7
Acropolis of Athens 1 Acropolis of Athens Geographical coordinates: 37°5817N 23°4334E Acropolis of Athens* UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i, ii, iii, iv, vi Reference 404 [1] Region** Europe Coordinates 37°5817N 23°4334E Inscription history Inscription 1987 (11th Session) * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. [2] ** Region as classified by UNESCO. [3] The Parthenon Reconstruction of the Acropolis and Areios Pagos in Athens, Leo von Klenze, 1846 The Acropolis of Athens or Citadel of Athens is the best known acropolis (Gr. akros, akron, [4] edge, extremity + polis, city, pl. acropoleis) in the world. Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as The Acropolis without qualification. The Acropolis was formally proclaimed as the pre-eminent monument on the European Cultural Heritage list of monuments on 26 March 2007. [5] The Acropolis is a flat-topped rock that rises 150 m (490 ft) above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3 hectares. It was also known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the first Athenian king. History Early settlement While the earliest artifacts date to the Middle Neolithic era, there have been documented habitations in Attica from the Early Neolithic (6th millennium BC). There is little doubt that a Mycenaean megaron stood upon the hill during the late Bronze Age. Nothing of this megaron

Acropolis of Athens

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Acropolis of Athens

Acropolis of Athens 1

Acropolis of AthensGeographical coordinates: 37°58′17″N 23°43′34″E

Acropolis of Athens*UNESCO World Heritage Site

Type Cultural

Criteria i, ii, iii, iv, vi

Reference 404 [1]

Region** Europe

Coordinates 37°58′17″N 23°43′34″E

Inscription historyInscription 1987  (11th Session)

* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. [2]

** Region as classified by UNESCO. [3]

The Parthenon

Reconstruction of the Acropolis and Areios Pagosin Athens, Leo von Klenze, 1846

The Acropolis of Athens or Citadel of Athens is the best knownacropolis (Gr. akros, akron,[4] edge, extremity + polis, city, pl.acropoleis) in the world. Although there are many other acropoleis inGreece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it iscommonly known as The Acropolis without qualification. TheAcropolis was formally proclaimed as the pre-eminent monument onthe European Cultural Heritage list of monuments on 26 March2007.[5] The Acropolis is a flat-topped rock that rises 150 m (490 ft)above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3hectares. It was also known as Cecropia, after the legendaryserpent-man, Cecrops, the first Athenian king.

History

Early settlement

While the earliest artifacts date to the Middle Neolithic era, there havebeen documented habitations in Attica from the Early Neolithic (6thmillennium BC). There is little doubt that a Mycenaean megaron stoodupon the hill during the late Bronze Age. Nothing of this megaron

Page 2: Acropolis of Athens

Acropolis of Athens 2

survives except, probably, a single limestone column-base and pieces of several sandstone steps. Soon after thepalace was built a Cyclopean massive circuit wall was built, 760 meters long, up to 10 meters high, and ranging from3.5 to 6 meters thick. This wall would serve as the main defense for the acropolis until the 5th century.[6] The wallconsisted of two parapets built with large stone blocks and cemented with an earth mortar called emplekton (Greek:ἔμπλεκτον).[7] The wall follows typical Mycenaean convention in that it followed the natural contour of the terrainand its gate was arranged obliquely, with a parapet and tower overhanging the incomers' right-hand side, thusfacilitating defense. There were two lesser approaches up the hill on its north side, consisting of steep, narrow flightsof steps cut in the rock. Homer is assumed to refer to this fortification when he mentions the "strong-built House ofErechtheus" (Odyssey 7.81). At some point before the 13th century an earthquake caused a fissure near thenortheastern edge of the acropolis. This fissure extended some thirty five meters to a bed of soft marl in which a wellwas dug.[8] An elaborate set of stairs was built and the well was used as a protected source of drinking water duringsome portion of the Mycenaean period, as it was invaluable in times of siege.construction of Acropolis of Athens began in 447 BC and was completed in 438 BC constructed for defensepurposes Greeks used Acropolis to study the positions of their enemies at the time of a war or battle The Acropolis isalso known as Cecropia or Kekrops after the first king of Athens large hill with a flat top, like a plateau is a 260 fttall around eighty feet high and fifty wide

