar;cGef;jzpfvmcJhonf? autJif,lwkd‹ 1949 rS 1960 txd qifE$Jaom ppfqifa&;w&yfvkH;ukdjyefvnf-cHikHokH;oyfI tajzay;cJholum; wjcm;olr[kwf? autJif,lOuU@ tjzpfapmbOD;}uD;ukd qufqHcJhol apm[efwmomar$; (Saw Hunter Tha Hmwe) (c)apm[efwm aumupm (tkyfpkd;ol) jzpfonf? olonf 1963 ckESpf &efukefwGifusif;yaom _idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ.&v'ftjzpf A[kdtpkd;&xH vufeufcsoGm;cJhonf? rwfv (22) &ufae‹wGif &efukefjrefrmhtoHrSaeI u&ifvlrsKd;wkd‹tm; ol‹tawGŒt¯uHrsm;ukd jyefajymif;ajymjyoGm;cJhonf? atmufygwkd‹rSm qufpyfaom aumufEkwfcsufrsm;jzpfonf?

“autJif'DtkdxJrSm&SdwJh u|efawmfwkd‹taeeJ‹ 1949 u 1952 txd ppftultaxmuftyHh&&Sdzkd‹ taemufbufukd ar#mf-unfhcJh-uw,f? tquftoG,f &&SdEkdifr,fvkd‹ ar#mfvifhcsufeJ‹ e,fpyfukdoGm;wJh vrf;c&D;rSmyJ apmbOD;}uD;eJ‹ apmpHau;w‹kdusqkH;cJh&w,f? 'gayr,fh bmtultnDrSr&cJhbl;? 1953 cku 1960 txd taemufukdausmckdif;_yD; ta&SŒbuf (jrefrmjynfwGif;u ulrifwefwyfzGJŒrsm;/ xkd‹aemufw±kwfeD ESpfckvkH; ratmifjrifcJh) ukd tultnD&zkd‹ u|efawmfwkd‹ -unhf-ujyefw,f?tJ'Doifcef;pmrsm;&&Sd_yD; 1960 aemufykdif;up_yD; ukd,fhukd,fukdtm;ukd;zkd‹ ukd,fhvrf;ukd,foGm;zkd‹ u|efawmfwkd‹ qkH;jzwfcJh-uw,f?”

'Drkdua&pDpepfwGif EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm; ouf0ifv+yf&Sm;Ekdifa&;twGuf &efykHaiGaxmufyHha&;onf toufaoG;a-umozG,fjzpfonf? okd‹ jzpfI csrf;omºuG,f0aomwOD;csif;yk*~dKvfrsm;xHrSvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSvnf;aumif; tvSLaiGrsm;ukd EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;u vG,fvifhwulvufcH-uonf? vSL'gef;olrsm;uvnf;tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh OD;pm;ay;r+ukd ar#mfvifh-uonfrSmxif&Sm;onf? ajrykdif&Sifrsm;/ukefonf}uD;rsm;tjzpf csrf;omºuG,f0olrsm; pm&if;0ifEkdifolrsm; jrefrmrsm;xJwGiftvGef&Sm;yg;onf? okd‹aomfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;trsKd;rsKd;vkyfukdif_yD; ,if;pepftwGif;rSyif tusKd;tjrwfaiG ajrmufjrm;pGm pkaqmif;rdaom w±kwfrsm;/ tdENd,vlrsKd; tajrmuftjrm;&Sdonf? wcsKd‹taejzifh olwkd‹pdwfuduf EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;.aiGtdwfukd ulnDjznfhay;-uonfrSm ,kHrSm;p&mr&Sdacs? Oa&myukr`%D}uD;rsm;wGiftrsm;pkrSm _Adwdo#wkd‹ jzpf_yD; olwkd‹. }uD;rm;us,fjyef‹ aom vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr+ESifh

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99999 ppfyGJ'%fjzifh ysufpD;ae±kHomru EkdifiHa&;/ vlr+a&;t& ±+yfaxG;ayGvDaeaom EkdifiHokd‹ OD;apmtaejzifh jyefvm&jcif;jzpfonfhtjyif ykdIta&;}uD;onfub,folurS ol‹ukd ta&;w,lr&Sd-uawmhonfh EkdifiHjzpfaejcif;yif? ol‹ykHpHtwkdif;oloGm;&mvrf;wGif ydwf&yfaeol rnfolukdrqkd z,f&Sm;ypf&ef tpDtrHrsm;csrSwfae_yD; tvSL&Sifrsm;ESifh aiGa-u;&Ekdifrnfhae&mrsm;ukd toJtrJ&Sm}uHaecJhonf?a'ocH axmufyHhrnfholrsm; enf;yg;ae_yDjzpfI ol‹&Sm}uHr+e,fukd ykdrkdjzef‹ -uuf&awmhonf? 1947 ckESpf tapmykdif;wGif oHo,jzpfzG,f v+yf&Sm;r+rsm; jzpfvmcJhonf?atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyfcsKyfqkd_yD;aemuf AkdvfcsKyfESifh ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; wkdif;jynfjyefvmcsdefwGif olu t*FvefwGif acwW aemufcsefae&pfcJhonf? xkdtcsdefwGifOD;aqmifEkdifiHa&;ygwDukd qef‹usifwkdufckduf&mY tokH;«y&eftwGuf aiGa-u;trsm;tjym;ukd trnfrazmfvkdonfh tvSL&SifwOD;u ol‹ukday;cJha-umif;ESifht*Fvdyft&if;&Sifrsm;xHrSvnf; tvm;wl aiGa-u;ta&twGufukd ol&&SdcJha-umif;owif;xGufvmcJhonf? (±+=Rangoon Guide Daily owif;ay;ykd‹r+ pm=50) jrefrmt}uD;wef;t&m&Sdtqifhu ‚if;oHo,&SdaeykH&onfomru _Adwdo#umuG,fa&;Xme vkH-cHa&;t&m&Sdu ArmppfXmecsKyf (Defence Security Office-Burma Com-

mand) . 1947 ckESpf -o*kwfv (20) &uf owif;ay;ykd‹r+wGif u|efawmf.zcifjzpfol 'Dtkdif*sD=pDtkdif'D (DIG-CID) ESifh tcsdef-umjrifhpGm pum;ajymqkdr+wGif ol‹taejzifh bk&ifhtpkd;&ESifh a,bk,stm;jzifh _Adwdo#wkd‹tay: ,if;oHo,0ifaer+rsm;rS

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& Co) (tcef; 4/ pmrsufESm 125 ESifh tcef; 5 pmrsufESm 140) qkdol wa,mufom&Sdayonf? ol‹ta-umif; tenf;i,fod&or#rSm olonf a';ApfADAD,ef; aexkdifaomzkduf(cs) vrf; (Fytche Road) &Sd aetdrfY aexkdifvsuf&Sdaom tdENd,vlrsKd; (trnft& yefcsmyD[dENL) pD;yGm;a&;orm;wOD;jzpfonf? ‘rmvf[dkx&m’ taejzifh _Adwdo#ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;tcsKdŒudk a&S›wef;wifAef;jyolwOD; jzpfyHk&_yD; OD;apmESihf qufoG,fr+ðy&mY ol‹udk toHk;cscJhjcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? ‘rmvf[dkx&m’ taejzifhvnf;olonf pD;yGm;a&;orm;jzpfonfhtavsmuf aemifwGif ta&;ygt&ma&mufvmrnfhEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESihf &if;ESD;r+&Sdap&ef xdktcGihfta&;udk vkdvm;aumif; vdkvm;cJhayvdrfhrnf? ‘rmvf[dkx&m’ ESihf ol‹ZeD;onfwdk‹onf &efukefòrd›wGif qufvufaexkdifcJh_yD; aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm -um&Sdonftxd vlr+a&;yGJrsm;Y olwdk‹udk awGŒ jrifaecJh&avonf? xdk‹a-umihfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;onfhaemuf ‘rpPrm[dkvfx&m’ tm;jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;. ‘rdcifESihf uav;apmihfa&Smufa&;toif;’ wGif wufºuGpGmyg0ifv+yf&Sm;cJhonfudk t_rJwap jrifawGŒae&jcif;jzpfayonf?

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ol‹ajymjycsufrsm;wGif tjcm;pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;onfhwcsufrSm w&m;rqkdif&ao;cif ol‹ukd wkdufydwfcHxm;&csdefY &ef}uD;atmifu TudpPukd armifpkd;ESifhtjcm;olrsm; tpDtpOfqGJaeonfrSm -um_yDjzpfa-umif;/ ol‹ukd ESpfukd,f-um; ajymcJhjcif;jzpfonf? xkd‹aemufykdif;wGif OD;apm.vlrsm; pdwfoabmxm; ajymif;vJp«yvm_yD; armifpkd;ESifh oufESif;wkd‹u olwkd‹taejzifh t&nftcsif;&Sd_yD; *k%foa&jrifhrm;aom yk*~dKvf}uD;wOD;ESifh tr+wwGJxJ&Sdaejcif;a-umifh olwkd‹bufu tm;omap&ef OD;apmu pGrf;aqmifEkdif&nf&SdonfhtwGufa-umifh rvkdtyfbJ pdwfylyefr+rjzpf-u&ef olwkd‹.&Jabmfrsm;ukd azsmif;zscJh-uaomfvnf; olwkd‹ &Jabmfrsm;tm; pdwf"mwfrusatmif rvkyfEdkif-uacs? okcrSm 0rf;enf;a-uuGJvsuf&Sd_yD; ol‹taejzifhOD;apmtdrfokd‹ aemufusrS a&mufvm&oljzpfI *VKefacgif;aqmif}uD;ESifh &uf (40)om twlaecJh&vsuf puf±kyfozG,f tapcHvkd tokH;cscH&um "m;pmcHtvkyfcH&jcif;ESifh Tokd‹aom emrnfqkd;vSonfh &mZ0wfr+wGif yg0ifywfoufcJh&jcif;wkd‹twGuft}uD;tus,f aemifw&rda-umif; OD;vSukd ajymqkdcJhonf?

okcrSm vlxkOD;vS. aemufpmtkyfwtkyfwGif xyfrHyg&Sdaomfvnf; 'DwcgwGifrl cyfwkdwkdav;omygcJhonf? ,if;pmtkyfrSm “ppf/ tcspfESifhaxmif” (1973ckESpfwGif The Victim tjypfrJhcH&oltrnfjzifh t*FvdyfvkdbmomjyefcH&onf) trnf&Sd 0wˆKjzpfonf? ,if;0wˆKrSm "m;jyr+jzifh axmifwoufus_yD; &efukefaxmifwGifþxkdtcsdefu (9) ESpfuscH_yD;jzpfol armifouf (c) xGef;jrifhta-umif;jzpfonf?olu (1957 ckavmufwGif) bDuvyf(pf) tqifhjzifh axmifusoGm;_yD;aemuftyfcsKyfXmeY pma&;tjzpf wm0eftcscHxm;&ol okcukd awGŒcJh&onf? xkdtcgxkdXmewGifyif tvkyfvkyfae&ol armifoufu okcukd tpkd;& tzGJŒ0if0ef}uD;rsm;tm;vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+jzifh axmifwoufuscHae&oltjzpf od&SdcJhonf? okctaejzifhol‹tay: t}udrftawmfrsm;rsm; !SmwmpGm qufqHcJhonf[k oluajymjycJhonf?

xkd‹aemufykdif;wGif okcrSm ZmwfjrKyfoGm;cJhonf?

pyfpHxGef;.om;

1947 ckESpf/ ZlvkdifvwGif tmZmenftjzpf usqHk;cJh&ol acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. rsKd;qufrsm;xJwGif ,cktcgY txif&Sm;qHk;jzpfaeolrSm AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif.

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orD;jzpf_yD;þxkdtcsdefuþuav;r#omjzpfcJhol a':atmifqef;pk-unfjzpfonf?þu|efawmf. a&;om;r+udk zwf_yD;aemuf tjcm; uav;i,fwOD;uvnf; olrSwfrdor#u|efawmftm; ajymjycJhonf?

olonf ‘pyfpHxGef;’.om; ‘pyfaq;[kef’ jzpfI ol‹zcifjzpfol rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;}uD; Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹u towfcH&onfh wkefv+yfzG,fowif;udk -um;&csdefu olonf ol. nDi,fwOD;/ nDr (2) OD;wdk‹ESihftwl awmif}uD;òrd›wGif&Sdaoma,musfm;av;ESihf rdef;uav;rsm; a&maESmynmoif-um;&onfh ‘pdef‹tif;þ(ef)þuGefAifh’ ausmif;wGif ynmqnf;yl;vsuf&Sd_yD; touftm;jzifh (12) ESpfom &Sdao;onf?ol‹rdcifESihf tjcm;nDrwOD;rSm uG,fvGefcJh_yDjzpf_yD;/ a,musfm;av;rsm;rSm (avwyfAdkvfrª;csKyf) ‘awmfrDuvpf (zf)’. rdciftdrfY aexdkifvsuf&Sd-uonf? pdwfylyefv+yf&Sm;vsufae-uaom rdbrJhuav; (4) a,mufonf &efukefòrd›odk‹ &xm;jzihf pD;eif;vkdufygcJh-uaomfvnf; ‘rkwfokef’ rdk;}uD;þonf;xefpGm&GmoGef;r+a-umihf &xm;vrf;rsm; a&v$rf;um ompnfvrf;qHkwGif wywfvHk;vHk; olwdk‹ aomifwifaecJh-uonf?

&efukefòrd›awmfwGifrl aemifwGif vGwfvyfaom orRwjrefrmEkdifiHawmf. yxrqHk; EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmonfh rdk;rdwfapmfbGm; pyfcGefcsKdu olwdk‹udk aumif;pGmapmihfa&Smufxm;cJh&onf? *sLAvDa[mwGif EkdifiHawmfpsmyetjzpf &SdaeqJjzpfaomtmZmenf}uD;rsm;. ±kyfuvmyf&Sd&modk‹ olwdk‹tm; ac:aqmifoGm;aomtcgwGif‘pyfaq;[kef’ onf rSefacgif;xJwGif vJavsmif;aeaom ol‹zcif. udk,fcE<mudk rif;nDrif;om;tqihfESifh vdkufzufaom eef;oHk;tqift,ifrsm;ESihf txl;jyifqifxm;onfudk owdxm;rdcJhonf?

pyfpHxGef;. ±kyfcE<mudk ol‹ òrd›awmfjzpfonfh rdkif;yGefòrd›odk‹ &xm;jzihf o,faqmif&mwGif a&$anmifòrd›rSwqifh usef (44) rdkif c&D;pOfudk armfawmf,mOfjzifh t_yD;owfo,faqmifcJh&onf? ±kd;&m"avhxHk;wrf;rsm;t& tcrf;tem;usif;ycJh-u_yD; aemufqHk;ae‹ rD;oò*õ[f&modk‹ tjcm;jynfe,frsm;rS apmfbGm;rsm;/ *k%foa&&Sd yk*~dKvfrsm;ESihfvlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm wufa&mufvmcJh-uonf? pyfaq;[kefonf om;t}uD;qHk;jzpfonfESihftnD psmye eH‹om xif;pifudk rD;±+dŒay;cJh&onf? olŒzcif. udk,fcE<monf tvGefvsifjrifpGm rD;avmifjymusoGm;cJhonfudk olrSwfrdcJhonf? jymrsm;udkpkpnf;I *loGif;xm;cJhonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm -um_yD;aemuf xkd-urRmiifonfhae‹uaoqHk;oGm;_yD;olrsm;ESihf toufiifaeolrsm;udk aq;±Hk}uD;odk‹ ,laqmifoGm;&m&efukeftaxGaxG jynfol‹aq;±Hk}uD;wGif wm0efusaeol q&m0efwOD;u pyfpHxGef;onf c%wðzwfr# owdjyefvnfvmwdkif;æ“wjcm;vlawGudk *±kpdkufyg? olwdk‹u

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u|efawmhfxuf ydkxdcdkufw,f” [k nnf;wGm;a-umif; pyfaq;[kefudk jyefajymif;ajymqdkcJhonf? rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;}uD;onf aemufw&ufwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhavonf?

pyfaq;[kefonf ,cktcg ol. ZeD;onfESihfwuG orD;oHk;a,muf/ om;wa,mufESihftwl -opa-w;vsEdkifiH/ qpf'eDòrd›wGif aexdkifvsuf&Sdonf? 1993 ckESpf/atmufwkdbmvY uifbm&mòrd›&Sd -opa-w;vs trsKd;om;wuUodkvf (Australian

National University) wGif usif;yaom ta&SŒawmiftm&Se,fpyfa'orsm;ESihfywfoufaom aqG;aEG;yGJwckodk‹ “&Srf;vlrsKd;rsm; 1947=67” pmwrf;wapmifudkolþwifoGif;cJhonf? ,if;pmwef;wGif “AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ay;xm;aom uwdudk wnfavh&Sdonfhacgif;aqmifrsKd;jzpfI &Srf;wdk‹u ol‹tay: ,Hk-unfr+tjynfht0xm;&SdcJhonf? wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfu ‚if;. vkyfief;&yfrsm;udk t_yD;rowfEkdifrDrSmyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom xdyfydkif; trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif uHraumif; ta-umif;rvSpGm vkyf}uHowfjzwfcHcJh&onf? ,if;odk‹ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; usqHk;cJh&r+onf aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm t-umwGif &Srf;vlrsKd;rsm;tay:Y usa&mufvmrnfh uH-urRm trsKd;rsKd;wdk‹twGuf t}uD;rm;qHk;ESihf wckwnf;aom tajccHta-umif;tcsuf jzpfayvdrfhrnf” [lI olu wifjycJhonf?

OD;b0if;.om;

av;pm;&aom tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. om;wOD;jzpf_yD; ol‹zcifjzpfolESihf oludk,fwdkif ywfoufaeaom rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;rSwqihf u|efawmfxHodk‹ tcsKdŒaom ta-umif;t&mrsm;udk a0r#ay;ydk‹ulnDcJholrSm OD;b0if;.om;/a':atmifqef;pk-unf. tudkw0rf;uGJawmfol a'gufwmpdef0if;jzpfonf?

olu (a':atmifqef;pk-unfajymcJhzl;onfhtwdkif;) ol‹b0tawGŒtóuHudkpwifajymcJhonf? “u|efawmfhzcif aoqHk;pOfu u|efawmfonf i,fvGef;vSIrrSwfrdcJhyg” [k qdkonf? rSefygonf? xdkqdk;&Gm;vSaom tjzpftysuf jzpfyGm;pOfuolonf touf wESpfESihfajcmufvt&G,fr#om &Sdao;onf? a':atmifqef;pk-unfuvnf; tvm;wlyif “atmifqef;”[laom yk*~dKvfa&;txky`wWdpmtkyf. tcsD;ed'gef;udk Toem;pzG,fpum;vHk;rsm;jzihf tpysKd;xm;cJhonf? -opa-w;vsEdkifiH/ uGif;(p) vefwuUodkvf (Queensland University) u 1984 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhaom‘tm&Sacgif;aqmifrsm;’ pmpOfwGif Ta&;om;r+ yg&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf? rdwfquf

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tcef;jzpfonfh ‘tpOD;v$rf;rdk;r+rsm;’ Y ‘ol‹zcifonf touf (13) ESpfwGif t*FvdyfpmoifcsifvGef;vSI ol‹Zmwdewfarmufòrd›rS ‚if;bmom&yfoif-um;&m jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;&Sd a&eHacsmif;òrd› trsKd;om;ausmif;odk‹ xGufcGmoGm;cJha-umif; jyefajymif;a&;om;xm;cJhonf? xkdausmif;Y OD;atmifqef;onf ausmif;q&mwOD;jzpfaomol‹tudk OD;b0if;. apmifha&Smufr+udk &&Sd_yD; ol‹tudku pnf;urf;wif;-uyfr+ESihfudk,fydkifawG;ac:r+wdk‹udk tnDtr#aygif;pyfum ol‹ynma&;ESihf usef;rma&;udk }uD;-uyfay;cJhonfhtwGuf uHaumif;cJha-umif; olru a&;om;xm;onf?

av;ESpft-umwGif nDtpfudk (2) OD; uGJuGmcJh&onf? tudkjzpfolu ol.ausmif;q&mvkyfief;udk qufvufvkyfudkifaepOfrSmyif nDjzpfolu txufwef;ausmif;rS wuUodkvf0ifcGihf &&SdcJhonfhtwGuf &efukefwuUodkvfY ynmqnf;yl;&efol‹vrf;ol qufav#mufcJhavonf? OD;atmifqef;onf trsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;ESifh jynfhESufaeaom (15) ESpfwmumvudk ausmfjzwfcJh_yD; trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;wOD;tqihfudk &&SdcJhavonf?

1946 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (26) &ufae‹wGif topfa&muf&Sdvmaom(,m,D) bk&ifcH _Adwdo#AdkvfcsKyf ‘qm[l;bwf&ef‹pf’u tzGJŒ0if (9) OD;yg&Sdaomtr+aqmifaumifpDudk zGJŒpnf;cJh&m (zqyv) tzGJŒcsKyfrS OD;atmifqef;tygt0if (6)OD;yg0ifum OD;atmifqef;udk 'k=obmywdtjzpf cef‹tyfcJhonf? aemufwESpf/ {_yDvwGif wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmftwGuf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;ycJh&m olonf ppf_yD;acwf ESpfrsm;wGif wyfrawmfrSxGufI t&yfom;b0jzihf EdkifiHa&;odk‹ 0ifa&mufcJh_yD; (a&eHacsmif;òrd›e,f/ zqyv tzGJŒcGJ. OuU@tjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJh&aom)OD;b0if;rSmvnf; rauG;òrd›e,f/ taemufajrmuf v$wfawmftrwfavmif;wae&mwGif 0ifa&mufta&G;cHcJh&ayonf?

1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkif (22) &ufae‹wGif vGefcJhaom oHk;&ufu vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;cH&aom acgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf trSwfw& 0rf;enf;pum;udk toHv$ihffajym-um;&mwGif OD;Eku a'gufwmpdef0if;. zcifjzpfoltm; bk&ifcH. tr+aqmifaumifpDY cef‹tyfjcif; ta-umif;xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf? “OD;b0if;onf u|efawmfESihfaumvdyfY twlwl wufa&mufcJholwOD;jzpfygonf? olonf EdkifiHa&;e,fxJodk‹aemufusrS 0ifa&mufvmcJholwOD;jzpfaomfvnf; ol. udk,fydkifudk,f&nfudk,faoG;rsm;ESifh tusihfrysufr+u ol,ckxrf;aqmifaeaom ae&mESihf xkdufwefoljzpfjcif;a-umifh tr+aqmifaumifpDpm&if;wGif ol‹tm;xnfhoGif;&ef u|efawmfpdwful;&cJh_yD;AkdvfcsKyfESifh aròrd›YawGŒ -upOfu u|efawmfudk,fwdkif t}uHðycJhjcif;jzpfonf” [k OD;Ek

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u xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf?xkdodk‹ jzifh OD;b0if;onf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESihf axmufyHha&;qdkif&m aumif

pD0ifjzpfvmcJh_yD; ol‹Y (ZeD;onfESihf uav; (6) a,muf (a,musfm;av; (4)þa,muf/rdef;uav; (2) a,muf) &Sdonfhteuf udkpdef0if;rSm (5) a,mufajrmuf uav;jzpfonf? olwdk‹onf 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv vqef;ydkif; OD;b0if; raoqHk;rD (14)&ufrSmyif a&eHacsmif;rS &efukefòrd›awmfodk‹ ajymif;a&$ŒvmcJh-uonf? xdktcsdefu ,cka':atmifqef;pk-unfaexkdif&m eHygwf (54) ESihf rsufESmcsif;qdkif vrf;wbufjcrf;&Sd/wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf; trSwf (51) aetdrf}uD;Y olwdk‹tm; ae&mcsxm;jcif;cHcJh&onf? tdrftopfodk‹ a&muf&Sdvm&mwGif udkpdef0if; rSwfrdor#rSm wpHkwa,mufuol‹em;vmI “'Dtdrf[m rif;wdk‹ae&r,fh tdrfyJ” [k ol‹udk ajymqdkjcif;yifjzpfonf?

xdktcsdefu OD;atmifqef;wdk‹ rdom;pkrSm uefawmf}uD;teD;/ wm0gvdrf;&Sd tpdk;&tdrfwGif aexkdifvsuf&Sd&m wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;ESifh twefi,fa0;aomfvnf;rdom;pk (2) pkonf r-umc% awGŒqHk-u_yD; uav;i,farmifESrwpkwdk‹ twlwlupm;-uum aysmf&$ifvmcJh-uonf? odk‹aomf ,if;odk‹ olwdk‹armifESrwpk aysmf&$ifr+onf a&S›vmrnfh (14) &uf (19/ 7/ 47) rwkdifrD ,m,Doabmr# aysmf&$ifae-u&onfh ‘b0tdyfruf’ wckr#om jzpfae&Smonfudkrl olwdk‹rod-uacs?

xdk‹aemuf 0rf;enf;zG,ftjzpftysuf jzpfvmcJhonf? Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹u aumifpDcef;rtwGif; tpnf;ta0;Y OD;b0if;onf ol‹nD. nmbufwef;wGifaumifpD0if OD;tAŠ'l&mZwfESihf 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdwdk‹t-um; xkdifaecJh_yD; aoewfusnfqef (8) csufxdrSefum yGJcsif;_yD; aoqHk;oGm;cJh&onf? xkdtcsdefu ol‹toufrSm(46) ESpfr#om jzpfavonf?

xdk‹aemufwGifrl OD;b0if;. ±kyftavmif;udk &efukefjynfol‹aq;±Hk}uD;.&ifcGJ±HkrS ‘*sLAvDa[m’ odk‹ EkdifiHawmfpsmyetjzpf xm;&Sd&ef o,faqmifoGm;cJh-uonf? OD;b0if;. rdom;pkonfvnf; ol. usef&pfaom ±kyftavmif;udk &Sdcdk;uefawmh&ef r-umc%qdkouJhodk‹ *sLAvDa[modk‹ oGm;cJh-uonf? odk‹aomf a'gufwmpdef0if;taejzifh ,if;odk‹ oGm;cJh-ujcif;ukdvnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHawmfpsmyetcrf;tem;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ tmZmenfAdrmefY *loGif;ðryfESHjcif;udkvnf;aumif; rSwfrdjcif;r&Sdawmhacs? oljyefvnfpOf;pm;owd&aeao;onfrSm txl;ðyvkyfaom tcrf;tem;rsm;wGif ol‹zcifvJavsmif;&m tmZmenfAdrmefodk‹ olwdk‹rdom;pkoGm;a&mufIyef;acGcscJh&onfh tcsdefrsm;udkom jzpfavonf? xdk‹aemuf a'gufwmpdef0if;onfynm&yfqdkif&m qnf;yl;avhvmr+rsm; qufvufðyvkyfcJh_yD; ‘[rf;bwf’ wuUodkvfrS

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ocsFmynm&yfwGif a'gufwmbGJŒudk &&SdcJhavonf? olonf ‘oD&dvuFm’ESifh ‘Edkif±kdbD’wdk‹wGif&Sdaom ‘udkvHbdk’wuUokdvfESihf ‘Edkif±kdbD’wuUodkvfwdk‹tjyif aemifwGif&efukefY oif-um;a&;wm0efrsm; ,lcJhonf? olonf ol‹zcifESihftvm;wlpGm pdwfwnf_idrfat;aq;_yD; ynmydk‹csoif-um;a&;Y arGŒavsmfr+&&Sdum EdkifiHa&;e,fxJodk‹ 0if&mYvnf; aemufuscJhonf? 1988 ckESpfwGif ESrjzpfol a':atmifqef;pk-unfu taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf aqmif&Gufum trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfudk zGJŒpnf;vdkufaomtcgY olonf rdk;_cdrf;aomtcg rdk;óud;ygwwfouJhodk‹ tzGJŒ0ifwOD;tjzpf 0ifa&mufcJh&onf? odk‹aomfvnf; ppftm%mydkifrsm;u trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfudkzsufodrf;cJhv#if ulnD0kdif;&H taxmuftcHtjzpf &nf&G,fum zGJŒpnf;cJhaom topfygwD tzGJŒwckjzpfonfh ‘trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDygwD’ udk OD;aqmif&ef ol‹udk a&G;cs,fcJhonf? odk‹ jzpfonfhtavsmuf 1990 ckESpf/ arva&G;aumufyGJwGif OD;pdef0if;onfyJcl;wkdif; rJqENe,frS vG,fvG,fulul tEkdif&&SdcJhavonf? xdkenf;wlyif wkdif;jynfudktkyfcsKyf&ef trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfudkvnf; jynfolvlxku rJqEN tjywftowfay;um a&G;cs,fcJhaomfvnf; ppfwyfu *k%foduQmuif;rJhpGm wdkif;jynfudkw&m;r0if qufvuftkyfcsKyfaecJhavonf? olwdk‹onf EkdifiHa&;t& zrf;qD;r+rsm;/xdef;odrf;r+rsm;/ txl;ojzihf topfa&G;cs,fcHxm;&aom v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk w&m;r0ifjyefvnf±kyfodrf;r+rsm;tm; trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfESihf r[mrdwfygwDrsm;tay: enf;rsKd;pHkjzihf (rqvESihfwpnwdk‹.udk,fpm;) ðyvkyfoGm;cJhonf?

trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfrS ta&G;cs,fcH&aom v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm; aemufqHk;wGif v#KdŒ0SufawGŒqHk-u_yD; ta&G;cs,fcH v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f tpkwpkudk ,m,Dtpdk;&w&yf zGJŒpnf;&ef !ef-um;cJhonf? a'gufwmpdef0if;ESihf vkyfazmfudkifbuf (7) OD;onf xkdif;e,fpyfwGif&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwftzGJŒ. e,fajrjzpfaom ‘vGwfajrmufe,fajr’ odk‹ xGufajy;vmEkdifcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdku&ufwpf r[mrdwftzGJŒ. ulnDr+udkvnf; tjynfht0&&SdcJhjcif;a-umifh1990 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae‹wGif rme,fyavmY 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&aom a'gufwmpdef0if;u -um;jzwftpdk;&w&yfudk ‘jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om;!Gef‹aygif;tpdk;&’ tjzpf a-unmcJhavonf? xdk‹aemuf tajctaet&yf&yfa-umifh a'gufwmpdef0if;ESifh ol. 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ0iftcsKdŒonf xkdif;EkdifiHrStar&duefjynfaxmifpkodk‹ a&$Œajymif;oGm;a&mufum olwdk‹. XmecsKyfudk 0g&Sifwef'DpDwGif zGifh vSpfcJh&onf?

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orD;udk,f0efudk vG,fxm;&_yDjzpfaom ZeD;onf pDpDoG,fudk aemufuG,fwGif csefxm;cJh&onf? a'gufwm pdef0if;. tudkjzpfol OD;at;0if;ESihf tjcm;0rf;uGJarmifESrrsm;onfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJwGif a':atmifqef;pk-unftm;0ef;&Hxm;-uonfhtwGuf óudwifcef‹rSef;xm;onfhtwdkif; ppftm%m&Sifwdk‹.tjypfay;ta&;,lr+udk cH-u&avonf? OD;at;0if;onf 1996 ckESpfwGif tzrf;cH&pOfu a':atmifqef;pk-unf. teD;uyfvufaxmuftjzpf aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sd_yD;xdktcsdefrSpum tif;pdefaxmifwGif ESpf&Snfaxmif'%fcH&&Smonf? olonfESvHk;a&m*gcHpm;&onf? oltzrf;cH&onfESihf AdkvfcsKyf. tudkwOD;jzpfol OD;atmifoef;.om;jzpfol ‘OD;csKdatmifoef;’ uvnf; brsKd;bdk;wl csufcsif;yif ol‹ae&modk‹tpm;xkd;0ifa&mufvmcJhonf? ppfwyfu 1997 ckESpf/ ESpfv,fwGif olESihf ol‹nDri,frroef;wdk‹udk zrf;qD;cJhjyef_yD; rroef;. cifyGef; OD;jrihfaqGudkyg tqpfac:oGm;cJhonf?xdk‹aemuf olwdk‹udk rw&m; oif; tufOya't& axmif'%f (3) ESpfpDESihf aemufxyfta&;ay: tufOya't& axmuf'%f (7) ESpfpD csrSwfcJhjyef&m olwdk‹tm;vHk;tif;pdefaxmifwGif ,if;axmif '%frsm;udk cH-u&&Smonf?

0rf;omp&m rSwfcsufwckukd jznfhpGufEkdifyg_yD? a'gufwmpdef0if;onf ol‹ZeD;ESifhorD;wkd‹ESifh 2000 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (15) &ufae‹wGif atmfpvkd (Oslo) -rd›Y jyefvnfaygif;pnf;EkdifcJhyg_yD? ZeD;ESifh orD;jzpfolwkd‹onf ppfwyftkyfpkd;aeaom jrefrmEkdifiHrS,if;ESpfqef;wGif aemufqkH;Y atmifjrifpGm xGufajy;vGwfajrmufvmcJh_yD; xkdif;EkdifiHrSwqifh aemfa0EkdifiHokd‹ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? 1990 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv (25)&ufae‹wGif &efukef-rdŒrS pxGufvmuwnf;u a'gufwmpdef0if;taejzifh (10) ESpfausmfausmf olwkd‹ESifh awGŒ&jcif;r&SdcJhyg? orD;i,fjzpfolrSm (9) ESpfcGJyif &Sdaeyg_yD?

aemufqkH;Y olwkd‹c&D;pOfrSm 2001 ckESpf -o*kwfv (4) &ufae‹wGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk 0g&Sifwef'DpD&Sd olwkd‹aetdrfwGif jyefvnfa&muf&Sdjcif;jzifh aysmf&$ifpGmt_yD;owfEkdifcJhygonf?

‚if;tjyif OD;at;0if;/ OD;csKdatmifoef;/ rroef;ESifh ol‹cifyGef;wkd‹ axmifrS jyefvnfvGwfajrmufcJh_yDjzpfa-umif; u|efawmf avhvmod&Sd&yga-umif;?

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,cktcg tar&duefjynfaxmifpk zavmf&D'gwGif aexkdifvsuf&Sdaom emrnf}uD;owif;pmq&mESihf pma&;q&mwOD;jzpfol ‘a-u;rHk’ (The Mirror) OD;aomif;onf 1998 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv (15) &ufae‹wGif jrefrmbmomjzihf (acwfòydifrS) xkwfa0aom ‘jrefrmhtvif;’ 1010101010 owif;pmY xl;jcm;vSaom aqmif;yg;wyk'f a&;om;cJhonf?,if;aqmif;yg;onf AdkvfcsKyfESihf ol‹vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm; usqHk;cJh&onfh (51) ESpfajrmuf tcsdeftcgor,ESihf wdkufqdkifaeavonf? ,if;aqmif;yg;. acgif;pOfrSm‘OD;atmifqef;tm; vkyf}uHr+}uD;/ ar*smae0if; }uH&mygavm’ jzpfavonf?

arhr&EdkifwJh 1947 ck/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹u touf (20) om&Sdao;_yD;‘Armhacwf’ owif;pm. owif;axmufwOD;jzpfol (atmifAv) OD;aomif;onfaoG;acsmufcsm;zG,fjzpf&yftcsKdŒudk udk,fawGŒrsufjrifjzpfcJh&onf? xdktcsdefu ol.o,f,lydk‹aqmifa&;,mOfrSm pufbD;omjzpf_yD; ,if;pufbD;udk aeylrdk;&Gmra&Smifòrd›wywfeif;um owif;pkaqmif;&onf? xdkae‹ eHeufapmapmydkif;wGif olonftwGif;0ef±Hk;odk‹ a&muf&SdcJh_yD; AdkvfcsKyf. twGif;a&;0ef AdkvfxGef;vSESifh pum;ajymqdkcJhum yef;qdk;wef;&Sd ‘owif;pmq&mrsm;toif;’ wdkufodk‹ a&mufcgpYyif w,fvDzkef;udkifolwOD;uæ“twGif;0ef±Hk;rSm ypfukef_yDwJha[h” [k atmfojzifh owif;axmuftm;vHk; twGif;0ef±Hk;odk‹ ajy;-uonf? ola&mufcsdefwGif yxrqHk; rD;owfum;u OD;atmifqef;udk o,foGm;onf? xdk‹aemuf '%f&mjyif;xefpGm &&Sd_yD; raoao;aom rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;}uD;udk vlemwifxrf;pifjzifh 'kwd,um;ay: wifaeonf?xkdtcg olonf &if;ESD;pGmaygif;xm;aom rD;owfAdkvf. tulESifh ,if;um;ay:YvkdufygcGihf&cJhonf? &efukefjynfol‹aq;±Hk}uD;odk‹oGm;&m wrdkifr# c&D;wav#mufvHk;emusifojzifh nnf;nLvl;vGef‹aeaom apmfbGm;}uD;udk olemðyu '%f&m&aom &ifbwfudk ESdyf&if;xdef;xm;&mrS OD;aomif;udk tultnDawmif;ojzifh ajcovHk;rsm;udkESdyfum ajc&if;u xdef;ay;xm;&onf? apmfbGm;}uD;. &Srf;abmif;bDt0grSmrl eD&Jae_yD; ol‹vufwGifyg aoG;wdk‹ jzihf pdk&$Jaeawmhonf? aq;±Hkodk‹ a&mufaomtcg cGJpdwfcef;Y OdD;atmifqef;.toufudk u,fEkdifEkd;ESihf q&m0ef}uD; OD;boef;u csufcsif;cGJpdwfaea-umif; olod&onf? xdk‹aemuf twefi,f-umaomtcg olonf OD;atmifqef; aoewfusnfqef (13) csufjzifh csufcsif;aoqHk;cJha-umif; a'gufwmboef;udk,fwdkif rSwfcsufa&;om;xm;onfudk zwfvdkuf&onf?

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OD;aomif;onf xkdtcsdefu ol‹tawG;tac:ESihf ol‹tawGŒtóuHrsm;t& Adkvfae0if;taejzifh }uH&mygwOD;jzpf&rnf[k pGJ_rJpGm ,Hk-unfcJhaomfvnf; urBmausmfw&m;0ifpHkaxmuf}uD;rsm;uJhodk‹ ol‹taejzifh pdwfvdkufrmefyg owWd&Sd&Sd pHkprf;axmufvSrf;r+rsm; rðyvkyfEkdifcJhacs? tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf OD;ae0if;onf ºuGufawmxJrS a-umifwaumifuJhodk‹ -oZmwduUr&Sdaom yk*~dKvfwOD;jzpfae_yD;/ jynfwGif;ppfudkta-umif;ðyI wdkawmif;vSaom vtenf;i,ftwGif; xdyfydkif;&mxl;rsm;odk‹vsifjrefpGm wdk;wufoGm;cJhaoma-umihfjzpfonf? xdk‹a-umihf OD;aomif;u ol.±+axmifhrSaeI ol-um;odor# ol.,kd;pGyfcsufrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; qufvufa&;om;cJhonf?

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paeae‹wGif usif;y&efr[kwfbJ/ Zlvkdifv (16) &uf Ak'<[l;ae‹wGif vkyf&rnfjzpfonf? 1946 ck pufwifbmv (26) &ufae‹u AkdvfcsKyftpkd;&tzGJŒ tm%mukd vufcH&,l_yD;tcsdefrSpI 0ef}uD;tzGJŒtpnf;ta0;ukd tywfpOf paeae‹ eHeuf (10) em&Dusif;yaeusjzpfonf? xkdtcsdefu *VKefOD;apmonf bk&ifcHu wkduf±kdufcef‹tyfxm;aom 0ef}uD;wOD;jzpfae&m olvnf; tywfpOf paeae‹wkdif;usif;yaom tpnf;ta0;okd‹ wuf&onf? okd‹aomfvnf; ‘atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyf’ ukd OD;apmESifhocifApdef oabmrwlbJ uef‹uGufojzifh jrefrmjynfjyefa&mufaomtcg tpkd;&tzGJŒ0ifrS EkwfxGuf&onf?”

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OD;atmifqef;Y ol‹trSm;rsm; &Sdaumif;&Sdayrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; jrefrmjynfolvlxku ol‹tm; ol. udk,fusihfoduQmrsm;t& arwWm&SdcJh/ ,Hk-unfcJh_yD; xkdarwWmESihf xdk,Hk-unfr+onf rusKd;raygufcJhacs? ‘tdkvDAm*dk;vfpfrpf’ uæ “u|Efkyfwdk‹onfvlvlcsif;qufqH-u&mY ol. tm;enf;csufrsm;udk El;El;nHhnHhudkifwG,f&ayrnf?tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf taumif;qHk;t&mrsm;Y tvGefeD;uyfpGm tcsKdŒcsKdŒaomtrSm;t,Gif;rsm; rDSwG,fvsuf&Sd_rJjzpfonf? odk‹ jzpfI ol.aumif;uGufrsm;tm; odrf;usKH;I rxdcdkufoGm;apbJ xkdtrSm;t,Gif; tzsif;todrfrsm;udk cGJjcm;aygif;oifvsufy,fEkwfypf&ayrnf” 1111111111 [k qdkcJhonf r[kwfygvm;?

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rsm; _yD;onfESifh wòydifeuf vGwfvyfa&;udkay;&ef awmif;qdkxm;avonf? _Adwdo#tpdk;&taejzihf ,if;urf;vSrf;csufudk rodusKd;u|efðycJhaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd&ef urBmhtajctaet& tusyftwnf;udk tcGihfta&;,l toHk;cs&ef trsKd;om;a&;Ekd;-um;vmu EkdifiHa&;ESihf tEkynmaygif;pyfI jynfolvlxkudk qGJaqmifoGm;EdkifcJhonf? olwdk‹. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk vlxkxH o,faqmifoGm;aom EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwdk‹. v+H‹aqmfrD;xkd;ay;r+rsm;a-umifh ‚if;.tawG;tac:onf vlxktwGif;Y vsifjrefpGm ysHŒESH‹oGm;cJhonf? xdk‹a-umifhvnf; 1939 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvwGif EkdifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;}uD; ESpfzGJŒ jzpfaom a'gufwmbarmf. ‘qif;&Jom;0HomEktzGJŒ’ESihf wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;wdk‹onf tjcm;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;udkyg pnf;±Hk;vsuftrsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;wyfOD;jzpfonfh ‘ArmhxGuf&yf*dk%f;’ udk (xkd tcsdefwGif ygvDrefYtm%mrJh twdkuftcHb0 a&mufae_yDjzpfaom) a'gufwm barmfu OuU@tjzpfESihf(trwfr[kwfaom) ocifatmifqef;u taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf zGJŒpnf;cJhonf? ocifatmifqef;ESifh ajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;jzifh zGJŒpnf;xm;aom‘Armhta&;awmfyHkygwD’ rS rdwfaqG oli,fcsif; tpktzGJŒuav;wckonf tvGefwufºuGolrsm; jzpfae-uonf?

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. t"du&efoljzpfoltm; jyefvnfwHk‹ jyefonfhtaejzifh bk&ifcHjzpfol ‘qm=tmcsDabmvfaumhu&def;’ tm; olajymaeus yGifhyGifhvif;vif; 'Jh'dk;yHkpHjzifh pdefac:cJhjcif;a-umifh [oFmwc±kdif &J0efu ol‹tm; zrf;0&rf;xkwfvdkufonf? xkdtcsdefu Oa&myujym; t&m&Sdrsm; ðyaeustwdkif; ol‹tm; zrf;rdv#if qkaiG (5) usyf ay;rnf[kqkawmfaiGudkyg xnfhoGif;xm;_yD; ol‹tm; oduQmcsxm;avonf? xdktcsdefrSpIocifatmifqef;onf ajratmufodk‹ ykef;v#Kd;oGm;cJhonf? -o*kwfv (8) &ufae‹wGiftazmfjzpfol ocifvSòrdifESihftwl olonf wdkif;jynftwGif;rS wdwfwqdwfxGufcGmoGm;cJh&m ol‹wGif ±l;yD;aiG (200) ESifh twGuftcsufaumif; wckom ygoGm;cJhonf?aemufqHk;wGif olonf ‘AdkvfawZ’ (ac: ) Adkvfrª;csKyf ‘tdkrdk'g’ (ac: ) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tjzpf wyfrawmfwckudk OD;aqmifvsuf jyefvnfxGufay:vmcJhonf?

