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Adaptation to environmental conditions Martin Könneke www.icbm.de

Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

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Page 1: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Adaptation to environmental conditions

Martin Könneke www.icbm.de

Page 2: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Adaptation

•! What environmental factors affect growth?

•! Cell structure and growth

•! Adaptations to environmental factors •! Cold adaptation in SRB •! Growth above 100 ˚C

Page 3: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

What environmental factors affect growth?

•! Temperature

•! pH •! Water availability •! Oxygen

•! Pressure •! Light and radiation •! (Energy & carbon source)

Page 4: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Extreme <-> Normal

Specialist <-> Generalist

Growth <-> Survival

Permanent <-> Transient

Obligate <-> Tolerant

Page 5: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Growth

Transport

Biosynthesis Maintenance of highly organized structure Regulation

Reproduction Detoxification

Page 6: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Macromolecules in the cell

Quelle: Brock Biology of Microorganisms

Page 7: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

What environmental factors affect growth?

•! Temperature

•! pH •! Water availability •! Oxygen

•! Pressure

Page 8: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis
Page 9: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Quelle: Brock Biology of Microorganisms

Page 10: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Temperature limits for life

•! Freezing point in seawater around -2 ˚C

•! Partially liquid in antarctic sea ice at -15 ˚C •! Liquid up to 300 ˚C at high pressure •! Only Prokaryotes grow above 65 ˚C

•! Upper limit: strain 121 grows at 121 ˚C

Page 11: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Upper limit: strain 121 grows at 121 ˚C

Kashefi and Lovley 2003

Page 12: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

The acido- and thermophilic algae Cyanidium caldarium

Yellowstone NP, (~50 ˚C, pH 2)

Page 13: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

What environmental factors affect growth?

•! Temperature

•! pH •! Water availability •! Oxygen

•! Pressure

Page 14: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Quelle: Brock Biology of Microorganisms

Page 15: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

pH and microbial growth

•! pH range for growth limited to 2 units

•! How can they generate proton motive force? •! Picrophilus oshimae (pH 0.7 - 2)

•! Sea water in general well buffered around pH 8

Page 16: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

What environmental factors affect growth?

•! Temperature

•! pH •! Water availability •! Oxygen

•! Energy & carbon source

Page 17: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Water activity, osmosis, and halophiles

•! All organisms require water •! Water content and substances dissolved in water •! Sea water contains about 3% NaCl •! Halophiles: salt-loving organisms

Page 18: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Quelle: Brock Biology of Microorganisms

Page 19: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Quelle: Brock Biology of Microorganisms

Page 20: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Water activity, osmosis, and halophiles

•! All organisms require water •! Water content and substances dissolved in water •! Sea water contains about 3% NaCl •! Halophiles •! Osmophiles: live in environments high in sugars •! Xerophiles: live in very dry environemnts

Page 21: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Compatible solutes allow growth under conditions of low water activity.

Quelle: Brock Biology of Microorganisms

Page 22: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Compatible solutes increase the internal solute concentration.

Quelle: Brock Biology of Microorganisms

Page 23: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

What environmental factors affect growth?

•! Temperature

•! pH •! Water availability •! Oxygen

•! Pressure

Page 24: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Toxic forms of oxygen (By-products during O2 reduction)

Page 25: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis
Page 26: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Quelle: Brock Biology of Microorganisms

Page 27: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

What environmental factors affect growth?

•! Temperature

•! pH •! Water availability •! Oxygen

•! Pressure

Page 28: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Quelle: Brock Biology of Microorganisms

Page 29: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Does pressure affect microbial growth?

Pressure increase by 1 bar per 10 m water depth

How can they stand 100 bar in 1000m depth?

Bert Engelen

Page 30: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Temperature adaptation in SRB

Dissimilatory sulfate-reduction occurs between -1.8 ˚C (arctic sediment) and above 100 ˚C (Guaymas basin sediment)

High phylogenetic and physiological diversity

Page 31: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

permantly < 5°C

SO42- H2S

SO42- H2S

SO42- H2S

SO42- SO4

2-

changing temperatures

Tropical and

moderate climate

Polar regions

More than 90 % of the ocean biosphere is permantly cold!