The Dark AgesThere is no conclusive evidence for the existence of a Mycenean palace on top of the Athenian Acropolis. However,if there was such a palace, it seems to have been transplanted by later building activity on the Acropolis. Not much isknown as to the architectural appearance of the Acropolis until the archaic era. In the 7th and the 6th centuries BCthe site was taken over by Kylon during the failed Kylonian revolt, and twice by Pisistratus: all attempts directed atseizing political power by coups d' etat. Nevertheless it seems that a nine-gate wall, the Enneapylon, had been builtaround the biggest water spring, the "Clepsydra", at the northwestern foot.

Archaic AcropolisA temple sacred to "Athena Polias" (Protectress of the City) was quickly erected by mid-6th century BC. This Doriclimestone building, from which many relics survive, is referred to as the "Bluebeard" temple, named after thepedimental three-bodied man-serpent sculpture, whose beards were painted dark blue. Whether this temple replacedan older one, or a mere sacred precinct or altar, is not known. In the late 6th century BC yet another temple was built,usually referred to as the Archaios Naos (Old Temple). This temple of Athena Polias was built upon the Doerpfeldfoundations.[9] It is unknown where the "Bluebeard" temple was built. There are two popular theories (1) the"Bluebeard" temple was built upon the Doerpfeld foundations, (2) the "Bluebeard" temple was built where theParthenon now stands.[10] That being said it is unknown if the "Bluebeard" temple and the Archaios Naos coexisted.To confuse matters, by the time the "Bluebeard" Temple had been dismantled, a newer and grander marble building,the "Older Parthenon" (often called the "Ur-Parthenon", German for "Early Parthenon"), was started following thevictory at Marathon in 490 BC. To accommodate it, the south part of the summit was cleared of older remnants,made level by adding some 8,000 two-ton blocks of Piraeus limestone, a foundation 11 m (36 ft) deep at somepoints, and the rest filled with earth kept in place by the retaining wall.The Older Parthenon was still under construction when the Persians sacked the city in 480 BC. The building was burned and looted, along with the Archaios Naos and practically everything else on the rock. After the Persian crisis had subsided, the Athenians incorporated many of the unfinished temple's architectural members (unfluted column drums, triglyphs, metopes, etc.) into the newly built northern curtain wall of the Acropolis, where they serve as a prominent "war memorial" and can still be seen today. The devastated site was cleared of debris. Statuary, cult objects, religious offerings and unsalvageable architectural members were buried ceremoniously in several deeply dug pits on the hill, serving conveniently as a fill for the artificial plateau created around the classic Parthenon. This

Page 3: Acropolis of Athens

Acropolis of Athens 3

"Persian debris" is the richest archaeological deposit excavated on the Acropolis.

The Propylaea

The Erechtheum

The Periclean building program

Most of the major temples were rebuilt under the leadership of Periclesduring the Golden Age of Athens (460–430 BC). Phidias, a greatAthenian sculptor, and Ictinus and Callicrates, two famous architects,were responsible for the reconstruction. During the 5th century BC, theAcropolis gained its final shape. After winning at Eurymedon in 468BC, Cimon and Themistocles ordered the reconstruction of southernand northern walls, and Pericles entrusted the building of the Parthenonto Ictinus and Callicrates.

In 437 BC Mnesicles started building the Propylaea, monumental gateswith columns of Pentelic marble, partly built upon the old propylaea ofPisistratus. These colonnades were almost finished in 432 BC and hadtwo wings, the northern one serving as picture gallery. At the sametime, south of the propylaea, building of the small Ionic Temple ofAthena Nike commenced. After an interruption caused by thePeloponnesian War, the temple was finished in the time of Nicias'peace, between 421 BC and 415 BC.