'kwd,urBmppf yGJOD;xGufrSpIþocifatmifqef;þxGufcGmoGm;onfhtcsdeftxdtxufu azmfjycJhonfh umvwav#mufvHk;wGif rsKd;cspfvli,focifrsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf tcsKdŒEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf olwdk‹. t,ltq/ 0g'a&;&mESifh pdwf0rf;uGJjym;r+rsm;udkþab;z,fxm;I ‘_Adwdo#e,fcsJŒpepfudk’ òzdcsEdkif&ef ±kef;uefóud;pm;-u&mwGif nD!Gwfa&;wyfOD;w&yfudk cdkifrmpGm zGJŒpnf;EdkifcJh-uonf? ocifatmifqef;onfudk,fusKd;rzuf owWd&SdpGmjzifh wkdif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r+ vHk;0uif;&Sif;aom trsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;wGif OD;aqmifr+ tcef;u¾udk ,lcJhonf? OD;atmifqef; tdENd,rS jyefvm_yD;onfrS w±kwfjynfodk‹xGufcGmoGm;onftxd (4)þvcef‹umvudk txl;&nf!ef;&aomfvnf;þol‹taejzihfþta-umif;udpPwcka-umifh wpHkwa,mufudk owfjzwfcJhonfh taxmuftxm;/ odk‹r[kwf owif;tpteþvHk;0r&SdcJhacs? xdktcsdefuþtpdk;&rSwfwrf;rsm;uvnf; ol‹tm; Oya'a-umif;t&þwkdif;jynfqlylv+yf&Sm;r+rsm; jzpfyGm;atmif aoG;xdk;v+H‹aqmfcsufjzpfaom EkdifiHa&;v+H‹aqmfr+rsm;ESihf ‘ppfqef‹usifa&;’ 0g'jzef‹r+rsm;a-umihfom ol‹udk zrf;vdkjcif;jzpfa-umif; jyqdkvsuf&Sdonf?

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aumif; awGŒrdayvdrfhrnf? ,if;owif;rsm;onf pGyfpGJxm;aom &mZ0wfr+. jzpfyGm;ESpfudk rSm;,Gif;pGmjzihf 1932 ckESpf[k a&;om;ay;ydk‹xm;cJh_yD; ,if;&ufpGJudk aemufydkif;wGif jyefvnfjyifqifcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

ar;cGef;rsm; xyfrHay:aygufvmjyefonf? vlrsKd;a&;t& vlowfr+wckudk&nf!ef;azmfjyr+onf tcsdefumv vGJrSm;pGm azmfjyrdcJhv#if ,if;onf wu,fjzpfysufcJhaomfvnf; aemufydkif;umvwGif jzpfysufcJhjcif;avm? xdkodk‹qdkv#if ,if;tr+onf vlrsKd;a&;t&avm/ odk‹r[kwf xdkjypfr+onf vlowfr+avm? tajzudk &Sm&efóud;pm;rnfqdkv#if 1946 ckESpf/ tOD;ydkif;umvudk jyefoGm;&ayvdrfhrnf? xkdESpf azazmf0g&Dv (28) &ufae‹wGif usif;yaom Oya'ðyaumifpD. yxrqHk;tpnf;ta0;wGif ocifxGef;tkyfuxI jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (BIA) . t"du wyfzGJŒrsm; weoFm&DrS Armjynfajrmufydkif;odk‹ csDwuf-upOf oxkHteD;Y _Adwdo#bufawmfom; rlqvif&Gmol}uD;wOD;udk ocifatmifqef;u owfcJha-umif; pGyfpGJavonf?ocifatmifqef;onf xkdtcsdefu Adkvfrª;csKyf&mxl;ESihf t}uD;wef; ppfOD;pD;t&m&Sd&mxl;rsm;udk udkifpGJxm;onf? ol‹txufwGif *syeft&m&Sd (2) OD;om &Sdawmhonf?xdk‹a-umihf ocifatmifqef;udk zrf;I ±Hk;wifppfaq;oihfonf[k ocifxGef;tkyfutqdkðyonf? vlowfr+tm; olonf rsufjrifoufaojzpfI w&m;qkdif&mwGif ol‹taejzifh oufaocH&ef vdkvm;vsuf&Sdonf[k qdkonf?

tpdk;&taejzihf TtjzpftysufESihf ywfoufI apmpD;pGmuyif &Jwdk‹xHrStwGif;a&;tpD&ifcHpmudk &&Sdxm;_yD;jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf; aumifpD0if ocifxGef;tkyf. tqdkðycsufrSm yxrqHk; vlod&Sif-um; xkwfjyefajym-um;csufjzpfonf? xdkpOfu bk&ifcHjzpfol ‘qm&J*sDe,fvf a':refprpf’ onf ,if;pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk taoudkifum OD;atmifqef;tm; oduQmn‡dK;rdSefap&ef toHk;csvdkojzifh t&trd qGJudkifcJhonf? 1212121212 ‘a':refprpf’ u vef'ef&Sd jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m EkdifiHjcm;a&; twGif;0efxHodk‹a-u;eef;±kdufI OD;atmifqef;udk zrf;&ef cGihfðyrdef‹awmif;cHcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf;pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm; ðyvkyfaeqJjzpfI _Adwdo#tpdk;&u csufcsif;zrf;cGihfrðycJhacs?odk‹ESihf rwfv (27) &ufae‹wGif &efukef&Sd tpdk;&tdrfawmfY ‘qm&J*sDe,f’xH rnfuJhodk‹ aqmif&Gufoihfa-umif; tpD&ifcHpmwifjy&ef tpnf;ta0;w&yf usif;ycJh-u&mxdyfwef;ppfwyfESihf &JwyfzGJŒt&m&Sd}uD;rsm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm;u OD;atmifqef;udk xdef;odrf;cJhv#if ykefuefxºuGr+ jzpfvdrhfrnf[k óudwifcef‹rSef;-uonf? òrd›jyt&m&Sdrsm;url ,if;odk‹ ta&;,laqmif&Gufvkdufv#if wu,fhudk vlxkaygufuGJr+jzpfapvdrfhrnf[k cHpm;rdcJh-uonf? xdk‹aemuf avmh'farmifhbufwefu xdkudpPudk

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-um;jzwfwm;qD;cJhonf? ‘avmh'farmifhbufwef’ u EkdifiHjcm;a&; twGif;0efxHv#KdŒ0SufoauFwjzihf pm (27§3) a&;om;ay;ydk‹cJhonf? ‚if;pmwGifæ

“ppfa&;qkdif&m bk&ifcHcsKyftjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonfhtwGuf ,cktcg jrefrmjynfESihf ywfoufI u|EkfyfwGif wm0efr&Sdaomfvnf; u|Ekfyftaejzifh jrefrmEdkifiH. tem*wfta&;ESihf ywfoufI txl;pdwf0ifpm;r+ &SdaeqJjzpfygonf? atmifqef;udk zrf;&ef tqdkðycsufESihf ywfoufI u|Ekfyftaejzihf tvGeftrif; pdwftaESmihft,Sufjzpfrdygonf? xGef;tkyfu &nf!ef;cJhaom tr+onf oifu u|EkfyfxH azmfjycJhaom tr+jzpfcJhv#if ,if;tr+onf vlowfr+[kwf=r[kwf pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfay;&rnfhudpPjzpfvmygonf? tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m tjzpftysufonf ,cktcg (4) ESpfwm -umcJh_yDjzpfonf? tu,fI 0da&m"djzpfaeaom tjrifoabmxm;rsm; &Sdaernfqdkv#ifTuJhodk‹aomjzpf&yfrsKd;udk arhaysmufypf&efonf u|Ekfyfwdk‹twGuf taumif;qHk;rl0g'jzpfvdrfhrnf[k u|EkfyfawG;rdygonf? OD;atmifqef;. wcgw&H pdwfvdkufrmefyg vkyfaqmifr+rsm;onf pdwftaESmihft,Sufjzpfp&maumif;aomfvnf; olonfu|EkfyfteD;Y yGifhvif;pGm ajymqdkqufqHaejcif;rSm avmif;upm;yGJwckY yg0ifupm;aejcif; r[kwf[k xifjrifrdygonf? i,f&G,fEkysKdaom ol‹touft&G,ft& olonfaemif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfae&ef ta-umif;&Sdygonf? u|Efkyf.oabmxm;tjrifay;&v#if olESihf ol‹rdwfaqGrsm;udk u|Efkyfwdk‹xifjrifonfh jrefrmEkdifiHtzdk‹ ppfrSefaumif;rGefaom tem*wfwnf&Sdrnfh vrf;a-umif;udk tm±HkpdkufIjyoay;jcif;omv#if ydkrdkaumif;rGefvdrfhrnf[k u|Ekfyfxifygonf? ,ckavmavmq,fwGif OD;atmifqef;udk zrf;qD;vdkufjcif;onf _Adwdo#tifyg,mtwGif; jrefrmEkdifiH. tem*wfqufqHa&;udk t}uD;us,fqHk; qkwf,kwfysufjym;r+ jzpfay:apvdrfhrnf[k ,lqa-umif; u|Ekfyfw&m;0ifajymvdkygonf” [l.?

toufqHk;±H+;oGm;cJhaom ol}uD;.ZeD;jzpfol a':trmonf {_yDvwGif bk&ifcH. ppfa&;qdkif&m twGif;0efxHodk‹ toem;cHpm wifoGif;cJhonf? xdkpmrSm {_yDv(8) &ufþae‹pGJwyfxm;_yD; xdktcsdefu ‚if;pmudk jynfolvlxktm; today;jcif; r&SdcJhacs? ol}uD;.trnfrSm ‘tAŠ'l&m&Spf’ jzpf_yD; oxHkc±kdif/ aygifòrd›e,ftwGif;&SdoJjzLukef;&Gm. ol}uD;jzpfavonf? olr. wifjycsufrSm Todk‹ jzpfonf?

“olr. a,musfm;onf oJjzLukef;&Gm. ol}uD;jzpfol zcifOD;&m&SpfuG,fvGef_yD;aemuf vGefcJhaom (25) ESpfcef‹u xdk&Gm. ol}uD;jzpfvmcJhonf? oJjzLukef;&Gm. ol}uD;tjzpf aqmif&GufaepOfumvwGif olonf _Adwdo#tpdk;&tay: tvGefw&m opPmapmihfodoljzpfI txuftm%mydkifrsm;. pdwfwdkif;us ol‹wm0efrsm;udk

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xrf;aqmifcJhonfjzpf&m TonfESihfywfoufI armfvòrdifrS 'k=ta&;ydkifrif; ‘OD;bpef;’u oufaocHEdkifygonf? xdk‹tjyif ocifv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;u _Adwdo#wdk‹. tkyfcsKyfa&;udk enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh 'kuQay;vmonfhtcgY arwWm&yfcHav#mufxm;ol.cifyGef;onf qlylxºuGr+ rSefor#udk olta&;ydkifonfhtwGif;rS ae‹a&mnyg ESdrfeif;xdef;csKyfI rD;aoatmifvkyfcJhygonf? ,if;tcsufudk ,ck AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;jzpfvmaom ocifatmifqef;onf _Adwdo#wdk‹udk jyefvnfwdkufcdkuf&ef *syefodk‹ roGm;rDuyif aumif;pGm od&Sdvdrhfrnfxifygonf?”

olru ocifatmifqef;ESihf ol‹taygif;ygrsm;u olra,musfm;udk 1942 ckESpfwGif zrf;qD;cJhyHkrsm;tm; qufvufazmfjycJhonf?

“*syefwdk‹ rkwWrbufrS csDwufvmonfESihf _Adwdo#wdk‹vnf; oxHkc±kdifrS qkwfcGmoGm;cJh&m rsm;r-umrDrSmyif ,if;odk‹ zrf;qD;r+ jzpfay:cJhjcif;jzpfonf? olra,musfm;udk óud;ESifhwkyf_yD; EGm;vSnf;jzifh oxHkòrd›odk‹ ,laqmifoGm;um tpma&pm ray;bJ&Spf&ufcef‹ csKyfaESmifcJhonf” [k olru ajymqdkcJhonf? xdk‹aemuf ol‹udk abmvHk;upm;uGif;odk‹ ac:aqmifoGm;um *dk;wkdifwGif um;pifwifI vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGma&S›wGif vSHpGyfjzifh xdk;owfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? olru æ“_Adwdo#w&m;Oya'onf qif;&JESihf csrf;omt-um; cGJjcm;r+ r&SdonfjzpfI ocifatmifqef;udk Oya't& ta&;,laqmif&Gufay;yg&ef av#mufxm;tyfygonf” [k qufvufwdkifwnfxm;onf?toem;cHav#mufxm;ol/ uGef*sDrdk‹ ('f) umum/ aygifòr›drSwqihf toem;cHav#mufxm;ol/ uGef*sDrdk‹ ('f) umum/ aygifòr›drSwqihf toem;cHav#mufxm;ol/ uGef*sDrdk‹ ('f) umum/ aygifòr›drSwqihf toem;cHav#mufxm;ol/ uGef*sDrdk‹ ('f) umum/ aygifòr›drSwqihf toem;cHav#mufxm;ol/ uGef*sDrdk‹ ('f) umum/ aygifòr›drSwqihf [k vdyfwyfum ‘rr’ [lI jrefrmvdk vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;onf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uvnf; {_yDv (12) &ufae‹xkwf owif;pHk*sme,fwGifaqmif;yg;wyk'fa&;um ol‹&yfwnfcsufudk ol‹bmomol &Sif;jycJhonf? ,if;aqmif;yg;rSm jrefrmvdk a&;xm;jcif;jzpf_yD; t*Fvdyfvdk bmomjyefcsufrSm ‘[Hom0wD’ wGifyg&SdcJhonf? wzef ocifxGef;tkyfu Oya'ðyaumifpDtpnf;ta0;wGif ol‹udk pGyfpGJcsufrsm;ESihf ywfoufI jyefvnfacsyxm;onfrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?

“ ‘vlowfr+’ [lI trnfwyfxm;aom tr+wGif ‚if;&GmrS &Gmol}uD;udk &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;pGJqdkaom jypfr+usL;vGefr+rsm;twGuf ao'%ftjypfay;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf?u|Ekfyftaejzifh &Gmol}uD;. emrnfudkvnf;aumif;/ &Gmudkvnf;aumif; ol usL;vGefcJhonfqdkaom jypfr+rsm;. oabmobm0 twdtusudkvnf;aumif; tjynfhtpHk rSwfrdEdkifjcif;r&Sdyg? xdk&Gmol}uD;rSm u|Efkyfwdk‹±+jrifoHk;oyfcsuft& aumufuspf,kwfrmolwOD;jzpf_yD; &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tay: rw&m;qufqHcJhol/ vGefpGmarmufrm±kdif;pdkif;oljzpfI oxHkc±kdifodk‹ yxrqHk;a&muf&Sdvmaom u|Ekfyfwdk‹ ArmhvGwfvyfa&;

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oufqdkifaom a-u;eef;trSwf (6) . wpdwfwydkif;udk atmufwGif udk;um;azmfjyygonf?

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txky`wWda&;olrsm;u jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;u cspfcifav;pm;onfh Txl;jcm;qef;jym;onfh vlyk*~dKvfxl;wOD;. b0udk olwdk‹. ynm&yfqdkif&m a&;om;r+rsm;wGif wifjycJh-uonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. cdkif;E+dif;yHkaqmifzG,fjzpfaom rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf/ ol&owWd/ vHk‹vO\[/ aemufvdkufvlxktay: qGJaqmifEdkifr+tp&Sdonfh csD;rGrf;p&m rGefjrwfvSonfh t&nftcsif;rsm;onf jynfolvlxktm;ol‹tay: cspfcifjrwfEkd;ap_yD; usefurBmwckvHk;uyg pHerlemxm;um av;pm;cJh&ayonf? olom qufvuftouf&SifaecJhaomf tcsdefESihft&G,ft& ,if;t&nftcsif;rsm;onf prf;oyfppfaq;cH&_yD;jzpfayvdrhfrnf? oluwday; óud;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhonfh (wESpftwGif;) aemufqHk;yef;wdkifudk ol‹toufjzihf &if;I 1948 ckESpf/Zefe0g&DvwGif a&muf&SdoGm;apcJhayonf? xdk‹ jyifw0 orRwEdkifiHopf. xGef;opfawmufyaom tem*wfjzpfwnfa&;onfvnf; olom toufrao &SdaecJhygrlolaqmif-uOf;&rnfh }uD;rm;us,fajymvSaom vkyfief;wm0ef}uD; jzpfayvdrhfrnf?

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ysHŒESH‹vsuf&Sdonf? ESpfv,fydkif;wGif ‘bk&ifcH qm&J*sDe,f a':refprpf’ jyefoGm;&_yD;‚if;ae&mudk AdkvfcsKyf‘qm[l;bwf&ef‹pf’ u qufcHcJhonf? aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;tm;jzihf ‘atmif qef;=tufwvD’ pmcsKyfudk atmifatmifjrifjrif tqHk;owfvkduf_yD;aemuf 1946 ckESpfrS 1947 ckESpfodk‹ ul;ajymif;oGm;cJhonf? wESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;&&rnfqdkonfh &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifudkvnf; ol. jyif;jyif;xefxef óud;pm;tm;xkwfr+t& vSrf;jrifawGŒae&ay_yD? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; &Sm}uHaeonfum; pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufr+rsm; &&Sdaprnfh vGwfvyfa&;jzpfonf? olwdk‹taejzifhudkvdkeDpD;yGm;a&;yHkpH vufa0cHb0udk tqHk;owfapvdk_yD; ,if;udk w&m;Oya't&EkdifiHydkifðyvkyfjcif;/ jynfolydkif or0g,r/ yk*~vdu yHkpHrsm;jzifh tòydiftqkdif zGHŒòzd;wdk;wufapjcif;wdk‹udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufvsuf tcsKyftjcmtm%m (3) &yfudkvnf;ygwDpHk qdk&S,fvpfpepfopfw&yfjzifhom tpm;xdk;vkyfudkifvdk-ujcif;jzpfonf?

xdk‹a-umihf 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv apmapmydkif;wGif OD;atmifqef;onf&Srf;jynfawmifydkif; yifvHkòrd›Y &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif; (u&ifbufrS avhvmol=4= OD;)wdk‹ESihf usif;yðyvkyfaom nDvmcHw&yfodk‹ wufa&mufcJhonf? xkdtcgu olonf(zqyv) tzGJŒcsKyfudk udk,fpm;ðyoGm;jcif;jzpf_yD; olESihftwl OD;wifxGÉf/ Adkvfcifarmifuav;wdk‹ vkdufygoGm;cJhonf? AdkvfcsKyf. ±kd;om;yGihfvif;r+/ vlrsKd;}uD;pdwfr&Sdr+/ owWd&Sdr+/ pGJ_rJpGm óud;pm;r+/ tajrmftjrif}uD;rm;r+/ udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;rGefr+ponfh *k%fowif; ausmfapmr+onf ol‹t&if a&SŒajy;a&mufESihfvsuf&Sdum ol‹udkxdkae&mY aygif;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;. t"dur¾dKiftjzpf ±+jrifjcif;udk cHcJh&onf?oHk;&uft-um aqG;aEG;!SdE+dif;-u_yD;aemuf olonf wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. ,Hk-unfr+udk &&SdcJhum wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;v+yf&Sm;r+wGif yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef oabmwlnDcJh-uavonf?xdk‹aemuf yifvHkpmcsKyf}uD;udk t_yD;owf atmifjrifpGm csKyfqdkEkdifcJh-uonf?

xdkrSwyg; &efukefwGif 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (27) &ufae‹usif;yðyvkyfcJhaom jrefrmjynf t*Fvdyfukefonf}uD;rsm;toif;. ESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;odk‹ AdkvfcsKyfu bk&ifcH. ‘tr+aqmifaumifpD’ 'k=obmywdtjzpf wufa&mufcJh_yD; xdktpnf;ta0;Y obmywdrdef‹cGef;udk wHk‹ jyefajym-um;pOfu vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;v#if ær-umrDygwDpHk qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf wnfaqmuf&ef &nf&G,fxm;a-umif; xkwfazmfajymqdkoGm;onfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfonf?

“jrefrmjynfY ta&;}uD;aom pufr+vkyfief; t&yf&yfudk jynfolydkifvkyf&efu|Efkyfwdk‹ }uH&G,fxm;a-umif;/ xdkodk‹ðyvkyfrSom jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk; vl‹b0.

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vdktifqEN[lor# jynfhpHk-uI aysmf&$ifpGm aeEdkifaom tqihftwef;udk &&Sdrnf[ku|Efkyfwdk‹ pGJ_rJpGm ,Hk-unf-ua-umif;”/ “xkdrSwyg; vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sif0g'onf tcgcyfodrf; vdkvm;tyfonf[k u|Ekfyfrxifa-umif;/ tajctaeESihf tcsdefumvtm;avsmfpGm u|Ekfyfwdk‹EdkifiHtaejzifh a&SŒodk‹wvSrf;rwufEdkifrD tcsdeftwGif;Yom xdkt&if;&Sifpepfudk xdef;csKyfvsuf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifoGm;&rnfjzpfa-umif;”ponfjzihf ajymqdkoGm;avonf?

xdk‹aemuf {_yDvtwGif;usif;yaomþ‘wkdif;jynfðyv$wfawmf’odk‹þygwDpHka&G;aumufyGJrsm;Y (zqyv) tzGJŒcsKyfu vHk;0eD;yg; tEkdif&&SdcJhygonf? xdktcsdefY tzGJŒcsKyftaejzihf EkdifiHtwGuf vkyfp&mwm0efrsm; jynfhESufvsuf&Sdonf? t"du ‘y±dk*suf’ vkyfief;}uD;rsm;tm; qHk;jzwfEdkifa&;twGuf aumfrwDrsm;wGif yg0ifwm0efxrf;aqmif&efþtzJGŒ0ifrsm;þa&G;cs,f-u&onf? xdkESihf wcsdefwnf; arv/ wwd,ywftwGif;wGiftzGJŒcsKyfu ‘zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'’ (rl-urf;) a&;qGJ&ef aumfrwDw&yfudkcef‹tyfwm0efay;cJhonf? ‘wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmf’ taejzihf ZGefv (10) &ufrSpItpnf;ta0;rsm;þpwifusif;yonfhtcgþqufvufudk;um;þtoHk;csoGm;Ekdifa&;twGuf,if;aumfrwDu Oya' (rl-urf;) udk tcsdefrD t_yD;owfa&;qGJay;cJhonf?þ,if;wifjycJhaom Oya' (rl-urf;) onf 'Drkdua&pDESihf qdk&S,fvpf0g'udkþr&raewnfaqmufrnfh vGwfvyfonfh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif jynfaxmifpkorRw jrefrmEdkifiHawmfudkyHkazmfxm;avonf? ajcmuf&uf-um_yD;aemuf OD;atmifqef;onf zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'opfESihf ywfoufonfh tajccHvrf;!efjy@mef;csuf (7) &yfudk csrSwf&ef tqdkw&yfwifoGif;cJhonf? ,if;tqdkudk tacstwifaqG;aEG;-u_yD;aemuf OD;atmifqef;.&Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk em;vnfoGm;onfhtcgY auseyfpGm axmufcHvdkuf-uonf?1515151515

OD;atmifqef;onf ae&mtESH‹a&mufaeonf? olonf tajccHOya' (rl-urf;)a&;qGJonfh aumfrwDudkvnf; 0ifa&muf}uD;-uyfay;onf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyifEdkifiHawmf jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; pDrHudef;a&;qJG&mYvnf; yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf? ZGefv (6) &ufae‹wGif ‘qdk&efwkdADvm’ (Sorrento Villa) Y olonf trsKd;om;nDvmcHw&yfudkvnf; OD;aqmifusif;yao;onf? tzGihfrdef‹cGef;Y tdwfoGefzmarSmuf ol ajymcJhonfhtwkdif; ,if;nDvmcHu tajctae. awmif;qdkcsuft&vkyfudkif&mY vG,fulacsmarmI vufawGŒtusKd;&Sd_yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJ&mY &nfrSef;csuf r}uD;rm;vGef;aom tpDtpOfrsm;udkom pdwful;r,Of/ a&SŒavmr}uD;bJ a&;qGJoGm;&efjzpfonf? xdkY or0g,rvkyfief;rsm;udk tm;ay;xm;_yD; jynfolvlxk.pdwfa&mudk,fyg yl;aygif;yg0ifr+udk tav;teufxm;onfh vdktyfcsufrsm;ESihf tqdk

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ðycsufrsm;udk olu t}uHðywifjycJhonf?tcsdefonf ol‹tzdk‹ rsufpdwrSdwf v#yfwjyuftwGif; vsifjrefpGm ukefvGefvsuf

&Sd&m xdktcsdefwGif ol‹twGuf tvkyfvkyfcsdefrSm (6) &ufom usefawmhonf?Zlvdkifv (13) &ufwGif òrd›awmfcef;rY ol‹b0wav#muf jynfolvlxkESihf

aemufqHk;awGŒqHkcJh&onfh vlxkpnf;a0;yJGY olu wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmf. vkyfief;&yfrsm; wdk;wufr+tajctaeudk wifjy_yD; wdkif;jynf. tem*wfta&;tay:ol‹awG;ac:,lqxm;csufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;ajym-um;cJh&m ,if;rdef‹cGef;udk aemifaomtcg jzpfay:vmrnfh twdwfedrdwfjy rdef‹cGef;[kyif ,lqvufcHcJh-uonf?

“vGwfvyfa&;udk r-umrD&awmhr,f? odk‹aomfvJ ya'omyif[m ajru aygufvmrSm r[kwfygbl;? vGwfvyfa&;qdkwkdif; ya'omyifajru raygufEdkifbl;qdkwmudkcifAsm;wdk‹pdwfxJrSm vGwfvyfa&;&awmhr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if [kwfvm;æ pdwful;u b,fvdkpdwful;-uovJqdk&if ya'omyif}uD; csufcsif; ae‹csif;/ ncsif; aygufvm-uawmhr,fqdk&ifæ[kwfvm;æ u|efawmfwdk‹tvkyfvkyfrS jzpfr,fqdkwm cifAsm;wdk‹ em;vnfapcsifw,f? tESpf (20) avmuf u|efawmfwdk‹ pum;cyf±kdif;±kdif;ajym&&if pum;cyf±dkif;±kdif;ajym&w,fqdkwm pum;cyf±dkif;±kdif;ajymrS vlawGu rSwfrdw,f? pum;cyf±kdif;±kdif;qdk&ifæ[kwfvm;ætawmfhudk _yJatmifóud;pm;EkdifrS/þvkyfEkdifrSþtJ'gþtawmhfudk ukef;vkyfEkdifrS/ ±kef;vkyfEkdifrS tESpf (20) avmuf &SdwJhtcgrSm awmfumusr,f”

Zlvkdifv (13) &ufae‹u ðyvkyfaom ,if;vlxkpnf;a0;yGJwGif obmywdtjzpfwdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmf. OuU@jzpfol (OD;atmifqef;udk,fwdkifu ,Hk-unftm;xm;av;pm;ol)þocifEkuaqmif&GufcJhonf?þocifEkonfþ_AdwdefEkdifiHodk‹ cspf-unfa&;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒudk OD;aqmifoGm;cJh_yD; ,if;vlxktpnf;a0;yGJrwkdifrD w&ufuyifjyefa&mufvmcJhonf?þudk}uD;EkuþOD;atmifqef;.t±dkuft&mudkþqufcH&jcif;rSmþoihfavsmfonf?þraobJusefI tarGcHb0a&mufaeolwdk‹. oabmwlnDcsuft& OD;atmifqef;. óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr+rsm;ESihf pGrf;aqmifEkdifr+rsm;udk tarGqufcH&&SdcJhonf?

vGwfvyfa&;rwdkifrDyif trsKd;om;pDrHudef;0ef}uD;Xmeudk jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;cJh_yD;jzpfav&m 1948 ckESpf/ {_yDvwGif qdk&ifwdkADvm nDvmcH. &v'ftjzpf pD;yGm;zGHŒòzd;wdk;wufa&; (2) ESpfpDrHudef;. tajccHpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk xkwfjyefa-unmEkdifcJhonf?ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDpepftwGif;rS ‘qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpf’ vlr+zlvHka&; EdkifiHwEdkifiHwnfaqmuf&mwGif EkdifiHawmfpDrHudef;jzihf pufr+vufr+vkyfief;rsm; zGHŒòzd;wdk;wufap&ef ±+jrifoHk;oyf-u_yD; ‘EkdifiHydkif’ ðyvkyfjcif;rsm; r-umrDjzpfay:vmcJhonf? odk‹aomfjim;vnf; cHpm;csufjyif;xefjcif;/ a&SŒaemuftpDtpOfrSm;,Gif;jcif;/ avm}uD;jcif;ESihf

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bufvdkufr+&Sdjcif;wdk‹u EkdifiHydkifðyvkyf&jcif;. &nf&G,fcsufudk wdrf;apmif;xdcdkufapcJhonfomru 1948 ckESpfrSpI (10) ESpfwmumvtwGif; tawG;tac:t,ltq uGJjym;jcm;em;aom jynfe,ftkyfpkrsm;ESifh zGJŒpnf;xm;onfh jrefrmEkdifiHjynfaxmifpktpkd;&tay: OD;Eku (olonf ‘ocif’[laom a&SŒpnf;udk 1952 ckESpfwGifðzwfypfcJhonf) jynfaxmifpkorRwEdkifiH 0ef}uD;csKyftaejzifh OD;aqmifOD;&GufðycJhum/,if;umvtwGif; olESihf vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm; csrSwfvkyfaqmifcJhaom pDrHudef;0iftcsKdŒvkyf&yfrsm;udk [ef‹wm;aESmihfaES;apcJhonf? OD;Ektaejzifh ol0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfp(uGefjrLepf/ &JabmfjzL/ rGef/ u&ifrsm; olykefxvmonfh -um;rS) wkdif;jynfjyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;wGif pGrf;aqmifatmifjrifr+tcsKdŒ &&SdcJhouJhodk‹ æol. udk,fydkifvpfb&,f0g'/ '\etjrifESihf Ak'<0g'wdk‹ a&maxG;¹yGef;wD;xm;tyfaom qkd&S,fvpftawG;tac:wdk‹u rZÆdryÉdy'genf;jzihf OD;aqmifvrf;jycsuft& bmoma&;/EkdifiHjcm;qufqHa&;ESihf trsKd;om;jyefvnfoihfjrwfa&;wdk‹udk aqmif&Guf&mwGifvnf; pGrf;aqmifatmifjrifr+tcsKdŒ &&SdcJhygonf? ,if;twGuf orkdif;wGif OD;EkudktodtrSwfðyum armfuGef;wif&ayonf?

Tae&mY ‘OD;atmifqef;om acgif;aqmifI ol. qdk&S,fvpftawG;tac:oabmw&m;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfcGihf&cJhrnfqdkv#if OD;atmifqef;vrf;pOfonf ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom &v'frsm;udk &vdrfhrnf’ qdkjcif;rSmvnf; cef‹rSef;,lqcsufomjzpf_yD; tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m jzpfayonf? 16 16 16 16 16 ‘tpdk;&qdk&S,fvpfpepf’ udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef pDrHudef;udk tysufrcHbJ tm%mudk oHk;I pGrf;tm;ukef óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr+u ‘vlr+zlvHka&;EkdifiH’ wnfaqmuf&mY ‘'Drkdu&ufwpf’ tpdk;&w&yf pGrf;Ekdifonfh twkdif;tqxuf ausmfvGefoGm;um uGefjrLepfqefaeygvdrfhrnf?

rnfodk‹qdkap/ tu,fI OD;atmifqef;om toufxif&Sm;&SdI/ ol‹uwdtwdkif;1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae‹wGif &,lEkdifcJhaom vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonftxdwdkif;jynfudk acgif;aqmifEdkifcJhaomf wdkif;jynftaejzihf tpaumif;cJhrnfrSm oHo,&SdzG,fr[kwfacs?

vGwfvyfa&;&&SdonfhþtcsdefrSpI awmufavmifcJh_yD; ,ae‹xufwkdif avmifòrdufqJjzpfaom wkdif;jynf. tem*wfudk arS;rSdefoGm;atmif _cdrf;ajcmufaecJhaomjynfwGif;ppfrD;onfvnf; ol.t&Sdeft0gESihf -oZmrsm;a-umihf _idrf;owf_yD; jzpfayvdrhfrnf? w&m;aor[kwfbJ tajctaet& qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk csdefcsdefqq toHk;cs&mYyif OD;atmifqef;. (pdwful;,Of qdk&S,fvpf pmtkyf}uD;orm;rsm; jzpf-uonfh) tpGef;a&muf0ef}uD;tcsKdŒ. pdwftm;xufoefr+udk r#wap_yD;/ xkd‹aemuf wzef

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jzpfay:vmjyefaom ‘EdkifiHydkif’ vkyf&yfrsm;udkvnf; yHkpHopfjzpfapcJhayvdrhfrnf?odk‹ jzpfav&m ‘ygvDref'Drkdua&pD’ . yxr (14) ESpfwmumv 1717171717 onf OD;atmifqef;. vrf;!¸efjyor+ uif;rJhcJh_yD; a'oaygif;rsm;pGm r-umc% qlylxºuGr+rsm;a-umihf (rD;yHkxJrSm a&vdkuf&SmouJhodk‹) &Sd&m ,if;wdk‹u wdkif;wyg;om; 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuftkyfpdk;onfxuf tusKd;w&m;ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;onfh zufqpfppftm%m&SifpepfjrefrmEdkifiHwGif ay:aygufvmatmif OD;Ektpdk;& tm%mvkcHvdkuf&onfhtajcokd‹uHqdk;rdk;arSmifuspGm OD;wnfoGm;apcJhavonf? tu,fI OD;atmifqef;omxdktcsdefY EdkifiHawmftm; yJhudkifoGm;ol jzpfaeOD;rnfqkdv#if ,if;tajctaersm;rnfonfhtcg r# ay:aygufvmp&m ta-umif;r&Sdacs?

OD;atmifqef;udk tarGqufcHoltjzpf/ wdkif;jynfrysufcif tcsdefrD u,fwif&av[ef vkyf}uHvnfq,fpum;vHk;ºuG,fcJhaom AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;onf 1962ckESpfwGif tm%modrf;cJh_yD;aemuf tiftm;csnfheJ‹I pGrf;&nfrxufjrufawmhaom‘ygvDref'Drkdua&pDpepf’ udk zsufodrf;ypf&ef a-unmcJh_yD;aemuf nD!Gwfa&;udk wdk;jr‡ifh&efESihf pD;yGm;a&;vsifjrefpGmwdk;wufap&ef tm%m&Sifpepfuom jrefrmEkdifiHtzdk‹toifhavsmfqHk;jzpfonf[k olu awG;xifcJhonf? ol. ‘jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD’ wnf;[laom wygwDqdk&S,fvpfpepftm; zefwD;wnfaqmuf&jcif;. rlvblwESihf &nf&G,fcsufudk Todk‹ xkwfjyefa-unmcJhonf?

“jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf wkdif;jynftm;acsmufxJusumeD; tajctaerS vufrwifav; u,fwifcJh_yD;aemuf ,cktcg jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfjzihf EdkifiHol EkdifiHom;wdk‹. vlaer+b0ESihf pD;yGm;a&;b0udkjyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef óud;yrf;vsuf&Sdonf”

xdk‹aemuf 1962 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (4) &ufae‹wGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDucsrSwfjy@mef;cJhaom ygwDzGJŒpnf;yHk pnf;rsOf;tydk'f (18) wGif xl;jcm;aom aemufqHk;ay: jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudk taumiftxnfazmfI urBmausmf qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;udk wnfaqmufoGm;rnf[k twdtvif;azmfjyxm;onf?

TonfrSm ,leDazmif;0wf qdk&S,fvpfrsm;tzdk‹ ed*Hk;. ed'gef;jzpfayawmhonf? Todk‹ jzihf jynfolvlxktm; Tpepf}uD;. 0rf;E+wfaq;cg;}uD;udk twif;rsKdcsap_yD; wdkif;jynfrSmvnf; t&SufwuGJ tusKd;enf; acsmufxJ xdk;usoGm;cJhavonf?1987 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvtwGif;wGif olwdk‹vufxuf a&$wGif;/ aiGwGif;rsm;awGŒae_yDæqdkonfh-um;rS EdkifiHjcm;t&efaiG vHk;0jywfawmufae_yD; EdkifiHjcm;aºuG;_rD tar&duefa':vm oef; (4²4) axmif wifae_yDjzpfaom OD;ae0if;tpdk;&rSmvnf;

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rsufESmatmufcs tzwfq,fr&awmhbJ urBmhtqif;&JqHk;EdkifiHb0 av#musoGm;vsuf a'0gvDcH/ olawmif;pm;EdkifiH 1818181818 tqifhtwef;owfrSwfay;yg&ef ±dkusKd;pGmav#mufxm;r+udk urBmhukvor*~}uD;u axmufxm;!Smwm oem;-uifempGmjzihfatmufwdkbmv (29) &ufae‹wGif twnfðyowfrSwfay;cJhonf?

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AkdvfcsKyfrª;}uD;oef;a&$uawmh ol‹q&m tm%m&Sif rif;qkd;uG,faysmufoGm;onfhtcsdefupI ol‹ukd,fol o&zl,laqmif;_yD; bk&ifht&m bdodwfcHvkdufawmhonf?2525252525 trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfrS ta&G;cs,fcHjynfol‹v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,ftcsKd‹ESifh olwkd‹. vufaxmuftulrsm;yg0ifaom t"du twkduftcHygwDtzGJŒ0ifrsm;ukd Ekdb,fvfqk&SifESifh taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;jzpfol a':atmifqef;pk-unfESifh'k=OuU@ ol&OD;wifOD;wkd‹u OD;aqmifvsuf txufjrefrmjynfokd‹ pnf;±kH;a&;c&D;pOftjzpf armfawmfum;wef;jzifh oGm;-uonf? Tc&D;pOfrSm etz. w&m;0ifcGifh«ycsuf tjynfhtpkH&&Sd_yD;jzpfonf? okd‹aomfvnf; olwkd‹oGm;av&mae&mwkdif;rSvlwkdif;u tzGJŒcsKyfukd arwWmv$rf;°cHvsuf axmufcHr+tjynfh awmufav#mufay;cJh-uonfhtwGuf etzrSm ododomom pdwftaESmihft,SufjzpfcJhonf?

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pkrSm oHacsmif;rsm;/ oHc|efrsm;/ 0g;c|efrsm;/ "m;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aoapEkdifavmufaomvufeufrsm; ukdifaqmifxm;_yD; t-urf;rzufa&;vrf;pOfukd vkH;0O\kHpGJukdifxm;-u_yD; vkH;0vufeufr&Sdaom jyefvnfckcHjcif;r&Sdaom tzGJŒcsKyftzGJŒ0if a,musfm;rdef;r tm;vkH;wkd‹ukd &ufpuf±kdif;pkdif;pGm wkdufckdufcJhjcif;jzpfonf? trsm;tjym;rSm&uf&ufpufpuf towfcH&olcH&/ '%f&m&ol&-uonfhtjyif ,mOfrsm;/ ykdifqkdifr+ypPnf;rsm;rSm tzsufpD;cH& tvkt,uf cH-u&onf? uHaumif;axmufrpGmjzifha':atmifqef;pk-unfESifh OD;wifOD;wkd‹rSm '%f&mtemw&&cJh_yD; axmifwGif;tykd‹cHcJh&onf? a':atmifqef;pk-unfukd yxr xdef;odrf;xm;cJh_yD; pufwifbmvwGif&efukefokd‹ jyefac:cJhum tdrfwGif;tusOf;csxm;cJhonf? OD;wifOD;ukdvnf; axmifwGif;twef-umxm;cJh_yD; aemifwGif tdrfwGif;tus,fcsKyfjyefxm;cJhonf? &Sufp&maumif;vS_yD; tn‡mtwmuif;rJhvSonfh Ttcsif;jzpfyGm;r+onf jrefrmhorkdif;wGif “'DyJ,if;owfjzwfr+}uD;” [k rSwfwrf;0ifcJhonfhtjyif ae0if;vGefacwf okH;OD;tkyfpk. aoewfwGif yxrqkH; aoG;at;at;jzifh tpkvkduft°yHvkduf vlowfr+tjzpf tOD;qkH;trSwftom; &&SdoGm;apcJhonf?2626262626

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olu ,if;pmwrf;wGif AdkvfcsKyfae0if; 1962 ckESpf tm%m&_yD; EkdifiHtpkd;&yg0ifpDrHonfh t-urf;zufr+ (State Terrorism) ukd jrefrmEkdifiHwGif oGwfoGif;cH&_yD;jzpfay:vmonfh a&&SnfuGif;quf jzpfay:r+rsm;ukd t"duxm; &nf!ef;ukd;um;_yD;tm%m&SiftkyfpkwpkatmufwGif aexkdif&onfh tusKd;qufrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;wifjy

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xm;onf? ‚if;pmwrf;. t"duwifjyr+rsm;ukd atmufwGif ukd;um;azmfjyvkdufygonf?

“xkdtcsdefrSpI urBmhukvor*~vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif tygt0if vl‹tcGifhta&;tkyfpkrsm;u jrefrmtpkd;&tm; twkduftcHtiftm;pkrsm;tay: pepfwusta&;,lzrf;qD;ESdyfuGyfr+rsm;twGuf pGJcsufrsm;wifvsuf&Sdonf? tqkdyg pGJcsufrsm;txJwGif tm%m&Sifpepftm; pGJpGJ_rJ_rJ tefwkaeonfh twkduftcHacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk-unftm; tzefwvJvJ zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm;r+ESifh olr. axmufcHolrsm;tm; EkdifiHtpkd;&ukd,fwkdif tm;ay;axmufyHhr+jzifh tpkvkduft-yHvkduf owfjzwfaer+rsm; yg0ifygonf?”

a'gufwmwifha0u qufvufI a&mfbifESifh ykd‹pf (Robins and Post) wkd‹tm;ukd;um;um ‚if;wkd‹. 1997 ckESpfxkwf “EkdifiHa&; ,kHrSm;vGefa0'em/þrkef;wD;em-unf;r+. tajccH” trnf&Sd pmtkyfrS atmufygtcsufrsm;ukd wifjycJhonf?

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pmwGJvkyf}uHr+ESihf ±Hk;wifw&m;pGJqdkr+wdk‹ESihf ywfoufaom

a-u;eef;pmtcsKdŒ(Selected telegrams Concerning the Assassination and Trial)

qm[l;bwf&ef‹rS avmhyufopfavm&ihfxHodk‹a-u;eef;pm/ tkdiftdktm= trf§4§2504(Sir Hubert Rance to Lord Pethick-Lawrence. Telegram, IOR: M/4/2504)

csufcsif;tjzpfqHk;? &efukef/ 1946/ pufwifbmv (21) &uf/ (23;00)em&DvufcH&&Sd/ pufwifbmv (21) &uf/ (21;50) em&DeHygwf (121)/ bk&ifcHxHrS udk,fykdifa-u;eef;? ?

(1) tpdk;&tdrfawmfrS xGufcGm_yD; r-umrD ,ae‹ ae‹v,fydkif;wGif OD;apm (xyfrHOD;apm) .toufudk &ef&Smr+jzpfay:cJhygonf? OD;apmu &Jt&m&Sdudk Todk‹ajymqdkonfrSm rdrdtpdk;&tdrfawmfrS jyefoGm;_yD; olonf ol‹ owif;pmwkduf (ol&d,) odk‹oGm;_yD;aemuf ol‹XmecsKyfodk‹oGm;I tpnf;ta0; ðyvkyfygonf? (16;30) em&DwGiftdrfodk‹ jyef&mY ol‹aemufum;xJrS ol‹vlESpfa,muf vdkufygvm-uygonf? tpdk;&tdrfawmfrS rdkif0ufcef‹wGif&Sdaom jynfvrf;ay:&Sd ajreDukef;t0dkif;odk‹ta&mufwGifolonf ol‹aemufrS um;vdkufygvmjcif;&Sdr&Sd vSnfh-unfh&m/ xdktcsdefwGif *spfum;wpD;udk owdxm;rd_yD; t0kdif;. wbufodk‹ tauGŒtwufwGif ol‹um;onf t&SdefavsmhoGm;&m/ xdktcsdefY jyefvSnfh-unfhjyef&m ol‹um;ESihf,SOfvsuf *spfum;udkawGŒrdygonf? ‚if;*spfum;xJwGif jynfol‹&Jabmf (xyfrH=jynfol‹&Jabmf) ,leDazmif;0wf (4) a,mufESihf aoewfajymif;wck ol‹um;bufcsdefxm;onfudk awGŒ&_yD;/aoewfwcsuf vSrf;ypfvdkufI/ ol‹um; jywif;aygufESpfckvHk; azmufxGufoGm;ygonf? xdk‹aemuf ‚if;*spfum;armif;xGufajy;oGm;_yD;/ ol‹um;udk &yfypfvdkuf&m/OD;apmudk aoewfusnfqefrrSefaomfvnf; ol‹rsufvHk;w0dkuf rSefuGJprsm;jzihfuGJ&SoGm;_yD;/ rsufvHk;wvHk;rSm pdk;&drf&aom tajctaerSm &Sdygonf? xdktcsdefwGiftem;rS jzwfoGm;aom Oa&myvlrsKd; (2) OD;u ol‹udk aq;±Hkodk‹ vdkufydk‹vdkuf-uygonf?OD;apm. twGif;a&;rª;u ‚if;tjzpftysufudk a,bk,stm;jzifh rSefuefa-umif;twnfðyajymqdkygonf? olESihf vdkufygvmcJhaom rsKd;cspfygwD0ifrsm;tm; ppfaq;ar;jref;&mwGif &Jt&m&Sdrsm; ar#mfvifhouJhodk‹ ygwDcsif;wdkufyGJ.tp[k xGufqdk-u

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ygonf? vGefcJhonfhESpf&ufu OD;apmu ol‹owif;pmrSaeI zqyvtzGJŒcsKyfudkjyif;jyif;xefxefpdefac:cJhygonf? qufvufpHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm; ðyvkyfvsuf&Sd&moihfxH tqufrjywf owif;ay;ydk‹aeygrnf?