Page 32: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Cold adaptations of microorganisms

•! Effects on growth rate and growth yield

•! Metabolic activity •! Protein flexibility and cold-adapted

enzymes

•! Protein synthesis and cold-induced proteins •! Effects on membrane and lipid structure

Page 33: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Isfjorden (Station D)

Kongsfjorden (Station F)

Bremen

Smeerenburgfjorden (Station J)

Krossfjorden (Station G)

Ny Ålesund

Longyearbyen D

G

J

Spitzbergen

Page 34: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

0 °C

10 °C 20 °C 30 °C 40 °C

Ice

Mesophilic Most isolated SRB (since Beijerink, 1895)

Psychrotolerant: e.g. Desulfobacter hydrogenophilus (Widdel, 1987)

Psychrophilic Isolates from Arctic sediments (Knoblauch et al., 1999)

Temperature range

Optimal temperature

Page 35: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Fluid-mosaic structure of the membrane

Quelle: Brock Biology of Microorganisms

Page 36: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

saturated fatty acids

cis-unsaturated fatty acids

short-chain fatty acids

branched fatty acids

Low temperature High temperature

Temperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids

saturated fatty acids

long chain fatty acids

Desaturase De novo- synthesis

De novo- synthesis

De novo- synthesis

Page 37: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

4 °C 12 °C 20 °C 28 °C

Desulfofaba gelida

Desulfofrigus oceanense

Desulfotalea psychrophila

Desulfotalea arctica

40%

73%

82%

85%

70%

78%

83%

contains high amounts(>70%) of short chain fatty acids

Effect of temperature on unsaturated fatty acids in psychrophilic SRB

Desulforhopalus vacuolatus

85% 81%

Total amount of unsaturated fatty acids

Page 38: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Desulfovibrio desulfuricans

Desulfococcus multivorans

Desulfosarcina variabilis

49%

25%

23%

23%

22%

Desulfobacter hydrogenophilus

65% 27% 43% 61%

50%

Desulfobacter postgatei

43% 11% 24%

4 °C 12 °C 20 °C 28 °C

Effect of temperature on unsaturated fatty acids in mesophilic SRB

Total amount of unsaturated fatty acids

Page 39: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15

cyc 17:0

c9 16:1

10Me 16:0

16:0

0,00

0,10

0,20

0,30

0,40

0 5 10 15

Time (days)

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

OD

660 n

m"

Fatty a

cid

conte

nt (%

)"

0"

0,1"

0,2"

0,3"

0,4"

0" 10" 20" 30" 40" 50

Time (days)

OD

66

0 n

m"

0"

10"

20"

30"

40"

50"

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Fatty a

cid

conte

nt (%

)"

16:0

c9 16:1

10Me 16:0

cyc 17:0

12 °C 28 °C Precultured at 28 °C

Time course of changes in cellualr fatty acids at different growth-temperatures in D. hydrogenophilus

Page 40: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Changes in the fatty acid composition of Desulfobacter hydrogenophilus

Saturated Fatty acids

16:0

Cyclopropane Fatty acids

cyc17:0

cis-unsaturated Fatty acids

c9 16:1

De novo synthesis

CFA-Synthase

Low Temperature High Temperature

(Stationary growth-phase)

Page 41: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Protein pattern of Desulfobacterium autotrophicum Grown at different temperatures

Page 42: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

•! exhibited constant fatty acid composition with high amounts of unsaturated or short-chain fatty acids.

•! are “specialists“ in a small temperature range, in which they probably outcomplete mesophilic/ psychrotolerant species.

•! change the ratio of saturated, unsaturated and cyclopropane containg fatty acids with changing temperature via de novo synthesis.

•! are “generalists“, which propably outcomplete psychrophiles in environments with changing tempeartures.

Psychrophiles (permantly cold sediments)

Psychrotolerants (moderate climate)

Page 43: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Quelle: Brock Biology of Microorganisms

Page 44: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Black Smoker (hydrothermal vent)

C. Cary

So-called "black smokers" are the hottest of the vents. They spew mostly iron and sulfide, which combine to form iron monosulfide. This compound gives the smoker its black color.

Page 45: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Endospores are differentiated cells that very resistant to heat and harsh chemicals.

Page 46: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Quelle: Brock Biology of Microorganisms

Page 47: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Lipid bonds in Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea

Quelle: Brock Biology of Microorganisms

Page 48: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Etherlipids in Archaea

Side chains consist of repeating isoprene units!

Quelle: Brock Biology of Microorganisms

Page 49: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

Structure of archaeal membranes

Glycerol-diether Glycerol-tetraether

Quelle: Brock Biology of Microorganisms

Page 50: Adaptation to environmental conditionsTemperature adaptation of bacterial membrane fatty acids saturated fatty acids long chain fatty acids Desaturase De novo- synthesis De novo- synthesis

In general,temperature is the most important environmental factor in marine systems.

…and easy to reproduce in the lab!


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