During the same period the building of the Erechtheum, a combination of sacred precincts including the temples ofAthena Polias, Poseidon, Erechtheus, Cecrops, Herse, Pandrosos and Aglauros, with its so-called the Kore Porch (orCaryatids' balcony), was begun.

Between the temple of Athena Nike and the Parthenon there was the temenos of Artemis Brauronia or Brauroneion,the goddess represented as a bear and worshipped in the deme of Brauron. The archaic xoanon of the goddess and astatue made by Praxiteles in the 4th century BC were both in the sanctuary.Behind the Propylaea, Phidias' gigantic bronze statue of Athena Promachos ("she who fights in the front line"), builtbetween 450 BC and 448 BC, dominated. The base was 1.50 m (4 ft 11 in) high, while the total height of the statuewas 9 m (30 ft). The goddess held a lance whose gilt tip could be seen as a reflection by crews on ships roundingCape Sounion, and a giant shield on the left side, decorated by Mys with images of the fight between the Centaursand the Lapiths. Other monuments that have left almost nothing visible to the present day are the Chalkotheke, thePandroseion, Pandion's sanctuary, Athena's altar, Zeus Polieus's sanctuary and, from Roman times, the circulartemple of Augustus and Rome.

Hellenistic and Roman periodDuring the Hellenistic and Roman periods, many of the existing buildings in the area of the Acropolis were repaired,due to damage from age, and occasionally, war.[11] Monuments to foreign kings were erected, notably those of theAttalid kings of Pergamon Attalos II (in front of the NW corner of the Parthenon), and Eumenes II, in front of thePropylaia. These were rededicated during the early Roman Empire to Augustus (or perhaps Cladius), and Agrippa,respectively.[12] Eumenes was also responsible for constructing a stoa on the South slope, not unlike that of Attalosin the Agora below.During the Julio-Claudian period, the Temple of Rome and Augustus, a small, round edifice, about 23 meters fromthe Parthenon, was to be the last significant ancient construction on the summit of the rock.[13] Around the sametime, on the North slope, in a cave next to the one dedicated to Pan since the classical period, a sanctuary wasfounded where the archons dedicated to Apollo on taking office.[14] In the following century, on the South slope,Herodes Atticus built his grand odeon.

Page 4: Acropolis of Athens

Acropolis of Athens 4

The Venetian siege of 1687

During the 3rd century, under threat from aHerulian invasion, repairs were made to theAcropolis walls, and the "Beule Gate" wasconstructed to restrict entrance in front ofthe Propylaia, thus returning the Acropolisto use as a fortress.[11]

Byzantine, Latin and Ottomanperiod

In the Byzantine period, the Parthenon wasturned into a church, dedicated to the VirginMary. Under the Latin Duchy of Athens, theAcropolis functioned as the city'sadministrative center, with the Parthenon asits cathedral, and the Propylaia as part of theDucal Palace. A large tower was added, the "Frankopyrgos" (Tower of the Franks), demolished in the 19th century.After the Ottoman conquest, the Parthenon was used as the garrison headquarters of the Turkish army,[15] and theErechtheum was turned into the Governor's private Harem. The buildings of the Acropolis suffered significantdamage during the 1687 siege by the Venetians in the Morean War. The Parthenon, which was being used as agunpowder magazine, was hit by artillery fire and severely damaged. In subsequent years, the Acropolis was a site ofbustling human activity with many Byzantine, Frankish, and Ottoman structures. The dominating feature during theOttoman period was a mosque inside the Parthenon, complete with a minaret. Following the Greek War ofIndependence, most post-Byzantine features were cleared from the site as part of a Hellenizing project that swept thenew nation-state.