2? ,l*ef'gwGif &Sdaom *smrefvlrsKd;/ OD;apm. r,m;qdkoludpPESihf ywfoufIOD;apm. ZeD;onfu olESihf uGm&Sif;vdkpdwf jyif;jyaea-umif;vnf; pDtkdif'DutpD&ifcHygonf?

3? OD;atmifqef;/ OD;ay:xGef;/ a'gufwmbarmf/ OD;apmESifh OD;Apdefwdk‹udk usaemf,ae‹awGŒqHkcJhygonf? OD;atmifqef;u ol‹tr+aqmiftzGJŒudk tpD&ifcH&rnfjzpfIreufjzef/ odk‹r[kwf we*FaEGae‹ ae‹v,fcif;/ odk‹r[kwf wevFmae‹ eHeufwGif ol‹udku|efawmfxyfrHawGŒygrnf? 11111

4? oydwftaetxm;t& tm;&p&mraumif; (xyfrH=raumif;) yg?tpnf;ta0;_yD;þtpnf;ta0;ESihfþ,if;tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGifþtpD&ifcHpmrsm;om

wae‹vHk;-um;emae&ygonf?þreufjzefþwe*FaEGae‹/þae‹v,fwGifþpDt,fvfatþ(CLA)

aumfrDwD. vuf&Sd tzGJŒ0ifr[kwfawmhaom tzGJŒ0if (3) OD;udk u|efawmf awGŒygonf? xkdolrsm;xJwGif t&mxrf;/ tr+xrf;aygif;pHktzGJŒcsKyf. OuU@vnf; yg&Sdygrnf?

qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzfvpfwdk0J(vf) (Earl of Listowel) xHodk‹a-u;eef;pm/ tkdiftdktm= trf§4§2714csufcsif; tjzpfqHk;? &efukef/ 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ (12;00) em&DvufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ (08;40)em&D

eHygwf 281/ bk&ifcHxHrS udk,fydkifa-u;eef;=,ae‹eHeuf (10) em&DcGJwGif pwif;*ef;aoewfudkif ArmoHk;OD;u tr+aqmif

tzGJŒudk tpnf;ta0;xkdifaepOf wkdufckdufr+ðyvkyf-u&mwGif xdcdkufaoqHk;olrsm;æaoqHk;= OD;&mZwf/ OD;bcsKd/ ocifjr/ OD;b0if;/ ref;bckdif'%f&m&olrsm;=OD;atmifqef;(&ifbwfaygufxGuf'%f&m&)/þrdkif;yGefapmfbGm;/xyfrHI tjynfhtpHk tpDt&ifcHygrnf? 22222

tm'AvsL'Dazmifvm (R.W.D. Fowler) (bk&ifcH. acwWtwGif;0ef) xHrS qm*Dbwfvdwf0dwf(Sir Gilbert Laithwaite) xHodk‹a-u;eef;pm= tkdiftdktm= trf§4§2714csufcsif;tjzpfqHk;? &efukef/ 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ (16;25) em&D

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vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ (15;45) em&DeHygwf=282/ azmifvmrS vdwf0dwfxHodk‹/ bk&ifcH. udk,fydkifa-u;eef;pm 281/

1? tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk u|efawmfþ,ckay;Ekdifyg_yD? tr+aqmiftzGJŒtpnf;ta0;ðyvkyfaepOf/ ,ae‹ eHeuf (10) em&DcGJwGif trSwf (12) ppfwyftrSwftom;rsm;yg&Sdaom *spfum;wpD;onf t0ifwHcg;r}uD;Y xkd;&yfvmcJhonf? *spfum;xJwGif vlwa,mufusef&pfcJhonf? pwif;*ef;aoewfrsm;ESifh ±kdifz,faoewf (2)vufudkifaqmifxm;-uaom vl (5) a,mufonf tr+aqmiftzGJŒ tpnf;ta0;cef;rodk‹ avSum;rS wufoGm;-uonf? cef;rwHcg;0tjyifbufY apmifh-uyfaeaomvufeufudkif jynfol‹&JabmfwOD;u olwdk‹udk wm;qD;&ef óud;pm;pOf aoewfjzifhtypfcHvdkuf&onf? olu vufeufudkifaqmifvmolrsm;udk trSwf (4) Armh±kdifz,fwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm; jzpfonf[k ajymqdkcJhonf? olonf qkd;qkd;&Gm;&Gm; '%f&m&&SdcJhonfhtwGuf tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm; ray;EkdifcJhyg? pwif;*ef;aoewfudkifvloHk;a,mufonf tr+aqmiftzGJŒcef;rtwGif;odk‹ 0ifa&muf-u_yD; txJ&Sdolrsm;tm;olwdk‹aoewfrsm;jzifh w&-urf; ar$Œ&rf;ypfcwfcJh-uonf?

2? atmufygxdcdkufaoqHk;olrsm;tm; twnfðyEkdifyg_yD? aoqHk;ol OD;atmifqef;/ OD;b0if;/ OD;tAŠ'l&mZwf/ ref;bcdkif/ ocifjrESihf OD;tkef;armif (tr+aqmiftzGJŒtpnf;ta0;wGif &SdaecJhaom ydk‹aqmifa&;ESihf qufoG,fa&;Xme= 'kwd,twGif;0ef)/'%f&m&ol= 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd (pdk;&drf&aom tajctaewGif &Sdonf)/ rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;(tajctaeaumif;onf) ESihf udkaxG; (OD;tAŠ'l&mZwf. oufawmfapmihf)?

3? aysmfbG,fOD;jr/ OD;b*srf;/ OD;atmifZHa0ESihf OD;a&$abmf (tr+aqmiftzGJŒ.twGif;0ef) wdk‹rSm xdcdkufr+r&Sd? apmpHzdk;oifonf c&D;xGufae_yD; ocifEkonf tpnf;ta0;wGif &SdraecJh?

4? xdcdkufaoqHk;olrsm;tm; aESmihfaES;jcif;r&SdbJ aq;±Hk}uD;odk‹ ydk‹cJhonf?&JwyfzGJŒtaejzifh tajctaeudk oGufvufxufjrufpGm udkifwG,faqmif&GufEkdifcJhyHk&ygonf?

5? ,cktjzpftysufonf taxGaxGtHkºuGr+}uD;. tpdwftydkif;w&yfjzpfrjzpf jyo onfh t&dyfta,mifwpHkw&m r&Sdao;yg? tvHeDuGefjrLepfrsm;uTwdkufcdkufr+ tpDtpOfudk odaecJhonfh t&dyfta,mifrsm;&Sdonf? vuf&Sdtpdk;&uolwdk‹tay: jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef pOf;pm;vdrfhrnfudk tjcm;twdkuftcHygwDrsm;u a-umufvef‹aea-umif; ,Hk-unf&onf? Tonfu twkduftcHygwDtm;vHk;u ,ckwdkufcdkufr+tpDtpOfudk xdefcsefv#KdŒ0Sufxm;cJhyHk&a-umif;

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jyqdkvsuf&Sd aomfvnf; taxmuftxm;r&Sdyg?6? bk&ifcHtaejzifh AkdvfcsKyf b&pf (*f)/ AkdvfcsKyfaomrwf (pf)/ &JwyfzGJŒ

ppfaq;a&; t&m&SdcsKyftjyif jynfwGif;vHkòcHa&;ESihf ywfoufaom tjcm;yk*~dKvfrsm;ESihf,ae‹eHeuf awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;r+rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? ArmhppfXmecsKyftaejzifh aemifjzpfvmrnfhjy\emrsm;twGuf óudwifjyifqifr+rsm; ðyvkyfvsuf&Sdonf?

7? bk&ifcHtaejzifh avmavmq,fwGif ocifEk/ OD;atmifZHa0/ aysmfbG,fOD;jrwdk‹ESihf wdkifyif!SdE+dif;vsuf&Sdonf? tr+aqmiftzGJŒopfzGJŒpnf;a&; tqdkðycsufowif;rsm;ESihftwl aemufxyfa-u;eef;pmudk ,if;wkdifyif!SdE+dif;r+ _yD;_yD;csif; xyfrHay;ydk‹ygrnf?

qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzfvpfwdk0J (vf)xHodk‹a-u;eef;pm/ tkdiftkdtm= trf§4§2714csufcsif;tjzpfqHk;? &efukef/ 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv (20) &uf/ (10;15) em&DvufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkif (20) &uf/ (08;00) em&D

eHygwf 287/ bk&ifcH. udk,fydkifa-u;eef;/u|Ekfyfay;ydk‹aom a-u;eef;pm trSwf (281) ESifhqufwdkufay;ydk‹aom a-u;eef;pmrsm;?

OD;apmtay:wGif oHo,jzpfr+ A[dkðyvsuf&Sdonf? ,refae‹ eHeuf (11) em&Dxdk;_yD;_yD;csif; pGyfus,ftusôrsm; 0wfxm;aom vl (5) OD;vkdufygvmvsuf *spfum;wpD; OD;apmaetdrfodk‹ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? ,refae‹/ ae‹v,fydkif;wGif OD;apm.tdrfudk&Jrsm;u 0ifa&mufpD;eif;cJh_yD; OD;apmESihf vl (10) OD;tm; óudwifumuG,fonfhtaejzihf xdef;odrf;cJhonf? ±kdifz,f (18) vufESihf pwif;*ef;wvuf awGŒ&SdcJhonf?_cH0if;twGif;&Sd *spfum;wGif aemufbufY eHygwfjym;r&Sdyg? eHeufcif;wGif 0ifa&mufpD;eif;wkdufckdufcJholrsm; toHk;ðyaom *spfum;wGifvnf; aemufbufY eHygwfjym;r&Sd[k ,Hk-unf&ygonf?

qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzfvpfwdk0J (vf) xHodk‹a-u;eef;pm/ tkdiftdktm=trf§4§2715csufcsif;tjzpfqHk;? &efukef/ 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (21) &uf/ (16;25) em&DvufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (21) &uf/ (15;00) em&D

eHygwf 294/ bk&ifcH. udk,fydkifa-u;eef;/

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1? jrefrmowif;pmtcsKdŒu _Adwdo#qef‹usifonfh vrf;a-umif;udk ,ae‹wGif wdwdususcsrSwfvmcJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiHudk bk&ifhtifydkif,mtwGif;wGifqufvuf xdef;odrf;xm;&Sdvdkaom bk&ifhtpdk;&. rl0g'ESihf vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfrnfhtpdk;&w&yf zGJŒpnf;Ekdifa&;twGuf _Adwdo#wdk‹u twkduftcHudk vufeufrsm; xkwfay;cJh_yD; tr+aqmiftzGJŒudk wdkufcdkufcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k aumv[vrsm; ysHŒEHSŒvsuf&Sdonf? u|Ekfyftaejzihf vGefcJhonfh (10) &uftwGif; OD;apmESihf a'gufwmbarmfwdk‹udkawGŒqHkcJh_yD; tu,fI zqyv usoGm;cJhv#if tpdk;&zGJŒEkdifa&;twGuf óudwifjyifqifxm;&ef ajym-um;cJha-umif; owif;a&;om;ay;ydk‹r+rsm;vnf; ysHŒESHŒvsuf&Sdonf? u|Efkyfonf ocifEkESihf ,ckyifawGŒcJh_yD; ‚if;aumvm[vrsm;. vHk;0rSm;,Gif;r+ESihf tu,fI ,ae‹vuf&Sd owif;pmwdk‹.rludk qufvufv$wfay;xm;ygu jzpfay:vmrnfha-umufrufzG,fqdk;usKd;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI txl;ðyajymqdkcJhonf? tu,fI jzpfEkdifv#if ,ae‹yif owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJw&yf ac:,lusif;y&efESifh tpdk;&taejzihfa&'D,kdrS toHv$ihfxkwfa-unmay;&ef OD;Ekudk u|EkfyfajymqdkcJhonf? OD;Eku oabmwlcJhygonf?

2? b&if;*ef;aoewfrsm;ESifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf tajrmuftjrm; aysmufqHk;r+onf t}uD;tus,fpdwfv+yf&Sm;zG,fjzpfcJhonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,fr&Sdyg? ‚if;tjyif_Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm;þyg0ifywfoufaeyHk&aomfvnf; ,ckxdwdkif wdwdususþtaxmuftxm; r&Sdao;yg? Ttr+udk ppfaq;&ef txl;cHk±Hk;zGJŒ&ef OD;Ekuvdkvm;_yD; Todk‹aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh jynfolvlxk at;aq;_idrfoufoGm;vdrfhrnf[k olu awG;ygonf?ppfwyf. pdk;&drfr+abmiftwGif;rS u|Ekfyftaejzihf ,if;odk‹aom cHk±Hk;. Oya'±+axmifhrsm;ESihf ywfoufI raocsm ra&&mvSyg? odk‹ jzpfI oif.t}uHay;r+udkvdkvm;vsuf&Sdygonf? *sDtkdpDESihf wkdifyifaqG;aEG;&ef ruf*GdKif,mudk u|Ekfyfapv$wfvdkufygonf?

twGif;a&;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf±Hk;cef;/ &efukef/ 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (25) &ufTodk‹qHk;jzwfvdkufonf?(u) *k%fusufoa&ESihf jynfhpHkvSaom OD;atmifqef;ESifh ol. vkyfazmfudkif

buftcsKdŒudk ol&Jabmenf;vSpGm owfjzwfcJhr+wGif bk&ifhtpdk;&ESihf jrefrmEkdifiH.bk&ifcHwdk‹ wpHkw&mta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonfESihf ywfoufI oHo,rsm;uif;a0;oGm;ap&ef atmufazmfjyyg owif;a-unmcsufudk jrefrm=t*FvdyfESpfbmomjzifh csufcsif;xkwfjyefay;&efESihf æ

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(c) tpdk;&taejzifh Towif;xkwfjyefa-unmcsufudk toHk;ðyvsuf&Sd_yD;vlxktwGif; us,fjyef‹Ekdifor# us,fjyef‹pGm od&Sdap&eftwGuf aqmif&Guf&ef wdkif;rif;}uD;rsm;ESifh ta&;ydkifrif;rsm;tm;vHk;tm; óud;rJha-u;eef;jzifh today;&ef?

owif;xkwfjyefa-unmcsuf“*k%fusufoa&jrifhrm;vSaom OD;atmifqef;ESifh tjcm; tr+aqmif

aumifpDtzGJŒ0ifrsm;tm; r-umao;rDu ol&Jabmenf;pGm owfjzwfcJhr+wGif _Adwdo#bk&ifhtpdk;&tzGJŒESihf jrefrmEkdifiH. bk&ifcHwdk‹ qufpyfaeonf[laom aumvm[vrsm;þjynfolvlxktwGif; tcsKdŒae&mXmersm;Y ysHŒEHSŒ jzpfay:vsuf&Sdygonf? Taumvm[vrsm;onf vHk;0tajctjrpfr&Sdyga-umif;ESihf _Adwdo# bk&ifhtpdk;&/ bk&ifcHESihfjrefrmtpdk;&wdk‹t-um; eD;pyfaom em;vnfr+rsm; &Sdaea-umif; jrefrmtpdk;&taejzifhodaptyfygonf? aESmihfaES;-uef‹-umr+tenf;qHk;jzihf w&m;cHrsm;tm; ta&;,lEkdif&ef _Adwdo#bk&ihftpdk;&/ bk&ifcHESihf jrefrmtpdk;&wdk‹onf wufºuGpGm yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdaeyga-umif;”

qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzfvpfwdk0J (vf) xHodk‹a-u;eef;pm/ tkdiftdktm=trf§4§2715csufcsif;tjzpfqHk;? &efukef/ 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (28) &uf/ 12;15 em&Dv#KdŒ0Suf? vufcH&&Sd/ Zlvdkifv (28) &uf/ (14;30) em&D

eHygwf 313/ bk&ifcH. udk,fydkifa-u;eef;/1? oif. 1689/ Zlvkdifv (26) &uf tjzpftysufrsm;udk tpOftwkdif; od&Sdap

&efESifh tu,fI ta&;w}uD;jy\em jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ay:aygufvmygu ppfwyftaejzifh wm0eftcsKd;}uD;}uD;rm;rm;udk rvGJraoG vufcH&,lvdrfhrnfjzpfa-umif;udk0rf;enf;pGmjzifh jyoEkdif&ef atmufygtwdkif; u|Efkyf óud;pm;wifjyxm;ygonf?

1? umuG,fa&;Xme/ jrefrmEkdifiHtpdk;&tzGJŒESihf òrd›jy&JwyfzGJŒwdk‹ wufa&mufaom tywfpOfðyvkyfonfh jynfwGif;vHkòcHa&;&m tpnf;ta0;rsm;Y tcsdeftawmf-umuyif òrd›jyt&m&Sdrsm;u vufeufodkavSmif±Hkrsm;rS vufeufrsm; cdk;xkwfr+jzpfyGm;cJha-umif; tp&Sdojzifh pGyfpGJr+rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? umuG,fa&;XmerS wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm; pwifðyvkyfrnfjzpfa-umif; tmrcHcsufay;cJh-uonf?

2? Zlvdkifv (15) &ufae‹wGif OD;atmifqef;ESihf ,m,DjynfxJa&;0ef}uD;jzpfolaysmf bG,fOD;jrwdk‹ u|EkfyfESifhvma&mufawGŒqHk_yD; yifrvufeufwdkuf (Base Ord-

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nance Depot) rS b&if;*ef; aoewf tvuf (200) udk rnfolrnf0grSef; rod&olwdk‹vufxJokd‹ oDwif;ywftawmf-um-umuyif v$Jajymif;ay;cJha-umif; avhvmod&Sd&onf[k ajymqdkcJh-uonf? (wu,fjzpfysufcJhonfh &ufpGJtwdtusrSm ZGefv (24)&ufjzpfonf)? TvufeufaysmufqHk;r+/ aysmufqHk;csdefESihf jyefvnfawGŒ&Sdcsdeft-um;tcsdef tvGeftrif;uGm[aeonfhtwGuf ,if;vufeufrsm; EkdifiHtwGif; ,cktcsdefwGif jzef‹a0xm;_yD;avmuf jzpfEkdifajc&SdonfhtwGuf OD;atmifqef; tvGeftrif;pdk;&drfvsuf&SdonfrSm obm0usayonf? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;u tpdk;&taejzifhjrefjrefqefqef vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpf_yD; us,fus,fjyef‹ jyef‹ zrf;qD;&vdrfhrnf[ku|Efkyftm; ajymcJhonf? pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rðyvkyfEkdifrD twdkuftcHacgif;aqmiftm;vHk;ESihf olwdk‹. vufaxmufrsm;udk óudwifumuG,fonfhtaejzifh xdef;odrf;&ef&nf&G,fa-umif; ol‹ajym-um;csufrS u|Ekfyf em;vnfvdkufygonf?

3? xdkae‹rSmyif *sDtdkpD (GOC) udk u|EkfyfawGŒcJh&m bDtdk'D (BOD) taejzifh,if;udpPudk ,Hk-unfpdwfcspGm aqmif&GufcJhjcif;jzpfa-umif; olu u|Ekfyfudk today;ygonf? òrd›jy&Jrsm;taejzifhom b&if;*ef;tvuf (500) xkwfcGihf&&SdcJh_yD; ,if;xkwf,lcGifhrS tcsdeftwef-um vufeufrsm;udk xkwf,laecJhygonf? ZGefv (24) &ufae‹wGif &Jrsm;[k ,Hk-unf&aom tzGJŒwzGJŒ bDtdk'Dodk‹a&muf&Sdvm_yD; vufrSwftjynfhtpHkxkd;xm;aom trSeftuef taxmuftxm; pm&Gufpmwrf;tjynfhtpHkjzifh b&if;*ef;aoewfusnfqH r*~Zif;rsm;udk xkwf,loGm;cJhonf? pHkprf;a&;cHk±Hk;. awGŒ&Sdcsufudku|Efkyftaejzifh rawGŒ&ao;aomfvnf; &Jrsm;udkxkwf,lcGihfðycJhaom b&if;*ef;aoewfta&twGufrSm tvuf (500) r[kwfbJ tvuf (100) omjzpfa-umif;,Hk-unfygonf? vGefcJhonfh (2) &uf/ (3) &ufcef‹u u|Efkyfa&S›wGifyif jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;u ,cifu b&if;*ef;aoewfrsm;udk xkwfay;cJhonfrSm (10) vufxufrydkcJh (xyfrH=rydkcJh) a-umif;/ xkwfay;cGihf rSefuefa-umif;udkvnf; w,fvDzkef;jzifhqufoG,fI twnfðyavh&Sda-umif;/ odk‹aomf ,ckw}udrfwGifrl xkdodk‹ rðyvkyfcJh(xyfrH=rðyvkyfcJh) a-umif;/ &Jum;rsm;. eHygwfrsm;udkvnf; bDtdk'Du t_rJrSwfom;xm;a-umif;/ odk‹aomf ,cktr+wGifrl xdkodk‹ rðyvkyfcJh (xyfrH=rðyvkyfcJh) a-umif;/&Jum;rsm;rSm tvG,fwulyif odomvG,faomfvnf; &J[efaqmiftzGJŒtaejzifhrnfonfhtrSwftom;rS rygaom x&yfum;udk toHk;ðyoGm;cJha-umif; *sDtdkpDudk ajym-um;cJhygonf? pHkprf;a&;cHk±Hk;ESihf rawGŒ&ao;rD jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;. rSwfcsufrsm;rnfr# rSefuefonfudk u|Efkyftaejzifh twnfrðyEkdif (xyfrH= rðyEdkif) ao;yg?

4? yifrcJ,rf;rD;ausmufwkduf. wm0efcHt&m&Sdjzpfoljzpf_yD; yifrvufeuf

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wdkufESihf qufEG,fvsuf&Sdol ar*smrdk; (Major Moore) rSm pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm;t&oHo, t&SdcHae&a-umif; *sDtdkpDu Zlvdkifv (15) &ufae‹wGif pum;ajymaepOfxkwfazmfajymqdkcJhygonf? ar*smrdk;onf ppftwGif;uvnf; tkdifattdkpD (IAOC)

. t&mcHAdkvfb0wGifyif tdENd,Y vufeufr+wGif ywfoufcJhzl;a-umif; ,Hk-unf&ygonf? ‚if;tjyif ppfrjzpfrD jrefrmEkdifiHY tdkifattdkpD. tifpDtdk (NCO) b0Yvnf;olonf òrd›jy&J. oHo,&SdcH&aom pm&if;wGif rSwfom;cHcJh&a-umif; ,Hk-unf&ygonf? OD;apmu t&ufrl;rl;jzifh a&uefxJwGif jr‡Kyfxm;onfh vufeuftawmfrsm;rsm; ol‹wGif&Sda-umif;/ ol‹udk (ar*smrdk;udk) ajymcJha-umif; ar*smrdk;u xGufqdkcJhonf[k *sDtkdpDu u|Efkyfudk ajymjyygonf? vufeufaysmufqHk;r+udk pwifpHkprf;ppfaq;aeonfudk ol odonfhtwGuf ol‹tay: oHo,r0ifap&ef ar*smrdk;u ,if;odk‹xGufqdkcJhjcif;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k olxifa-umif; *sDtdkpDu u|Ekfyfudk ajymjyygao;onf? OD;apmtaejzifh xdkodk‹ xkwfazmfajymqdkjcif;rSm rjzpfEkdifa-umif; *sDtdkpDu awG;cJhygao;onf?,ck tcsdefY u|Ekfyftaejzifh ar*smrdk;. xGufqdkcsuftjynfhtpHkudkvnf;aumif;/ ,if;xGufqdkcsufrSm pma&;om;xGufqdkr+ jzpfrjzpfudkvnf;aumif; rodao;yg (atmuf&Sdtydk'f 11= udk -unfhyg)? ,if;xGufqdkcsufrSm E+wfjzifh xGufqdkcsufoufoufomjzpfvdrfhrnf[k u|Ekfyfxifygonf?

5? cspf-unfa&; udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ. xkwfjyefa-unmcsufESihfywfoufIOD;atmifqef;ESifh ocifEkudk Zlvkdifv (10) &ufae‹wGif u|EkfyfawGŒcJhygonf? b&if;*ef;aoewfrsm; aysmufqHk;r+ta-umif;aqG;aEG;&if; pum;pyfrdI OD;apmu aoewfrsm;udk a&uefxJwGif 0Sufxm;a-umif; aumvm[vjzpfae_yD; ,if;a&uefudk ydkufpdyfwkduf &Smoihfa-umif; u|Ekfyfu OD;atmifqef;udk t}uHðyajymqdkcJhygonf?

6? aq;±Hkwufaeaom zdvpfeuf (&Sf) (Philip Nash) xH Zlvdkifv (18)&ufae‹wGif u|EkfyfoGm;a&mufcJh&m vufeufrsm;aysmufqHk;r+udk olod&Sdaea-umif;u|EfkyfodcJh&yg onf? _Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm; (aemifwGif 'Dtufpftdk (DSO) jzpfol [ef‹(Hunt) jzpfrSef; od&onf) u ntcsdefwGif OD;apm. bef*vdktdrfudk ppfajrjyifoHk;rSefajymif;rsm;jzifh apmihf-unfhaecJh&m/ OD;apmudk vl (4=5) a,mufESihftwlavSwpD;twGif; r-umc%qkdouJhodk‹ rouFmzG,ftajctaersm;wGif awGŒ&SdcJh&a-umif; euf(&Sf) u u|Ekfyfudk xyfrHowif;ay;cJhjyefygonf? OD;apmrSm tpOfojzifh0wfaumif;pm;vSESihf jzpfojzihf xkdokd‹apmihf-unhfaeolrsm;u rdef;rr+yifjzpfrnf[kxifcJh-uygonf?

7? cspf-unfa&; udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ. xkwfjyefa-unmcsufESihf ywfoufI

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xdkae‹aemufydkif;wGif ocifEkudk u|EkfyfxyfrHawGŒcJhygonf? OD;apm. tdrfab;&Sda&uefudk ydkufpdyfwkduf&Sm&ef ocifEkudk u|EkfyfwdkufwGef;cJh_yD;/ nydkif;apmihf-unhfolrsm;. owif;ay;ydk‹r+udk ol‹tm; u|EfkyfajymjycJhygonf? bDtdk'DESihf rdkifrsm;pGma0;_yD;r*Fvm'Hkajrmufbuf&Sd yifrcJ,rf;rD;ausmufwdkuf (AOD) rS cJ,rf;rD;ausmuftajrmuftjrm; Zlvdkif v (12) &ufu aysmufqHk;cJha-umif; ocifEku u|Ekfyfudkajymjyygonf? bDtdk'DwGif vkyfaqmifcJhouJhodk‹yif ðyvkyfcJhyHk&_yD; ,if;vdrfvnfr+rSmvnf; atmifjrifoGm;cJhjyefygonf? ,if;cdk;,lr+jzpfyGm;_yD; wem&Dcef‹t-umwGif,if;odkavSmif±Hkodk‹ OD;apma&muf&SdvmcJh_yD; vufzuf&nfyif aomufoGm;cJhonf[k,Hk-unf&a-umif; ocifEku pdwfv+yf&Sm;zG,fowif;udk ajymjycJhygonf? ,if;cdk;,lr+udk Zlvdkifv (18) &ufae‹/ ae‹v,fydkif;wGif Akdvfrª;csKyf euf (&Sf) u u|Ekfyfudk twnfðyay;cJhygonf?

8? Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹rSm vkyf}uHr+jzpfyGm;onfhae‹ jzpfonf? -urRmiifonfhxkdae‹ u u|Efkyftaejzifh tpnf;ta0; trsm;tjym;xkdifcJh&&m wckaom tpnf;ta0;wGif aemuf&ufjzpfonfh Zlvdkifv (20) &ufwGif óudwifumuG,fonfhtaejzihf vl(2˜000) cef‹udk xdef;odrf;&ef pDpOfxm;a-umif; tkdif*sDyD (IGP) u u|Ekfyfudk ajymjycJhonf? tr+aqmifaumifpD tpnf;ta0;&Sdaea-umif; vltrsm;odaeonfhtwGufvkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef Zlvdkifv (19) &ufudkyif óudwifowfrSwfcJhjcif; jzpfEkdifonfhtjyif/ t}uHðyxm;onfh &SmazGzrf;qD;rnfh owif;ayguf-um;oGm;onfhtwGufvkyf}uHolrsm;taejzifh csufcsif;vufiif;vkyfaqmifvkduf&jcif;vnf; jzpfEkdifygonf?

9? vkyf}uHowfjzwfolrsm;. pdwfxJ awG;xifxm;-uonfrsm;udkrl em;vnf&ef cufcJygonf? twkduftcHbufrS tcsKdŒtiftm;pkrsm;u vufeufrsm;udk ckd;,lpkaqmif;_yD; vufeufudkif vlxktHkºuGr+udk wpwp jyifqifoGm;jcif;jzifh tm%mudkwkdufcdkuf&,l&ef pDpOfjcif;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k u|Efkyfxifjrifrdygonf? vufeuftenf;i,fudk cdk;xkwf&mY vdrfvnfr+udk rppfaq;rdbJ atmifjrifcJhonfhtwGuf vufeuftajrmuftjrm; (bDtdk'DESihf bDat'Du odkavSmifxm;onfESifh ,SOfv#if tenf;i,fr#om) udk cdk;xkwfv#ifvnf; odkavSmif±Hk&Sd t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh rdwfaqGzGJŒEkdifcJhv#if rppfaq;rdbJ vGwfajrmufEkdifonf[k twifh&JvmyHk&ygonf? _Adwdo# bk&ifhwyfrawmftaejzifh jrefrmjynfwGif tiftm;tawmftoihf&SdaecJh&m ,cktcsdefwGif twdkuftcHtaejzifh tm%modrf;&ef óud;pm;vdrfhrnf[k u|Efkyfr,Hk-unfyg? bk&ihfwyfrawmfxGufcGmoGm;_yD; vtenf;i,f-umonftxd oifhawmfonfh tcsdefwdkifatmif apmihfqdkif;jcif;onfom usKd;a-umif;qDavsmfonfh tpDtpOfjzpfayvdrfhrnf? zqyvacgif;

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aqmifrsm;udk vkyf}uHjcif;jzifh ppftpkd;&w&yf zGJŒpnf;&vdrhfrnf[k twkduftcHuar#mfvifhawmihfwcJhyHk&_yD; acgif;aqmifrsm; qHk;±+H;cJhr+u tcsdef-umvmonfESihftr#zqyvtwGif; t}uD;tus,fuGJ_yJvdrhfrnf[k awG;xifcJhyHk&ygonf? &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; pOf;pm;a&;qGJxm;aom tem*wftpDtpOfr&SdbJvsuf rif;rJhtajctaew&yf. tóuded'gef;tjzpf rdrd.yk*~dKvfa&;&efolrsm;udk yxrOD;qHk; vufonfw&m;cHrsm;u pDpOfvkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ jzpfEkdifacsudk u|Ekfyfwdk‹ owdrrlrjrifI rjzpfyg?

10? tywfpOfðyvkyfaeusjzpfaom jynfwGif;vkHòcHa&;&m tpnf;ta0;wGife,fbufqkdif&mESihf umuG,fa&;Xmersm;t-um;wGif pdwfcHpm;r+ wpHkw&m twdkif;twmtxd jzpfay:aea-umif; u|Ekfyftm; tpD&ifcH-uonf? vufeufcdk;,lr+ESifhvkyf}uHr+wdk‹a-umihf ppfwyftaejzifh ta&;,laqmif&GufcJhr+rsm;udk e,fbufqkdif&mtaejzifh rod&SdcJh&onfhtwGuf e,fbufqkdif&m tm%mydkifrsm;taejzifh apm'uwufvsuf&Sdonf? odk‹ jzpfI u|Ekfyfonf *sDtdkpD/ bD*sDtuf (pf) (BGS)/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;ESifh umuG,fa&;qdkif&m aumifq,fvmwdk‹t-um; tpnf;ta0;w&yfudku|Ekfyf±Hk;cef;wGif aemufw&ufY pDpOfcJh_yD; ppfwyfrS qufoG,fa&;t&m&SdwOD;udktpkd;&xHodk‹ ae‹pOfapv$wfay;&ef pDpOfcJhonf?

11? vkyf}uHr+jzpf_yD;aemuf EkdifiHtEHS‹tjym; a-umufvef‹r+rsm; rif;rlvsuf&Sdonf? vufeufwdkufrsm;rS vufeufrsm; trsm;tjym;tcdk;cHcJh&r+tay: aumvm[vrsm;ESihf xifa-u;ay;r+rsm; xyfaqmif;I jzpfay:vmonfh todw&m;tay:tajccH_yD; _Adwdo#qef‹usifa&;v+H‹aqmfr+rsm; ay:aygufvmonf? ,if;v+H‹aqmfr+rSm&uftwef-um trSefyif wnf&SdaecJhonf? OD;EkESihf tjcm;yk*~dKvfrsm;. pGrf;aqmifr+a-umifh ,if;wif;rmr+rSm vGefcJhonfh ESpf&ufoHk;&uftwGif; wdwdyy ,kwfavsmhoGm;cJhonf? ZGefv (26) &ufae‹wGif ppfaq;a&;t&m&SdwOD;tm; ueOD;xGufqdkcJh_yD;Zlvdkifv (5) &ufae‹wGif pmtm;jzihf 'DyDtrf ArmhppfOD;pD;Xmeodk‹ xyfrHa&;om;ay;cJhaom rdk;. xGufqdkcsufrlyGm;wapmifudk *sDtdkpDESihf bD*sDtuf (pf) jzpfol Akdvfrª;csKyf*sL (cf) (Duke) wdk‹u Zlvdkifv (25) &ufae‹/ eHeufcif;wGif u|EkfyfxH vma&muf_yD;jyocJh-uonf? aemufxyfay;ydk‹aom a-u;eef;pmwGif xyfrHI oihfxH ðyvkyfcJhaom‚if;xGufqdkcsufudk *sLŒ (cf) u trSwfrJharhavsmhum pDtkdif'Dtm; jyocJhjcif;r&Sdyg?(xyfrH= r&Sdyg)? zD;vfrm&S,farmifh*dkrm&D. tvnfc&D;pOftwGuf *sDtdkpDESihf bD*sDtuf(pf) (*sLŒcf) wdk‹ puFmylodk‹a&muf&SdaepOf ,if;xGufqkdcsufudk &&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf? jyefa&mufvm_yD;aemuf *sLŒ (cf) onf *sDtdkpDtm; jy_yD;aemuf ‚if;xGufqdkcsufpmudkodrf;qnf;xm;vdkufonf? yxr bDtdk'DESihf xdk‹aemuf bDat'DY jzpfyGm;cJhaom

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vufeufckd;xkwfr+rsm;udk azmfxkwfawGŒ&Sd_yD;onfhwdkif ‚if;xGufqdkcsufpmESihf pmtwGif;yg ta-umif;t&mrsm;. tvGeftrif; ta&;ygr+udk *sLŒ(cf) taejzifh trSwf&jcif;r&Sdacs? vkyf}uHr+}uD;jzpfyGm;_yD;rSom *sLŒ (cf) onf trSwf&rdvm_yD; wif;rmr+rsm; avsmhenf;vmonfESihf ,if;udpPudk tpD&ifcH&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf? *sLŒ (cf) taejzifhudpPw&yfvHk;tay:wGif tvGefyGihfvif;_yD; tjypfwifr+rSefor#udk cH,lcJhonf? Zlvdkifv (8) &ufae‹wGif rdk;. xGufqdkcsufudk olyxrawGŒ&SdonfESihf ta&;,lr+ðy_yD;jzpf_yD; e,fbufqkdif&m tm%mydkifrsm;udkvnf; today;_yD; jzpfrnf[k oHo,r&Sd pOf;pm;rdcJh_yD; ,if;uJhodk‹ jzpfrjzpfudkrl uHta-umif; raumif;vSpGm twnfðycJhjcif;r&Sd[k avsmhayghI qdk&ayvdrhfrnf?

12? pDtdkif'D. ppfaq;r+rS rdk;. xGufqkdcsuf&SdaecJhr+onf usdef;aoeD;yg;ay:aygufayrnf? ,if;owif;om jynfolvlxkod&SdcJhv#if _Adwdo#qef‹usifa&;twGuf cHpm;csufonf tpkd;&drf&qHk; tqihfodk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;ayrnf? ,refae‹naecif;wGif u|Efkyfonf ocifEk/ aysmfbG,fOD;jr/ *sDtdkpDESihf bD*sDtuf (pf) wkd‹udk u|EkfyfxHac:vdkuf_yD; ta-umif;raumif;onfh ,if;udpPudk jyefvnfajymjycJhonf? jrefrm0ef}uD;rsm;taejzifh ,if;udpPudk wav;wrlðy-u_yD; ,if;owif; jynfolvlxkodonfESihf jzpfay:vmrnfh tEœ&m,fESihf owif;Xmersm;uvnf; ,if;odk‹odcJhv#ifvkyf}uHr+}uD;udk ajymif;vJEkdifvdrhfrnf[k us,fus,favmifavmif awmif;qdka&;om;vmrnfhta&;udkvnf; 0efcHajymqdk-uonf? ,if;owif;rayguf-um;a&;rSmtxl;cufcJa-umif; olwdk‹em;vnfoabmayguf-u_yD; olwdk‹wwfEkdifor# ulnD&efudkvnf; uwdðy-uonf?

13? txufazmfjyyg tjzpftysufrsm;udk oHk;oyf_yD;v#if 0ef}uD;csKyf.ajz&Sif;csufudk u|Ekfyfxuf ta&;aumif;olwOD;uom ydkrdkwwfEdkifvdrfhrnf[ku|Ekfyf0efcH&ayrnf? tpkd;&taejzihf jypfr+ESihf ywfoufonfh owif;tenf;tusOf;udkom xkwfay;vsuf&Sdonf? odk‹aomfvnf; vufeufcdk;xkwfr+ESifh vkyf}uHr+}uD;. t"duvufonfrSm wOD;wnf;yifjzpfrnf[k ol‹wdk‹oHo,uif;pGm tckdiftrmawGŒ&Sd_yD;jzpf_yD[k u|Ekfyfem;vnfrdonf (OD;apm[k ,lq&onf)? ol‹taejzifht"duvufonfESifh tjcm;}uH&mygrsm; qufEG,fr+udk awGŒ&Sdazmfxkwf&efESifh v#KdŒ0Sufyl;aygif;}uHpnfr+}uD; wckvHk;udk tptqHk;azmfxkwf&ef óud;pm;vsuf&Sd-uonf?0ef}uD;csKyftaejzifh vltrsm; od_yD;jzpfonfhtwGuf vufeufcdk;xkwfr+udk udk;um;Ekdifonf?þodk‹aomfvnf; twdtusta&twGufxuf vufeufESihf cJ,rf;rD;ausmuftajrmuftjrm;[kom ajymoihfonf[k t}uHðyxm;ygonf? rdk;ESihfywfoufI

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xyfrHajymqdkr+/ xyfrHukd;um;r+ rðyoihfyg? ppfwyftaejzifh pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; cHk±Hk;rsm;udk csufcsif;pwifcJhaomfvnf; tcsKdŒoufaorsm;udk tvG,fwul r&&SdEdkifao;onfhtwGuf tcsdef,l&ayvdrhfrnf? TonfrSm wEkdifiHvHk;udk csufcsif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ r-umrjrihfrDwGifvnf;aumif; rif;rJhtaetxm;a&muf&SdoGm;ap&efv#KdŒ0Sufyl;aygif;}uHpnfr+jzpfonfrSm ,HkrSm; oHo,jzpfp&mr&Sdygacs?

14? qufvufjzpfay:wdk;wufr+rsm;udk qufvufI u|EkfyftpD&ifcHaeygrnf?“-urRmqkd;onf wOD;wnf; vmcJonf” 3 3 3 3 3 [laom '±kdif'if (Dryden) . tqdkudku|Ekfyfoabmwlrdygonf?

Ta-u;eef;pm_yD;aemuf aemufxyf a-u;eef;pmwapmifudk (17;25)em&DwGif ay;ydk‹cJhonf?

eHygwf= 319/ bk&ifcHxHrS udk,fydkifa-u;eef;/ Zlvdkif (28)/ u|Ekfyf. a-u;eef;pmtrSwf (313) rSpmydk'f (3)/

bDtdk'DrS xkwfoGm;cJhaom vufeufta&twGuf twdtusudk twnfðyI&&Sd_yD;jzpfI ,if;wdk‹rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf?

(u) tvufwkdif;wGif ajymif;tydkwckpD yg&Sdaom b&if;*ef;tvuf (200)(c) ajymif;tydk (200)(*) b&if;*ef; r*~Zif; usnfuyf (800),if;vufeufrsm;udk ZGefv (24) &ufae‹wGif xkwfoGm;cJhaonf? Zlvdkifv

(12) &ufae‹wGif attm'D (ARD) rS cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; xkwfoGm;cJhonf?

qm[l;bwf&ef‹ xHrS tm;vfatmhzfvpfwdk0J (vf) xHodk‹a-u;eef;pm/ tkdiftdktm= trf§4§2715csufcsif;tjzpfqkH;? &efukef/ 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (28) &uf/ (1255) em&DvufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (28) &uf?

eHygwf 314/ bk&ifcH. udk,fydkifa-u;eef;/a&SŒucsufcsif;ay;ydk‹cJhaom a-u;eef;pm/

1? ArmhppfOD;pD;XmeY xGufqdkcJhaom rdk; (Moore) xGufqdkcsuf. ta-umif;t&mrSm Todk‹ jzpfonf?

tpðy/2? &nf!¸ef;csuf trSwf trf§47/ cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf odkavSmif±Hk (jrefrm)

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r*Fvm'Hk yDtdk 5§7§47 rS 'DyDtrf/ ppfOD;pD; (XmecsKyf) odk‹/ ta-umif;t&m=vHkòcHa&;/&nf!ef;csuf='k=Akdvfrª;}uD; a'ghqef (Dobson) ESihf Akdvfrª;rdk; (Moore) wdk‹ ajymqdkr+

3? ,ckESpf ZGefvapmapmydkif;wGif u|efawmfonf ArmhppfOD;pD; (XmecsKyf) ‘X’XmecGJ rS Adkvf}uD; (,ck Adkvfrª;) 'def; (Daine) ESihf rdwfaqGjzpfcJhonf? rdrdwdk‹ESpfOD;vHk;pdwf0ifpm;onfh 'Hk;usnfvufeufrsm;ta-umif; aqG;aEG;&ef u|efawmfu ol‹udkae‹v,f vufzuf&nfaomuf zdwfac:cJhonf?

4? ae‹v,fpmpm;_yD; u|efawmfwdk‹. pum;vrf;a-umif;onf jrefrmEkdifiH.t"du& yk*~dKvfrsm;ta-umif;odk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;_yD; 'def;u u|efawmhfudk OD;apmESifhawGŒcsifpdwf &Sdr&Sd ar;cJhonf? u|efawmfu awGŒcsifa-umif; jyefajymcJhonf? r-umrDwckaom naecif;wGif 'def;ESihf OD;apmwdk‹u csdef;qdkr+udk vufcHcJh_yD; cJ,rf;rD;ausmufodkavSmif±HkrS Adkvf}uD; &SDEGdKif; (Shenoi) ESihf Adkvf[wfcsfaq; (Hujsey) wdk‹ESihfvnf;aumif;/ tmattufzf (RAF) azmufcGJa&;ypPnf;XmerS av,mOfAkdvf}uD;rsm;jzpf-uaom tuf'f0yf (Edwards) ESifh b&dwef (Britten) wdk‹ESihfvnf;aumif; olwdk‹udkrdwfqufay;cJhonf?

5? wem&Dcef‹-um_yD;aemuf 'def;ESifh OD;apmwdk‹ jyefoGm;-uonf? rjyefrD OD;apmuol‹tdrfodk‹ tcsdefra&G;vma&mufI t&ufaomufEkdifa-umif; t&m&Sdtm;vHk;udk zdwf-um;cJhonf? ‚if;tjyif vmrnfhpaeae‹wGif ol‹ZeD;onfESihfawGŒqHk&if; ae‹v,f vufzuf&nfaomufºuGyg&ef u|efawmfESihf u|efawmhfZeD;onftm; xyfrHzdwf-um;oGm;cJhonf?

6? u|efawmhfZeD;onf twefi,faeraumif;onfhtwGuf (11) ESpft&G,forD;i,fudkac:I vufzuf&nfyGJ csdef;qdkxm;onfhtwdkif; u|efawmfoGm;cJhonf?ae‹v,f vufzuf&nfyGJ_yD;onfESihf &efukefòrd›wGif abmvHk;yGJwyGJodk‹ oGm;&ef&SdonfESifhu|efawmfxGufvmcJhonf? ,if;abmvHk;yGJ_yD;v#if ol‹xHjyefvm_yD; t&ufaomuf&efolu xyfrHzdwfjyefonf?

7? ae0ifcsdefavmufwGif u|efawmfjyefoGm;cJhonf? (u) _cH*dwf0ESihfbef*vdkw0dkuf csxm;aom vufeufudkiftapmifhrsm;/ (c) OD;apm. tdyfcef;twGif;&Sdvufeufi,frsm;twGuf usnfqefrsm;/ vufypfAHk;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI usaemf.ar;jref;r+tay: pum;ajymqdkae&if; OD;apmu Todk‹ jyefvnfajymqdkcJhonf?

(u) vufeufudkiftapmihfrsm;ESihf vufeufrsm; (ol‹tcef;twGif; tp&Sdojzifh)onf ol‹vHkòcHa&;twGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonf? (c) &efukefòrd›tajcpdkufwyfrsm;ut&nftwGuf tenf;i,fudk tcsdefra&G; ol‹udk axmufyHhaecJhonf? (*) t&m&Sd[k

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,lq& ol vlwOD;xHrS avmf&Dum; (5) pD;pm vufeufrsm; r-umcifwGifyif ol‹tm;vma&mufay;ydk‹vdrhfrnf[k olar#mfvifhaeonf? xdkol. Adkvfrª;jzpfol aq;±Hk(odk‹r[kwf) aq;cGihfrS jyefvmonfhtcg ‚if;vufeufrsm;udk vma&mufay;ydk‹rnfjzpfonf? (C) tif;pdefwGif aexkdifaeaom t*Fvdyf=jrefrmujym; tjrwfcGef t&m&SdwOD;xHrS ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewf tajrmuftjrm;udkvnf; olapmihfar#mfvsuf&Sdonf? (i) vufeufrsm;ESihf usnfqHrsm; olydkrdkvkdtyfvsuf&Sdonf? ,cifu vkyfaeustwdkif; ,if;wdk‹udk avvHkaowWm}uD;rsm;wGifxnfh_yD; ol‹bef*vdkrS ESpfzmvHkcef‹a0;aom 0dwdk&d, a&uefxJwGif ae&mcGJI jr‡Kyfxm;rnfjzpfonf? jrifomonfht&m0wKESpfckudk jr‡Kyfxm;onfhae&mrsm; od&SdEkdif&ef trSwftom;tjzpf ðyvkyfxm;rnfjzpfonf?

8? zkdufcsf (Fytche) vrf;wGif aexkdifaom vDvfESihf ukr`%D (Leele &Co.) rSrpPwm rmvf[dkx&m (Malhotra) a&muf&SdvmonfhtwGuf pum;ajymqdkaer+jywfoGm;cJh_yD;aemuf u|efawmftdrfjyefvmcJhonf? u|efawmfrxGufcGmcif OD;apmESihfol‹ZeD;tm; aemuf (2) &uf/ (3) &ufavmufwGif vufzuf&nfaomufºuG&efu|efawmfu zdwfcJhonf? u|efawmfzdwfac:onfhtwdkif; olwdk‹vmcJh-uaomfvnf;axGaxG&m&mom pum;ajymjzpfcJh-uonf?

9? ZGefv/ 'kwd,tywftwGif; wckaom naecif;wGif Akdvftuf'f0yf/Adkvfb&dwefwdk‹ESihftwl &efukefòrd›rS jyefvm&if;/ u|efawmfwdk‹onf OD;apm. t&ufaomuf0if&ef zdwfrEœu ðyxm;onfhtwdkif; ol‹tdrfodk‹ 0ifcJh-uonf? _cH*dwf0rStapmifhrsm;. taotcsm ppfaq;r+rsm;tay: tuf'0yfu rSwfcsufcs&if;/vufeufrsm;ESihf usnfqefrsm;ta-umif; xyfrHI pum;vrf;a-umif; yGifhcJhonf?t&ufawmfawmfrsm;rsm;aomufjzpf-u_yD; pum;tawmf-umajymjzpfcJh&m/ ar;onfrsm;udk jyefajz&if;aomfvnf;aumif;/ ol‹bmomolajym&if;aomfvnf;aumif;OD;apmu atmufygwdk‹udk ajymjycJhonf?

(u) avmf&Dum; (3) pD;wdkufpm vufeufrsm; uwdðyxm;jcif;ESifh tif;pdefrSvufeufrsm; taumiftxnfazmfvmjcif;r&Sdacs?

(c) avmf&Dum; (3) pD;wdkufpm vufeufrsm; uwdðycJhol yk*~dKvfrsm;ESihfvtwef-um aiGtenf;i,fr#jzifh qufqHcJhjcif;jzpf_yD;/ xkdyk*~dKvfrSm bDtdk'DrS t&m&SdwOD;jzpfonf[k olxifcJhonf?

(8) olodrf;qnf;xm;aom usnfqefawmifhrsm;/ tufpfatabm (SA ball)

ESihf u|efawmfwdk‹tm; erlemjycJhaom '\r (455) vufrajcmufvHk;jyL;. trfau

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(6) usnfqef (Mk jacketed) rsm;rSm bDtdk'DrS &&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf? (jrefrmEkdifiHudkjyefvnfodrf;ydkuf_yD;aemufydkif; ‚if;cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGif r&SdawmhbJ tdktm'D (ORD) uvnf; xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;r&Sdawmha-umif; OD;apmudkaxmufjycJhaomfvnf; OD;apmu ol‹taejzifh ‚if;Xmeuom &&SdcJha-umif; ol‹ajymqkdcsufudkxyfrH twnfðyajymqdkcJhonf)?

(C) ol‹*spfum;jzifhoGm;_yD; csdef;qdkxm;onfhae&mrS ,l_rJjzpfaomfvnf; wpfcgESpfcg wGifrl "mwfqDyHk;xJwGifxnfhI ,if;cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;udk ol‹xH,lvmcJh_yD;,if;yHk;rsm;udk csufcsif;a&uefxJY xnfhxm;cJhonf?

10? ‚if;wdk‹pum;ajymqdkr+rSm 'def;a&muf&SdvmI jywfoGm;cJhonf? 'def;onftjym Eka&mifvHkcsnf/ tjzLa&mif&SyftusôESihf a&$a&mifvufxdk;ajceif; csufyvD(chapplie) udk 0wfqifxm;_yD; olESihftwl rmvf[dkx&m ygvmcJhonf? 'def;omtdrfxJ0ifvmcJh _yD; rmvf[dkx&mrSmrl tjyifbuf*spfum;xJY usefaecJhonf? olwdk‹-umjrihfpGm rae yg? olwdk‹ jyefoGm;onfESihf OD;apmu zdwfac:onfESihf erfqif;aysmfyGJpm;±Hk (Nam Sing restaurant) odk‹ ol‹{nfhonfawmfrsm;tjzpf vdkufygoGm;cJh_yD;npmtjzpf w±kwftpm;tpm pm;aomuf-uum udk,fhtdrfudk,fjyefcJh-uygonf?

11? TxGufqdkcsufrsm;udk u|EkfyfwOD;wnf;udkom yxrqHk;ajymqdkcJhjcif;jzpfIoufaor&Sdyg? aemufw}udrfxGufqdk&mwGifrl tcef;xJwGif tuf'0yfESihf b&dwefwdk‹ESpfOD; &Sdae-uaomfvnf; u|efawmfwdk‹ ajymqdkaer+udk olwdk‹ rnfr#-um;onfudkrlu|efawmf twdtus rajymEkdifyg? tuf'0yfxHrS xGufqdkcsufudk zdwfac:xm;ygonf?b&dwefrSmrl jrefrmjynfrS jyefxGufoGm;cJhyg_yD?

12? vHkòcHa&;ESihf wdkuf±dkufoufqdkifae_yD; oufaorjyEkdifaom owif;rsm;rdrdvuf0,f&Sdaer+udk owdðyrdonfhtav#muf wyfraxmufvSrf;a&;t&m&Sd Adkvf}uD;prwf (Smart) udk ,if;owif;rsm;tm; rdrdbmomay;tyfcJhygonf? rdrdtaejzihfoufaoaomfvnf; rjyEkdif/ ,if;owif;rsm;udk usrf;usdefIvnf; ray;Ekdifa-umif;txl;ðy ajymqdkcJhygonf? (vufrSwf/ Akdvfrª;a*s at rdk;) tdkifattdkpD (IAOC) Adkvfrª;/tdkpDcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf odkavSmif±Hk (jrefrm) qHk;? 44444

qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzfvpfwdk0J (vf) xHodk‹a-u;eef;pm/ tkdiftkdtm trf§4§2714ta&;}uD;? &efukef1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (28) &uf/ (17;25) em&D?vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (28) &uf/ (21;00) em&D?

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eHygwf 318/ bk&ifcHxHrS udk,fydkifa-u;eef;?1? ,ae‹eHeufwGif OD;wifxGÉfESihf OD;ausmf_idrf;wdk‹udk u|efawmfawGŒygonf?

OD;ausmf_idrf;rSm ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;EkdifiHodk‹ tvnfc&D;oGm;cJhonfjhzpfI ‚if;wdkif;jynfonf teD;uyfxdef;csKyfcHxm;&aom uGefjrLepfEkdifiH wEkdifiHjzpfonf[k olem;vnfcJhonf? urBmh'Drdkua&pDtay: trsm;vufcHxm;onfh pdwf"mwft&qdkv#if ‚if;EkdifiHonf 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiH yHkpHjzpfrjzpf ar;p&myifrvdkyg[k olxifygonf?

2? pum;ajymqkd&if; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jzpfysufcJhaom a-uuGJzG,ftjzpfqdk;qDodk‹tvdktavsmuf a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf? OD;apmtaejzifh aiGa-u;taxmuftyHh&&SdcJhonf? ol‹tjrift& Oa&mypD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;u tultnDay;cJhyHk&onf[kOD;ausmf _idrf;u ajymvdkufaomtcg u|efawmfhtaejzihf a-umufvef‹wkefv+yfrdonf?jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;uJhodk‹aom wm0ef&Sd &mxl;,lxm;olwOD;taejzihf ,if;uJhodk‹pGyfpGJr+ðyjcif;twGuf tHh-ordonfhtjyif pdwfvnf;ysufrdonf[k u|efawmfu OD;ausmf_idrf;udk ajymvdkufygonf? vkyf}uHr+twGuf u|efawmfonf xdwfvef‹wkefv+yfrdcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ,ckpGyfpGJr+rsKd;udk oufaojyEkdifcJhrnfqdkv#if ydkrdkxdwfvef‹wkefv+yfrdrnfjzpfa-umif; u|efawmfu jznfhpGufajymcJhonf? ,if;ESihfqufpyfIZlvdkifv (28) &ufxkwf ‘Guide Daily’ owif;pmrS aumufEkwfcsufudk u|efawmfudk;um;vdkufygonf?

“OD;atmifqef; OD;aqmifaom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒu _yD;cJhonfh Zefe0g&DvwGifatmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyf vufrSwfa&;xkd;&mwGif OD;apmESihf ocifApdefwdk‹ uvufrSwfa&;xkd;&ef jiif;qefcJh-uonf? tjcm;olrsm; jyefoGm;-uaomfvnf;OD;apmonf aeusef&pfcJhonf? u|Efkyfwdk‹ (The Guide Daily) taejzifh OD;apmonfvljzLwdk‹. tultnDjzifh zqyvudk zsufqD;&ef pDpOfvdkI wrifaemufcsefae&pfcJha-umif; wkdif;jynfudk today;cJh_yD;jzpfonf? vljzLwdk‹u ,ckw}udrfwGif OD;apmudkaiG (5) odef;ay;cJhonf?

3? OD;apmt*FvefwGif&SdaepOf ol‹udk aiGa-u;tajrmuftjrm; axmufyHhay;cJholrsm;rSm t*Fvdyft&if;&Sif}uD;wcsKdŒ jzpfa-umif; u|Ekfyfwdk‹ xyfrHod&Sd&onf? ±Hk;wifw&m;pGJqdkr+pwifonfESihf ‚if;v#KdŒ0Sufcsufrsm; ay:aygufvmrnfjzpfI pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;vSonf”

4? ,ae‹ae‹pGJESihf u|Ekfyf. a-u;eef; (313) onfvnf; qufpyfvsuf&Sdygonf? &mZ0wfr+. w&m;cHESihf ywfoufI u|efawmfwdk‹ ,ckwdkif &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;rjzpfao;yg? (xyfrH= rjzpfao;yg)?

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qm[l;bwfpf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzfvpfwdk0J (vf) xHodk‹a-u;eef;pm/ tkdiftkdtm=trf§4§2714ta&;}uD;v#KdŒ0Suf? &efukefòrd›/ Zlvdkifv (28) &uf/ (18;35) em&DvufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (28) &uf/ (21;00) em&D

eHygwf= 320/ bk&ifcH. udk,fydkifa-u;eef;/atmufazmfjyyg a-u;eef;udk 132 Portland Street, London W 1-

armif}uD;xHrS u|efawmfvufcH&&SdcJhonf?p? u|Ekfyfay;ydk‹aom a-u;eef;rsm;onf rnfonfhta-umif;a-umihfrod&bJ

OD;apm. rdom;pkxHodk‹vnf;aumif;/ ol‹rdwfaqGrsm;xHodk‹vnf;aumif; a&muf&Sdjcif;r&Sdyg? ,ckowif;pum;udk bk&ifcHrif;taejzihf ol‹xHydk‹aqmifay;ygu tudkjzpfolu|Ekfyfonf tvGeftxl;0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfygrnf? owif;pum;rSm Todk‹ jzpfonf? vuf&SdtajctaerSaeI tjyif;txef jyefvnfwHk‹ jyefr+rsm; jzpfEkdifajc&SdonfhtwGuf ygvDrefrS rihfrdwfaqGrsm;u ighudk 'DbufrSaeI rif;twGuf tumtuG,fay;&ef jyifqifr+rsm; ðyvkyf&ef t}uHay;-uonf? Todk‹ jrifonfhtwkdif;rif;. vHkòcHa&;udk tvGefpdk;&drfylyefrdonfhtwGuf bk&ihfa&S›ae&&Sda&;ESihf rifhtwGufckcHumuG,fa&;twGuf vkdtyfaomjyifqifr+rsm; ðyvkyfa&;twGuf csufcsif;vdktyfonfh aygif (300) udk b%ftm; a-u;eef;jzifh v$Jay;&eftwGuf rif;u !ef-um;ay;yg&ef ig tEl;t!Gwfawmif;yefvkdufygonf? b%fodk‹!ef-um;csufydk‹vdkuf&efESihfbk&ifcHrif;rSwqihf ighxH ta-umif;jyefyg&ef/ owif;pum;tqHk;?

bk&ifcHrif;tm; Ta-u;eef;udk jrefrmtpdk;&tzGJŒ0ifrsm;xH v$Jajymif;ray;&efawmif;yeftyfygonf? qHk;?

Towif;pum;pmudk OD;apmxH oihfavsmfaom vrf;a-umif;jzifh ay;ydk‹Edkifa&;twGuf jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; wOD;wnf;xH (wOD;wnf;xH) u|efawmf ydk‹vdkufygonf? armif}uD;. aemufqHk;pmydk'fyg awmif;yefcsufudk txift&Sm;yif u|efawmfvufrcHEkdifyg?

Tarmif}uD;yif [efwifxHvdyfrlI ay;ydk‹aom a-u;eef;pmwGif [efwiftaejzihf OD;apm.ZeD;xHrS aygif (300) r&&Sdygu ol&d,owif;pm. tkyfcsKyfa&;rª;rsm;xH csOf;uyf&ef t}uHðya&;om;xm;a-umif; jrefrmjynfawmifydkif; ae&mrS vwfwavm&&Sdaom tkdiftufpftufpf (ISS) owif;ay;ydk‹r+wGif u|efawmf owdxm;rdcJhonf? OD;apmtaejzihf ckcHumuG,fa&;twGuf y%mrjyifqifr+rsm;ðyvkyf&ef‚if;aiGvkdtyfa-umif; olu ajymcJhonf?

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1946þckESpf/þZlvdkifvþ(17)þ&ufae‹wGifþarmif}uD;uþOD;apmxHþa&;om;cJhaompdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;vSonfh pmrdwWLudk pmwkdufrS u|efawmf ay;ydk‹vdkufygonf?

eHygwf 321/ bk&ifcH. udk,fydkifa-u;eef;Zlvdkifv (29) &uf/ (12;50) em&D

,ae‹txd jyefvnfodrf;qnf;&rdaom b&if;*ef;ta&twGufrSm pkpkaygif;(149) vufjzpfonf? OD;apmtdrfESihf &efukef{&d,mrS tvuf (80)/ jynfrS (12)vufESihf om,m0wDrS (57) vufjzpfonf? Tta&twGuf pm&if;Z,m;udk vlxkudkxkwfjyefjcif;r&Sdyg? odk‹aomfvnf; &efukefòrd›&Sd ppfwyfodkavSmif±HkrS vdrRmyg;eyfpGmta,mifaqmifxkwfoGm;cJhaom vufeufrsm;rSm r-umrDu &&Sdaom owif;rsm;t& trsm;pkudk jyefvnfodrf;qnf;&rd_yDjzpfa-umif; 0ef}uD;csKyftaejzifh ajymI&_yD[ku|efawmft}uHðyxm;onf? ppfwyftm%mydkifrsm;. yl;aygif;ulnDr+jzihf &JwyfzGJŒupHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm;udk Tcdk;,lr+ESihfywfouf_yD; avmavmq,f tjyif;txefaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygonf?

tajctaerSm _idrfoufvsuf&Sdygonf? wpHkw&mxl;jcm;csuf owif;ay;ydk‹r+r&Sdyg? vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ESihf ywfoufI pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm;rS &&Sdaom ydkrdkjynfhpHkonfh awGŒ&Sdcsuf&v'frsm;udk !efjyonfh aemufxyfa-unmcsufrsm;udk tao;pdwfazmfjyoihfroihf tpkd;&taejzifh pOf;pm;vsuf&Sdygonf? u|Ekfyf. a-u;eef;pm 315/28§7 udk &nf!¸ef;ygonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf. a-unmcsuftwGuf oifhxH u|EkfyftcsdefrDydk‹Edkifonf[k ajymEkdif&eftwGuf tvsiftjrefaqmif&GufI &r& ocifEkudku|efawmf ar;xm;ygonf?

OD;apmxHrS qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHodk‹tkdiftdktm= trf§4§2721 tif;pdef A[dktusOf;axmif 1947=ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (29) &uf

jrefrmtpkd;&. &JXmerS t&m&Sdrsm;onf tm%m&ygwD. jyif;xefpGm zdtm;ay;r+a-umihf &efukefòrd›&Sd twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;twGif; r-umcifu jzpfyGm;cJhaom aoewfypfcwfr+ESif qufEG,fI u|efawmfwdk‹ twdkuftcHtzGJŒ0ifrsm;udk enf;vrf;&Sdor#jzifhcHk±Hk;wifppfaq;&ef olwdk‹. &Sdor# tcsdefESifh pGrf;tm;wdk‹udk tm±Hkpdkuf vkyfaqmifae-uonf[k u|efawmfxifygonf? tzrf;cHtcsKdŒyk*~dKvfrsm;udk olwdk‹ xGufqdkapcsifovdk xGufap&eftwGuf ðyvkyfaeus enf;vrf;rsm;twdkif; enf;rsKd;pHkoHk;ESdyfpufI&Jrsm;u twif;zdtm;ay;vkyfaqmifaeonf[k u|efawmfem;vnfygonf? Todk‹u|efawmfem;vnfjcif;rSm ta-umif;rJhr[kwfyg[k u|efawmfqdk&ygrnf? tb,f

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a-umihfqdkaomf u|efawmfwdk‹udk axmifxJac:vm_yD; &ufrsm;r-umrDyif tcsKdŒ&Jt&m&Sdrsm; a&muf&Sdvm_yD; tzrf;cHyk*~dKvftcsKdŒudk pwifppfaq;ygonf? xdkodk‹ tcsKdŒudkppfaq;_yD;aemuf usefyk*~dKvfrsm;udk qufvufppfaq;jcif;rðyawmhyg? xdkyk*~dKvfrsm;udk axmifrSxkwfoGm;_yD; &Jrsm;tvdk&SdouJhodk‹ twif;t-uyfxGufqdkaprnfudk u|efawmf pdk;&drfylyefa-umufvef‹aerdygonf? tr+wr+udk bufrvdkufaom w&m;±Hk;(odk‹r[kwf) cHk±Hk;wcku ppfaq;rnfqdkonfrSm tvGefaumif;vSaomfvnf; wcsdefwnf;rSmyif ‚if;w&m;±Hk; (odk‹r[kwf) cHk±Hk;onf &Jrsm;uwifjyaom oufaorsm;twdkif;om ppfaq;oGm;rnfomjzpfonf? w&m;ol}uD;wOD;wa,muf (odk‹r[kwf)w&m;ol}uD;rsm;u &Jrsm;u zefwD;xm;wifjyvmaom oufaotrSm;rsm;udk taotcsmodvsufESihfyif ±Hk;awmftaejzifh wjcm;enf;vrf;r&SdI ,if;oufaorsm;udkvufcHcJh&onfh om"utr+rsm; trsm;tjym; twdwfu &SdcJhzl;ygonf? u|efawmfwdk‹udk enf;vrf;pHkoHk;I acsr+ef;&ef tm%m&ygwDtzGJŒ0ifwOD; (odk‹r[kwf) tzGJŒ0ifrsm;u wdkuf±kdufzdtm;ay;r+atmufwGif &Jt&m&Sdrsm; txift&Sm; a&muf&Sdaeonfh,cktqifhonf apmao;aomfvnf; tvGefta&;}uD;aom tqihfjzpfa-umif; bk&ifcHrif;xH u|efawmf axmufjywifjyvdk&if;jzpfygonf?

Ttr+wGif;odk‹ ppfaq;&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh txl;&Jt&m&Sdrsm;tm; Twdkif;jynfodk‹ apv$wfay;&ef bk&ifhtpdk;&tm; csOf;uyfay;yg&ef bk&ifcHrif;tm;u|efawmf ±kd;om;pGm awmif;yefvdkygonf? w&m;enf;vrf;twkdif; r#r#wwjzpfap&eftwGuf jzpfEkdifygu toif. axmufcHcsufESihftwl u|efawmf. ±kd;om;pGmawmif;qdkr+udk bk&ifhtpdk;&xHarSmuf odk‹ bk&ifcHrif;u qufvufwifjyvdrfhrnf[ku|efawmf ar#mfvifh,Hk-unfvsuf&Sdygonf? 5 5 5 5 5

0ef}uD;rsm;aumifpD/ yxrtxl;tpnf;ta0;/ rSwfwrf;/ tdkiftdktm=trf§4§2555wufa&mufolrsm;/ ocifEk (obmywd)/ OD;jr (aysmfbG,f)/ OD;atmifZHa0/ OD;b*srf;/ ocifvGef;abmf/OD;jr ([oFmw)/ ocifwif/ Akdvfvusfm/ OD;0if;/ Akdvfzdk;uGef;/ OD;azcif/

eHygwf 337/ qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzfvpfwdk0J (vf) xHodk‹&efukefòrd›/ 1947 ckESpf/ -o*kwfv (2) &uf/ (11;45) em&D2 (c) zqyvtzGJŒcsKyfacgif;aqmifrsm;udk z,f&Sm;_yD;onfESihf bk&ifcHu

ol‹udk tac:v$wfI tpkd;&zGJŒckdif;vdrfhrnfrSm usdef;aoa-umif; OD;apmu ol‹vlrsm;udkajymcJhonf? Todk‹ajymjcif;rSm r,HkEkdifp&mjzpfonf? Towif;om rSefcJhygu OD;apm

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taejzihf T&mZ0wfr+twGuf uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;rS wa,mufr[kwf/ wa,mufa,muftay: oHo,0ifvdrfhrnf[k OD;apmu awG;qcJhonf[k u|efawmfajym&rnfjzpfygonf?

ta&SŒawmiftm&Sajrjyifwyfrsm; (South East Asia Land Forces) rS ppf±Hk;odk‹?a-u;eef;pm? tkdiftdktm= t,fvf§'AvsLtufpf§1/ 669csufcsif;? puFmyl/ 1947 ckESpf/ -o*kwfv (6) &uf/ (12;30) em&D

12804§axmufvSrf;a&;=-o*kwfv(3)&uftxdjrefrmjynf jyefvnftpðy?

1? aphpyfr+rsm; tajcwnfvm_yD; tajctae_idrfouf/ atmufazmfjyygjzpfEkdifajc rsm;udkrl pOf;pm;&ef?

(u) _Adwdo#qef‹usifa&; tHkºuGaygufuGJr+?(c) tpdk;&tm; tiftm;csnfheJ‹&ef ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (BCP) rS óud;yrf;

tm;xkwfr+rsm;?(*) tpdk;&udk ðzwfcs&ef twdkuftcHygwDrsm;rS óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr+rsm;?(C) ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESihf zqyvtzGJŒcsKyfwdk‹ !Geff‹aygif;zGJŒr+?(u) . tEœ&m,f avsmhenf;oGm;aomfvnf; _Adwdo# qef‹usifa&; 0g'jzef‹r+

quf vufjzpfay:vsuf&Sdonf? qdk;qdk;0g;0g;wckck jzpfysufygu tvGeftrif;wif;rmr+ESihf tEœ&m,fjzpfay:vmEkdifonf? Tvkyf}uHowfjzwfr+wGif _Adwdo#wdk‹yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k trsm;xifjrif,Hk-unfaer+ (odk‹r[kwf) _Adwdo#wdk‹.aumif;pGGm ,Hk-unfouf0ifr+tay: us,fus,fjyef‹ jyef‹ oHo,&Sdaer+ (odk‹r[kwf)vlrsKd;a&;jy\em tjzpftysufwdk‹rSm erlemrsm;jzpfonf? (c)þonf jzpfEkdifajc&Sdonf?(*) udk avmavmq,f av#mhwGufI&aomfvnf; vHk;0z,fxm;I r&? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtaejzifh tmacsmifvGef;onfhtwGuf (C) onf jzpfEkdifajcr&Sdyg?zqyvtaejzifhom vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonftxd tpdk;&udk pkpnf;xdef;odrf;xm;&efusef&Sdaevdrhfrnfjzpf _yD; twdkuftcHrsm; wdk;wufvm&efom trsm;qHk;jzpfEkdifygonf?

2? Armhwyfrawmf? a*:&cg;wyfzGJŒ0iftenf;i,frSvGJI wyfrawmftaejzifhjrefrm tpkd;&tay: qufvufopPmapmihfod_yD; axmufcH&ef jzpfEkdifonf? EkdifiHa&;t&tusKd;pD;yGm;rwlaom tjrift& csif;/ ucsifESihf u&ifwdk‹rSmrl a¹rGrao/ wkwfrusKd;taetxm;jzpfaeonf? Armhwyfrawmftaejzihf _Adwdo#tusKd;pD;yGm; (odk‹r[kwf)‚if;tusKd;pD;yGm;wkd‹udk axmufcH&ef wm0ef,lr+twGuf opPmapmihfodvdkpdwfr&Sd[k

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,lq&rnfjzpfonf? Armhwyfrawmfu xm;&SdEkdifajc&Sdaom oabmxm;tay:us,fus,fjyef‹ jyef‹ a,bk,s-unfhjcif;u (c) (*) (C) wdk‹wGif ol‹taejzihf wnf_idrfatmif xdef;odrf;&rnfholjzpfEkdifajc&Sda-umif; !efjyvsuf&Sdonf? (u) wGifrl ol.wnf_idrfatmif xdef;odrf;rnfh wefzdk;onf vuf&Sdtpdk;&taejzifh _Adwdo#qef‹usifa&; pdwfcHpm;r+tay: rnfr# twdkif;twmtxd r#a0cH,lrnf (odk‹r[kwf) qef‹usifrnf (odk‹r[kwf) xdef;odrf;uef‹owfvdkpdwf&Sdrnftay: rlwnfaeonf?

(3) ed*Hk;? ocifEktaejzihf EkdifiHacgif;aqmiftjzpf OD;atmifqef;xufomaomfvnf; ol‹Y vlxkudk qGJaqmifEkdifr+r&Sdacs? topfa&G;cs,fvdkufaom 0ef}uD;Xmetay:Y jynfolvlxku rwkefrv+yfjzpfaer+ xyfaqmif;vdkufaomtcg &v'ftm;jzifhtpdk;&onf bufaygif;pHkrS twkduftcHrsm; &Sdaeavonf?

4? txufazmfjyyg qufoG,fr+udk rydk‹v$wfrD Zlvdkifv (30) &uf ae‹pGJjzihfqm[l; bwfu tm;vfatmhzfvpfwdk0JvfxH t}uHðyay;ydk‹cJhaom twGif;a&;owif;pum;udk owdxm;-unfhv#if pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfonf? ‚if;owif;rSm qm[l;bwfonf &mhzfpwHk;[rf (Ralph Stoneham) ESihf xdkae‹eHeufu pum;ajymrd&m Twdkif;jynfwGif vlcspfvlciftrsm;qHk; Oa&mywdkufom;[k olu trnfwyfxm;aom pwHk;[rfu vkyf}uHr+jzpf_yD;aemuf ol‹ jrefrmrdwfaqGrsm;u ol‹tay: pdwfcHpm;r+ ododomom ajymif;oGm;cJha-umif; qm[l;bwfudk jyefajymjycJhonf[lI jzpfonf?

AdkvfcsKyf}uD; qmeD;vf&pfcsD (General Sir Neil Ritchie) u zD;vfrm&S,farmifh*dkrm&D (Field

Marshall Montgomery) xHodk‹a-u;eef;pm/ tkdiftdktm= trf§4§2715csufcsif;tjzpfqHk;? puFmyl/ -o*kwfv (7) &uf/ (21;47) em&Dxdyfwef;v#KdŒ0Suf? 1011§trfat*suif (Jakin)/ &pfcsDxHrS pDtkdif*sD (CIGS) twGuf

udk,fydkifa-u;eef; ta-umif;t&mrSm jrefrmjynfESifhoufqdkifaom xyfrHtao;pdwfrsm; (pmydk'f 3/ 4/ ESihf 5 udkom atmufwGif udk;um;xm;onf)

3? bk&ifcHESifh pum;ajym/ ,if;Zlvdkifv (15) &ufae‹wGif rdk; (Moore) uTxGuf qdkcsufudk ðyvkyfcJha-umif; today;cJh_yD; e,fbufqkdif&mESihf ppfbufqkdif&mvrf; a-umif;rsm;twkdif; pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm; ðyvkyfaecJh_yD[k ,lqonfhtwGuf,if;xGuf qdkcsuftusOf;udk bk&ifcHtm; u|Ekfyfu ay;cJhonf? bk&ifcHuOD;atmifqef;ESifh ocifEkwdk‹udk OD;apmonf vufeufrsm;udk ol‹tdrfab;&Sd uefxJwGif0Sufxm;a-umif; ajymjycJhonf?

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4? Zlvdkifv (20) &ufae‹wGif 0ef}uD;rsm;tay: v#KdŒ0Suf}uHpnfrnfhudpPtm;pDtkdif'Du OD;atmifqef;udk today;cJhonf[k em;vnfygonf? odk‹ jzpfI vkyf}uHr+cH&csdefwGif OD;apmtygt0if trsm;tjym;zrf;qD;&ef OD;atmifqef;onf ol‹0ef}uD;rsm;ESifh wdkifyifaejcif;jzpfonf? vkyf}uH&mwGif toHk;ðyaom vufeufrsm;rSm · attdk,l (AOU) rS &&Sdaom vufeufrsm;ESihf trsKd;tpm;uGJvGJaejcif;udk rSwfom;&efta&;}uD;ygonf?

· (trSm;= attdk'D )5? vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+jzpfonfh &ufpGJtrSefrSm Zlvdkifv (19) &ufjzpfonf?

*&if;0k'f (Greenwood) xJrS ‚if;trSm;&ufpGJudk u|efawmf&cJhjcif;jzpfonf[ku|efawmfxifygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; u|efawmf (&pfcsD) (Ritchie) onf c&D;oGm;aepOfjzpf_yD; oihfxHrS oif. tcsufjyrdwWL u|efawmhfwGif r&SdonfhtwGuf trSm;trSef rppfaq;EkdifcJhyg?

qm&J*sDe,f a':refprpfxHrS tm;vfatmhzfvpfwdk0J(vf) xHodk‹tkdiftdktm= t,fvf§yDtdk§9§7yk*~dKvfa&;ESifhtwGif;a&;v#KdŒ0Suf? pwdk'rfywf vpf [rf±+dif;,m;? 1947 ckESpf/ -o*kwfv (10) &uf

OD;atmifqef;ESihf ol‹vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+twGuf±Hk;wifppfaq;r+udk OD;apmtaejzihf &ifqdkif&rnfudk u|efawmfjrifrdygonf? OD;apmudkpGJEkdifonfh rnfuJhodk‹aom oufao&Sdaeonfudkvnf;aumif;/ T,kwfrmvSonfh&mZ0wfjypfr+wGif olonf tjypfrJhovm;/ tjypf&Sdovm;udkvnf;aumif; u|efawmftrSefwu,frodyg? oltouf&Sifa&;twGuf óud;pm;&mwGif olonf tpOfojzifhaumif;rGefaom rsKd;cspfwOD;tjzpfudkvnf;aumif;/ OD;atmifqef;/ zqyvwdk‹ESihfrwluGJjym;pGm 'Drkdu&ufaumif;wOD;tjzpfudkvnf;aumif; jyoEkdif&eftwGuf OD;apmtaejzifh twdwforkdif;tawmfrsm;rsm;udk azmfjyvdkpdwf&SdEkdifajcudk u|efawmfrSef;qjrifrdygonf? u|efawmhfukd ol‹oufaowOD;tjzpf qifhac:vdkpdwf&Sdrnfudkvnf;u|efawmfpOf;pm;I &ygonf?

u|efawmfhtaejzifh T±Hk;wifw&m;pGJr+wGif wae&mu yg0if&rnfqdkv#ifu|efawmfwOD;wnf;twGufomru bk&ifhtpdk;&twGufyg pdwftaESmihft,Sufjzpf&r+xuf tenf;i,f ydkygvdrfhrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; Todk‹ jzpf&vifhupm; u|efawmfhudkqihfac:rnfqdkygu u|efawmfhtaejzifh ulnD&ef óud;pm;oihfonf[kcHpm;rdygonf? 66666

OD;apmukd u|efawmfaumif;pGm odonfhtwGuf ol‹tay:Y u|efawmfjrifcsif&m jrif

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jcif; r[kwfyg? olonf yk*~dKvfa&;t& rdwfaqGaumif;wOD;omru aumif;rGefaomt}uH^m%frsm; ay;EkdifolwOD;tjzpfvnf; u|efawmft_rJwapawGŒóuHrdygonf?1941 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHrS xGufcGmoGm;_yD;aemuf ol‹taejzihf qdk;qdk;0g;0g; ajcvSrf;rSm;rsm; ðyvkyfcJhrdaomfvnf; usL;ausmfr+udk &ifqkdif&eftwGuf jrefrmEkdifiHtm;yHkpHwpHkw&m&&Sdatmif ðyvkyfonfh u|efawmfhóud;yrf;r+rsm;wGif olonf tultnDt}uD;tus,fay;cJhygonf? ol‹twGuf t}uD;tus,fvdktyfaeaom ,ckvdk tcsdefrsdK;wGif ol‹twGuf pum;ajymqdkay;&ef pdwfqENr&Sdzdk‹twGuf pOf;pm;&ef u|efawmhfrSm wGef‹qkwfaerdygonf6?

OD;atmifqef;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+onf u|efawmfhtwGuf ya[VdozG,fjzpfaeygonf? OD;apmESihf OD;b&ifudk u|efawmfaemufqHk;awGŒ&Sdcsdefu olwdk‹onfzqyv. zufqpfqefqefðyvkyfr+rsm;ESihf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf rSefuefonfh 'Drdkua&pDyHko¿mefay:xGef;a&;twGuf vdktyfr+ta-umif; tawmfajymqdkcJh-uonf? ol‹armfawmfum;xJwGif ol‹tm; owfjzwf&ef óud;pm;olrsm;rSm zqyvjzpfonf[k OD;apmu,Hk-unf_yD; a-umufvef‹aeolwOD;jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf; zqyvurl EkdifiHa&;tjrwf&&eftwGuf vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+udk enf;vrf;wcktjzpf oHk;vdrhfrnfr[kwfa-umif;/ jyif;jyif;xefxefajymqdkcJh-uygonf? OD;apmonf &nfrSef;csuf}uD;oljzpfonf? ppfrjzpfrDumvu OD;apm. òydifbufwOD;ESpfOD; ±kwfw&uf qdkouJhodk‹aooGm;-u&onf[k aumvm[v jzpfay:cJhrSef;odygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; vlrsm;udktpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf owfjzwf&eftwGuf pnf;±Hk;pD&ifvkyfaqmifjcif;rSm OD;apm.tusihfp±dkufESihf rudkufnD[k u|efawmfxifygonf?

tu,fI w&m;±Hk;u qihfac:ygu oGm;a&mufI oufaocH&efrSm u|efawmfhwm0efjzpfonf[k u|efawmfESihf oabmwlnDr+ &Sdr&Sd oifhxHrS od&Sdvdkygonf?

qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzfvpfwdk0J (vf) xHodk‹a-u;eef;pm/ tdkiftdktm= trf§4§2714csufcsif;tjzpfqHk;? &efukefòrd› 1947 ckESpf/ -o*kwfv (25) &uf/ 10; 15 em&D?v#KdŒ0Suf? vufcH&&Sd/ -o*kwfv (25) &uf/ 10; 50 em&D?

eHygwf 408/ bk&ifcH. udk,fydkifa-u;eef;/-o*kwfv (23) &uf/ paeae‹ n (9) em&DwGif jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf

_idrf;onf u|efawmhftm; ta&;w}uD;vma&mufawGŒqHk_yD; OD;apmu vmbfay;Iol‹twGuf pmay;pm,l«yvkyfcdkif;xm;aom axmift&m&SdwOD;u ‚if;pmrsm;udk

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tm%mydkifrsm;tm; jyovsuf&Sd&m (OD;apmrod[k ,lq&ygonf) tm%mydkifrsm;xHv$JtyfcJhaom tif;pdefaxmifxJwGif OD;apma&;om;cJhonfh pmESpfapmif. rdwWLrsm;udk u|efawmfhtm; ay;ygonf?

2? ‚if;pmrsm;wGif (22) ESifh (23) &ufae‹pGJrsm; wyfxm;_yD; _Adwdo#aumifpDrSbif*av (Bingley) xH vdyfrlxm;ygonf? ‚if;pmrsm;wGif bif*av. tultnDudkawmif;cHxm;_yD; v#KdŒ0SufoauFwrsm;[k ,lq&aom xl;qef;onfh pum;pkrsm;udkvnf; toHk;«yxm;onf? ‚if;pmrsm;wGif “(VV)” [k vlwOD;udk &nf!ef;xm;_yD; ‚if;rSm ADAD,ef; (Vivian) jzpfygonf? pmxJwGif vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udkomru jynfwGif;omru EkdifiHwumqkdif&m ±kdufcwfwkefcgr+rsm; jzpfapEkdifonfh xkwfazmfr+rsm; ðyvkyf&efudkvnf; _cdrf;ajcmufa&;om;xm;onf? pmay;pm,lðyvkyfoludkvnf; ,Hk-unfpdwfcs&a-umif; bif*avudk tmrcHa&;om;xm;onf?

3? bif*avtaejzifh ,if;pmrsm;udk vufcH&&Sdjcif;r&Sdyg? pmay;pm,lðyvkyfoludk ,if;pmrsm;rS pmwapmifudk ,loGm;cGihfðyvkdufaomfvnf; olbif*avtdrfa&muf&SdcsdefwGif aemufwae‹ ,lau (UK) odk‹ rxGufcGmrD bDtdkatpD (BOAC) wnf;cdkcef;Y wnwm aexkdif&efoGm;awmhrnfh bif*avu wGef;xdk;ab;z,fypfcJhonf?

&Jrsm;. tjrifwGif ,if;pmrsm;u bif*avudk “t&yfjrihfjrihfeJ‹ vl}uD;”ESihf qufpyfay;xm;onf[k ,lq-uonf? ADAD,ef;xHa&;aom pmwapmiftygt0if tjcm;pmrsm;wGifvnf; OD;apmu axmifxJrS ,if;&nf!ef;csufudk a&;om;cJhonf? Tt&mtm;vHk;rSm pdwftaESmihft,Suf t}uD;tus,fjzpfp&mrsm;jzpfonf[koif awG;xif-unhfEkdifygonf? bif*avudk v#KdŒv#Kd‹0Suf0Sufvkyfrnfhol[k u|efawmfrxifEkdifyg? OD;apmESihf qufqHcJh&mwGif ol‹bufrS ±kd;om;tjypfuif;rnfrSefaomfvnf;axmifxJrS OD;apma&;om;cJhaom ,ckpmrsm;u ,if;qufqHr+rsm;udk tqdk;0g;qHk;vGJrSm;pGm t"dym,fjyefqdkp&mjzpfvdrhfrnfrSm xif&Sm;aeayonf?

6? u|efawmfhtwGuf aqmif&Guf&ef wckom&Sdygonf? ‚if;rSm bif*avudkrxGufcGm&ef wm;qD;xm;_yD; ppfaq;ar;jref;&ef jzpfygonf? odk‹ jzpfI rdk;tawmfcsKyfrS bDtdkatpDwnf;cdkcef;wGif bif*avudk u|efawmf qufoG,fI&ygonf?ol‹tm; rxGufcGmao;&ef u|efawmfuajymvdkuf_yD; bDtdkatpDudkvnf; ol‹av,mOfvufrSwftm; c%&yfqkdif;xm;&ef arwWm&yfcHxm;ygonf?

7? ,refae‹/ we*FaEGae‹u ruf*GdKif;,m; (McGuire) u 'Dtdkif*sD pDtkdif'D (DIG-

CID) OD;xGef;vSatmifudk bif*avtdrfodk‹ ac:oGm;cJh_yD; ol‹udk bif*avtm; ar;jref;&ef xm;ypfcJhonf?

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8? ,refae‹naeu ruf*GdKif;,m;u OD;xGef;vSatmifESifh awGŒ&ef oGm;cJh&mOD;xGef;vSatmifESihf OD;ausmf_idrf;wdk‹tr+udpPaqG;aEG;ae-uonfudk awGŒcJha-umif;/ruf*GdKif;,m;u u|efawmfhudk today;ygonf? bif*avudk (5) em&D-um ar;jref;cJhaomfvnf; &v'frSm pdwfauseyfp&mraumif;a-umif; (xyfrH=raumif;a-umif;)/oufaojy&ef cufcJaomfvnf; bif*avtaejzifh OD;apmxH pma&;om;&efóud;pm;rnf[k OD;xGef;vSatmifu rxifa-umif; ruf*GdKif;,m;udk ajymjycJhygonf?