Acropolis of Athens at dawn, view from St. George Lycabettus Hotel

Archaeological remains

The entrance to the Acropolis was amonumental gateway called the Propylaea.To the south of the entrance is the tinyTemple of Athena Nike. A bronze statue ofAthena, sculpted by Phidias, originallystood at its centre. At the centre of theAcropolis is the Parthenon or Temple ofAthena Parthenos (Athena the Virgin). Eastof the entrance and north of the Parthenon is the temple known as the Erechtheum. South of the platform that formsthe top of the Acropolis there are also the remains of an outdoor theatre called Theatre of Dionysus. A few hundredmetres away, there is the now partially reconstructed Theatre of Herodes Atticus.

All the valuable ancient artifacts are situated in the Acropolis Museum, which resides on the southern slope of thesame rock, 280 metres from the Parthenon.

Page 5: Acropolis of Athens

Acropolis of Athens 5

Site planSite plan of the Acropolis at Athens showing the major archaeological remains1. Parthenon2. Old Temple of Athena3. Erechtheum4. Statue of Athena Promachos5. Propylaea6. Temple of Athena Nike7. Eleusinion8. Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia or

Brauroneion9. Chalkotheke10. Pandroseion11. Arrephorion12. Altar of Athena13. Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus

14. Sanctuary of Pandion15. Odeon of Herodes Atticus16. Stoa of Eumenes17. Sanctuary of Asclepius or Asclepieion18. Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus19. Odeon of Pericles20. Temenos of Dionysus Eleuthereus21. Aglaureion

The Acropolis Restoration ProjectThe Project began in 1975 and is now nearing completion. The aim of the restoration was to reverse the decay ofcenturies of attrition, pollution, destruction by acts of war, and misguided past restorations. The project includedcollection and identification of all stone fragments, even small ones, from the Acropolis and its slopes and theattempt was made to restore as much as possible using reassembled original material - with new marble from MountPenteli used sparingly. All restoration was made using titanium dowels and is designed to be completely reversible,in case future experts decide to change things. A combination of cutting-edge modern technology and extensiveresearch and reinvention of ancient techniques were used.The Parthenon colonnades, largely destroyed by Venetian bombardment in the 17th century, were restored, withmany wrongly assembled columns now properly placed. The roof and floor of the Propylaea were partly restored,with sections of the roof made of new marble and decorated with blue and gold inserts, as in the original. The templeof Athena Nike is the only edifice still unfinished, pending proper reassembly of its parts, all of which survivepractically intact.A total of 2,675 tons of architectural members were restored, with 686 stones reassembled from fragments of theoriginals, 905 patched with new marble, and 186 parts made entirely of new marble. A total of 530 cubic meters ofnew Pentelic marble were used.

Page 6: Acropolis of Athens

Acropolis of Athens 6

Cultural significanceEvery four years the Athenians held a festival called the Panathenaea that rivalled the Olympic Games in popularity.During the festival, a procession moved through Athens up to the Acropolis and into the Parthenon (Suggested to bedepicted on the Parthenon frieze). There, a vast robe of woven wool (peplos) was ceremoniously placed on Phidias'massive ivory and gold statue of Athena.

ReferencesNotes[1] http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ 404[2] http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list[3] http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ ?search=& search_by_country=& type=& media=& region=& order=region[4] acro-. (n.d.). In Greek, Acropolis means "Highest City". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.

Retrieved September 29, 2008, from Dictionary.com website: (http:/ / dictionary. reference. com/ browse/ acro-) Quote: "[From Greek akros,extreme; see ak- in Indo-European roots.] "

[5] "Acropolis proclaimed top European Cultural Heritage Monument" (http:/ / news. xinhuanet. com/ english/ 2007-03/ 27/ content_5900152.htm). News.xinhuanet.com. 2007-03-27. . Retrieved 2010-12-23.