9? OD;ausmf_idrf;u ol‹taejzifh ,ckudpPwckvHk;udk 0ef}uD;tzGJŒa&S›arSmufodk‹olwif jy&awmhrnfjzpfa-umif; ruf*GdKif;,m;udk ajymjycJhonf? ,ae‹yif ,if;udpPudkOD;ausmf_idrf;u ðyvkyfrnfjzpf_yD; ocifEkESifhtwl u|efawmhftm; ,ae‹naewGif oGm;a&mufawGŒqHk&ef óud;pm;rnfjzpfa-umif; ruf*GdKif;,m;udk xyfrHajymqdkcJhygonf?

10?þ,ckavmavmq,fwGifþTudpPtm;vHk;udkþtwwfEkdifqHk;þvltenf;qHk;omtoday;xm;ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xHk;pHtwdkif; rnfonfhowif;ayguf-um;_yD;/rnfodk‹vGJrSm;pGmþt"dym,fjyefqdk-urnfudk u|efawmfþtvGeftrif;pdk;&drfvsuf&Sdygonf?

11? bif*avudk ,ae‹eHeuf u|efawmfawGŒygrnf? ,cknaewGif OD;ausmf_idrf;/ocifEkwdk‹ESifh pum;ajymqdk_yD;aemuf ,ckudpP&yfudk ydkrdk&Sif;vif;pGm oHk;oyfEkdif&eftwGuf tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm; ydkrdk&&Sdvdrhfrnf[k u|efawmfar#mfvifhygonf?

12? bif*avae&mqufcHol *sifuif (Jenkins) u _Adwdo#aumifpDodk‹ owdxm; a&;om;xm;aom a-u;eef;pmwapmif ay;ydk‹cJhygonf?

qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzfvpfwdk0J (vf) xHodk‹a-u;eef;pm/ tkdiftdktm= trf§4§2714csufcsif;tjzpfqHk;? &efukefòrd›/ 1947 ckESpf/ -o*kwfv (27) &uf/ (09;30) em&Dv#KdŒ0Suf ? vufcH&&Sd/ -o*kwfv (27) &uf/ (00;45) em&DeHygwf 419/ bk&ifcH.

udk,fydkifa-u;eef;/ u|Ekfyf. a-u;eef;pmrsm; 408/ 410ESifh 412/ bif*avu|efawmf ,ae‹eHeufcif;wGif ocifEkESifh OD;ausmf_idrf;udk awGŒygonf? tjcm;

udpP&yfrsm;-um;wGif bif*avudpPudk u|efawmfwdk‹ aqG;aEG;-uygonf?2? 0ef}uD;rsm;taejzifh bif*avudk tvGeftrif; ouFmruif;jzpfaeonfrSm

oHo,jzpfp&mr&Sdyg? ,if;ouFmruif;jzpfaer+rsm; &Sif;vif;oGm;onfhwdkif bif*avtaejzifh Tae&mwGif qufvufae&ef vdktyfyHk&ygonf? ,ae‹ OD;ausmf_idrf;xkwfazmfajymjyaom tcsufrsm;ESifh ,cka-u;eef;rwdkifrD a-u;eef;pmrsm;wGifu|efawmf tpD &if rcHcJhaom tcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf?

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3? OD;apmu t}uD;tus,fvmbfxdk;xm;aom ol‹axmif. axmifydkif}uD;onf tjyifbuf&Sd rdwfaqGrsm;udk/ bk&ifcHudk (axmif.) &&Sdor# owif;rsm; tpD&ifcHvsuf&Sd_yD; OD;apma&;or# owif;pum;/ pmrSefor#udk ay;tyfvsuf&Sdygonf?

4? axmifxJa&mufcgp apmapmydkif;&ufrsm;wGif olESihf waxmifxJ&Sdaeaomtwl pGyfpGJcH&olrsm;tm; qufoG,fI ol‹bufwGif bk&ifcHa[mif;oHk;OD;ESihf t*Fvef&Sd0ef}uD;a[mif; trsm;tjym;&SdaeonfhtwGuf pdk;&drfp&mr&Sda-umif; ajymqdkcJhonf?aemufydkif;wGif -oZmwduUr tvGef&Sd_yD; olwdk‹tay: 'kuQra&mufatmif -unfh±+rnfhjrefrmjynf&Sd t&yfjrifhjrifhESihf rdwfaqGta-umif; OD;apmu azmfjyvmcJhonf? ol.pmwapmifwGif ADAD,ef;tm; ‚if;t&yfjrifhjrihfrdwfaqGta-umif; azmfjycJhonf? ADAD,ef;u ‚if;.jyefpmwGif avmavmq,fY ,if;t&yfjrifhjrihfESihf rdwfaqGtm; tr+xJ qGJroGif;&ef (xyfrH= roGif;&ef) t}uHay;cJhonf[k qkdygonf?

5? &ufrsm;ukefvGefvmonfESihftr# OD;apmonf pdwfylyefvm_yD; t&yfjrifhjrifhESihf rdwfaqGESihfywfoufI axmiftjyifbuf&Sd rdwfaqGwOD;tm; t}uH m%fay;&efawmif;cHcJhonf? t&yfjrifhjrihfESihf rdwfaqG rnfolrnf0gjzpfonfESihf ywfoufI ±+yfaxG;r+jzpfvmaom tpdk;&taejzifh yg0ifywfoufvm&awmhonf? OD;apm. rdwfaqGu a&;om;yHk&_yD; t&yfcyfjrifhjrihfESifh rdwfaqGtm; csufcsif;qufoG,f&ef t}uHðyxm;aom pmwapmifudk OD;apmvuf0,fodk‹ ydk‹cJhonf? xdkvSnfhpm;r+onf atmifjrifcJhonf? -o*kwfv (25) &uf/ u|Ekfyf. a-u;eef;pm (408) wGif &nf!ef;cJhaombif*avxHay;ydk‹cJhaom pmESpfapmifudk OD;apmu a&;om;cJhawmhonf?

6? bif*avxH a&;om;cJhaom 'kwd,pmwGif yg&SdcJh_yD; 0ef}uD;rsm; pdwfxJwGiftvGeftrif; ouFmruif;jzpfapcJhaom pmwydk'frSm ‘t}uHay;onfhtwdkif; tvGefpdk;&drfp&maumif;aom pGef‹pm;r+w&yf u|EkfyfðyvkyfcJhonf’ [lI jzpfonf?

7?þ0ef}uD;ESpfOD;ESihfþu|efawmfajymqdkr+rSþxGufay:vmaomtjcm;tcsufrsm;rSmæ(u) _Adwdo#aumifpD (British Council) onf tcsKdŒaxmufvSrf;a&;

tzGJŒtpnf;rsm; twGuf ta&òcHxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k ocifEku ,Hk-unfaeonf?TtawG;tac: udk z,f&Sm;&ef u|efawmftpGrf;ukefðyvkyfcJhaomfvnf; bif*avudpPr&Sif;vif;rjcif; ,if;ouFmruif;jzpfr+ qufvuf&Sdaernf[k u|efawmfxifygonf?

(c) bif*av jrefrmEkdifiHrS ododomom ±kwfw&ufxGufcGmoGm;r+twGufocifEku ouFmruif;jzpfcJhonf? Tae&mwGif ZlvdkifvtwGif;u vdwf0dwfuu|efawmhfxH ay;ydk‹cJhaom pmwapmifudk wifjyEkdifygonf? _Adwdo#aumifpDtpnf;ta0;wck wuf&eftwGuf bif*avtaejzifh pufwbFmvwGif t*FvefY

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&Sdae&ef vdktyfa-umif; ,if;pmu azmfjyxm;ygonf?(*)þOD;apmuþol‹t&yfjrihfjrifhESihfþrdwfaqGta-umif;azmfjycJh&mwGifþaxmifydkif}uD;

u “ol[m bk&ifcHr[kwfbl;vdk‹ u|efawmfar#mfvifhygw,f” [k jyefajymcJha-umif;OD;ausmf_idrf;u ajymjyygonf? xdktcg OD;apmu “bk&ifcHu toHk;rusygbl;? ol‹udkOD;atmifqef;eJ‹ocifEkwdk‹u aiG (12) odef;eJ‹ 0,fxm;_yD;om; jzpfae_yD” [k jyefajzcJhonf?

8? bif*avonf tajctaet&yf&yf. om;aumifwaumifjzpfaomfvnf;tcsdef uom ,if;udk jyoygvdrfhrnf[k u|efawmfxifygonf?

AkdvfcsKyf}uD; qmeD;vf&pfcsDxHrS qm[ife&D ruf*D; (Sir Henry MacGeagh) xHodk‹a-u;eef;pm/ tkdiftkdtm = trf§4§2715csufcsif;tjzpfqHk;? puFmyl/ 1947 ckESpf/ -o*kwfv (29) &uf/ (19;20)em&D

xdyfwef;v#KdŒ0Suf eHygwf 18927§at*sD=3/&pfcsDxHrS a*sat*sD (JAG) xHodk‹udk,fydkifa-u;eef;?

u|Ekfyf.þ-o*kwfvþ(25) &uf/þa-u;eef;trSwf 18778 at*sD=3 ESihf -o*kwfv (29) &uf/ a-u;eef;trSwf 18927 at*sD=3 wdk‹udk qufvufvsuf oifhtm;tajctaewckvHk;od&Sdaeap&ef 226 (AOD)jrefrmESifh (AAD) 77777 jrefrmwdk‹rSþvufeufrsm;þcdk;,lr+ESifh r-umcifujzpfyGm;cJhaom vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+udk e,fbufqkdif&m pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm;ESihfywfoufI u|Efkyfodor# tajctaeudk tusOf;±Hk;wifjyygonf?

1? _Adwdo# pHkprf;a&;ppfcHk±Hk;u vufeufrsm;ESihf cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; cdk;,lr+udkppf aq;I _yD;pD;oGm;_yD; ,if;udk oifhxH t&m&SdwOD;u vufxdvufa&muf ay;tyfcJhonf? (-o*kwfv (26) &uf/ *sDtdyfcsfusL. tcsufjy (GHQ Signal) 18802 at*sD=3 udk-unfh)? ,if;pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm;. &v'frsm;udk a&;om;_yD; u|Ekfyf. -o*kwfv (25) &ufa-u;eef;trSwf 10511 at*sD= 3 wGif ay;_yD;jzpfonf?

2? vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+udk e,fbufpHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm;ESihf ywfoufI atmufygt&m &Sdrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeyHk&ygonf?

(u) &efukef&Jodk‹ v$Jajymif;ay;cJhaom tdENd,ppfwyfrS Adkvf}uD;ADAD,ef;udke,fbuf &Jrsm;u zrf;qD;cJhonf? olonf usdef;aoeD;yg; OD;apmESihf ywfoufcJh_yD;vufeufrsm;ESihf cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; ckd;,l&ef tay;t,lvkyfcJhyHk&onf?

(c) tkdiftD;trftD; (IEME) rS Adkvfrª;,ef; (Young) udk e,fbuf&JrSzrf;qD;cJhonf (-o*kwfv 24 &ufae‹wGif)? OD;apmudk vufeufrsm; a&mif;csonf[k

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oHo, &SdcH&onf? tao;pdwftcsuftvufyg&Sdaom u|Ekfyf. -o*kwfv (29)&ufay;ydk‹aom 18926 at*sD=3 udk-unfh?

(*) cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; ckd;xkwfcsdefu aq;±HkY&Sdaeaom Akdvfrª;rdk;/ tdkpD/atat'Donf OD;apmESihf cifrifolwOD;jzpfonf[k od&onf? olonf OD;apmudkol‹tdrfwGif tenf;qHk; w}udrf vufcHawGŒcJhonf? e,fbuf&Jrsm;u ol‹tr+udkpHkprf;ppfaq;aewkef;jzpf_yD; ,cktcsdeftxd ol‹udk zrf;qD;onfh owif;ay;ydk‹r+u|efawmfhxH ra&muf&Sdao;yg?

(C) Adkvfrª;'def; (Daine)/ v#KdŒ0SufoauFw (Cipher) t&m&Sd/ ArmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf/ olonf taysmfxrf; vufeufpkaqmif;olwOD;jzpf_yD; ol‹vuf0,fYomomref r[kwfaom vufeufta&twGuf &SdaeonfjzpfI ol‹udkvnf; oHo,t0ifcHae&onf? OD;apmESihf rdk;wdk‹t-um; jzpfEkdifajc&Sdaom tquftpyfjzpfaejcif;twGufvnf; oHo,tjzpfcHae&onf? ol‹tm;zrf;rxm;yg?

3? txufygtr+rsm;udk e,fbuf&Jrsm;u ppfaq;vsuf&Sdonf? ,ckxdowif;rsm;rSm enf;yg;ao;onf? ppfbufodk‹ &JbufrS ay;ydk‹aom aemufxyfowif;rsm;udk oifhtm; qufvufay;ydk‹ today;aeygrnf?

E+wfqufjcif;jrefrmjynfrSxGufcGm&ef (2) &uftvkdwGif &efukef°rdŒ&Sd a&$wd*kHapwDawmfokd‹

oGm;a&mufzl;ar#mfcJhonfh aemufqkH;_Adwdo#. bk&ifcHqm[l;bwf&ef‹ (Sir Hubert

Rance) u atmufwGifazmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif; {nfhonfrSwfwrf;pmtkyfwGifE+wfqufrSmwrf; a&;oGm;cJhonf?

a&$wd*kHbk&m;/ &efukef°rdŒ 1948 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (2) &uf?“apwDawmf. vSywifhw,fr+rSm puQKyom' jrwfEkd;p&maywnf;? T_idrf;

csrf;onfh0ef;usifukd t"Gef‹&Snfatmif xdef;odrf;Ekdifygap[k u|Ekfyfar#mfvifhcsifyg.?,ae‹trSwfonmonf u|Ekfyfpdwftm±kHwGif t_rJwnfaeayvdrfhrnf? u|Ekfyftm;txl;tcGifhta&;tjzpf txufypP,HwGif vrf;av#mufcGifh a*gyuvl}uD;rsm;u-uifemr+jzifh ay;cJhonfhtwGuf aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf? TonfrSm jrefrmEkdifiHokd‹aemufqkH; u|Ekfyf.rSm-um;csufjzpfygonf?

jrefrmEkdifiHESifh *&duf_AdwdefEkdifiHwkd‹t-um; _idrf;csrf;r+ESifh cspf-unf&if;ESD;r+tpOft_rJxdef;odrf;Ekdifygap? vmrnfhESpfrsm;twGif; u|Ekfyf. tultnDvdktyfcJhygv#ifTEkdifiH&Sd rdwfaqGrsm;u u|Ekfyftm; rysufruGuf today;-uvdrfhrnf[k u|Ekfyfar#mf

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OD;apm.tr+wGif xl;jcm;aom jzpfay:r+ rae‹u jzpfcJhonf? twGifa&;ajymqkd&mwGif ±kwfw&uf ajymcsvkdufonf? 'Dvkyf}uHr+}uD;rSm _Adwdo#awG&JŒ yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+&Sdw,fvkd‹ u|efawmfwkd‹ wu,f,kH-unfaew,f? qm&,f*sDe,fa':refprpfujynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH. orRw}uD;xH OD;apmtm; oem;n‡mwmr+ay;&ef avmavmq,farwWm&yfcHr+u _Adwdo#wkd‹ wenf;r[kwfwenf; yg0ifywfoufaew,fqkdonfhoHo,ukd tawmf}uD; tm;aumif;apcJhonf? bif*avESifh OD;apm tquftqef&Sdjcif;/ OD;apm. ZeD;onfu bk&ifcH. twGif;0efESifh xdpyfr+&&ef ud;yrf;r+ ponfhom"ursm;. E+d;qGr+uvnf; tOD;tp &SdaecJhonf?

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&efukefòrdŒ1961?Adkvfrª; baomif; (armifokw)“ArmawmfvSefa&;orkdif;” &efukef/ 1972?cifarmif!dk “tn-wppfonfwOD;. rSwfwrf;” &efukef/ 1969?a=u;rkH OD;aomif; “OD;ae0if;ESifhvufr±GHŒtm%mom;rsm;”/ Rego Park,NY USA

1990?“Adkvfae0if;. ppf"m;jyvrf;pOf” vGwfajrmufe,fajr rme,fyavm/ 1964?“Akdvfae0if; Zmwfvrf;±+yfor#” (ukd,fwkdifxkwf) Tamarac,

Florida,USA 2001?“OD;ae0if;. jymwqkyf”/ (ukd,fwkdifxkwf) Tamarac, Florida,

USA 2004?=uif[dk;§Ekdif0if; (a'gufwm) “AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif hjrefrmhtmZmenfrsm;vkyf}uHr+}uD;

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0ef}uD;Xme/ &efukef/ 1990?jra'gif;!dk “&JabmfokH;usdyf” &efukef/ 1994?a&$uavmif “acwftvdkufowif;pmrsm; avhvmokH;oyf-unfh&m0,f”

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1957 ckESpf?“ppf/ tcspfeJ‹axmif”

OD;wifarmif0if; “EkdifiHa&;orm;ESifhEkdifiHa&;”þpDpOfxkwfa0olþa':cifrsKd;at;‘acwf-ydif’ *sme,f/ befaumuf/ 2000 ckESpf?

atmifoef; “atmifoef;.atmifqef;” yk*HykHESdyfwkduf/ &efukef 1965?odef;azjrifh “olwkd ‹acwf/ olwkd ‹twdwf/ olwkd ‹t&dyf” wkdif;vif;pmay/

&efukef/ 2000 ckESpf? pmrsufESm 206=208?“rsKd;cspfa,mifaqmif *VKeftwk OD;apm” aqmif;yg;/ Adkvfwaxmifowif;pm/ 1966 ckESpf Zlvkdifv 19 &uf?

wuUokdvfae0if; (AkdvfxGef;vS)“atmifqef;OD;wkd‹ taz” ca&zl;pmpOf/ &efukef/ 1967 ckESpf?“jynfaxmifpkAdokumþAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;”þpDpOfolþwif&Sdef?OD;jroef;þtokdif;t0kdif;pmay/þ&efukef-rdŒrSxkwfa0/þ1997þckESpfarv?

“wyfrawmfordkif;” (1945=48)/þwwd,wJG/þppfordkif;jywdkufESifhþwyfrawmfarmfuGef; wdkufrª;±kH;/ &efukef/ 1995?

“wyfrawmfa&$&wk” jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD;@me/ &efukef/ 1995?

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t*Fvdyfpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;

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33333 ‘The Burman’ (txufygowif;pm) w&m;vdkjyoufao udkoef;uOD;&mZwf. udk,fa&;vufaxmuftcef;wGif;rS udk,f&Hawmf udkaxG; ajy;xGufvmonfudk oljrifawGŒcJha-umif;ESihf &ef}uD;atmifu ol‹udk aoewfjzifh ypfcscJha-umif;/oufaoxGufqdkcJhonf? xdk‹aemuf &ef}uD;atmifu udkoef;udk aoewfjzifh csdefvdkuf&m olu owif;axmufwOD;jzpfa-umif; atmfajymvdkufojzihf ol‹udk rypfcJha-umif;xGufqdkcJhonf?

44444 ‘The Burman’ (txufygowif;pm) w&m;vdkjyoufao OD;zdk;pdef (pDtdkif'DrS)CID u tkwfeH&Hrsm; °ydusoH-um;&onfhtcsdefwGif olonf twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;twGif;&Sd ol‹±Hk;cef;wGif&Sdaea-umif; oufaoxGufqdkcJhonf? pHkprf;&ef taemufbuftaqmifodk‹ olxGufvmcJhonf/ vufaxmuf&Jrif;}uD; ACP rpPwm bwfpf (Busk)

xdkae&modk‹ a&mufESihfae_yD; OD;zdk;pdefu vufaxmuf&Jrif;}uD;. ud;rJha-u;eef;um;rSwqifh &efukef°rd›twGif;&Sd &Jpcef;tm;vHk;odk‹ a&'D,dkpufjzihf owif;ay;ydk‹cJhonf? olonf tcif;jzpfyGm;&modk‹ qufvufxGufoGm;cJh&m udkaxG;udk '%f&mjyif;xefpGm&&Sdvsuf -urf;jyifay:wGifvJaeonfudk awGŒ&onf? udkaxG;rSm pum;tenf;i,fajymEdkifao;&m ‘u|efawmfhudk bmta-umif;rSr&SdbJ ypfcwfoGm;cJh-uw,f’ [k ol‹udkajymcJhonf? OD;zdk;pdefonf AdkvfcsKyf.tcef;okd‹ xyfrHoGm;cJh&m p}uFefvrf;xdwdkifatmif aoG;rsm;pD;qif;aeonfudk awGŒcJh&onf?

55555 OD;Ek. “OD;Ek=wmawpaeom;” (Saturday’s Son) = (a,;wuUodkvf

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yHkESdyfwdkuf/ e,l;a[AifESihf vef'ef 1975) pmrsufESm 133/ ‘ocifEk[m bdvyf&J‹tat;'%fudkrcHEdkifbl;/ bdvyfrSm w}udrfzsm;w,f/ Zlvdkifvv,favmuf &efukefjyefa&mufwJhtcgrSmvnf; xyfzsm;aeao;w,f/ tJ'ga-umifh Zlvdkifv (18) &ufnbufrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m ocifEktdrfudk a&mufvmw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk tvkyftr+aqmiftzGJŒ&J‹ 'kwd,em,utjzpfu 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfodk‹ ajymif;zdk‹twGuf _Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk‹u pDpOfaewJhta-umi;f/ 0ef}uD;csKyf tufwvD rSmvdkufwJhtwdkif; ocifEku AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ud kajymjyw,f? wem&Davmuf-umwJhtcgAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; xjyefoGm;w,f? Ak'<w&m;awmftvdkt&ajymr,fqdk&if olwdk‹ESpfa,muf&JŒa&puf[m 'Db0rSm 'Dr#yJygw,f? aemufwae‹reuf (11) em&Davmuf&SdwJhtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ‹ 0ef}uD;wcsKd‹ usqHk;oGm;wJhta-umif;udkjrefrmhtvif; OD;wifu w,fvDzkef;eJ‹ vSrf;_yD;ajymwm ocifEk-um;vdkuf&w,f?ocifEkvJ twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;udk csufcsif;vdkufoGm;w,f? aq;±Hk}uD;udk tavmif;awG,loGm;_yDqdkwmeJ‹ aq;±Hk}uD;udk ocifEkvdkufjyefw,f? AdkvfcsKyftavmif;udk-unfh&if; rae‹nuyJ pum;ajymae-uao;wmudk ajy;jrif_yD; ocifEk[m ±d+uf}uD;wiifidkaew,f’

66666r[moD&dok"rR a':cif-unf (16²4²12=27²12²88)? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.ZeD;/ ajrmif;jrwGif arG;zGm;/ OD;zkd;n‡if; a':zGm;pkwkd‹. om;orD; (10) OD;teuf (8)a,mufajrmuf? ausmif;_yD;aemuf q&mjzpfoifESifh olem«yq&mroifwef;rsm;atmifjrif_yD; ausmif;q&mtjzpf acwWr#vkyfukdif_yD; olem«yq&mrtjzpf qufvufvkyfukdifcJhonf? *syef0ifodrf;ykduf_yD; tapmykdif;umvwGif °rdŒawmfwGif yxrqkH;aq;±kHxlaxmif&mY yg0ifcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; vlemtjzpfwufa&mufpOfolem«yt}uD;tuJjzpfol a':cif-unfukd AkdvfcsKyftm; -unfh±+apmifha&Smuf&efuHw&m;. wkdufqkdifr+[kqkd&rnfvm;rod wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf? odyfr-umrD1942 ckESpf pufwifbmv (6) &ufae‹wGif olwkd‹ vufxyfcJh-uonf? (5) ESpf-umaysmfaysmf&$if&$ifaygif;oif;cJh_yD; olrtaejzifh cifyGef;onfukd qkH;±+H;cJh&avonf?AdkvfcsKyf. rJqENe,f &efukef°rdŒ vrf;rawmf. trwfae&mukd olrtm; qGJaqmif,lapcJhonf? olronf vlr+zlvkHa&;Xme !ef-um;a&;rª;wm0ef,l&eftwGuf trwftjzpfrS EkwfxGufcJhonf? aemufwGif jynfaxmifpk vlr+zlvkHa&;aumifpDukd OD;aqmifcJhonf? 1960 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif tdENd,EkdifiHESifh eDaygEkdifiHwkd‹okd‹ oHtrwftjzpfcef‹tyfcHcJh&_yD; (7) ESpfr# wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh_yD; jrefrmEkdifiHokd‹ jyefvm_yD;tem;,lcJhonf? tif;,m;uefabmifab;wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf; olraetdrfwGif

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olr.b0rSm aysmf&$ifat;_idrf;vSonf? 1988 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (27) &ufae‹wGifolr.touf (77) ESpftwGif; olruG,fvGefcJhonf?

77777 at;&Sm;0d(cf) (Asia Week)/ 1993 ckESpf/ rwfv (3) &uf/ aqmif;yg;.tqkH;ykdif;/ urBmay:&Sd t}uD;qkH;tmCmw/ “ol (ae0if;) . AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ay:xm;&Sdaom rkef;wD;r+onf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;ol&Jaumif;. (ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&Sdaeaom) om;orD; (2) OD;wkd‹tay:xd qufvuf&Sdaeao;ygovm;/ a':atmifqef;pk-unf b,frSm&Sdaeonfukd u|efawmfwkd‹tm;vkH; od-uygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wGif atmifqef;OD;[kac:aom om;wOD;&Sdygao;onf? olonf ava-umif;qkdif&m tif*sifeD,mwOD;jzpf_yD; tar&duefjynfaxmifpkY aexkdifvsuf&Sdonf?atmufygtjzpftysufrSm t*FvefwGif vGefcJhaom tESpfESpfq,fcef‹u ausmif;om;av;wOD;r#omjzpfaom atmifqef;OD;okd‹ jzpfysufcJhjcif;jzpfonf? xkdtcsdefonf0k'fpawmh (Woodstock) wkd‹acwfjzpfonf? qH&Snfvli,fonf vef'ef&Sd jrefrmoH±kH;Y &SdaepOf OD;ae0if;u xkdae&mokd‹ a&mufoGm;cJhonf? ppfoHrª;u xkdvli,fonfrnfoljzpfa-umif; OD;ae0if;ukd today;vkdufonf? OD;ae0if;onf a'gotkd;aygufuGJxGuf_yD; ‘'DacG;rom;’ ukd oH±kH;0if;xJu tckcsufcsif; uefxkwfypfvkduf[ktrdef‹ay;cJhonf? ppfoHrª; &JxGef;tm; teD;uyfqkH;av,mOfysHjzifh &efukefjyefykd‹vkdufonf?”

88888 touf (7) ESpfom&Sdao;aom atmifqef;vif;onf &efukef°rd›/ wm0gvdef;vrf; aetdrf_cH0if;twGif; &$HŒESpfrsm;ygaom a&tdkifwGif a&epf_yD;aoqHk;cJhonf?

9 9 9 9 9 0ifa&mufpD;eif;aomtzGJŒudk &J0efaxmuf (Police Superintendent)

tuf (pf) 'D *syf (S.D.. Jupp) uOD;aqmifcJhonf? 1928 ckESpf/ 'DZbFmvwGif rpPwm*syfudk Armjynf&JwyfzGJŒodk‹ cef‹tyfcJhonf?

1010101010 The Burman (1947 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (23) &uf/ w&m;vdkjyoufaojzpfol Armhvufeufudkif wdkufcdkufa&;&JwyfzGJŒrS acgif;aqmif &Jwyf-uyf(Head Constable) rif;Edkifonf 0ifa&mufpD;eif;onfhtzGJŒwGif yg0ifcJh_yD; ol‹udkaoewfESihfcsdef&G,f_yD; ypf&ef ðyrlcJhonfhtwGuf ol. typfcH&olrSm r+ef}uD;jzpfa-umif; ±Hk;awmfwGif twnfðyajymqdkcJhonf?

1947 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv (9) &ufae‹xkwf ‘jrefrmhtvif;’ owif;pmwGifvkyf}uHr+}uD; pwifppfaq;onfh ,cifae‹ta-umif; aqmif;yg;Y a&;om;xm;onfrSmr+ vlowform;/ }uH&mygol tpGyfpGJcH&ol w&m;cH (7) OD;tm; vufeufukdifykvdyfrsm;u vufxdwfcwfapmifha&Smufxm;um ±kH;cef;wGif;okd‹ 0ifvmcsdefwGif

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r+ef}uD;tm; “vusfmbuf vufwykdif;jywfaeol” [k azmfjyxm;ygonf?1111111111 1989 ckESpfwGif u|efawmfonf tdyfcsfatpwkdem (H.A. Stonor) ESifh

pma&;om;qufoG,fcJh&m 1997 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19) &ufwGif bDbDpD (2) ±kyfjrifoH-um;tpDtpOfu EkdifiHawmfvkyf}uHr+ taxmuftxm;±kyf&Sifukd jyo_yD;aemuf_Adwdefjrefrmtoif;. ukd,fykdifuGefysLwm uGef,ufae&mwGif olwifjycJhaomtcsufukdyif olu xyfrHtxl;«ya&;ygonf? b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf tm;vkH;xJrSmykHrSefr[kwfbJ xl;jcm;aewmu OD;apmukd,fwkdif&JŒ v+yf&Sm;r+awGyJ? eef;&if;0efa[mif;wa,muftaeeJ‹ OD;apmrSm EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufawG &Sdaeao;wm oHo,0ifp&m rvkdygbl;? 'gayr,fh tJ'DtcsdefrSm ol‹&JŒt«ytrlawGuawmh tm%m&zkd‹r[mpDrHudef;}uD; csufcsif;}uHpnfaewJh vlwa,mufykHrsKd;awmh ray:ygbl;?wu,fwrf;u OD;apmtaeeJ‹ vkH;0bmrSrvkyfcJhbJ tzrf;cH&wJhtxd ol‹tdrfxJxkdifaecJhwmyJ? rpPwm tdyfcsfatpwkdemonf vkyf}uHr+jzpfpOfu jrefrmjynftwGif;tajcpkdufxm;aom 0Jvfcsf&J*sDrif hrS ti,fwef;t&m&Sdjzpfonf? olonfaemufykdif;wGif vef'ef&Sd “jrefrmawmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;tzGJŒ” ukd0ifa&mufcJhonf?

1212121212 vlxkOD;vS/ ‘axmifeJ‹vlom;’ (okcZmwfa-umif;jyef) pmrsufESm 107?OD;apm. _cH0if;twGif;wGif usef;rm}u›Hckdifaom a,musfm;OD;a& (30) ausmf

aexkdifvsuf&Sd_yD; olwkd‹tm;vkH;ukd 1947 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19) &ufae‹wGiftif;pdefaxmifokd‹ ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf?

1313131313 txl;ckH±kH;. pD&ifqkH;jzwfcsuf (1947 ckESpf w&m;qkdifjcif;trSwf=1) rSw&m;±kH;a&;om;csuf? “,cktcg OD;apmESifh tvGefrsm;jym;aom ol‹tdrfom;pktzGJŒ0ifrsm;ukd &mZ0wfr+jzpf_yD; em&Dykdif;twGif; zrf;qD;Ekdifjcif;rSm rpPwmcef;(w&m;vkdjyoufao=39) u twGif;0efcsKyfESifh ol‹±kH;cef;wGif pnf;a0;aeaomOD;xGef;vSatmif (w&m;vkdjyoufao=38) xH olukd,fwkdif oGm;a&mufay;ykd‹onfh

owif;a-umifhjzpfonf?”

tcef; (2) t"duacgif;aqmifrsm;11111 0uf (b)/ qpfeDESifh bd&ufw&pf(p)= (Webb,Sidney & Beatrice)

“1911=12 c&D;oGm;ae‹pOfrSwfwrf;” (The 1911-12 Travel Diary) rdwfqufI

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wnf;jzwfol ygarmuQ a*smh/ zDbm (Prof. George Feaver), Macmillan, 1922,p.193

“Ak'<bmomuvsm%,k0toif; (YMBA) tm; pwifzGJŒpnf;cJhonfh t"duta-umif;rsm;rSm tar&duefbufwpf(p) omoem«ytzGJŒ (American Baptist Mis-

sion) . tm;¯ud;rmefwufenf;rsm;jzifh c&pf,mefbmomokd‹ oGwfoGif;aejcif;rsm;ukdckHcH&efjzpfonf? EkdifiHtESH‹tjym;wGif toif;0if (4˜000) &Sdonfh rsm;jym;aomtoif;cGJrsm;&Sd_yD; rSefrSefwkd;wufvsuf&Sdonf? olwkd‹rSm pm-unfhcef;rsm;zGifhumpm-unfhwkdufrsm; pwifcgpjzpfvsuf jrefrmpmukd trª;xm;onf? vpOf*sme,fukdvnf; xkwfa0onf? Ttoif;onf jrefrmhtavhtx "avhxkH;pHrsm;ukd xdef;odrf;xm;_yD; jrefrmht,ltqrsm;ukd a,bk,stm;jzifh azmfjy&eftwGufrsm;ukd vkyfukdifvmEkdifrnfh toif;okd‹ wkd;wufEkdifzG,f&Sdonf?”

2 2 2 2 2 a': jrar (c) rpPpf trf/ trf vSatmif MBE ( 1853=1943) onf &efukef°rd›wGif Apfwdk;&D;,m;bk&ifrtxdrf;trSwf Ak'<bmomrdef;uav;ausmif;ESifh Ak'<bmoma,musfm;av;ausmif;wdk‹udk pwifwnfaxmifcJh&m ,if;wdk‹udk aemifwGif Apfwdk;&D;,m;bk&ifr txdrf;trSwf rdef;uav;ausmif;tjzpf ajymif;vJypfcJhonf? 'vESihfarmfv°rdifwdk‹rS ppfuJ}uD; (ppfwyfzGJŒwzGJŒ. 'k=wyfrª;) armifaxmfav;. ti,fqHk;orD;ESifh ppfuJ}uD; armifckdif. wlrjzpfonf? olr.cifyGef;jzpfol OD;vSatmifrSmtdENd,b¾mwdkufrsm;udk xdef;csKyfuGyfuJol ( Controller of Indian Treasuries)

rif;}uD;jzpfI olwdk‹onf umvuwWm; (Calcutta)/ r'&yfpf/ bkHab/ yef*syf ponfhae&mrsm;wGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aexdkifcJh-uonf? rdrdwdkif;jynf jyefa&mufvmaomtcgolronf wufºuGI -oZmwduUr&Sdaom ynmjzef‹a0olESifh vlr+a&;vkyfief;vkyfaqmifol jzpfvmcJhonf? tpdk;&u olr. jynfolvlxktwGuf vkyfaqmifr+rsm;tm; todtrSwfðyonfhtaejzifh (_Adwdo#tifydkif,m. tzGJŒ0if) trfbDtD; (MBE)

bGJŒ jzihf csD;jr‡ifhcJhonf? u|Ekfyf. tbdk;jzpfol OD;aratmifonf OD;vSatmif.wlawmf_yD; OD;vSatmifu ol‹tm;ynm oif-um;ay;cJhum }uD;jyif;atmif apmifha&Smufay;cJhonf?

33333 w&m;ol}uD; qm/ armifcif (KCIE, FA, LlB., bm;=tuf=avm(1872=1924)? oluG,fvGefcsdefwGif owif;pmxJwGif EdkufbGJŒ (Knight) jzifh olaumif;ðycH&oltjzpf ol‹yHkudkazmfjycJh_yD; ,if;yHkatmufwGif A[dkw&m;±Hk;. yxrqHk; jrefrmw&m;ol}uD;rif;/ bk&ifcHtr+aqmifaumifpDtzGJŒ0if/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;tp&Sdojzihf jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm t&m&mwGif yxrpGJol[k tr$ef;wifazmfjycJhonf? ppfuJ}uD;armifaxmfav;.ajr;jzpfol a':oef;ar (av'Dcif) udk vufxyf

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cJhonf? om;orD;rsm;rSm OD;rsKd;cifESifh cifcif{jzpfonf?44444 w&m;ol}uD;OD;aratmif (MA, LlM., bm;=tuf=avm) (1880=1926)/

A[dkw&m;±Hk;. w&m;ol}uD;rif;/ bk&ifcHtr+aqmifaumifpD/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;qm=armifcifae&mudkqufcHcJhonf? 0dkiftrfbDat (YMBA) . OuU@ (1919) /Oya'ynm&yfqdkif&mygarmuQESihf &efukefwuUodkvf. ynm&SiftzGJŒ0if/ Ak'<bmomxHk;wrf;Oya'ESihfywfoufI xdyfwef;ynm&Sif/ ppfuJ}uD; armifaxmfav;. aemufxyfajr;wOD;jzpfol a':odef;jrudk vufxyfcJhonf? om;orD;rsm;rSm owdk;atmif/xGef;vSatmifESihf rjrpdefwdk‹ jzpfonf? aemifwGif ,m,Dbk&ifcHjzpfvmol qma*satarmif}uD;u ‚if;. jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;t±dkuft&mudk qufcHcJhonf?

55555 armifarmif (Adkvfrª;csKyfa[mif;) “oHCmrS omrefvlokd‹” jrefrmEkdifiH.trsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+rsm; 1920=1940/ 1980 ykHESdyf/ pmrsufESm 258 rSwfcsuf (16)?“t*Fvdyf=jrefrmujym; c±kdif&J0efaxmuf aZAD;,m; (Xavier) taejzifh vlacgif;rsm;ukd w&m;0if"mwfykH±kdufEkdifa&;twGufom pm;yGJay:wifcJhjcif;twGuf tjypfajymp&mjzpfcJhonf? rnfokd‹qkdap vltkyf}uD;pkrdvm_yD; owif;pmorm;rsm;uvnf;"mwfykHrsm;±kdufEkdifcJh-uonf?” (aemufqufwGJjzpfay:vmaom vlxk. tvef‹w-um;uef‹uGufatmf[pfr+rsm;a-umifh jynf-rd›&Sd ppfwyftaejzifh aemufykdif;wGifxkwfjyefcJh&aom tjzpftysuf ta-umif;t&mrS aumufEkwfcsuf)

66666 xdkaqmif;yg;rSm aemifaomtcg ‘tdk;a0’ owif;pmydkif&SifESihf t,f'Dwmjzpfvmrnfh OD;ndKjr.vuf&mjzpfygonf?

77777 tzrf;tqD;cH&olrsm;wGif aemifwcsdefwGif 0ef}uD;rsm;jzpfvmrnfh udkAaqGESihf udkA[def; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf-uygonf?

88888 wuUodkvfrS udkvSa&$/ *syfqifaumvdyfrS udkatmifausmfESifh (°rd›r)oef;wdk‹OD;aqmifaom ausmif;om;trsm;tjym;u eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmbarmfOD;aqmifonfh twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;odk‹ oGm;a&mufqENjy-uygonf?

99999 rnfoluaygufvdkufonfrod/ ‘ol&d,’wdkufa&S› Am'HyifatmufrS jrif;pD;ykvdyf a*:&mqm*sifwOD; bdvyf&nfykvif;rSef_yD; jrif;ay:rStus/ jrif;pD;ykvdyfrsm;u pka0;ae-uaom vlrsm;tm; eHygwfwkwfrsm;ESihf ±dkuf-uygawmhonf?

1010101010 xdktcg yxrurBmppf(1914=1918) jyef ocifbdk;vS}uD; OD;aqmifxm;onfh vl (6˜000) tiftm;&Sdonfh vlxkcsDwuf-uygonf?

1111111111 ‘atmifqef;udk b,folwu,fowfovJ’ ordkif;taxmuftxm; ±kyfjrifoH-um; rSwfwrf;±kyf&SifESihfywfoufI _Adwdo#toHv$ifhaumfydka&;&Sif; (2) wDAGD BBC

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(2) TV / bmrif[ef°rd› (Birmingham) &Sd tm&StpDtpOfXmerS xkwfvkyfolrsm;uywfoufol yk*~dKvftawmfrsm;rsm;udk awGŒqHkar;jref;cJhonf? u|efawmfudkyg zdwfac:I1996 ESpfukefydkif;wGif t*Fvefjynfodk‹ oGm;a&mufcJhygonf? EdkifiHawmf vkyf}uHr+ ESpf(50) jynfh txdrf;trSwftjzpf 1997 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif *&dwf _Adwdef(Great Britain) . xkwfv$ifhr+Y aumufEkwfcsuftwdkrsm;udk a&G;cs,f jyocJhonf?a&G;Ekwfxm;aom udk;um;csufrsm;udk TrSwfcsufrsm;atmufwGif azmfjyoGm;ygrnf?

vlawGŒar;jref;cH&ol ‘tJ&pf/ bufwmpbD’ (bk&ifcH. udk,f&Hawmf=1942/Eric Battersby, ADC) uæ “ol (a':refprpf/ Dorman- Smith) uawmh ol‹udkazsmfajzwJh vlawGeJ‹ &$ifjrL;apEkdifwJh vl&Sdor#eJ‹ txufpD;qufqHEkdifwJh olwkdif;udkESpfoufw,f? txufuvlawGudkawmh olróudufbl;? ol‹udk {nfhcH pojzihf vkyfEkdifwJh atmufcHvlawGudkawmh oabmusw,f? u|efawmfajymcsifwmu wjcm;vlrsm;awGudk b,fvdkvlrsKd;vJqdkwm cef‹rSef;-unfhwJhae&mrSm u|efawmfhtxift& ol[mt}udrfrsm;pGm vHk;vHk;rSm;,Gif;cJhw,f?

OD;apmeef;&if;0efjzpfpOfu bk&ifcHu EkdifiHudk oluwqihf tkyfcsKyfcJhw,f?a':refprpf&JŒ owW0gr[kwf&if olvufrcHEkdifbl;? OD;apmu ol‹owW0gjzpf

w,f? oloabmuswJhvljzpfcJhw,f” [k ajymqdkcJhonf?1212121212 aemifwGif Adkvf&efatmif[k xif&Sm;vmoljzpfonf? 1948 ckuGefjrLepf

(CPB) ykefuefr+wGifyg0ifoGm;_yD;/ 1997 ckESpfwGif (CPB) ygwDuyif uGyfrsufvdkufonf?

1313131313 Adkvfrª;}uD; qlZluD; (c) rDemrD rql,kd (c) Adkvfrkd;¯ud; (bDtkdifat AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rDemrD)? owWd&Sdaom w±kwfjynf ppfqifa&; ppfjyef/ ol txl;pdwf0ifpm;onfrSmta&SŒawmiftm&Sjzpf_yD; Armvrf;r}uD; jyefvnfzGifhvSpfonfESifh r[mAsL[mt& ta&;ygvmaom jrefrmEkdifiHtay:ESifh Oa&mywGif ppfyGJrSm ra&Smifrv$JomjzpfvmonfhtcsdefwGif *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmf. r[mpDrHudef;rsm;wGif tm±kHpl;pkdufvmcJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;okd‹ *syefwkd‹taejzifh ykdrkd_yD; vG,fvG,f0ifEkdifzkd‹ vkdouJhokd‹tm&Swkdufom;csif; r[mrdwf«yEkdifonfh tajymif;tvJ tcGifhta&;ay;jcif;jzihfw±kwfuGefjrLepfrsm;bufokd‹ olwkd‹. vuf0J,drf;aer+ ukd wefjyefEkdifzkd‹ vkdtyfonf?xkdokd‹ «yvkyfEkdif&ef jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;t-um;wGif _Adwdo#qef‹usifa&;tiftm;pkrsm;tm;aumif;aumif;ESifh &SdaerSjzpfayrnf?

Tokd‹ jzifh Adkvfrª;}uD; qlZluD;onf 1939 ckESpf apmapmuyif ppfOD;pD;XmerSvkyfief;w&yf taumiftxnfazmf&ef wm0eftay;cH&onf? ol‹taejzifh (6)

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vwmumvtwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHtajctaeukd avhvm&efESifh tquftoG,frsm;wnfaqmufEkdifa&;twGuf pl;prf;&SmazG&efjzpfonf? ,kdrD,l&Dowif;pm.owif;axmuf rDemrDrql,kdtjzpf Adkvfrª;}uD;onf 1940 ckESpf arvwGif &efukefokd‹a&mufvmcJhonf? OD;apmu olESifhawGŒqkH&ef tpysKd;cJh_yD; *syefu ppftultnDxkESifhxnfESifh ay;Ekdifrnfvm;[kar;cJhonf? qlZluD;u ol‹rSm owif;axmufwa,mufomjzpfygonf[lI ta-umif;jyum a&SmifxGufcJh&onf? xkd‹aemuf*syef=jrefrm cspf-unfa&;toif;zGJŒonfhtcg qlZluD;u twGif;a&;rª;jzpfvm_yD;xif&Sm;aom jrefrmvlrsKd;wOD;jzpfonfh a'gufwmodrf;armifu jzpfajrmufa&;tusKd;aqmifjzpfvmonf? Adkvfrª;}uD;taejzifh ol‹ukd ykdrdkod&Sd&if;ESD;vm_yD; olwkd‹.vGwfvyfa&;¯ud;yrf;r+wGif ulnDEkdifonfh ol‹t&nftcsif;ukdvnf; jrefrmjzpfoltm;txifw}uD;jzpfvmapcJhonf? qlZluD;taejzifh jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&Sd v#Kd‹0SuftquftoG,frsm;ta-umif; avhvmEkdifvmcJh_yD; bkef;awmf}uD; OD;em*gtdjzifh jrefrmt"du&yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh qufoG,fr+rsm; ykdrdkwkd;csJŒEkdifcJhonf?

1414141414 tDZlrd,m wufql±kd= rDemrDatmf*ef pmrsufESm (23)?“*syefemrnfrsm;ukd Akdvfrª;}uD; qlZluD;u pOf;pm;ay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? jrefrm[l

aom pum;vkH;pktwGuf a&;&aom yxrqkH;aom *syefpum;vkH;ukd ESpfykdif;cGJvkduf_yD; vlESpfa,muftwGuf rdom;pkemrnfrsm;tjzpf tokH;«yvkdufonf? atmifqef;twGuf tkdrkd'gESifh vS-rdiftwGuf tDwkd'gjzpfonf? olwkd‹. ukd,fykdifemrnfrsm;ukda'gufwmodrf;armif.trnfrS &,lcJhonf? odrf;rSm awtDcsD/ armifrSm rGef*sD?Tokd‹ jzifh rsKd;cspfjrefrmESpfOD;twGuf *syefemrnfrsm;jzpfaom tkdrkd'grGef*sDESifh tDwkd'gawtDcsDwkd‹rSm arG;zGm;vmcJhonf?

1515151515 tifemtdk rDZlwmeD (Inao Mitzutani) (*syefaxmufvSrf;a&; 1940) u‘&efukefESihf ,leef qufoG,fxm;aom Armvrf;r}uD;udk jzwfawmuf&efrSm rDemrDuDuef (Minami Kikan) . tcef;u¾jzpfonf? ,if;odk‹vkyf&efrSm jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;v+yf&Sm;r+udk axmufcH&efjzpfonf? ‘tdENd,&Sd _Adwdo#udkarmif;xkwf&efu|Ekfyfwdk‹ jrefrmjynfwGif &SdaecJhonf? jrefrmvGwfvyfa&;udk ay;&efr[kwfyg? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vHk°cHaom ajcukyfpcef;r&SdbJ u|Ekfyfwdk‹ppfwyftaejzifh tdENd,odk‹a&muf&Sd&ef rjzpfEdkifyg’ [k ajymqdkcJhonf? rpPwm rDZlwmeDonf ,if;toHv$ifhxkwfr+rwdkifrD 1997=ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

1616161616 ukdaqmif; (c) Akdvfxdef0if;? T&JabmfokH;usdyf0ifta-umif; EkdifiHjcm;om;pma&;q&mrsm;u Tokd‹ azmfjycJh-uonf? olonf tcGifhaumif;tcgaumif;wGif

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*syefY ausmif;om;wa,muftjzpf a&muf&SdaecJhjcif;omjzpf_yD; ppfoifwef;rqif;&aomfvnf; ta&;}uD;tvkyfwm0efrsm; aqmif&Guf&onf? olonf vli,fwOD;taejzifh rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sd_yD; *syefukd jzpfEkdifacs&Sdaom r[mrdwftjzpf tav;xm;cJhonf? *syefokd‹ oGm;a&mufynmoif&ef vkdvm;cJh_yD; 1938 ckESpfwGifrS a'gufwmodrf;armifu xkdokd‹ «yvkyfEkdif&ef pDpOfaqmif&Gufay;cJhonf? olonf -uufaygifap;vkyfief;wGif t"du pdwf0ifpm;r+&Sdaomfvnf; xl;jcm;vSpGm owif;pmvkyfief;/ykHESdyfvkyfief;/ owif;pmtwwfynmESifha-umfjimvkyfief;oifwef;rsm;ukd wufa&mufcJhonf? xkd‹aemuf olonf wkdusKdpufr+ twwfynmoifausmif;ukd wufa&mufcJh_yD; ykHESdyfvkyfief;ukd qufvufqnf;yl;cJhonf? 1941 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dvapmapmykdif;wGif olonf Adkvfrª;}uD; qlZluD;/ atmifqef;/ vS-rdifwdk‹ESifh qufoG,frdonf? rwfvwGif a&a-umif;rS ol‹ukd befaumufokd‹ykd‹vkduf_yD; csif;rkdifwGif (6) vcef‹ axmufvSrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufaponf? olonf a&a-umif;rSyif*syefokd‹ jyefvmcJhonf? oltjyefc&D;wGif tykdwm0efwck,lcJh&onf? ,if;rSmazmfrkdqmokd‹ tjcm;&Jabmfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;Ekdifa&;twGuf oGm;a&muf&ef ukef;vrf;jzifh befaumufokd‹a&muf&Sdvmaom ocifoef;wifukd twlapmifha&Smufac:aqmifvmcJh&jcif;jzpfonf? olonf oef;wifukd azmfrkdqmwGifxm;cJh&m oef;wifonfiSufzsm;a&m*gjzifh ,if;ae&mwGif aoqkH;cJhonf? olu *syefokd‹ EkdifiHa&; wm0efrsm;jzifh qufvufxGufcGmoGm;cJhonf? olonf azmfrkdqmokd‹ jyefvm_yD; ppfoifwef;wGif yg0ifcJhonf? olwkd‹trsm;pkrSm befaumufwGif jyefvnfpkH±kH;rd-uaomfvnf; Adkvfxdef0if;taejzifh trdajrtwGif;okd‹ bDtkdifat. xkd;azmuf0ifa&mufr+wGif yg0ifEkdifjcif;r&SdcJhacs? tb,fa-umifhqkdaomf ,kd;',m;&Sd *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmf. 0g'jzef‹ jzL;a&;Xmeu ol‹ukdvkdtyfaeaoma-umifhjzpfonf? jynfwGif;&Sd vlxkxH olu a&'D,kdtoHv$ifhr+rsm; «yvkyfcJh_yD; av,mOfrS }uJcspmrsm;ukdvnf; olua&;ay;cJh&onf? _Adwdo#wkd‹ rEœav;ukd odrf;ykduf_yD;aemuf arvwGifrS olonfjrefrmjynfokd‹ jyefvnfa&muf&SdcJhonf?

1717171717 ukdxGef;&Sdef (1918=1989)? ausmif;om;b0u ol‹ukd oHr%dxGef;&Sdef[kvlodrsm;onf? &efukefwuUokdvf ausmif;om;or*~. twGif;a&;rª;jzpfcJhonf?_Adwdo#wyfwkd‹tqkwfwGif bDtkdifat (BIA) ESifh wkdufyGJrsm;jzpf&mY a&$awmifwkdufyGJwGif &JabmfokH;usdyfwkd‹t-um; emrnf}uD;vm_yD; Adkvf&efEkdiftjzpf ausmf-um;vmcJhonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; a'gufwmbarmfonf EkdifiHawmf t"dywdt&Sifrif;}uD;tjzpf jrifhwufoGm;&m Adkvf&efEkdifukd ol‹. ppfzufvufaxmufESifh

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tyg;awmf_rJtjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhonf? Akdvf&efEkdifu a'gufwmbarmf.orD;jzpfolþ wifZm (Tinza) ESifh aemufqkH;wGif vufxyfcJhonf? 1970 ckESpfwGif olonfxkdif;EkdifiHY zGJŒpnf;cJhaom OD;Ek. ae0if;qef‹usifa&;wyfzGJŒrsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifcJhonf? 1980 ckESpfwGif vGwf_idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef‹t& jrefrmEkdifiHokd‹ jyefvmcJhonf?1989 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefonf?

1818181818 tDemtkdrDZlwmeD=“iSufaysmoD;wwGJ” (orkdif;Xme=&SD*wfum=vpfb&,ftEkynmaumvdyf/ um*kd&SDrmwuUokdvf/ ukd&Drkdwkd/ um*kd&SDrm/ *syef/ 1948 ckESpf)pmrsufESm 36?

“eHeufcif;wckrSm ocifpHv+difESifh tjcm; (4) a,mufwkd‹[m oabFmaiGpm&if;ukdiftcef;ukda&mufvm_yD; ocifxGef;tkyfu EkdifiHa&;orm;b0cH,lxm;oltaeeJ‹-unfh_yD; ol‹ukd acgif;aqmiftjzpf owfrSwf&r,fvkd‹ awmif;qkdaea-umif;ESifh'Dawmif;qkdcsufukd olwkd‹vufrcHEkdifa-umif; ajymvmygw,f? 'ga-umifh &JabmfawGtm;vkH;ukd oabFmaiGpm&if;ukdiftcef;ukd ac:vkdufygw,f? oabFmaiGxdef; &Sifrif(rpfZlwmeD) u “*syefukdra&mufrcsif; b,fvkdtajctaersKd;rSmrS EkdifiHa&;v+yf&Sm;r+ukd oabFmay:rSm cGifhr«ybl;? 'Dpnf;urf;ukd csKd;azmufwJhol b,foljzpfjzpf'Dae&muae_yD; ukd,fhEkdifiHukd a&ul;jyef&r,f” vkd‹ olwkd‹ukd owday;ajymqkdvkdufygw,f? ,if;tjzpftysufrSm &efukefrS pifumyltoGm; yifv,fjyifrSm ‘ukd±lrm±l’oabFmay:wGif jzpfysufcJhjcif;jzpfonf? T (11) a,muf aemufqkH;tokwfckd;xkwf&mwGif ocifpHv+difESifh (4) a,mufrSm ocifukd,fawmfr+dif;tkyfpkrSjzpf_yD;ocifxGef;tkyf/ ±+armif (ae0if;) ESifh (4) a,mufrSm Apdef=xGef;tkyf tkyfpkrSjzpf-uonf?”

1919191919 jrefrm=*syefqufoG,fr+rSm jrefrmjynfw0Srf; aexkdifvsuf&Sdaom*syefvlrsKd;tcsKd‹rSwqifh aqmif&GufcJh&onf? rpfZlwmeDu ol‹pmtkyf (iSufaysmoD;wwGJ) pmrsufESm (13) wGif ‚if;ta&twGufrSm (300) cef‹&Sdonf[k a&;cJhonf?‚if;wkd‹rSm oGm;q&m0efrsm;/ "mwfykHq&mrsm;/ tESdyfonfrsm;/ ukefonfrsm;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ESifh b%fvkyfief;wkd‹rS pD;yGm;a&;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf-uonf?q&m0efrsm;/ Ak'<bmombkef;awmf}uD;wyg;/ qHoq&mrsm; (wOD;rSm rEœav;wGiftaumif;qkH; qHoqkdifwqkdifzGifhvSpfxm;_yD; u|efawmhfrdom;pkrS a,musfm;jzpfolrsm; ,if;qkdifwGif qHyif!Syf-uonf) ESifh tjcm;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;vkyfaqmifolrsm;ukdvnf; csefxm;Ir&ay? xif&Sm;aom q&m0efwOD;rSSm a'gufwmbarmfESifh tjcm; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; t_rJwrf;ukor+ cH,laeus q&m0ef jzpfol

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a'gufwmqlumqmqlZluD;jzpfonf?1938 ckESpfrSpI aexkdifvmcJhol bkef;awmf}uD; OD;em*gtdonf ocifacgif;

aqmifykdif;ESifh rDemrDuDueft-um; ul;oef;qufoG,fay;&mY txl;ojzifh tm;oGefcGefpkduf&SdvSonf? t_idrf;pm;a&wyfAdkvf}uD;jzpfcJhol oGm;q&m0ef ukdulbl±+dZkduocifatmifoef; (Akdvfp}uFm) . zcifjzpfol OD;jromrSwqifh Apdef=xGef;tkyf ocifrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;oGm;q&m0efwa,mufjzpfol umrkd&SDwmu ol‹vlemjzpfol ocifukd,fawmfr+dif;tkyfpkrS 'k=acgif;aqmifjzpfol ocifjrESifhvnf;aumif;teD;uyfqufoG,fr+rsm; &SdcJh-uonf? oGm;q&m0efwOD;jzpfol tkdwmu Aef;armfrSa':oDESifh ta-umif;ygcJh_yD; aemifwGif a':oDu *syefrSaeI toHv$ifh0g'jzef‹cJhonf?ukefwkdufpwkd; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&SifESifh y&dabm*ukefonf rpPwm [mwmemumuvnf; OD;jromESifh rdwfaqGjzpfcJhonf? *syefukefoG,fr+A[kd. t}uD;tuJ rpPwmtkdbmtaejzifh t_rJaxmufvSrf;apmifh-uyf-unfh±+&onfh vkyfief;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf? oH±kH;rS aumifppf0efjzpfol rpPwm [GrRm ESifh ppfwyft&m&Sdjzpfolwkd‹onfvnf; yg0ifywfoufaecJhonf? txufwGif emrnfazmfjycJholt&yfom;tawmfrsm;rsm;wkd‹onf bk&ifhwyfrawmfESifh jyefvnfvkdufygvmcJh_yD;*syefppftkyfcsKyfa&;wGif ulnDcJh-uonf? (&if;ESD;qJ tultnDay;qJjzpfaomrEœav;rS qHoq&m}uD;yg tygt0ifjzpfonf)?

2020202020 OD;atmifcif=“ae0if;/ EkdifiHa&;±kyfykHv$m”/ tykdif; (1)? {&m0wD pmapmifygaqmif;yg;/ csif;rkdif/ -o*kwfv 2000 ckESpf/ twGJ (8) trSwf (8) pmrsufESm (22)?“ae0if;onf arG;&mygzsufqD;a&;orm;jzpfonf? tvGefi,fvSaom uav;b0uyif t-urf;zufr+ESifh zsufqD;a&;wkd‹wGif ol‹tpGrf;tpukd jyocJhonf?aygufacgif;&GmwGif olwufaeaom rlvwef;ausmif;ukd rD;±+dŒzsufqD;&ef ud;pm;cJhzl;onf[kqkdonf? tb,fha-umifhqkdaomf olonf qufvufynmroifvkdaoma-umifh[l.?

*Eœ0ifajrmuf&JabmfokH;usdyfwkd‹ 1941 ckESpfwGif *syefatmufY ppfynmqnf;yl;ae&aom [kdifeefu|ef;ay: Y ol. tzsufobm0u ay:vGifvmjyefonf?ae0if;«yvkyf&aom pGrf;&nfppfaq;r+u ol‹wGif tzsuftarSmifhvkyfief; (Sabotage)/zsufvkdzsufqD; taESmifht,Sufay;&ef aoG;aqmifEkdifpGrf; (Subversion) ESifhtcuftcJawGŒu wywf±kdufa&Smifwdrf;Ekdifr+ (Subterfuge) wkd‹wGif e*kdrlvt&nftcsif;&Sdaejcif;ukd jyovsuf&Sdonf?”

2121212121 tDemtkdrpfZlwmeD=‘iSufaysmoD;wwGJ’ pmrsufESm 56=59?

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“u|efawmfhukd bDtkdifat ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;t&m&Sdtjzpf wm0efay;ygw,f? csif;rkdifteD;w0kdufu &GmawGu av#mufwJholtrsm;pku jrefrmtenf;i,fuvGJvkd‹ &Srf;awG/ _rdKawG/ u&ifawGjzpfygw,f”? “ppfom;topf (230) avmufpm&if;&_yD;awmh befaumufrSm&SdwJh uDuefXmecsKyfukd &xm;eJ‹ ykd‹vkdufygw,f?olwkd‹awGu xkdif;vkd 'grSr[kwf &Srf;vkdajym-uygw,f? jrefrmvkd vkH;0rajym-ubl;?” “xkdif;ajrmufykdif;buf &uftawmf-um c&D;oGm;_yD; pkaqmif;awmh&Srf;eJ‹ _rdK(300) ausmf pkaqmif;rdw,f? olwkd‹ukd ‘zpfqeLvGwf’ uwqifh ‘&[if’ukd ykd‹vdkuf&w,f? bma-umifhvJqkdawmh Zefe0g&Dv (11) &ufuyJ jrefrmXmecsKyfu &[ifukd ajymif;oGm;vkd‹ygyJ?” tDZlrD,mwwfql,kd/ rDemrDatmf*ef (&efukefwuUokdvf=1981) pmrsufESm 98 ESifh 99? Adkvfrª;}uD; qlZluD;u eHygwf (15)wyfrawmf&JŒcGifh«ycsufeJ‹ _Adwdo#awGvnfywfaewJh abmfeD,dkukr`%Duae_yD;axmufyHha&;ypPnf;awGawmif;vkduf_yD; 'DZifbmv (17) &ufrSm t_yD;a&$Œvkdufygw,f? (befaumufwGif bDtkdifatXmecsKyfwnfaqmuf&ef)? befaumufrSmtajccsaewJh jrefrmawG&Sdayr,fh odyfrrsm;ygbl;/ olwkd‹xJu bDtkdifatpkaqmif;r+ukd wkH‹ jyefr+ tawmftm;aumif;ygw,f? csufcsif;yJ ppfom;opf (200) &ygw,f?bDtkdifatxJ0ifwJh *syefu pkpkaygif; (74) a,muf&Sdygw,f? rlvt&if;cHt&m&SdawG/ tifpDtkdawG/ rDemrDatmf*ef&JŒ t&yfom;yk*~dKvfawG/ ppfjzpfwmeJ‹ csufcsif;wGJzufcH&wJh t&yfom;yk*~dKvfawG jzpfygw,f? bDtkdifatwyfxJ tvkdtavsmuf0ifvm-uolrsm;[m ausmufrsuf&wemeJ‹ "mwfowWKwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;/ opfawmvkyfief;/ wd&p>mefarG;jrLa&;vkyfief;/ }uHpkdufa&;vkyfief;eJ‹ a&xGufvkyfief;tp&SdwJh pufr+vkyfief; tvkyform;awGjzpfw,fvkd‹ jrefrmpma&;q&mawGuazmfjya&;om;-uygw,f?

2222222222 1948 ckESpf/ -o*kwfv (1) &ufae‹wGif vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEdkifiHrSa-unm&mwGif EdkifiHawmftvHtjzpf yHkpHwrsKd;xGifxm;aom ua'gif;udk tv,fxm;onfh 0g/ pdrf;/ eD/ (3) a&mifjc,ftvHudk todtrSwfðycJhygonf?

23 23 23 23 23 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD/ (txufygtpDtpOf) atmifqef;pk-unf= “vltrsm;uxif-uwmu *syefvlrsKd;awG[m tm&Swkdufom;tcsif;csif;jzpf-uwma-umihfvGwfvyfa&;ay;_yD; udk,fhEkdifiHudk,f tkyfcsKyfEkdif-ur,f? 'gayr,fh wu,fjzpfay:vmwmuawmh *syefppftkyfcsKyfr+[m _Adwdo#udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfr+xuf trsm;}uD;ydkrdkqdk;0g;wmudk awGŒ jrif-u&ygw,f”

2424242424 armifarmif (Akdvfrª;csKyfa[mif;)/ jrefrmtrsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;

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1940=1948 (upfuma';vf ykHESdyfxkwfa0r+/ paumh wvef 1989) pmrsufESm 86=87“olwkd‹ppfXmewkdif;rsm;rS tusOf;±kH;z,f&Sm;cH-u&aom [kdifeeftkyfpk (&JabmfokH;usdyf0ifrsm;) u AdkvfvusfmxH xkdurSwqifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xH oGm;cJh-u_yD;Adkvfae0if;ESifh ol‹vufa&G;pift&m&Sdrsm; vufxJwGif ppfwyf}uD;wckvkH;xm;Ijzpfvmrnfhab;tEœ&m,ftwGuf owday;ajymqkdcJh-uonf? atmifqef;ukd,fE+dufuvnf; wkdif;jynf. wckwnf;aom pkpnf;xm;_yD;/ avhusifhxm;_yD; yk*~dKvfrsm;.tpktzGJŒ (wyfrawmf) ukd a0r#ay;&rnfhtawG;tac:ukd ESpf°cdufvSonfr[kwfacs?xkda-umifh ol‹taejzifh ppfqifa&;&mrsm;twGuf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfukdrxm;bJppf0ef}uD;atmufwGifom ppfOD;pD;csKyfukd wkduf±kdufcef‹xm;onfh _Adwdo#ppf±kH;pepfukdcsrSwfcJhonf? ppf0ef}uD;Xmeukd tvGefvsifjrefpGm jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;cJh_yD; rwfvwGif Adkvfae0if;ukd &efukefppf±kH;okd‹ ppfOD;pD;csKyftjzpf a&$Œvkduf_yD; taxGaxGppfOD;pD;Xmeukd}uD;-uyfapcJhonf? atmifqef;taejzifh pnf;urf;pepfusapa&;twGuf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf qufvuf&SdaecJh_yD; trdef‹ay;csKyfukdifxm;onfh _Adwdo#enf;vrf;rsm;twkdif; vkH;0csrSwfaqmif&GufcJhonf?”

2525252525 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ vlawGŒar;jref;cH&ol tJ&pfbufwmpbD (Eric Battersby) bk&ifcH. udk,f&Hawmf (at'DpD 1942) u ‘ OD;atmifqef;. tpGef;a&muft,ltqrsm; pGef‹v$wfoGm;ap&ef OD;apmu v$rf;rdk;vkyfaqmifEdkifvdrfhrnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsufESihf (qma':refprpfu) u|Ekfyftm; (OD;apmudkjyefac:vm&ef) apv$wfcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? 'g[m oufoufrJh±l;wmyg/ 'g[mvG,fvG,fav; b,fjzpfEdkifrvJ? OD;apm[m jrefrmEdkifiHrSm -oZmtm%m r&Sdawmhygbl;/ OD;atmifqef;uom csKyfudkifxm;wmyg’ [k ajz-um;ajymqdkcJhonf?

2626262626 bufwmpbD. ajymqkdcsufrsm;rS txufygta-umif;ukdom BBC rSxkwfvkyfolu wifqufxm;ykHrSm em;vnf&efcufcJonf? bk&ifcH. &nfrSef;csufrSmOD;apmu OD;atmifqef;. t,ltqrsm;ukd v$rf;rdk;Ekdif&efr[kwfbJ/ _Adwdo#EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef oabmwl_yD;aom/ AkdvfcsKyftm; txl;tm;jzifh zqyvukda,bk,stm;jzifh &nf&G,fvsuf EkdifiHa&;qef‹usifbufrsm;. tiftm;jznfhqnf;&efjzpfygonf? ‚if;&nf&G,fcsufukd &&eftwGuf bufwmpbDukdyif wkdusKd-rd›rSa'gufwmbarmfESifh a'gufwm odrf;armifwkd‹ukdvnf; tac:v$wfao;onf?aemufqkH;jzpfay:vmonfrSm OD;apmu a'gufwmbarmfESifh ocifApdefwkd‹ESifhyl;aygif;um zqyvtzGJŒcsKyftm; 1947 ckESpf {_yDv (9) &uf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif twkduftcHtaejzifh qef‹usif&ef EkdifiHa&;r[mrdwfzGJŒ -uonf?

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okd‹&mwGif zqyvtzGJŒcsKyfonf ,SOf-ydifolwkdif;udk v$rf;rkd;_yD; rJta&twGuf &mckdifE+ef; (95²3) &mckdifE+ef;jzifh tjywftowftEkdif&cJhonf? rpPwm bwfwmpbDonf,if;tpD tpOfxkwfv$ifhr+rwdkifrD 1997 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

2727272727 _Adwdo#eef;&if;0efESihf awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;&ef udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒudk OD;aqmifItoGm;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf 1947 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv(3) &ufae‹Y e,l;a'vD(New Delhi) wGif tm&SwdkufwGif;qufqHa&; nDvmcHaumfrwDu ðyvkyfonfh {nfhcHyGJwGif rdef‹cGef;ajym-um;cJhonf? xdk‹aemuf ðyvkyfaomowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJY ‚if;rdef‹cGef;udk tajccHI ar;cGef;rsm;ar;-uonf? “cifAsm;taeeJ‹ t-urf;zufwJhenf;eJ‹'grSr[kwf t-urf;rzufwJhenf;eJ‹ 'grSr[kwf tJ'Denf;vrf;ESpfckvHk;eJ‹ wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;zdk‹ pOf;pm;xm;ygovm;” [kar;&mwGif “u|Ekfyfwdk‹taeeJ‹ b,fenf;vrf;udkrSuef‹owfrxm;ygbl;” [k oluajz-um;oGm;cJhonf? ol. ar#mfvifhcsufESihf ywfoufI ar;aomar;cGef;udkrl “u|Ekfyfwdk‹[m taumif;qHk;udk ar#mfvifhxm;_yD; tqdk;qHk;twGufvJ jyifqifxm;ygw,f” [k cwfjywfjywfajz-um;oGm;onf?

2828282828 rpPwm bufwmpbDu bDbDpD (2) wDAGDuðyvkyfaom (txufygrSwfpktcsuf (16) wGif azmfjycJhaom) wckwnf;aom awGŒqHkar;jref;cef;wGifyif ajym-um;cJhaom rSwfcsufrsm;udk qufpyfI rSwfom;&efrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;ygonf?bDbDpD.toHv$ifholu ‘OD;atmifqef;taejzihf olwdk‹udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ awmif;qdkonfrsm; r&&SdcJhv#if vufeufudkifykefuefxºuG&ef jyifqifxm;cJhonfhtwGuf(_Adwdo# bk&ifhtpdk;&taejzifh tomw-unf wESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;ay;&eftmrcHvdkufonfhtwGuf) tHhtm;woifh jzpfoGm;cJhyHk&ygonf’ [k ajym-um;cJhonf?,if;rSwfcsuftay: rpPwm bufwmpbDu “u|Ekfyf. jrefrmrdwfaqGwOD;u tJ'DtpDtpOf&JŒ tpuawmh _Adwdo#t&m&SdawGeJ‹ olwdk‹ZeD;awGudk rsm;Edkifoavmufrsm;rsm; owfypfzdk‹yJvdk‹ ajymcJhygw,f? tJ'DrdwfaqGu tlv+dufonf;v+duf&,f_yD;“iguawmh rif;eJ‹eefpD (Nancy) udk owf&rSmjzpfw,f’ [k u|Ekfyfudkajymw,f? u|EkfyfvJ enf;enf;awmh vef‹oGm;w,f? olu tJ'Dvdkajymwmudk aemufajymifajymwmvdk‹,lqyHk&awmh u|EkfyfvJ 'g aemufajymifusDp,fr+tjzpf owfrSwfzdk‹ pOf;pm;vdkufygw,f? 'gayr,fh t&ifuvdk ol‹tay: cHpm;vdk‹r&awmhygbl;” [kqufvufajymqdkcJhygonf?

2929292929 a'gufwm tuf(zf) tif/ xa&*g (Dr. F.N. Trager) . ygarmuQ 'D/ *sDtD;/ a[mf(vf) (Prof.D.G.E. Hall's) pmtkyf ‘ta&S›awmiftm&S&mZ0if’ tay:wGifa0zefxm;onfhaqmif;yg; Guardian,Rangoon Vol.3,No.6, {_yDv 1956 ck/

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pmrsufESm (27) &nf!ef;I “a[m(vf) qufvuf,Hk-unfaeonfrSm atmifqef;ukd,fwkdifu jrefrmjynftm; _Adwdo# "eo[m, EkdifiHrsm;twGif; aeEkdif&ef¯ud;yrf;vkyfukdifvkdonfh wdusckdifrmaom pdwf"mwf&Sda-umif;jzpfonf? atmifqef;uG,fvGefoGm;av_yD/ Tta-umif;t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufI pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;vnf;r&Sd? u|efawmfwOD;wnf; awG;qrdwmuawmh xl;c|efcJhonfh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uyifv#if TuJhokd‹ wcsdefcsdefu vkyfukdifvkdonf&SdcJhaomfjim;vnf; ol‹tpnf;t±kH;ESifh EkdifiHukdyg ol‹-oZmanmif;atmif aqmif&GufoGm;EkdifcJhrnfr[kwfyg? taemuf{u&mZfEkdifiHrsm; 0rf;enf;pGm em;vnfr+r&SdcJh-uonfhtjyif rw&m;qufqHcJh-uonfh«yusifhr+rsm;rSm jrefrmjynftm; trsKd;rsKd;t[ef‹twm;rsm;ukd 1948 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv(4) &ufae‹rSpwifI ausmfv$m;EkdifcJhonfh ta-umif;wckwnf;omr[kwfbJ t"duta-umif;jzpfonfh rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfomv#ifjzpfygonf?”

tcef; (3) w&m;qkdifjcif;11111 vlxkOD;vS=“axmifeJ‹vlom;” (okcZmwfa-umif;jyef) pmrsufESm 190=111?

txl;ckH±kH;Y w&m;qkdifr+ ponfESifh obmywdw&m;ol}uD;u OD;apmukd ckcHxkacsolrsm;twGuf Oya'ta-umif;t& ukd,fpm;«yol trnfpm&if;ukd wifoGif;&efawmif;qkd&mwGif ol‹taejzifh bk&ifhtwkdifyifcHwOD;ESifh t*FvefrS 0wfvkHawmf&wOD;ukd iSm;&rf;xm;yga-umif;ESifh tjcm;olrsm;twGuf jrefrmEkdifiHrS a&S›aersm;ukdcef‹tyfoGm;rnfjzpfyga-umif; ol‹t}uHtpnfukd ajymjyavonf? olwkd‹. t&Sifocifukd twdtvif; opPmapmifhodqJjzpfaom armifpkd;ESifh oufESif;wkd‹rSvGJI usefvlol‹aemufvkduftm;vkH;rSm cGJjcm;r+ukd cHpm;rd-u_yD; pdwfraumif;jzpfvsuf&Sd-uonf?Tonfuyif olwkd‹ESifh olwkd‹. q&morm;a[mif;wkd‹t-um; qufqHa&;ukd ykdrdkysufjym;oGm;apavonf? aemufqkH;Y armifpkd;/ oufESif;/ &ef}uD;atmifESifh r+ef}uD;wkd‹ukd om,m0wDrS a&S›aeOD;pH0if;ESifh ¯udŒyifaumufrS a&S›ae OD;odef;ausmfwkd‹uukd,fpm;«y-u_yD; armifpdef/ okc/ cifarmif&ifESifh armifeDwkd‹ url olwkd‹ukdumuG,f&efa&S›aervkda-umif; wifoGif;cJh-uonf?

22222 vlxkOD;vS/ (txufygpmtkyf) pmrsufESm 107=108? b!Gef‹rSm azmfaumiftjzpf w&m;0iftodtrSwf«ycH&aomfvnf; wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh 0efcHcsuftjynfhtpkHukday;olrSm cifarmif&ifjzpfonf? b!Gef‹taejzifh tkd;onfukef;-rd› w&m;±kH;rsm;wGif ,cifu pma&;vkyfcJhzl;I w&m;a&;&mudpP&yfrsm;wGif tawGŒt¯uH

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tawmftwef&Sdonf?33333 ‘jrefrmhtvif;’ ( 1947 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (9) &uf)/ {nfhonfrsm;

twGuf xdkifcHk (100) owfrSwfxm;onf? a':oef;cif (OD;apm.ZeD;)/ orD;jzpfolaroef;apm (abbDapm) ESihf a,muQrjzpfol OD;vluav;wdk‹udk {nfhonfrsm; ae&mwGif awGŒ&onf? trSwf (12) ppfwyfrS Adkvfrª;wOD;udkvnf; xdkae&mwGif rSwfpkvdkufrSwfaeonfudk awGŒ&onf?

44444 ‘The Burman’ (1947 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (16) &ufESihf (17) &uf)/t"duw&m;cHOD;apmonf tjympif;vHkcsnfESihf ydk;wdkufyHkwdk‹ jzifh oyf&yfpGm 0wfpm;qif,ifxm;_yD; tpdrf;a&mifrsufrSefudk wyfqifxm;um vufwGifvnf; tjyma&mifrsufrSefwvufudk udkifxm;onf?

55555ukd;um;csufrsm;rSm txl;ckH±kH;awmfpD&ifcsuf (1947/ 'DZifbmv (30) &uf)rS b!Gef‹ESifh cifarmif&ifwkd‹. oufaocHxGufcsufrsm;rS aumuf,lazmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf?

66666txl;ckH±kH;awmfwGif w&m;vkdbuf oufao 'k=&JcsKyf OD;xGef;vSatmiftm;jyefvnfppfaq;jcif;«y&m tajzay;cJh onfrsm;Y EkdifiHawmfvkyf}uHr+ udpPw&yftm;&JtzGJŒ Xme (3) cku ukdifwG,fcJh&m aemufqkH;wGif &efukef-rd›awmf &JXmeokd‹v$Jajymif;vkdufygonf? ajymif;vJjcif;r«yrD OD;xGef;vSatmifu xkdtr+ESifh ywfoufonfh &JcsKyf. vlowform;wa,mufpD zrf;qD;jypf'%f pD&ifcH&eftwGuf qkaiG±lyD; (10˜000) ay;rnfh a-unmpmrl-urf;ukd jrifcJha-umif;ukdvnf; ajymjycJhonf?

77777xif&Sm;aom orm;awmf a'gufwmboef;onfþtxl;ckH±kH;awmfokd‹vma&mufum &Jr+cif;qkdif&mcGJpdwfr+q&m0ef (Police Surgeon) taejzifh &efukefaq;±kH}uD;okd‹ykd‹aqmifvkdufaom vkyf}uHr+wGif aoaus'%f&m&olrsm;tm; ppfaq;cJh_yD; aoqkH;olrsm;tm; jzwfawmufcGJpdwfr+«ycJhonfh tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm; azmfjyxm;aom aq;ynmESifh oufqkdifonfhta-umif;t&mrsm;ukd tpD&ifcHcJhygonf?

'kwd,urBmppf}uD;rjzpfrDumvwGif a'gufwmboef;onf (Adkvfrª;}uD;atmifcifESifhtwl) jrefrmvlrsKd;xJwGif FRCS ac: Fellow of Royal College of Sur-

geons bGJŒxl;ukd &cJholjzpfygonf? 1962 ckESpfwGif Adkvfae0if;u jynfaxmifpktpkd;&ukdodrf;qnf;_yD;tcsdefwGif a'gufwmboef;.orD;t}uD; a':cifaroef; (Katie) ESifhxdrf;jrm;vufxyfvkdufonf?

88888txl;ckH±kH;Y a&S›aecsKyfu jyefvSefar;cGef;xkwf&mwGif EkdifiHa&;orm; (2)OD;vkH;u olwkd‹taejzifhvnf; {nfhonfrsm; twGuf ‘tdrfwHcg;ukd t_rJzGifhxm;

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ouJhokd‹ taetxm;&Sdonf” [k ajym&ygrnf[k jyefajzcJh-uonf? OD;apmtaejzifh EkdifiHa&; -ydifzufrsm;ay:wGif t-urf;zufjcif;/ owfjzwfjcif; «yvkyfrnf[k ,kH-unf&avmufonhf ta-umif;tcsufwpkHw&m pOf;pm;I r&cJhacs? ocifApdefuolonf OD;apmxH okH;av;}udrfcef‹ tvnfoGm;zl;_yD; aemufqkH;w}udrfrSm vkyf}uHr+rjzpfyGm;rDwywfu jzpfonf[kqkdonf? _cH0if;twGif; vltajrmuftjrm; aeaeonfukd owdxm;rdcJhonf? t0ifwHcg;r}uD;wGif *dwfapmifhwOD;csxm;onfhtwGufOD;apmtoufukd &ef&Sm_yD;onfhaemuf TuJhokd‹ tapmifhcsxm;jcif;jzpfonf[kem;vnfcJhonf?

99999 OD;Ek. wmawpaeom; ‘(Saturday’s Son) = (a,;vfwuUodkvf yHkESdyfwdkuf/ e,l;a[AifESihf vef'ef 1975) pmrsufESm 119/’ “wae‹rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒtdrf tay:xyfrSm tvkyftr+aqmiftpnf;ta0;wck usif;yw,f? wem&Davmuf-umwJhtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒudk,f&Hawmf AdkvfxGef;vS tpnf;ta0;cef;xJudk0ifvm_yD; OD;apmaoewfypfcH&w,fvdk‹ tr+aqmifvl}uD;awGudk ta-umif;-um;w,f? ocifEk[m ol‹tem;rSm&SdwJh OD;ausmf_idrf;bufudkvSnfh_yD; “a[h=þausmf_idrf;/ b,folypfw,fxifovJ” vdk‹ar;w,f? OD;ausmf_idrf;u olrodbl;vdk‹ajzw,f?aemufwae‹ nbufusawmh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m OD;apmqDudk owif;oGm;ar;&atmif ocifEkudkvmac:w,f/ ocifEk[m t0wftpm;vJ_yD; tjyifxGufcgeD;rSm“AdkvfcsKyfa& OD;apmudk b,folypfw,fxifovJ/ iguawmh uGefjrLepfawGypfw,fxifw,f” vdk‹ ajymwJhtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u olrodbl;vdk‹ajymw,f? OD;apm&JŒrsufESmawGudk t0wfeJ‹ywfxm;wJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfeJ‹ocifEkwdk‹ vmw,fqdkwmudkom olod&w,f? AdkvfcsKyfwdk‹udk rjrif&bl;?”

1010101010 OD;aomif;. ‘ owif;pmorm;wOD;/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wOD;ESihf jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd wyfrawmfwck’ (-umjzLyHkESdyfwdkuf/ befaumuf=1995) pmrsufESm(11)/ ‘ol‹±Hk;rStjyef vrf;wGif um;twGif;pD;vmaeaom OD;apmudk vufajzmifh aoewform;wOD;u vSrf;ypfvdkufonf? odk‹&mwGif usnfqefonf ol‹udkrrSefbJ um;avumrSefudk oGm;xdrSefonf? rSefuGJpwckonf OD;apm.rsufpdudkvmxdcJhonf? ‘The Burma

Times’ . t,f'Dwmudk vlawGŒar;jref;cGifh OD;apmuay;cJh&m/ u|efawmfhtm; ol‹±kyfyHkudk "mwfyHk±dkuf&ef wm0efay;tyfcJhonf? ol‹rsufpdudk ywfwD;pnff;xm;onfhtwGuf ol‹tm; "mwfyHkr±dkuf&ef OD;apmu u|efawmfhudk awmif;yefcJhonf? odk‹ jzpfIu|efawmfonf t,f'Dwmu vlawGŒar;jref;r+ ðyvkyf&mwGif rSwfpka&;rSwf&mY tultnDay;cJhonf? ‘Ak'<bmom0ifaumif;wOD;taeeJ‹ u|efawmfh&efolawGudk u|efawmf

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t_rJcGifhv$wfr+ðyygw,f/ 'gayr,fh u|efawmfhrsufvHk; '%f&m&awmh rcHr&yfEdkifatmifpl;&Semusifygw,f/ u|efawmf olwdk‹udk cGifhrv$wfEdkifawmhygbl;/ emusifvGef;tm;}uD;vdk‹ u|efawmf rcHEdkifawmhygbl;’[k OD;apmuajymcJhonf?

11 11 11 11 11 jynfxJa&;ESifh w&m;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfol OD;ausmfndrf;u ykdrdkwif;usyfaomtpDtrHrsm; «yvkyfvkdonf? axmif0efxrf;rsm;. tusifhoduQmukd oluoHo,0ifvsuf&Sdonf? wcsKd‹taejzifh OD;apm. vSnfhuGufxJ0ifoGm;Ekdifonfr[kwfygvm;? vkH-cHa&;ukd ykdrdkwif;usyf&efESifh txl;ojzifh nzufwGif ykdrkdcsxm;&efolu wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf? ta&;}uD;tusOf;usorm;rsm;. tcef;rsm;ukd apmifh-unfhaeol axmif-uyfta&twGufukd wqwkd;ap&ef zqyvtzGJŒcsKyfrS ol‹vl,kH(4) a,mufukdyg wm0efcsxm;ay;cJhonf? xkdtzGJŒxJwGif xdyfwef;ygwD0ifwOD;jzpf_yD; ol‹a,mufzjzpfol ocifyef;-rdifukdyg OD;ausmf_idrf;u vkdufygoGm;apcJhonf?

12 12 12 12 12 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ wifqufolOD;apmESihf ol‹vl (8)a,muf w&m;±Hk;wifonfhtcsdefwGif ‘a':refprpfu ol‹rdwfaqGudk w&m;cHbufrSoufaocH&ef urf;vSrf;cJhaomfvnf; _Adwdo#tpdk;&u t[ef‹twm;vkyfcJhonf”OD;apmtm; aopm;aoap tpD&ifay;onfhtcsdefrSmvnf; a':refprpfu xyfrH0ifpGufjcif;ðyonfrSm ‘ol‹rdwfaqGtwGuf u±k%ma&SŒxm;&ef’ jzpfygonf?

13 13 13 13 13 0wfvkHawmf& rpPwm tuf(zf)/ a*s/ pvpfAg&D [aAg(*f) (Mr.F.J. Salisbury-

Havock) u OD;apm. t,lcH0ifjcif;rsm;ukd ukdifwG,faqmif&GufcJhonf?

tcef; (4) v#KdŒ0Sufqef;-u,fjcif;11111 1997 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif bDbDpD (2) wDAGD. txl;tpDtpOf

tay:wGif vltrsm;u pdwfysufp&maumif;aom &v'ftjzpfjrifcJh-u_yD; bDbDpD.tm%mydkifrsm;okd‹ w&m;0ifuef‹uGufcJh-uonf? ‚if;wDAGDtpDtpOfonf rSm;,Gif;r+rsm;/ vdkufavsmnDaxGr+ r&Sdjcif;rsm;ESihf vdk&mqGJ rSwfcsufcsjcif;rsm;wdk‹ pkaygif;pyfaygif;xm;jcif;jzpf_yD; taxmuftcH/ taxmuftxm;r&Sda-umif;þwifjyuef‹uGufcJh-uonf? ,if;tpDtpOfudk rjyorD bDbDpD (2) taejzihf T±kyf&Sifu _Adwdo#wdk‹.tjypf&Sdr+udk azmfxkwfrnfjzpfa-umif; udwifa-unmcJh_yD;/ _Adwdo#taqmufttHktwGif;rS t&dyfta,mifomjrif&aom vlyk*~dKvfrsm;yg0ifywfoufaeonf[laom,lqcsuftay:wGif xkwfvkyfa&;rª;rsm;u Ttaxmuftxm;±kyf&Sifudk tajcwnf

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xm;aomfvnf; twdtustcdkiftrm oufaorjyEdkifcJhacs? jrefrmEdkifiH. trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;udk owfjzwfcJholrSm _Adwdo#wdk‹ jzpfonf[laom pGyfpGJcsufrSm jrefrm ppftm%mydkifwdk‹vufxJ a&muf&SdoGm;cJh_yD;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESihf vl‹tcGifhta&;wdk‹twGufolrwlatmifpGrf;aqmifaeol OD;atmifqef;.orD; a':atmifqef;pk-unftm;_Adwdo#vlrsKd;wOD;tm; vufxyfcJhonfhtay: vufvGwfpy,f wdkufcdkufvsuf&Sd-uonf? _Adwdef=jrefrmtoif;Y xkwfvkyfa&;rª;ESihf tacstwifjiif;cHkcJh-u_yD;/uGefysLwmtifwmeufuGef&ufY tcef;zGifhvSpfum qufvufjzpfay:vsuf&Sdaomtjiif;yGm;r+tay: okawoeðy&ef tcsuftvufrsm; zdwfac:awmif;cHcJh&m trsm;uwkH‹ jyefcJh -uygonf?

22222 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf) / awGŒqHkar;jref;cef;Y azmfjycJhaomavmhvpfwdk0J. AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay:tjrif= “OD;atmifqef;udk tpm;xdk;Ir&yg? jrefrmjynfolvlxkudk udk,fpm;ðyEdkifwJh acgif;aqmiftjzpfeJ‹ OD;atmifqef;&JŒae&mudk uae‹txd b,folrS r,lEdkifao;ygbl;”? avmhvpfwdk0Jonf ,if;tpDtpOfrxkwfv$ifhrD 1997 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf?

33333 rnfonfh aiGa-u;[k twdtus rqdkcJhyg? owif;pmu qdkvdkonfrSm ‘±lyD;’aiG[k ,lq&ygrnf?

44444 vef'ef&Sd jynfolvlxkrSwfwrf;XmeY r-umrDu okawoeðyvkyfcJh&mwGif1947 ckESpf/ -o*kwfv (20) &ufpGJjzihf ArmhppfXmecsKyf tpD&ifcHpm/ PRO WO (ppf±Hk;)zdkiftrSwf= 208§4941 wGifyg&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiH.tajctaetay: -um;jzwfftpD&ifcHpmudk awGŒ&SdcJhonf? ,if;wGifyg&Sdaom pmykd'f (18) Y ‘'Dtuf (pf) tdk(umuG,fa&;Xme vHk°cHa&;t&m&Sd) ESihf tcsdef-umjrifhpGm pum;ajymqdk&mwGif 'Dtdkif*sD=pDtdkif'D (OD;xGef;vSatmif) u bk&ifhtpdk;& odk‹r[kwf a,bk,stm;jzihf _Adwdo#wdk‹tay: oHo,jzpfr+rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfcJhaomfvnf;/ 'Dtdkif*sD= pDtdkif'DtaejzihfOa&mypD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wck odk‹r[kwf vlyk*~dKvfwOD;wa,mufu zqyvtzGJŒcsKyfudk qef‹usifaeaom OD;apmudk wcsdefcsdefwGif aiGa-u;axmufyHh&ef urf;vSrf;cJhonf[laom oHo,jzpfr+ pGJ_rJaeqJjzpfa-umif; 'DtufpftdkrSm cHpm;usefae&pfayonf?

55555 ‘&efukef ae‹pOf’ owif;pm/ 1947 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (24) &uf?‘oHr%d’ trnfcH yifwkdifaqmif;yg;&Sifu ‘vlt±kd;rsm;awGŒ/ tykyfeH‹&’ [laom

xdwfvef‹zG,facgif;pOfjzifh owif;ay;ykd‹r+rsm;ukd ukd;um;a&;om;xm;onf? _AdwdefrS paumhwvef,'fpkHaxmuftzGJŒu OD;apm. _cH0if;ukd &SmazG&ef rpPwm *syf(zf)Mr.Juff qkdolukd apv$wftultnDay;vkdufonf? xkdolu owWK&SmazGud&d,mukd

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tokH;«y&SmazGcJh&m vlom;t±kd;tykdif;tprsm;ukd awGŒ&Sdwl;azmfEkdifcJhonf? paumhwvef,'frS yk*~dKvftaejzifh qufvuf&SmazGvsuf&Sd&m _cHtwGif;jr‡KyfESHxm;aomtavmif;aumifrsm;. t±kd;rsm;ukd ykdrkdwl;azmfawGŒ&SdEkdifvdrfhrnf[k ,kH-unfvsuf&Sdonf?

66666 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ toHv$ifholu ‘1947 ckESpf/ ZGefv(24) &ufae‹wGif jrefrmEdkifiHY ppfwyf. vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufwdkufrS b&if;*ef; tvuf (200) tcdk;cH&ygw,f? xdktcsdefywf0ef;usifY Adkvfrª;[l;wGdKif (Hugh

Toye) onf OD;apmxH tvnftywfoGm;a&mufcJh_yD; OD;apmtaejzihf OD;atmifqef;.wefcdk;tm%mtay: pdwfqlyGufv+yf&Sm;vsuf&Sda-umif; awGŒ&SdcJhygw,f’ [k ajymqdkcJhonf? awGŒqHkar;jref;cH&ol Adkvfrª;wGdKifrS ‘ y&d,m,fr&SdbJ vlr+a&;t& yHkysufyef;ysufjzifh OD;atmifqef;onf txufa&mufaejcif;jzpfonf[k OD;apmu awG;jrifcJh_yD; oludk,fwdkifESifh olu uGJjym;jcm;em;xm;vdkufonf? olonf tm%mudk wu,fvdkcsifonfrSefaomfvnf; w&m;enf;vrf;wus &EdkifonfhtcgusrSom vdkcsifjcif;jzpfonff[k u|efawmfxifjrifcJhygonf?’

77777 udk;um;csufrsm;rSm &efukef°rd› txl;w&m;±Hk;/ tif;pdef°rd›wGif ±Hk;xdkif&m0,f1947 eHygwf (1) w&m;qdkif&m pD&ifcsufrS aumufE+wfcsufrsm;jzpfonf?

88888 (8) bDbDpD (2) wDAGD 1997 ckESpf Zlvkkdifv (19) &uf? rpPwmbif*av(Bingley) onf 1979 ckESpfwGif qm&D (Surrey) wGif uG,fvGefcJhonf? jynfolvlxkrSwfwrf;±kH;&Sd _Adwdo#aumifpD. zkdifwGJrsm;rS jynfolvlxk-unfh±+Ekdifaom rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif EkdifiHawmfvkyf}uHr+ESifh qufpyfaom ol‹owif;ay;ykd‹r+rsm;r&SdbJ jzpfaea-umif; awGŒ&Sd&onf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif bif*avonf &efukef-rd› wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;wGif aexkdifoGm;cJhonf? xkdtdrfukd aemufykdif;wGif OD;ausmfndrf;u 0,f,lcJhonf[k ,kH-unf&onf? rpPwm bif*av. ukd,fum,rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; t&yf&Snfjcif;r&Sdacs? okd‹aomfvnf; rsufESm&Snf&SnfESifh ydefydefyg;yg;jzpfonf?

99999 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)? wifqufol= “Adkvf}uD;a';ApfADAD,ef (Capt.David Vivian) onf u&ifhv+yf&Sm;r+wGifvnf;aumif;/ OD;apm.yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+wGifvnf;aumif; yg0ifywfoufaeol aemufwOD;jzpfonf? 1954ckESpfwkdifatmif u&ifrsm;ESifhtwl wkdufcdkufcJhaom ae‹&uf[laom ol. ae‹pOfrSwfwrf;ESifh *|efarmf*if (John Morgan) [laomemrnfjzifh taxmuftxm;wkrsm;tokH;«yum 1955 ckESpfwGif xkdif;EkdifiHrS _Adwdefokd‹ oljyefvmcJhjcif;ukd (bDbDpD) rSokawoe«yolrsm;u &SmazGawGŒ&dScJhonf? Adkvf}uD;ADAD,efESifh ywfoufaom

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EkdifiHjcm;a&;±kH;rS zkdifwGJrsm;rSm tzsuftqD;cH&ykH&onf? befaumuf&Sd _Adwdo#oH±kH;uolonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif axmifuscH&r+rS a&Smifajy;vmcJha-umif;od&SdcJhonf” [laomtcsufukd t!¸ef;Z,m;wcku jyocJhonf? apmapmykdif;u jrefrmEkdifiHwGifaxmifuscJhpOfu “_Adwdefu wpkHwa,mufu u|efawmfhukd z,f&Sm;csifaew,f?pum;ajymcGifhvJ ray;cJhbl;? tcsuftvufawGukd u|efawmfajymvkduf&&iftxl;ojzifh _Adwdo#awGeJ‹ jrefrmawGt-um; t}uD;tus,f qlyGufukefvdrfhr,f”[k olu _Adwdo#tm%mykdifrsm;ukd ajymqkdcJhonf? vl;0pft(vf)vif (Louis Allen)

u “Akdvf}uD;ADAD,ef. xGufajy;vGwfajrmufr+” jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGufatmufajcrSwfcsufwck ({u&mZfESifh "eo[m, orkdif;*sme,f 1991 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv) wGif ‚if;tjzpftysufukd ykdrdkwduspGm wifjycJhonf?

“EkdifiHjcm;a&;ESifh "eo[m,±kH;rS jyef-um;csufu ADAD,eftr+wGif&SdaomzkdifwGJrsm;ukd zsufqD;cJh_yD;jzpfonf? okd‹aomfvnf; zkdifpm&if;rSwfwrf;rSm usef&SdaeonfhtwGuf 1956 ckESpf zkdifpm&if;u=

(1) 1956 ckESpf {_yDvtwGif; okd‹r[kwf rwkdifrD befaumuf&Sd oH±kH;taejzifh ADAD,efukd ,lauokd‹ twif;jyefykd‹ jcif;ESifh ywfoufI pkHprf;ppfaq;r+wckvufcH&&SdcJhonf?

(2) &efukef&Sd oH±kH;u “ADAD,eftaejzifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif axmifus&ufoufwrf;usef&Sdao;onf/ okd‹aomfvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHonf jyefvnfv$Jtyfay;a&;pmcsKyfukd xkdif;EkdifiH (xkdtcsdefu ,kd;',m;EkdifiH) ESifh csKyfqkdxm;jcif;r&Sd” [ktpD&ifcHcJhonf?

(3) Adkvf}uD;ADAD,eftaejzifh befaumufrS tvSrf;uGmaomae&mwGif&SdaeykH&onf? 1956 ckESpf {_yDvukefwGif ol‹ukdjyefykd‹&rnfh tm%mykdifrsm;ubefaumuf&SdoH±kH;rSwqifh ol‹twGuf a&a-umif;c&D;r&EkdifonfhtwGuf ava-umif;c&D;ukd udwifpDpOfxm;-uonf? olu aemufESpfywft-umrS befaumufokd‹ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf?

(4) 1956 ckESpf arv (31) &ufwGif vef'efokd‹ Adkvf}uD;ADAD,ef a&muf&Sdvmonf? trsKd;om;tultnDay;a&;bkwftzGJŒukd aumifppf0efXmeu ol‹taejzifha&mufonfESifh tultnDvkdrnfjzpfa-umif; udwifowday;xm;cJhonf? okd‹aomfvnf; olu ‚if;bkwftzGJŒukd csOf;uyfcJhykHr&acs?

10 10 10 10 10 ‘vef'efòrd› xdyfoD;ae&mrsm;rS yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+’ udpPESihf pyfvsOf;I txufyg(1) tcsufudk &nf!ef;vsuf _Adwdef=jrefrmtoif;Y aqG;aEG;a0zefcJh-uolrsm;ESihf

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uGefysLwmuGef&uf tcef;zGihf&m0,f xnfh0ifa&;om;cJholrsm;teuf atmufygyk*~dKvfrsm;. t,ltqrsm;rSmæ

1? rpPwm *|efruftife&D (John McEnery) (,cif OD;pD;t&m&Sd jrefrmjynfppftkyfcsKyfr+XmecsKyf) “tJ'DtpDtpOfuawmh rwduswJh tcsufawGeJ‹ qefcgaygufjzpfaew,f”?

2? rpPwm &S,fvfbDwyfum; (Shelby Tucker) = “tif;pdefaxmiftwGif;wu,fwrf; aoewfypfcJhwJh vlESpfa,mufajym-uwmuawmh olwdk‹udk iSm;&rf;olu OD;ausmf_idrf;jzpfw,f? OD;apmr[kwfbl;” (zqyv twGif;a&; v#KdŒ0Suf}uHpnfr+&v'f) ?

3? qmepfvmarm (Sir Nick Larmour, GCMG) = “'Dvrf (rf) uif (Lemkin

xkwfvkyfol) ±kyf&Sif[m usKyfodoavmufawmh tajccHta-umif;&if; vkH;0rckdifvHkbJ taxmuftxm; oufaooHo,r&SdwJh Zmpfjrpfay:rSm rlwnf_yD; tpDtpOfwrsKd;wifjyum atmifqef;vkyf}uHr+rSm r+ef0g;wJh o¿mef&SdwJh _Adwdo#awG yg0if-uw,fqdkwm jzpfcsifjzpfvdrfhr,fvdk‹ wifjywm bDbDpD&JŒ yxrt}udrfjzpfw,f” ESihf

4? rpPwm tdwf (csf) atpwHk;em (H.A Stonor) = “usaemfu 'DtzGJŒ (jrefrmjynfawmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqG FBHP) &JŒ toif;om;taeeJ‹ ajym&rSmu 1948ckESpfusrS wu,fv+yf&Sm;vmwmjzpfw,f? ‘rdwfaqG’ awG pwifzGJŒpnf;vmwmu_Adwdo# ppfr+xrf;a[mif;awG pum;vufqHkajym-uzdk‹om jzpfw,f? 'DtpDtpOf(bDbDpD) u jrefrmjynf bk&ifcHa[mif; qma':refprpf[m FBHP &JŒ ta&;ygqHk;yk*~dKvfjzpfcJhw,fqdkwm vHk;0rrSefbl;? t"duv+yf&Sm;oluawmh Adkvfrª;}uD; u±dkrwDwvfavmuf (Col. Cromarty-Tulloch) jzpfw,f? aemufol (pwHk;em) u udk;um;_yD; a&;om;vdkufwmu qm&J*sDe,ftaeeJ‹ apmbOD;}uD; (autJif,l=acgif;aqmif)aoqHk;_yD;aemuf ‘wdkif;’ owif;pm (Times, London) odk‹ a&;pmwGif = ‘jrefrmjynfY t"dua-uuGJzG,f&m w&yfuawmh acgif;aqmifjzpfEkdifpGrf;&Sd-uwJh vltrsm; tjreftqef qHk;±+H;cJh&jcif;jzpfw,f? atmifqef;/ OD;apm/ apmbOD;}uD;/ OD;wifxGÉfwdk‹tm;vHk;aysmufuG,foGm;ukef-u_yD’ [k a&;om;vkdufjcif;jzpfonf?

1111111111 bDbDpD (2) wDAGDtaxmuftxm;±kyf&Sifukd 1997 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19)&ufae‹wGif jyocJh&m ,if;.t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm Adkvfatmifqef;ukd vkyf}uH&mwGif aemufuG,frS _Adwdo#yk*~dKvftcsKd‹ yg0ifywfoufaeonfukd azmfxkwf&efjzpfaomfvnf; ,if;rSm jrefrmppftm%m&Sifwkd‹vufwGif wvGJtokH;cscH&umol.orD;jzpfol a':atmifqef;pk-unfukd y&rf;ywm xkd;ESufwkdufckdufzkd‹ jzpfvm

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onf? _Adwdo#EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;. tmqD,H (4) EkdifiH c&D;pOftwGif; olujrefrmEkdifiH. vuf&Sdjzpfysufaeaom tajctaeESifh ywfoufI a0zefajymqkd&mwGif ppftpkd;&u ‚if;wkd‹. tif'kdeD;&Sm;oH±kH;rSwqifh &&Sdonfh tcGifhta&;ukd tokH;csum ‚if;taxmuftxm;±kyf&Sifukd jyefvnfukd;um;cJhonf? *smumwmykd‹pfowif;pmwGif ‚if;wkd‹a&;om;aompmukd azmfjycJhonf? ‚if;wkd‹u *g'D;,ef;owif;pmwGif tpDtpOfwifqufol zg*,fuif; (Fergal Keane) u wDAGD±kyf&Sif.ta-umif; a&;om;aom aqmif;yg;ukd &nf!¸ef;jy_yD; a':atmifqef;pk-unfukdajAmifwkdufckdufcJhonf? u|efyfwkd‹ ol&Jaumif;. orD;jzpfolu t*FvdyfvlrsKd;ukdvufxyfcJh&m olr tm%m&&Sda&;twGuf ZGwftwif; yl;aygif;}uHpnfae-uaomtiftm;pkrsm;&SdaeonfrSm aocsmonf[k olwkd‹u axmufjycJhonf? olrrSmu|Ekfyfwkd‹ESifh wlyifwljim;aomfvnf; olr. tonf;ESvkH;ESifh pdwfxm;rSm wu,fhukd_Adwdo#jzpfaeay_yD? TonfrSm u|Ekfyfwkd‹. aemufaz;aygufrSaeI ukdvkdeDpepfoGwfoGif;&ef ud;yrf;jcif;jzpfonf[k u|Ekfyfwkd‹,kH-unfonf pojzifh pGyfpGJcJhonf?

aemufwckrSm ‘oH±kH;rStjrif’ [lI atmfw0g uae'gjynfoH±kH;rS tvm;wlpmwapmifukd bDbDpD taxmuftxm;±kyf&SifESifhomywfoufI tao;pdwfa&;om;cJhonf? EkdifiHukd pkpnf;EkdifpGrf;&Sdaom u|Ekfyfwkd‹. tppftrSef trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifukd tiftm;okH;z,f&Sm;cJh_yD; vGwfvyfa&;ray;&ao;rD ‚if;wkd‹. EkdifiHa&;r[mrdwfukd csufcsif;tpm;xkd;cJh&ef ukdvkdeDe,fcsJŒtpdk;&u pGufzufud;yrf;cJhjcif;ukdjrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD; orkdif;wav#mufvkH; ynm&Siftrsm;u oHo,0ifcJh-uonf? TonfrSm ykdrkdckdifrmonfh taxmuftxm;rsm; (pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;.tqifhukd xdckdufvG,fonf[k owfrSwfxm;) ukd _Adwdo#wkd‹. ,kH-unfpdwfcs&onfhae&mrS yxrqkH;xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; aoqkH;jcif;ESifh u&ifepfpwef oabmw&m; (Karenistan concept) ukd axmufcHtm;ay;jzpfajrmuf&ef ud;pm;ol _Adwdo#aoG;xkd;olrsm; tp&Sdojzifh “jrefrmawmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;” ukd bDbDpDu v#Kd‹0Sufyk*~dKvfrsm;[k rD;armif;xkd;jycJh_yD; Tokd‹olwkd‹ta-umif;wifjycJhonf? “tu,fIom atmifqef;ukdowf&mY taxmuftxm;rsm;u !¸efjyouJhokd‹ olwkd‹om yg0ifywfoufcJhygu jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;wGiftxdckdufqkH;wckwnf;aom vkyfaqmifr+twGuf olwkd‹rSm wm0ef&Sdayonf?ed*kH;wGifrl ,ae‹umv _Adwdo#rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh 1947 ckESpfrSpI wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;t-um; r,kHouFmrsKd;aphukd csay;cJhonf[k pGyfpGJcH&aom jrefrmEkdifiHawmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;wkd‹t-um; E+dif;,SOfjycJhonf? txufygtjrif

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ukd bapmcifu u&iftrsKd;om;or*~pmapmifwGif jyefvnf wkH‹ jyefa&;om;cJh_yD;‚if;ukd qefz&efppPukdwGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiH awmifwef;om;rsm;.rdwfaqGrsm;tzGJŒ &SdcJhjcif;ESifh autif,lukd ulnD&ef ud;pm;cJhaomfvnf; autif,ltaejzifh }uD;}uD;rm;rm; taxmuftyHhr&cJhjcif;rSm jiif;Ir&yg? ‚if;tzGJŒESifhatmifqef; vkyf}uHcH&jcif;wkd‹t-um; qufoG,fr+rSmvnf; xkd‹twljzpfygonf?‚if;tzGJŒtaejzifh 1947 ckESpf jypfr+ESifh tenf;i,fr#om qufEG,fr+ &Sdaumif;&Sdayrnf okd‹r[kwf vkH;0r&Sdvnf; jzpfayvdrhfrnf? tenf;i,fr#aom ¹cGif;csufrsm;rSvGJI avmavmq,ftm;jzifh wjcm;wrsKd;wzkH oufaorjyEkdifygu _Adwdo#wkd‹taejzifh Tvkyf}uHr+Y yg0ifywfoufr+rSm pGef‹pm;vkdolrsm;tjzpfom owfrSwfzkd‹aumif;ygonf? tqifhjrifhtm%mykdifrsm;uvnf; rodusKd;u|ef«yaumif;«yrnfjzpfaomfvnf; trSefwu,f oem;-uifemaom pkd;&drfylyefaom ukdvkdeDrsm;xuf avmb&ruf}uD;rm;olrsm;om jzpfayvdrfhrnf? atmfw0goH±kH;ukd ‘Nemesis’

emrnfjzifh _Adwdef=jrefrm Website wGif jyefvnfa&;om;r+onfvnf; oufqkdifr+&Sdonf? ‚if;. rSwfcsuftcsKd‹ukd ukd;um;&v#if “u&ifvGwfajrmufa&;v+yf&Sm;r+ukd Tvkyf}uHr+ESifh qufoG,fjy&mY ao;EkyfvSonfh ‘u&ifepfpwef’Karenistan tokH;tE+ef;ukd tokH;«yjcif;rSm cyfa-umifa-umif pdwful;pdwfoef;tqef;xGifjcif;omjzpfygonf?” “u|efawmfawGŒzl;or# _Adwdo#ESifh tar&dueftaxmuftxm;rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif rnfokd‹aom u&ifywfoufr+ wpGef;wpukdrSrawGŒ&acs?”

1212121212 OD;atmifoef;=‘atmifoef;.atmifqef;’ (yk*HykHESdyfwkduf/ &efukef 1965ckESpf) pma&;olrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tukdjzpf_yD; _Adwdo#wkd‹ yg0ifywfoufr+ESifh ywfoufonfh ol‹tjrifrSm &Sif;&Sif;wnfhwnfhjzpfvSonf? pmrsufESm (252)?“_Adwdo#ukdvkdeDe,fcsJŒrsm;taejzifh jrefrmEkdifiHukd vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef a&Smifv$JIr&rSef;od_yD;onfhaemuf wzufu vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef oabmwl_yD; wzufuolwdk‹ -oZmv$rf;rkd;Ekdifrnfhtpkd;&rsKd; okd‹r[kwf olwkd‹tusKd;jzpfrnfh ±kyfao;tpkd;&rsKd; tvkd&SdrnfrSm obm0usygonf? awmifwef;a'orsm; csefvSyfxm;Ekdifa&;twGuf enf;rsKd;pkHokH;cJhjcif;ukd txufwGifazmfjycJh_yD;jzpfygonf?

wkd;wufaom EkdifiHa&;tjrif&Sdonfh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd ukdvkdeDe,fcsJŒwkd‹uvkdvm;ESpf-cdufjcif; &SdykHr&yg? tu,fI AdkvfcsKyfom qufvuf&Sdaeygu t&if;&Sife,fcsJŒwkd‹taejzifh vGwfvyfp jrefrmEkdifiHwGif olwkd‹. aoG;pkyfonfhenf;vrf;rsm;

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ukd qufvufI usifhokH;Ir&rSef; olwkd‹aumif;aumif;em;vnfxm;-uonf? okd‹ jzpfI t&if;&Sife,fcsJŒwkd‹. t"duwm0efrSm AdkvfcsKyfukd z,f&Sm;&efjzpfonf?ukdvkdeDe,fcsJŒwkd‹rSm ta,mifaqmifvSnfhpm;&mY vdrRmyg;eyf_yD; aumufuspfvGef;&m olwkd‹ukd,fwkdif AdkvfcsKyfukd rz,f&Sm;bJ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;rS olwkd‹tvkdusvkyfrnfh opPmazmufEkdifiHom;wOD;ukd olwkd‹&SmazGcJh-uonf? okd‹ jzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm olwkd‹onf eef;&if;0efa[mif; OD;apmukd awGŒoGm;cJh-uonf?”

1313131313 txufwGifazmfjycJhaom bDbDpD (2) wDAGDrSwfwrf;±kyf&Sifu tav;xm;wifjycJhaom ar;cGef;ukd aemufusrS pdwf0ifpm;r+jy_yD; 2000 ckESpf Zlvkdifapmapmykdif;wGif uGefysLwmuGef&ufay:wGif ‘pdefaA'g’ trnfjzifh “AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd b,folwu,fowfovJ” [laom ar;cGef;ukd wifvmcJh onf?ukdbefxGef;u atmufygtwkdif; csufcsif;tajzay;cJhonf? r-umrDurS 'DEkdifiHukd 0ifvmwJhvl}uD;awGqDu -um;&wmu olwkd‹ajymwJhtwkdif;qkd&if atmifqef;pk-unfeJ‹ ±+armif (ae0if;) &JŒ orD;wa,muf pum;tcsDtcs ajym-u&if; ae0if;orD;u a'gojzpf_yD; *VKefOD;apmukd r&Sif;*ef;awGay;vkdufwm ightazvkd‹ atmfajymvkdufw,f? ±+armifu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd &Sif;ypfcsifw,f? bma-umifhvJqkdawmh ysOf;rem;u rdef;rwa,mufukd ±+armifu rk'def;usifhwm atmifqef;uodoGm;awmh ±+armifukd owfypfcsifcJhonf? ae0if;ukd vufonfw&m;cHtjzpfykHESdyfazmfjy&ef roifhaom pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh pGyfpGJaom tjcm;wkH‹ jyefr+rsm;vnf;

&Sdygao;onf?

tcef; (5) tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGef;rsm;11111 tdENd,EkdifiH tif;a'gppfwuUokdvf (Indore Military Academy) ausmif;

qif;rsm;jzpf-u_yD; t_rJwrf;wyfrawmfwGif 'k=Adkvftjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&aomtjcm;jrefrmrsm;rSm tmomcifarmif/ bzl;ESifh armifat;wkd‹ jzpf-uonf? urBmppf (2)cktwGif;wGif tjcm;qifhrsm;rS &mxl;wkd;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&olrsm;wGif 'k= Akdvf tD;cifarmifAdkvfb*srf; (Sappers & Miners) ESifh tjcm;olrsm;yg0if -uonf? 'k=urBmppfwGifAdkvfrª;atmifoif;onf tr+xrf;xl;c|efqk (Distinguished Service Order) csD;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&_yD; Adkvfrª;csKyftqifhokd‹yif wkd;jrifhoGm;cJhonf? _Adwdo#vufeufukdifwyfzGJŒrsm;wGif wufºuGpGm tr+xrf;cJh-uaom t&m&Sdtqifhay;tyfjcif;cH&aomwkdif;&if;om; u&if/ ucsif/ &Srf;ESifh csif;vlrsKd;rsm;pGm&Sd-uonf? ,if;t&m&Sd

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trsm;pkukd wyfrawmforkdif;wGif rSwfwrf;wif todtrSwf«y&ef vkdtyfaeao;onf? ,ckavmavmq,fwGif ppftm%m&Siftkyfpku pdwf"mwfusOf;ajrmif;pGmjzifh rSwfwrf;«yxm;onf?

2 2 2 2 2 1948 ckESpf pufwifbmv (17) &ufn (9) em&DcGJcef‹wGif wyfrif;}uD;wifxGËftay: vkyf}uHzkd‹ ud;pm;wJh 0rf;enf;p&m tjzpftysufonf aemufw&ufYjrefrmowif;pmokH;apmifwGifom tenf;i,fazmfjyjcif;cHcJh&onf? n (9) em&Dausmfv#if vltrsm; tjyifrxGuf& wm;jrpfxm;onfh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef‹a-umifh t"dujzpfvdrfhrnf? Armhacwfowif;pmtygt0if tjcm;ae‹pOfxkwf owif;pmrsm;taejzifhxkdowif;ukd r&&SdcJh-uacs? OD;aomif; (a-u;rkH) onf Armhacwfowif;axmuftaejzifh wm0eftay;cH&_yD; ol. eHeufapmapmrS rkd;csKyfonftxd pl;prf;axmufvSrf;onfh ¯ud;yrf;r+rsm;u owif;tjynftpHk xkwfvkyfEkdifcJh_yD; pufwifbmv (19)&ufae‹xkwf owif;pmwGif owif;aqmif;yg;taejzifh xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ay:xGufvmcJhonf? ‚if;aqmif;yg;rSm taumif;qkH; jzpfcJh_yD; ,cifowif;rsm;ukd tao;pdwfxyfrHazmfxkwfEkdifcJhonfh ,if;aqmif;yg;. aumufEkwfcsufrsm;ukd atmufwGif azmfjyvkdufygonf?

a-u;rkHOD;aomif;. “ArmhacwfrSa-u;rkHokd‹” ('kwd,t}udrfxkwf zavmf&D'gtar&duefjynfaxmifpk 2003 ckESpf jrefrmvkd) pmrsufESm 61=68?

“æjzpfyGm;ykHrSm wyfrif;}uD; OD;wifxGËfonf e,l;wkdif;atmhzfbm;rm;owif;pmwkdufrStjyef pufwifbm (17) &ufae‹ n (9) em&DcGJtcsdefwGif vlowform;wOD;u vufypfAkH;jzifh ypfcwfvkyf}uHoGm;a-umif;?

vufypfAkH;onf um;a&S›cef;wGif;okd‹ 0ifxkdifaeol OD;wifxGËf. ajc&if;wGifusum aygufuGJ&m OD;wifxGËf. ezl;/ b,fbufar;/ b,fbufaygif/ b,fbuf'l;/b,fbufajcrsufpd/ b,fbufajczsm;/ b,fbufvufzsm;xdyf/ aygif;'%f&maygif;(8) ck&um vJoGm;a-umif;?

OD;wifxGËfESifh,SOfum nmbufrSxkdifol Armukd,f&Hawmf (xkdpOf trnfukdpkHprf;Ir&cJh?) ESifh um;armif;ol armifatmifazwkd‹wGif '%f&mtenf;i,fom&_yD;um;aemufrSvkdufol a*:&cg;ukd,f&Hawmf oDb[m'l;ESifh yDb[m'l;wkd‹rSm '%f&mjyif;xefpGm&-ua-umif;/ aygufuGJ_yD;aemuf e,l;wkdif;atmhzfbm;rm;owif;pm vufaxmuft,f'DwmESifh wkdufom;rsm;xGufvm_yD; OD;wifxGËf ukd aq;±kHokd‹ pDpOfykd‹ay;cJh-ua-umif;/ a*:&cg;ESpfOD;ukd rD;owfolem«yum;jzifh aq;±kHokd‹o,f&a-umif;/a'gufwmboef;csufcsif;vkdvkd a&mufvmaomfvnf; OD;wifxGËfonf owdvpfoGm;

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_yD; OD;boef;tm; rrSwfrdawmha-umif;? (18) &ufae‹ eHeufwGif 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEk/EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf_idrf;/ w&m;a&;Xme0ef}uD; OD;b*srf;ESifh tjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm; vm-unfh-ua-umif;? OD;wifxGËf. a0'emukd tdENd,rS q&m0ef}uD;wOD;yifh_yD; ukvkdao;a-umif;ESifh 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEku qEN&Sdojzifh q&m0efrsm;.cGifh«ycsuft& 0ef}uD;csKyfonf tdENd,oHtrwf}uD; a'gufwma&mhzf (Dr.Rauf) xHtultnDawmif;a-umif;?

oHtrwf}uD; aq;±kHokd‹a&mufvm_yD; aqG;aEG;-u&m q&m0ef}uD; a'gufwmbefoef;/ a'gufwmeef'D (Dr.Nandi) ESifh a'gufwm [&D[m&m (Dr.Hariharan) wkd‹uar#mfvifhcsufr&Sdawmh[k ,lqa-umif;ESifh ajymjy-ua-umif;?

OD;aomif;onf aq;±kHY qufvufaecJh_yD; n (7) em&DausmfcsdefwGif OD;wifxGËf.orD; rcif!Gef‹&if csKH;yGJcsikdaºuG;_yD; tcef;xJrS xGufvmonfukd awGŒcJh&onf?OD;wifxGËfum; n (7) em&D (35) rdepfwGif uG,fvGefoGm;&SmcJhavonf?

33333 ‘pmwGJ’wGif±+/ &efukef°rd›&Sd udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;rS vef'ef°rd›odk‹ydk‹onfhoD;jcm;a&G;cs,fxm;aom a-u;eef;pmrsm;?

44444 OD;apm. nDtukdawmfol armifarmif}uD;u ‘The Times’ owif;pmukdpma&;om;&mwGif ol‹emrnfukd M.M.Jee [k okH;cJhonf? 1948 ckESpf rwfvwGifa&;aompmY “cifAsm; OD;apmukd w&m;±kHwifppfaq;&mY jrefrmEkdifiH. w&m;a&;tkyfcsKyfr+ESifhywfoufI ta&;}uD;aom ar;cGef; (2) &yf ay:aygufvmygonf? wckrSmw&m;±kH;wifppfaq;jcif;ESifh ao'%fcsrSwfjcif;rSm Oya'a-umif;t& rSefuefr+&Sdovm;? aemufwckrSm ol‹tr+r_yD;pD;ao;rD zGJŒpnf;ykHtajccHOya' tajymif;tvJrjzpfygu ol‹taejzifh t*Fvef. y&DADaumifpD (rif;wkdifyiftzGJŒ ) okd‹ toem;cHav#mufxm;cGifh&Sd&m xkdtcGifhta&;qkH;±+H;jcif;rSm rSefuefyg&JŒvm; jzpfygonf?

OD;apmukd,fwkdifu xGufqkd&mY (u) ol‹udk yxrtusOf;cs_yD; vaygif;tawmf-umrS w&m;pGJqkdcJhonf? (c) ol‹ukd txl;ckH±kH;u w&m;pD&ifcJh&m w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf &Sdaevsuf txl;ckH±kH;cef‹tyfjcif;onf t-ydifw&m;±kH;jzpfI w&m;r#wjcif;r&Sd? w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfuomv#if Tokd‹aomtr+rsKd;ukd pD&ifEkdifonfhtm%m&Sdonf? (*) olonf y&DADaumifpDokd‹ toem;cHpmwifoGif;cGifh qkH;±+H;cJhonf/vdyfpmwyfxm;onf trSwf 132/ *&dwfaygh(of)vef; vrf; (vef'ef) 'AvsL0rf;?

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oef;=&JabmfoHk;usdyf) 1969 ckESpfwGif befaumufY aoqHk;onf) u u|efawmfhudkajymjycJhwmu vef'efòrd›wGif tvGeft&Sdeft0g}uD;wJh vlwpk&Sdw,f? ppftwGif;utJ'Dvlrsm;u axmufvSrf;a&;eJ‹ ywfoufcJh-u_yD; jrefrmjynfeJ‹ oHwrefta&;/ ppfqifa&;eJ‹ v#KdŒ0SufaxmufvSrf;a&; (Secret Service) rsm;wGif yg0ifcJh-uolrsm;jzpfw,f?xkdtcsdefuwnf;u olwdk‹tcsKdŒ[m txufrª;rwfv$wfawmf (House of Lords)

odk‹ &mxl;jrihfwufoGm;-uw,f? wcsKdŒuawmh _Adwdo#tpdk;& txufykdif;rsm;wGiftvGef-oZmwduUr&Sdvm-uw,f? 'gayr,fh olwdk‹[m a&S;±kd;pGJrl0g' (Conserva-

tive) tpdk;&rS usef&pfcJhwJhvlrsm;omjzpf_yD; ,cktvkyform; (Labour) tpkd;&eJ‹qdkawmh olwdk‹taeeJ‹ _Adwdo#rl0g'tay: -oZmt&Sdeft0g wdkuf±kdufðyvkyfjcif; r&SdEkdif-uawmhbl;aygh? 'ga-umifhrdk‹ olwdk‹u uG,f&muae oG,f0dkufwJhenf;oHk;-u_yD;atmifqef;tay: vufpm;acscsifwJh pdwftpGJtvrf;}uD;eJ‹ atmifqef;&JŒ jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&; atmifyGJcHjcif;udk wm;qD;-uwmjzpfw,f?

6 6 6 6 6 (6) ESpfeD;yg; aetdrfwGif zrf;qD;cH&jcif;rS 1995 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv(10)&ufae‹wGif v$wfvdkufonf?

7 7 7 7 7 bmwD; (vf) vifh (w) em (Bertil Lintner) . ‘awmfvSefaewJh Armjynf=1948 ckESpfrS bdef;ykefuefr+’ (taemufbufrS jrifuGif; pmyHkESdyfwdkuf USA ESihf -umjzL/ befaumuf/ 1994) pmtkyf/ pmrsufESm (84=88) Y jywfom;aom Zmwfvrf;pHkwGif a&;om;xm;onfhta-umif;rsm;rSm= vGwfvyfa&;&_yD; ESpfvt-umwGifu&if autif,l (Karen National Union) &JŒ v#KdŒ0SufoHwrefwa,muf (atmfvDAm boef;) udk vef'efodk‹ apv$wfum olwdk‹&JŒtr+udk t*Fvdyfvdkvm;wJh u&ifrsm;axmufcHolrsm;tm; wifjytoem;cH&ef vma&mufjcif;udk 0dkif;0ef;az;r&ef pk±Hk;cJhwJhpGef‹pm;vdkol _Adwdo#vlenf;pkwpk &Sda-umif;/ 1948 ckESpf/ ZGefv (30) &ufae‹wGif'k=Adkvfrª;}uD; z&ifh (u)/ tdk0if (Frank Owen) &JŒ aetdrfodk‹ tpnf;ta0;ac:&m vl(40) cef‹ ay:vm-uonf? olwdk‹ ‘jrefrmjynfawmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGtoif;’(FBHP) udk zGJŒpnf;cJh-u_yD; xdkoHwrefrSm vufeufrsm;ay;rnfh uwd&um jyefoGm;onf? toif;om;jzpfol ausmf-um;r+&Sdaom ppfr+xrf;a[mif; Akdvfrª;}uD;*|ef u±kdr[Dwvfavmuf (Col. John Cromarty-Tulloch) Force 136= 136=wyfzGJŒ ) taejzifhu&ifolykefrsm;twGuf vufeufESihf usnfrsm;udk oabFmjzihfykdŒ&ef óud;pm;onfrsm;rSm ratmifjrifcJha-umif;/ apmapmydkif;u t*Fvdyfujym;rsm; tygt0if _Adwdo# ppfr+xrf;a[mif; yk*~dKvftenf;i,fwdk‹onf u&ifrsm;udk ppfajrjyifwGif tultnDay;onf[k od&ygonf?

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88888 ‘pmwGJ’wGif±+/ a-u;eef;pm tdkiftdktm= trf§4§2714/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/eHygwf(282)?

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10 10 10 10 10 AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef;. ‘av;ayAdkvfrª;}uD;. rSwfrdor#’þpmtkyf (tDomum/ e,l;a,muf/ aumfe,fwuUodkvf/ ta&S›awmiftm&StpDtpOf/ tcsuftvufpmwrf;trSwf (13=1980= pmrsufESm (53) ’ cGifh&uf&Snf/ vpmjynfh tp&Sdonfhurf;vSrf;r+&SdcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; 'Gef;taejzihf ,if;urf;vSrf;r+udk r,lcJhbJEkwfxGufcJhonf? xdk‹aemufolonf u&ifESihfArmenf;aom ucsifjynfe,f/ jrpf}uD;em;odk‹ rdrdbmom oGm;a&mufaexdkifcJhonf?

1111111111 OD;ae0if;onf avmif;upm;xHkolwOD;jzpf_yD; &efukef jrif;°ydifuGif;odk‹r-umc%oGm;oljzpfonf?

1212121212 tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ e,l;a,muf ruf[efwef (Manhattan) &Sdjynfya&mufjrefrmrsm;u OD;pGmxkwfa0cJhaom tywfpOfowif;pmapmif?

1313131313 OD;wifarmif0if;/ befaumufòrd›wGif xkwfa0aom ‘acwfòydif’ (The New

Era Journal) *sme,f? ZeD;jzpfol a':cifrsKd;at;u qufvufxkwfa0vsuf&Sdygonf? t,f'DwmcsKyfrSm a-u;rHk OD;aomif;jzpfonf?

1414141414 jrefrmjynfjyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; OD;pD;aumfrwD (CRDB) udk 1987 ckESpfu pwifwnfaxmifzGJŒpnf;cJholjzpf_yD; xdktcsdefrS 1997 ckESpftxd TtzGJŒ }uD;. tjynfjynfqkdif&m OuU@wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhygonf? xdk‹aemuf xkdif;EkdifiHOuU@ wm0efESifh tjcm;OD;aqmiftoif;tzGJŒ }uD;rsm;wGif xdyfwef;rS 0wW&m;rsm;tcsdefjynfhvkyfudkifaepOf 1999 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (1) &ufae‹wGif uG,fvGefoGm;ygonf? OD;wifarmif0if;rSm ppftm%m&Siftkyfpkudk qef‹usifykefuefaeaomxkdif;EdkifiH&Sd OD;EkESihf yl;aygif;&eftwGuf jrefrmEkdifiHrS 1969 ckESpfwGif xGufcGmvmpOfvrf;c&D;wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhaom wcsdefu 0ef}uD;ESihf oHtrwf}uD;wOD;jzpfcJholOD;0if;.om;jzpfonf?

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rsm;rSm &JabmfokH;usdyf0if AdkvfcsKyfvusfm/ AdkvfcsKyf&efEkdifESifh Adkvfrª;atmif/ Akdvfrª;csKyf-um'kd;/ OD;oGif/ tuf'0yfavm±kH/ &efusifpdef/ (OD;0if;ESifh Adkvfp}uFmwkd‹rSmtpOD;ykdif;wGifyif uG,fvGefcJhonf) ESifh aemuf touft&G,fykdif;wGif ZmvDarmf/wifarmif0if;/ &Jausmfol/ armifatmifESifh tjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;. om;rsm;/olwkd‹.ZeD;rsm; rdom;pktzGJŒ0ifrsm;u aumif;pGmtm;ay;ulnDcJh-uonf? ae0if;.tqifhqifhaom ppftpkd;&rsm;onf 1962 ckESpf tm%modrf;_yD;csdefrSpI EkdifiHa&;t&ESifh vlrsKd;a&;t& xºuGr+rsKd;pkHwkd‹. vufeufukdifawmfvSefr+rsm;ukd &ifqkdifcJh&onf?

1616161616 vD[maA;atmhpf0J (Lee Harvey Oswald) wOD;wnf;om ðyvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf[laom tjrif ( 1964 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif w&m;ol}uD;csKyf tm;vf0g&if;. aumfr&Sif (Earl Warren’s Commission) . awGŒ&Sdcsufrsm;u ,if;tcsufudk axmufcHcJhaomfvnf;) udk odk‹r[kwf 1963 ckESpfwGif orRw uae'D (President

Kennedy) udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+wGif olyg0ifywfoufaeonf [laomtcsufudkyiftar&duefjynfolvlxku t}uD;tus,foHo,&Sdaer+u qGJaqmifcJhonfhtwGuftar&dueftpdk;&onf vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+rSwfwrf;rsm; jyefvnfpdppfoHk;oyfa&;tzGJŒudk ,if;udpPtm; jyefvnfppfaq;&ef wm0efay;tyfcJhonf? xdktcsdefu v#Kd‹0Suftjzpf a-unmcHxm;&aom taxmuftxm; pm&Guf (6) aomif;tm; jynfolvlxktm;today;cJh_yD;/ ,if;wdk‹udk taotcsmjyefvnf tao;pdwf-unfh±+cJhonf? a':vm(8) oef;ukefuscJh_yD; (6) ESpf-um tao;pdwfvkyfaqmifr+rsm;ðyvkyf_yD;aemuf vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+rSwfwrf;rsm; jyefvnfpdppfoHk;oyfa&;tzGJŒonf 1998 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (30) &ufae‹wGif pmrsufESm (290) yg&Sdaom tpD&ifcHpmwapmif xkwfa0cJhonf? ed*Hk;csKyf= orRw uae'Dtm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJholrSm atmhpf0Jvf wOD;wnf;omjzpfonf? rnfodk‹qdkap yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+tjzpf ,lqolrsm;udkrl ,Hk-unfvm

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-uwkdif; vGwfoGm;-ua-umif;/ okd‹aomf OD;apmu vlowfr+«ycJhaom w&m;cHOD;av;rsm;u vlom; b,fESpfa,muf owfjzwfcJhonfukd twdtusrajymcJhaomfvnf; tenf;qkH;wOD;u wa,mufomxm;v#if olwkd‹. wlawmfolu &ufpufpGmowfjzwfapcJhonfh vl (9) OD;ESifh nDr#rnfomjzpfonf?

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u|efawmhfa,muQrjzpfol OD;aomif;pdef&SdpOfu OD;apmta-umif;rsm; r-umc%vufqkHajym-u&m0,f OD;apmonf raumif;r+rsm;usL;vGef_yD; aopm;aoaptrdef‹rSvGwf&ef ar#mfvifhcsufr&SdonfhtcsdefrSmyif aemifw&cJhykHr&onfukdpOf;pm;rd-uygonf? u|efawmfu xifa-u;ay;cJhzl;onfrSm ol.,kH-unfcspfcifolwOD;OD;tm; pmjzifh rdrd.pdwful;t,ltqrsm;ukd a&;om;xm;cJhjcif;&SdEkdifIxkdtwGif;a&;pmrsm;ukd ajc&maumufEkdif&ef ta-umif;&Sdrnf? u|efawmhfa,muQr}uD;uvJ xkdolrsm;onf OD;apm.ZeD;ESifh i,f&G,folwOD;wnf;aom orD;wkd‹ jzpfEkdifa-umif;ukd pOf;pm;rdonf? okd‹ jzpfapumrl ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ausmfvGefcJh_yD;rS pma&;q&m ‘cspf-unfa&;’ -unf!Gef‹. 1970 ckESpf 'DZifbmvxkwf “orkdif;0ifol&d,/jrefrmhtvif;ESifh jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;” pmtkyfwGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm olod&SdvmcJhonfhtwkdif; *VKefOD;apmonf ol‹orD;aroef;apm (ac: ) abbDapmxHokd‹ atmufygaemufqkH;ay;pmrSwfwrf;ukd xm;&pfcJhonf? TaumufEkwfcsufrsm;r-umrDuyif(56) ESpfajrmufpmqkdawmfae‹txdrf;trSwftjzpf -opa-w;vs/ qpf'eD-rdŒ usif;ya&;aumfrwDu xkwfa0onfh ‘orkdif;0ifpmuAsmtvuFm’ wGif jyefvnfykHESdyfxm;ygonf?

“a'goESifh tmCmww&m;onf aumif;usKd;ukdray;bJ qkd;usKd;ukdomay;onf? olonf a'gorD;ukd&if0,fykduf_yD; tmCmww&m; }uD;rm;vGef;cJhojzifhol.b0ukd wkdwkdESifhykdif;um Zmwfodrf;qkd;cJh&onf?

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1919 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;? 1941 ckESpf {_yDvwGif &efukefrSxGufcGmaom *syefukefonfoabFmjzifh ac:xkwfoGm;cJhaom 'kwd,tokwf rsKd;cspf (7) OD;wGif olyg0ifonf?[kdifeefu|ef; *syefppfoifwef;ukd wufa&mufcJhonfh &JabmfokH;usdyftzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfonf? 1941 ckESpf 'DZifbmwGif zGJŒpnf;cJhaom ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfu trdajrtwGif; atmifjrifpGm csDwufvmonfhtcg twlvkdufygvmcJhonf? t_rJwrf;wyfrawmfESifh&SdaecJh_yD; 1950 rS tapmykdif;ESpfrsm;twGif; atmifjrifpGmqifE$JcJhaomautef,laomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfolrsm;tm; awmfvSefwkdufyGJrsm;wGif Adkvfrª;csKyftjzpf xif&Sm;ausmf-um;cJhonf? wyfrawmf. txl;c|efqkH;tqifhjrifh ppfajrjyift&m&Sdjzpf_yD; -um&SnfpGmvufwGJcJhaom a&mif;&if;tay:Yae0if;u tjrifr-unfrvifjzpfvmcJhonf? ol. vufokH; okwfoifa&;vrf;pOfukdtokH;cs_yD; uGefjrLepfygwD Armjynfokd‹ owif;rsm; ayguf-um;onf[k yxrpGyfpGJvsufw&m;0if&mxl;csum 1957 ckESpf ZGefvwGif xkwfy,fypfcJhonf? AdkvfausmfaZmonfol‹rdom;pkESifh &efukef°rdŒ prf;acsmif;wGif twef-umaexkdifcJhonf? 1976 ckESpfESpfvnfwGif AdkvfausmfaZmonf Arm=w±kwfe,fpyf yefqef;&Sd uGefjrLepfygwDArmjynftajcpkdufpcef;okd‹ xGufoGm;cJh_yD; uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;cJhonf? 1989ckESpf {_yDvtwGif; tjcm; pDyDbDacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwl olvnf; w±kwfjynfokd‹xGufajy;vGwfajrmufcJhonf? olonf ,cktcg ulrif;wGif aexkdifvsuf&Sdonf?bDbDpD (2) ±kyfjrifoH-um;u ol‹ukd w,fvDzkef;jzifh awGŒqkHar;jref;&mwGif _Adwdo#tpdk;&u tmZmenf}uD;rsm;ukd owfjzwf&ef pDpOfcJhjcif;jzpfa-umif; olu wnfhwnfh}uD; xkwfazmfajymqkdcJhonf? ol‹tajymu “atmifqef;ukd trSefwu,fowfolu_Adwdo#tpkd;&yJ? 'g[m olwkd‹&JŒ qufuGufyJ?” [k jzpfonf?

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2323232323 a':atmifqef;pk-unfonf _Adwdo#vlrsKd;jzpfol rdkufu,ftJ&pf ( Michael

Aris) udk 1972 ckESpfwGif vufxyfcJhonf? a'gufwm rdkufu,f ADvefukwf tJ&pfonf wdAufESihf [dr0Eœmavhvmr+ESihf ywfoufaom atmufpfzdk‹'f (Oxford)

wuUodkvf. okawoeynm&Sifjzpfonf? atmufpfzdk‹'fwuUodkvf pdef‹tefaxmfeDaumvdyf. ausmif;tkyftjzpf 1998 ckESpfwGif xrf;aqmifaepOf uifqma&m*gzdpD;r+cHcJh&onf? &efukefwGif&Sd ol‹ZeD;onftm; aemufqHk;E+wfquf&ef jrefrmppftkyfpktm; jynf0ifcGifhADZmay;yg&ef arwWm&yfcHcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;u u±k%mw&m; acgif;yg;pGmjzihf ADZmay;&ef jiif;qefcJhonf? a'gufwmtJ&pfonf 1999 ckESpf/ rwfv (27) &ufae‹/ ol. (53) ESpfajrmufarG;ae‹wGif vef'ef&Sd csmcsDaq;±HkwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf? ppftpdk;&onf olwdk‹.om;ESpfOD;jzpfonfhtJvpfZENm; jrifhqef;atmifESihf uif (rf) xdefvif;wdk‹. EdkifiHul;vufrSwfwdk‹ukdESpftawmf-umuyif zsufodrf;cJhonf? olwdk‹udk ol‹rdcifxHvnfywf&ef wcgw&HrSomcGifhðycJhonf?

2424242424 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ rSwfwrf;±kyf&Sifonf AdkvfcsKyf.wOD;wnf;aomorD;jzpfol. pl;&Sem-unf;zG,fajymqdkr+jzpfonfh “usr azazomtoufxif&Sm;&SdaecJhr,fqdk&if 'Drdkua&pD[m touf0if v+yf&Sm;aecJh rSmjzpf_yD;wnfwHhaecJhrSmjzpfw,f? ol‹udk qHk;±+H;cJh&wm[m aysmf&$ifzG,f&m 'Drdkua&pD jrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk wnfaqmufzdk‹ tcGifhta&;udk usrwdk‹qHk;±H+;cJh&wm jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fhvJ'kwd,tcGifhta&;awG[m t_rJvmwwfp_rJrdk‹ usrwdk‹ wwfEdkifwkH; tJ'DtcGifhta&;awGudk t&trd zrf;udkif&rSmjzpfygw,f” [laom pum;&yfrsm;jzihf tqHk;owfxm;avonf?

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tcef; (7) &v'f11111 wnf;jzwf/ jzef‹a0ol a'gufwmausmf0if;? atm&ifhudk‹ (pf) aumvdyf (Or-

ange Coast College)/ u,fvDzdk;eD;,m; (California, USA) ygarmuQwm0efrS tem;,l_yD; tar&durSmyif aexdkifygonf? 1987 ckESpfwGif pDtm'DbD tjynfjynfqkdif&m(CRDB International) yxr OuU@jzpfcJh_yD; Twm0efudk OD;wifarmif0if;uqufvufxrf;aqmifonf? 1997 ckESpfrSm a'gufwmausmf0if;u wzef OuU@jzpfjyefum 2003 ckESpfqef;wGif OD;bDvmftrf/ &m&Spf (Bilal M. Raschid) u xkdwm0efukd,lygonf? (bDvmvf&m&SpfrSm OD;Ek/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ponfh av;pm;tyfaomrsKd;cspfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;wGif yg0ifcJhol OD;trf/at/&m&Spf (M.A.Raschid) .om;jzpfonf?

22222 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD 1997 ck/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf (txufygtpDtpOf)/toHv$ifholu “OD;apmeJ‹cifrif&if;ESD;wJh _Adwdo#t&m&SdawGudk &Ju pwifpHkprf;ppfaq;ygw,f? vkyf}uHr+jzpfyGm;aepOf _Adwdo#axmufvSrf;a&;t&m&SdwOD;u OD;apmudk wu,fyJ w,fvDzkef;qufajymcJhygw,f” [kajym_yD;aemufwGif atmufygAdkvfrª;[l;wGdKif (ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;=1947) ESihf awGŒqHkar;jref;cef; aumufEkwfcsufudkqufvufv$ifhxkwfay;cJhonf? ‘w,fvDzkef; a&'D,dkvdkif;u wckckc|wfacsmfoGm;wma-umifh (11) em&DrSm pm;&dyfomxJa&mufaewJholawGtm;vHk; u|efawmfwdk‹ajymwmtm;vHk; a&'D,dkuwqifh -um;ukef-uygw,f? aemuf em&D0ufvJ-uma&m olwdk‹wawG vkyf}uHr+jzpfwm odukef-uawmh OD;apmudk oHo,0if-uygw,f? oHo,t0ifcH&wm aemufwa,muf&Sdygao;w,f? tJ'g u|efawmfjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fhuHaumif;axmufrpGm tJ'D oHo,u aysmufuG,foGm;cJhygw,f?

33333 OD;xGef;vSatmif/ w&m;vdkjyoufaotrSwf(38)/ txl;cHk±Hk;a&S›Y usrf;usdefxGufqdkjcif;?

44444 1995 ckESpf/ rwfvwGifxkwfa0aom wyfrawmfordkif;/ wwd,wGJ/ pmrsufESm (151=152) u twnfðycsufr&Sdaom owif;pm owif;ay:wGif tajccHxm;onfhol‹tjrifudk a&;om;xm;onfh Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif.pmtkyf/ pmrsufESm(317) ESihf (339) udkvnf; aumufE+wfudk;um;xm;onf?

55555 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD ±kyf&Sif (1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 19 &uf) ‚if;wDAGD±kyf&SiftwGufqm/ eDudkvyf (epf) varm (Sir Nicholas (Nick) Larmour) (jrefrmyÉdnmOf

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cH0efxrf;=1947) ESihf awGŒqHkar;jref;cJh&mrS olESihf ol‹vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm; 1947ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;Y&Sdaea-umif; ajym-um;csufudkaumufEkwfazmfjyxm;onf? “aumifpDcef;reJ‹ tawmfeD;wJh ±Hk;cef;xJrSm u|efawmfwdk‹ wckckpm;aomufae-uwkef;/ atmfwdkrufwpf aoewfoH ESpfcsufoHk;csufudku|efawmfwdk‹ ±kwfw&uf-um;vdkuf&ygw,f” olonf aumifpDcef;rodk‹þoGm;a&mufcJh&m Todk‹ jrifcJh&onf? “ae&mwumrSm aoG;awGcsnfhyJ/ tawmhfudkrsm;w,f/'DvdkaoG;rsKd; u|efawmf wcgrSrawGŒzl;bl;? bmjzpfvdk‹vJqdkawmh teD;uyf_yD;aoewfawGeJ‹ ypfcJhwmr[kwfvm;? aoewf'%fa-umifh pm;yGJwGif;u ypPnf;awGeJ‹pm;yGJtpdwftydkif;awGvJ wppDusKd;yJhysufpD;ae-uw,f? aoG;tdkifawGxJrSmuefausmufvGifhxGufoGm;wJh zdeyfawG&Sdae-uygw,f”? tqifhjrifh _Adwdo#t&m&Sdtrsm;tjym;onf twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;twGif;wGif olwdk‹±Hk;cef;rsm;&Sdae-uonf?

66666 [l;wifum.‘jrefrmEdkifiH/þvGwfvyfa&;¯ud;yrf;r+þ1944=48’þpmrsufESmþ(872)?77777 qm/ bOD;onf xdktcsdefu w&m;v$wfawmf. w&m;ol}uD;ESihf zGJŒpnf;

yHkOya'tzGJŒwGif ta&;ygaomtzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfonf? 1952=57 wGif EdkifiHawmforRwjzpfonf?

armifarmif (Adkvfrª;csKyfa[mif;) “oHCmrSomrefvlokd‹” jrefrmEkdifiH. trsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+rsm; 1980 ykHESdyf/ pmrsufESm (260)/ rSwfcsuf (20)? w&m;±kH;csKyfwGifacwWw&m;ol}uD;wm0ef,lxm;aom OD;bOD;onf txl;w&m;ckH±kH;wGif yg0if_yD;q&mpHukd ppfaq;cJhonf? OD;bOD;tm; pma&;olu o±kyfazmfxm;onfrSm ‘bcife,fykdif0efaxmufonf OD;OwWrtm; yxrjypf'%f pD&ifcsufcscJholjzpfonf?’

88888 z&ef‹/ tif/ xa&*g (Frank N.Trager) jrefrmEkdifiH “bk&ifhEkdifiHrS orRwEkdifiHokd‹” (Burma: From Kingdom to Republic) (vef'ef ayg(vf) arm(vf) ykHESdyfwkduf1966 ckESpf) pmrsufESm 105? “'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u trSwf (136) _Adwdo#wyfzGJŒ. wyfzGJŒ0ifa[mif;rsm;yg0ifaom u&ifrsm;ukd taxmuftyHhay;a&;}uHpnfr+w&yfukd 1948 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif azmfxkwfcJhonf?” [l;wifum (Hugh Tinker)

“jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHþvGwfvyfa&;yxrESpfrsm;ukdþavhvmr+”þ(vef'efþatmuf(pf)zkd‹'fwuUodkvfþpmykHESdyfwkdufþ1957þckESpfþpmrsufESm 37)? “umvuwWm;&Sd 'k=Akdvfrª;}uD;a*s/pD/wl;avmh(cf)(J.C. Tulloch-M.C.) trf/pD/ ESifh &efukef&Sd a'vDar;(vf)owif;pmrStvufZENm; uif;bJ(vf) (Alexander Campbell) (ESpfOD;vkH;rSm 136 wyfzGJŒrS jzpfcJh-uonf) wkd‹. v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;ukd jrefrmtpkd;&u &SmazGawGŒ&SdcJh_yD; uif;bJ(vf)ukd&efukefrS xkwfypfjcif;cH&onf?” aemuftr+wckrSm Seventh-Day Adventist

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c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;wOD;jzpfol a*s/ 'AvsL/ abmf(vf)'0if (J.W. Baldwin) . tr+jzpfonf? vGwfvyfa&;r&ao;rD _Adwdo#wkd‹u ol‹ukd jrefrmEkdifiHrS jynfESif'%fcwfcH&onf? olonf vef'efwGif “jrefrmEkdifiH awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;tzGJŒ”tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd oGm;a&mufwufcJh_yD; 1949 ckESpfwGif autif,lokd‹ oGm;a&mufyl;aygif;cJhonf? 1951 ckESpftxd olwkd‹ESifhtwlaexkdifcJh_yD; tzsm;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefcJhonf? ol‹ocsKõif;tkwf*lay:wGif “Tae&mwGif u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;ukd cspfcifjrwfEkd;olwOD; vJavsmif;ae onf” [laom pmwrf;a&;xkd;xm;onf?

99999 arm&pf/ aumvpf (Maurice Collis) “jrefrmjynfY aemufqkH;ESifh yxrqkH;”(1941=1948) azbmESifh azbmvDrdwuf/ vef'ef) pmrsufESm 25§26?

1010101010 rl&if; jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmudk 1914 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHY pwifwnfaxmifcJh_yD; 1969 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (31) &ufae‹wGif ppftkyfpku jynfolydkifodrf;cJhonf? 1998 ckESpf/ ZGefv (15) &ufrSpI befaumufwGif acwfòydif*sme,fpmyHkESdyfwdkufrS jyefvnf±dkufESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf?

1111111111 tdkvDAm *dk;vfprpf (Oliver Goldsmith) . ‘oabmaumif;þa,mufsm;wOD;’12 12 12 12 12 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ wifqufol = atmifqef;udk

zrf;qD;jcif;rðyEkdifrD 0ef}uD;csKyf uvD;rifh/ tufwvD (Clement Altee) u bk&ifcHudkjyefac:vdkufonf? vlawGŒar;jref;cH&ol tJ&pf/ bufwmpbD= “qma':refprpfuawmh aemifwr&ao;bJ aemufrS rdwfaqGwOD;pD pma&;vdkufwmu= usKyfwdk‹u atmifqef;&JŒ ol‹avmufta&;rygwJh vkyfazmfudkifbufawGudk qGJóud;cs_yD;om;yJ?'ga-umihf olu b,fta-umif;a-umihf *sL&Da&S›rSm tcGihftvrf; r,lEkdifovJqdkwmusKyfem;rvnfEkdifbl;? ol‹udk aopm;aoap pD&ifcsufcs&if usKyfwdk‹u oem;u±k%may;zdk‹ aocsmrSmaygh? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dvdk tajctaeay:rSom ta&;,lEkdifrSm”?

1313131313 [l;wifum (Hugh Tinker) t,f'Dwm “jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;¯ud;yrf;r+”vef'ef/ bk&ifr}uD;. pma&;ud&d,m ±kH;cef;/ 1983=84 twGJ (1) pmrsufESm 543/tcsuf 563?

14 14 14 14 14 bDbDpD (2) wDADG (txufygtpDtpOf)/ atmifqef;pk-unf= “armihfbufwef(Mountbatten) u em;vnfr+&Sdwmu usrzcif[m jrefrmjynfrSm todtrSwfðy&r,fh tiftm;jzpfa-umif;eJ‹ olu vufcHcJhwmuvJ trSeftwdkif; r[mrdwfawGudkArmhwyfrawmfu xl;uJpGm tultnDay;Ekdifa-umif;udk ,Hk-unfw,fqdkwm usrxifygw,f”?

1515151515 'k=Adkvfrª;}uD;vSrif;/ “jrefrmEkdifiH. EkdifiHa&;tajctaeESifh a'otwGif;

&v'f

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ol‹tcef;u¾” (umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme/ 21 }udrfajrmufxkwfa0jcif;/ 1999)pmrsufESm 36?

“æAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;pdwful;cJhonfrSm _Adwdo#wkd‹xHrS vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf jrefrmEkdifiH. vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESifhtnD zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya' (1947ckESpf) ukd jyefvnfjyifqif&efjzpfonf? uHta-umif;raumif;vSpGm TonfrSm jzpfay:rvmcJhawmhacs? tb,fa-umifhqkdaomf r-umao;cifuyif _Adwdo#owif;Xmersm;okd‹ xkwfjyefay;cJhaom tvGeftxl;ta&;}uD;aom taxmuftxm;rsm;t&_Adwdeftajcpkduf “jrefrmEkdifiH awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;” tzGJŒuvGwfvyfa&;r&rD AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh 0ef}uD;tzGJŒukd vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ESifh1947=48 ckESpf ywf0ef;usifrsm;wGif u&ifaomif;usef;r+rsm; jzpfyGm;atmif pDrH!ef-um;cJhjcif;jzpf_yD; ‚if;wkd‹onf _Adwdef. ukdvkdeDe,fcsJŒ “uGefqmaA;wpf” tpkd;&ESifhwdusaom tquft oG,frsm;&SdaecJhonf?

16 16 16 16 16 a':atmifqef;pk-unf. ‘atmifqef;’ (uGif;pfvef;wuUodkvf=-opa-wvs/ 1984) pmrsufESm=(33) ‘olyGifhyGifhvif;vif;0efcHcJhouJhodk‹ olonf rrSm;r,Gif;Edkifaomol r[kwfyg? odk‹aomf ol.pdwfrSm tpOft_rJ us,fjyef‹vsuf&Sdaompdwfjzpfum tpOfrjywf zGHŒòzd;wdk;wufEkdifaom pGrf;tm;&Sdaeonf?

17 17 17 17 17 w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;r+ESifh vHkòcHr+wdk‹udk tpm;xdk;Edkif&efESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf óudwifjyifqifr+rsm; ðyvkyfEdkif&ef vkyfydkifcGifhtm%m tyfESif;vsuf tpdk;&w&yfudk OD;aqmifEdkif&eftwGuf 1958 ckESpf/atmufwdkbm vwGif jrefrmEdkifiHawmf jynfol‹v$wfawmfu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udkemrnfpm&if;wif tqdkðycJhonf? ae0if;tm; uef‹owfxm;aom wm0efoufwrf;rSm 1958 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvrS 1960 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dvtxdjzpfonf?

1818181818 npmpm;yGJwckY vl0ifpm;r+ta-umif; ajym-um;r+wckukd wqifhcH jyefvnf-um;od&_yD; ,if;rSm &$ifjrL;zG,f[k xif&aomfvnf; ta&;}uD;onfh ykHjyifwyk'fjzpfonfhtwGuf xyfcgxyfcgajymjcif;jzifh ykdrkdaumif;rGefvmygvdrfhrnf? ol.tkyfpkd;r+apmapmykdif;wGif tm%m&Sifae0if;onf xkdif;rif;orD;wyg;ukd EkdifiHawmfnpmpm;yGJw&yfjzifh wnfcif;{nfhcHonf? rif;orD;u olronf 1767 ckESpfu jrefrmwkd‹t,k'<,-rdŒawmfukd odrf;ykdufpOfu ol‹tukdESifhtwl uGyfrsufjcif; cHcJh-u&aom rif;orD; jyefvnf0ifpm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf[k ae0if;ukd ajymjyonf? tu,fI aemufb0rsm;wGif tcsdef-um&SnfpGm uGJuGmcJh&aom ol‹tukdESifh jyefvnf qkHqnf;&ef ar#mfvifhcJh_yD; olwkd‹ESpfOD;yl;aygif;I jrefrmEkdifiHukd zsufqD;vufpm;acs &ef olrraorD usdefqkdcJh

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a-umif; olru ajymjyjyefygonf? ae0if;u olrbuf tenf;i,f,drf;vkduf_yD;olrem;em;uyfum wkd;wkd;av;ajymygonf? “igu rifhtukdyJ? -unfhav? ig jrefrmjynfukd bmvkyfxm;ovJ? at;æ'gtpyJ&Sdao; w,f” [l.?

19 a'gufwmwifha0 BA, MBBS (Rgn), MRACMA, MM (Psychotherapy)

(Sydney), FRANZCP onf Westmead aq;±kHwGif pdwfa&m*g txl;ukq&m0ef(Staff Specialist Psychiatrist) wa,mufjzpf_yD;/ jyifyukd,fykdifaq;ukcef;wGifpdwfa0'em cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmukxkH;jzifh ukool q&m0ef (Psychotherapist) wa,mufjzpfonf ? ‚if;pdwfyg0ifpm;onfh bmom&yfrsm;xJwGif tºuGif;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfvufatmuf aexkdif&jcif;. tusKd;quf&v'frsm;ESifh tqkdyg&v'frsm;. om;pOfajr;qufwkdif qkd;usKd;oufa&mufapr+rsm;/ ppfajy;'kuQonfrsm;ESifh n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufcH/"m;pmcHrsm;twGuf pdwfa0'em ukxkH;rsm; ponfwkd‹yg0ifonf?

2020202020Tae&mwGif u|efawmf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;cJhonfhpmtkyfwGif ',feD&,f(vf)'Dzkd; (Danicl Defoe:1661-1731) . pmayrS avsmfuefonfh atmufyga&;om;csufukd ukd;um;jyxm;ygonf?

The best of men cannot suspend their fate:

The good die early, the bad die late.2121212121 a-u;rkHOD;aomif;/ xif&Sm;ausmf-um;aom owif;pmq&mESifh pma&;q&m?

tar&duefEkdifiH zavmf&D'ge,fwGif ,cktcg aexkdifvsuf&Sd_yD; ±+armif (c) ae0if;.b0jzpfpOfrsm;ukd taumif;qkH; ykHazmf Ekdifoljzpfonf? olonf pmtkyfwapmifwzGJŒ jzpfatmif atmufygukd,fa&;twˆKy`wWdrsm;ukd taumif;tqkd; r¹cGif;rcsefa&;om;cJhonf?

(1) “Adkvfae0if; ppf"m;jyvrf;pOf”/ 1944 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif a&'D,kdbm;rm;/rme,fyavmu ykHESdyfxkwfa0onf?

(2) “owif;pmq&mwOD;/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wOD;ESifh jrefrmjynf&Sd ppfwyfwwyf”/1995 ckESpfwGif 0+dufvkd;wyfpf/ befaumufESifh csifeDrSm ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf?

(3) “Adkvfae0if;Zmwfvrf;±+yfor#” (Akdvfae0if;. ±+yfaxG;ayGvD Zmwfvrf;tjynfhtpkH) 2001 ckESpfwGif ukd,fwkdifxkwfa0 _yD; “OD;ae0if;. jymwqkyf”/ 2004ckESpfwGif ukd,fwkdifxkwfa0? trSwf (2) rSvGJI useftm;vkH; jrefrmbmomjzifhjzpfonf?EkdifiH&yf jcm;a&muf jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;onf ae0if;ESifhywfoufI aqmif;yg;rsm;ykHrSefa&;avh&Sd-u&m tcsKd‹rSm ol.oDva-umifh tusifhysufr+rsm;tajctae/bufvkdufr+rsm;ESifh tawG;tac:vGJacsmfaer+rsm;tay: txl;«yxm;-uonf? tvm;

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wl t"dutcsufrsm;tay: tajccHaom u|efawmfwkd‹. tufaq;rsm;ESifh tawG;tjrifrsm;onf “at;&Sm;0dcf” r*~Zif;wGif 2003 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvwGif “b0&Sifrif;w&m;ae0if;” ESifh 1993 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif “ol&Jaumif;wOD;.t&dyf” tjzpfazmfjycH&_yD; befaumufrS xkwfa0aom “acwf°ydif” *sme,fwGif &Spfav;vkH;ESpfywfvnftxdrf;trSwfpmapmiftwGuf “ae0if;.0Sufvuf” tp&Sdonfh aqmif;yg;rsm;azmfjycHcJh&onf? ,if;okd‹aom aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd u|efawmf vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;ESifhu|efawmfukd,fwkdif pDtm'DbD “owif;rsm;ESifh tjrifrsm;” pmapmifwGif a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf?

2222222222 ae0if;ESifhtwl ol‹orD; cifpENm0if; (owif;rsm;wGif ol.q&m0eftjzpfazmfjy-uonf)/ olr. cifyGef; at;aZmf0if;ESifh ajr; ausmfae0if;wkd‹ vkdufygcJh-uonf?_yD;cJhaom tESpf (20) twGif; tusifhysufqkH; urBmhacgif;aqmif (10) OD;pm&if;wGifql[m wkdtaejzifh xdyfqkH;tqifhtjzpf EkdifiHwumjrifomxifomtzGJŒrS xkwfa0aomurBmvkH;qkdif&m tusihfysufr+tpD&ifcHpmu 2004 ckESpf rwfvwGif tqifhowfrSwfcH&onfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfonf?

2323232323 ±+armifonf ti,fwef;pma&;av;tjzpf tvkyfvkyfzuf a':wifwifukd1930 ckESpfvnfwGif vufxyfcJh_yD; om; (2) OD; xGef;um;cJhonf? olwkd‹uGJ_yD;aemufAdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;tjzpf rpPpfauwDawmif}uD; (c) auwDboef; (c) cifaroef;ukd1950 ckESpftapmykdif;wGif vufxyfcJhonf? olrwGif orD;okH;OD;yg&SdvmcJh_yD; ae0if;ESifhorD; (2) a,muf/ om; (1) a,muf &&SdcJhonf? olronf 1972 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf? 1970 ckESpfvnfwGif a': -umqef[kac:aom &ckdiftrsKd;orD;wOD;ukd ZeD;r,m;«ycJhonf[k aumvm[vjzpfcJhonf? ukef;abmifrif;qufrS bk&ifrif;wkef;rif;.jrpfawmfol *|ef±kd‹pf b,fvmrD (June Rose Bellamy) (c) &wemewfr,fukd 1975§76ckESpfwGif w&m;0ifvufxyfcJhjyefonf? ,if;tdrfaxmifrSmvnf; acwWr#omcH_yD;tdrfwGif;&efjzpfr+twGif; aq;vdyfjymzefcGufjzifh ypfaygufr+jzifh tqkH;owfoGm;cJhonf?rnfolu pypfaygufonfESifhywfoufI owif;jyef‹yGm;r+twGif; 0d0g'uGJvGJr+rsm;&SdcJhonf? aemufqkH;od&Sd&onfh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;r+rSm &efukefwuUokdvforkdif;XmerSokawoe uxdu a':eDeDjrifhESifhjzpfonf? olrESifhuGJ_yD; jyefvnfvufxyfjyefonfhtwGuf ,if;ukd ESpf}udrf[kwGufv#if pkpkaygif; (6) }udrf&Sdonf?

2424242424Tpmykd'fESifhywfoufI u|efawmf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;cJhonfh pmtkyfwGif±+dwfpyD;,m; (William Shakespeare: 23.4.1564-23.4.1616: in ‘Julies Caesar’)

a&;om;csufrsm;rS jrefrmjynf. vuf&SduH-urRmESifh oufqkdif&m pum;rsm;ukd

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atmufygtwkdif; ukd;um;cJhonf?“There is a tide in the affairs of men, - Which taken at the flood, leads

on to fortune; - Omitted all the voyage of their life - Is bound in shallows, andin miseries.”

2525252525 t,f'DwmxHay;pm= “{&m0wDpmapmif” csif;rkdif/ xkdif;EkdifiH = 2003 ckESpf{_yDvwGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0? pmrsufESm (6)/ acgif;pOf “&mZyv†ifokd‹trSm;” a&;olcifatmif/ -opa-w;vs?

“oif. 2003 ckESpf Zefe0g&D=azazmf0g&Dxkwfpmapmif (twGJ 11/ trSwf 1)rsufESmzkH;wGif AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD;oef;a&$ukd a&S;±kd;pOfvm jrefrmbk&ifrsm;. taqmifta,mif0wfpkHjzifh azmfjycJhjcif;rSm ol‹tdyfrufpdwful;tjrifjzpfEkdifaomfvnf; u|efawmfwkd‹twGufrSm ajcmuftdyfrufozG,fjzpfaeonf? yef;csDq&mu bk&ifrif;wkef;rif;ukdykHazmfonfESifhþqef‹usifzuf b,fbufokd‹ ol‹ukd ,drf;aeatmif yef;csDu rSefrSefuefuefykHazmfEkdifygonf? wHqdyftjynfhESifh ppf0wfpkHtwGif;rSmxuf olu ykd-unfhaumif;aeygonf? 1990 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvxkwf at;&Sm;0dcfpmapmifyg “bk&ifrif;w&m;}uD;ae0if;” ykHukd u|efawmhftm; jyefvnfowd&apygonf? ,if;aqmif;yg;wGif rukdËfo&zlaqmif;bk&ifjzpfcsifaom ae0if;. b0&nfrSef;csufukd cef‹rSef;wGufq a&;om;cJhonf? ae0if;taejzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifcJhaom &JabmfokH;usdyftrsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;rsm;. taiGŒtoufukd udufonfjzpfap/ r¯udufonfjzpfapqifjref;xm;cJhonf? ae0if;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. txl;av;pm;cH&aom acgif;aqmifr+ukd tarGqufcHcJh&onf[k aºuG;a-umfcJhonf? okd‹aomfvnf; vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+}uD;wGif ol yg0ifywfoufaeonfrSm xifomjrifom &SdvSonf? vGefav_yD;aom aemifww&m; &roGm;&Smonfh ae0if;taejzifh aumufuspf,kwfrmapumrl wpkHw&m pGJaqmifr+&Sd_yD; ±kyfoGift& -unfhaysmf±+aysmf aysmf&Sdao;onf? eef;yv†ifrS wpufrSra&$Œol vuf&Sd ppftm%m&SifrSmrl csD;rGrf;p&mqkdIwuGufrSr&Sdacs? &ufpuf,kwfoGrf; vl&rf;um; tm%m&Sifrsm;. jycef;aqmiftwGif; m%fynmESifh ±kyf&nftm;jzifh teD;pyfqkH;wlolrSm ,l*ef'grS AdkvfcsKyf bD'Dtrifjzpfonf? olwkd‹ESpfOD;rSm ±kyfwlrsm;jzpf-u_yD; tqifoifh&SdESifh_yD; ±kyfajymifumwGef;rsm;uoufaojyESifh_yD;jzpfonf? olwkd‹ESpfOD;vkH;ukd,fpDwGif olwkd‹. tao;pm;av;awGESifh&Hvsuf&Sd_yD;jzpfonf? ,l*ef'gtm%m&Siftaejzifh xkdufwefonfhjypf'%fukd vGwfajrmufaeapumrl w&m;Oya'ukd pD&if&ef EkdifiHwum w&m;±kH;rsm; tqifoifh&Sdaeav_yD?”

2626262626 ta0;a&mufoHwrefwOD;. = “°rdŒawmfjyefxD;a[mif;avmif;rif;w&m;”

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acwf°ydif*sme,f 2006 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv pmrsuf ESm (5)? &efukefajrmufbuf (244)rkdiftuGm&Sd ysOf;rem;°rdŒ -uufajy;&yfokd‹ etzu °rdŒawmfajymif;a&$onfESifhywfoufaom aqmif;yg;? oHwrefa[mif;wOD;jzpfol pma&;q&mu vuf&Sdtm%m&SifESpfOD;jzpfonfh AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD;oef;a&$ESifh 'k=AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD; armif;at;wkd‹ukd“i±l;” ESifh “irl;” [lI trnfwyfvkdufonf? trSefwu,ftm;jzifh jrefrmtrsm;pkrSmcef‹rSef;csufukd em;vnfoabmayguf_yD;jzpfI olwkd‹tay: rauseyfr+ukd vGwfvyfaomurBmwGif tcGifh&wkdif; vGwfvyfpGmajymqkdvsuf&Sd-uonf?

2727272727 atmifqef;pk-unf “a-umuf&GHŒ jcif;rS uif;vGwfa&;” yif*Gufpmtkyfwkduft*Fvef 1991/ 'Drkdua&pD&SmykHawmf pmwrf;rsm;/ pmrsuf 177?

pmwGJvkyf}uHr+ESifh ±kH;wifw&m;pGJqkdr+ESifhywfoufaom a-u;eef;pmtcsKd‹

11111 aemufwae‹wGif &ef‹ (Rance) u yufopfavm&ifh (Pethick-Lawrence)

udk udk,fydkifa-u;eef;eHygwf 122/ (20;15) em&DwGif ta-umif;-um;jcif;rSm ol‹taejzifh atmifqef;tm; xyfrHawGŒqHkjyD; tr+aqmiftzGJŒwGifcef‹&ef trnfrsm; wdkifyif-uygonf? pum;vufqHkjcif;rSm cifrifpGm&Sda-umif;udkyg aygif;xnfhvdkufonf?oydwfarSmufacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhawGŒqHkI olwdk‹u aemufqHk;wGif aphpyfjcif; jyefvnfzGifhvSpf&ef oabmwl-ua-umif;udkvnf;ygonf? OD;apm.toufay:wGif }uHpnfjcif;rSm atmifqef;u uG,f&mwGif yg0ifcJhonf[k axmufjyjcif; vHk;0r&Sdyg?

22222 xifjrif&onfrSm Ta-u;eef;udk bk&ifcHu vkyf}uHr+ESifhywfoufonfhowif;-um;-um;csif; tvsifpvdk ydk‹vdkufygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSm yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf?

33333 *|ef'±dkif'if (John Dryden) = ‘rpPwm uGef*&dxH ay;pmrsm;’ (Epistles to

Mr. Congreve).4 4 4 4 4 &ef‹uvpfwdk0J (vf) (Listowel) udk a-u;eef;eHygwf 371/ -o*kwfv (14)

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&uf/ (15;00) em&D/ aemufxyfta-umif;-um;jcif;rSm rdk;. xGufqdkcsuftm;us,fjyef‹pGm jzef‹a0jcif;r&Sd (aemufxyf=r&Sd) I xdyfwef;v#KdŒ0Suftqihf qufvufxm;rnfudk ar#mfvifhygonf?

55555 Tpmudk &ef‹u jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;vufodk‹ay;cJh&m 0ef}uD;u pmjyef&efrvdka-umif; rSwfcsufcsygonf?

66666 arm&pf/ aumfvpf “jrefrmjynfY aemufqkH;ESifh yxrqkH;” (1941= 1948)azbmESifh azbmvDrdwuf/ vef'ef pmrsufESm 22=24?

“a':refprpf jrefrmjynfokd‹ a&mufvmonfhtcsdef0,f (1941/ arv) OD;apmrSm0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfaeonf? olwkd‹ESpfOD; awGŒqkH-uonfhtcgwGif uHaumif;axmufrIoifhoifhjrwfjrwf&Sd-uonf? a':refprpfu OD;apm. vlqkd;vlaw p±kdufukdyifcifrifESpfvkdzG,faumif;aom Oy"d±kyf wpkHw&mwck[k xifjrifcJhonf? 0ef}uD;csKyfuol‹ukd,fol pdwftm±kHwGif jrefrmvlrsKd;tm; vGwfajrmufa&; atmifjrifpGm vkyfaqmifay;Ekdifrnfh acgif;aqmifjzpfa-umif; xifaejcif;rSm b0ifckdufaponf? okd‹aomfvnf;TuJhokd‹aqmif&GufaepOfþol‹tdwfuyfukdygþtjynfhjznfhoGm;rnfukdawmhaocsmonf?aumufuspfvdrfnmaom pdwfESifh t-urf;zufr+vkyfaomfjim;vnf; ol‹rSm ESpfvkdzG,ft&nftaoG;&Sdoljzpfonf? olonf [moajrmufI a,musfm;yDooljzpf_yD;v+dufvSJysLiSmpGm vl‹obm0ESifh jynfhpkHoljzpfonf? a':refprpfu olESifhtqifajyEkdifrnf[k ,kH-unfonf? OD;apmbufrSqkdv#if bk&ifcHonf azmfa&Gaom trlt&mjyvsuf e*kdobm0aumif;ykH&I bk&ifcHtm; cifrif&efyif&Sdonf?

77777 azmfjy_yD;pmtkyf? pmrsufESm 25=26? bk&ifcH a':refprpfu pma&;olukdajymjycJhonfh ajymqkdr+? qm&,f*sDe,fu OD;apmukd “aeygOD;? rEœav;utvkyfwckcef‹wmrSm cifAsm;u aiGwaomif; awmif;w,fvkd‹ owif;jzpfaew,f?”OD;apmu rcef‹w&ef‹ rsufESmvkyfvkduf_yD; “bk&ifcHrif;/ u|efawmfu tvkyfawGa&mif;pm;w,fvkd‹ qkdvkdwmvm;” “r[kwfygbl;/ 'DtvkyfwcktwGuf aiGwaomif;cifAsm;awmif;w,fvkd‹ u|efawmfodwmyg?” “u|efawmfrvkyfygbl;” [k OD;apmut°yH;av;wpjzifh ajymvkduf onf? “'gqkd&if cifAsm; b,favmufawmif;aeovJ”OD;apmrsufESmrSm tm;&yg;&t°yH;okd‹ oufoufomom ajymif;oGm;onf? “waomif;ig;axmifyg? aemif u|efawmf rvkyfawmhygbl;?”

88888 attdk'D (AOD) atat'D (AAD) &efukefòrd›twGif;&Sd yifrvufeufwdkufESihf yifr cJ,rf;rD;ausmufwdkufudk qdkvdkonf?

99999 jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m _AdwdefoHtrwfrS trftD;'efeif;/ tD;tufusL EkdifiHjcm;a&;

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±kH;/ vef'ef? twGif;a&;pm (1169/ 12/ 48) &ufpGJ &efukef 1948 ckESpf arv (8)&uf?

txufygpmukd qifqmwnf;jzwf_yD; ykHpHjzifh tufzftkd 371§69472 tjzpf1966 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv (7) &ufae‹wGif jynfol‹rSwfwrf;±kH;okd‹ xkwfay;cJhonf?AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vkyf}uHcH&onfh tESpf (50) ajrmuftjzpf ,lauwGif xkwfv$ifhjyocJhaom “atmifqef;ukd trSefwu,fb,folowfovJ” rSwfwrf;±kyf&Sifukd±kduful;cJhaom bDbDpD (2)/ wDAGD'g±kdufwm/ xkwfvkyfolwkd‹. okawoetzGJŒu‚if;pmukd xkwf,lcJhonf?

oufaotaxmuftxm;topfrsm;ukd xkwfjyEkdifaom rdepf (50) -umxkwfv$ifhr+. aemufqkH;tykdif;wGif ar;cGef;jzpfaeonfh Tpmukd Zmwfa-umif;jyefolu atmufygtwkdif;azmfjycJhonf?

“1948 ckESpf arvtwGif; ud;ay;wJhae‹u &efukefrSm&SdwJh _AdwdefoHtrwfu0+dufa[mokd‹ v#Kd‹0Sufa-u;eef;pmwapmif a&;cJhygw,f? tJ'D a-u;eef;pm[m ESpfaygif;(50) cef‹ rayguf-um;oifhonfhpmtjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;cHcJh&ygw,f? vtenf;i,ft-umrSm EkdifiHjcm;a&;±kH;u 'DtpDtpOf&JŒ okawoerª;xH ‚if;pmtm; xkwfay;&efqkH;jzwfcJhygw,f? ,if;a-u;eeff;pmu &Jt}uD;tuJ u oHtrwfukd ajymjycsuftm;xkwfazmfxm;ygw,f? u|efawmf ukd;um;jyygr,f? “vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+rSm _Adwdo#wkd‹ yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+ &Sdw,fqkdwm u|efawmfwkd‹ wu,fhukd ,kH-unfaea-umif;?&Jt}uD;tuJu qm&,f*sDe,fa':refprpfukd oHo,&Sdoltjzpf axmufjycJha-umif;?-um;twGif; v+yf&Sm;olrSm &efukef&Sd _Adwdo#aumifpDrS bif*av (Bingley) [kac:onfh vljzpfonf[k ol ,kH-unfa-umif;?”

‚if;pmukd &efukef&Sd _Adwdo#oHtrwfrS 0+dufa[mokd‹ ay;ykd‹cJhonfh xdyfwef;v#Kd‹0SufrSwfwrf;tjzpf xdef;xm;cJhonf? oHtrwf rpPwm AdkumxH owif;ay;ykd‹cJhol.emrnfukd rl&if;pm. (okH;ae&mwGif) zsufxm;cJh_yD;jzpfaomfvnf; u|efawmf.bcifu xkdokd‹ bGif;bGif;}uD;ajymcJhjcif;omjzpfa-umif; xkwfjyefcJhonf?

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&m pmykd'fwykd'fukd atmufygtwkdif; ukd;um;ay;cJhygonf?“bDbDpDu tus,fzGifhjyocJhaom wckwnf;aom taxmuftxm;topfrSm

r-umrDurS tjyifokd‹ xkwfay;cJhaom 1948 ckESpf arv (8) &ufae‹ pGJwyfxm;onfhvef'ef&Sd rpPwm trftD;'efeif;xH _Adwdo#oHtrwfu ay;ykd‹aompmjzpfonf?u|efawmfbcifrSm xkdtcsdefu tprf;cef‹ &JcsKyfjzpf_yD; aumhaw;ygwDpum;0kdif;rSmuJhokd‹oHtrwfukd pdwfaygufovkd t,kHoGif;ajymrnfh jrefrmwOD;r[kwfonfrSm aocsmvSonf? “u|efawmf. bcifukd oHtrwfu aumif;pGmodcJh_yD; “ppfrjzpfcifuOD;apm. aemufvkdufwOD;” [k pmwGif a&;om;cJhouJhokd‹ olu &nf!ef;vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs? qifqmwnf;jzwfxm;onfhpmtjzpf oufqkdif&m tufzftkd &nf!ef;r+wGif u|efawmhfbcifemrnfukd tokH;«yxm;vdrfhrnf[k u|efawmf em;vnfrdygw,f?&JcsKyfvnf; “u|efawmfwkd‹ wu,fhukd ,kHae_yD” [laom oD0&D ukdifpGJxm;olwOD;jzpfonf[k ajymcJhrdol tjypf&Sdol ta&;}uD;EkdifiHa&;orm;wOD;tm; zkH;uG,f&eftwGufxkduJhokd‹ «yvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? rnfokd‹qkdap/ vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ae‹&ufrsm;txdjyefvnfoGm;cJhv#if taxGaxGaom pGyfpGJcsufrsm;rSm topftqef;r[kwfacs?”

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