[6] Hurwit 2000, p. 74-75.[7] ἔμπλεκτος (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ hopper/ text?doc=Perseus:text:1999. 04. 0057:entry=e)/ mplektos), Henry George Liddell,

Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library[8] Hurwit 2000, p. 78.[9] Hurwit 2000, p. 121.[10] Hurwit 2000, p. 111.[11] Travlos, John, Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens, London: Thames and Hudson, 1971. p.54.[12] Hurwit 2000 p. 278[13] Hurwit 2000, p. 279.[14] Nulton, Peter, The Sanctuary of Apollo Hypoakraios and Imperial Athens, Archaeologia Transatlantica XXI, 2003.[15] Hellenistic ministry of culture History of the Acropolis of Athens (http:/ / odysseus. culture. gr/ h/ 3/ eh351. jsp?obj_id=2384)

Bibliography• Hurwit, J (2000). "The Athenian Acropolis", Cambridge University Press

External links• The Acropolis of Athens (http:/ / odysseus. culture. gr/ h/ 3/ eh351. jsp?obj_id=2384) (Greek Government

website)• The Acropolis Restoration Project (http:/ / ysma. culture. gr) (Greek Government website)• The Restitution of the Parthenon Marbles (http:/ / odysseus. culture. gr/ a/ 1/ 12/ ea120. html)• UNESCO World Heritage Centre — Acropolis, Athens (http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ 404)• Reconstruction of the ancient Acropolis (http:/ / asclepieion. mpl. uoa. gr/ Parko/ slides/ images/ Acropolis and

Asklepieion artist reconstruction . gif)• Excerpt on the geology of Athens from: A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean by Michael and

Reynold Higgins, Cornell University Press, 1996 (http:/ / geologie. uqac. ca/ ~mhiggins/ athen. htm)• The Acropolis of Athens: photo album and description (http:/ / travels. co. ua/ engl/ greece/ athens/ acropolis/

index. html)• Acropolis of Athens, Full Reconstruction (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=7YDKTLQSs8M&

feature=player_embedded), animation by the Technological Research Institute, University of Santiago deCompostela, on youtube

Page 7: Acropolis of Athens

Article Sources and Contributors 7

Article Sources and ContributorsAcropolis of Athens  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=409448040  Contributors: 1234r00t, 5telios, 9n1rjcWs, A Macedonian, Acroterion, Adam Bishop, Adam Carr,Akuwizard, Alansohn, Alexdexy, Aljullu, Anastasios, Anaxial, Andre Engels, Andruzzo, Andy120, Andycjp, Andytang24, Aranel, Arcturus, Aremulus, Artacoana, Athaenara, Athinaios,Autobogg, Baberg, Beetstra, Betacommand, Beyond My Ken, Beyond silence, Birdman1, Bluedenim, Bobby D. Bryant, Bongwarrior, Branka France, Brian0918, Byron130694,CanadianLinuxUser, Candyroks987, Capricorn42, Carlossuarez46, Catgut, Century0, Ceoil, Chowbok, Chris is me, Christian75, ChristopherWillis, Chronographos, Ckatz, Cobham1, Cocoaguy,Colonies Chris, Confuciou, Conversion script, CosmicPenguin, Courcelles, Cplakidas, Cryptonym, Cst17, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DIEGO RICARDO PEREIRA, Damac, Daniel Mahu,Daniel,levine, DanniellaWB, Dante4848, DerHexer, Deville, Dimboukas, Djordjes, Dmerrill, Dmytro.tyshchenko, Docu, Dogears, Doremítzwr, ESkog, Editorofthewiki, Edwtie, El Greco,Elmondo21st, Emote, Enviroboy, Erianna, Erud, Esanchez7587, Everyking, Evzone, Excirial, Falcanary, FinalRapture, Finalnight, Fjarlq, Flowerpotman, Folks at 137, Foxtrotman, Freethenation,Fudoreaper, Funny-j-dog21, Funnybunny, Fæ, Gaius Cornelius, Galoubet, Gary King, Gerardo Noriega, Gertjan R., Ginga123, Giorgos Tzimas, Glane23, Glenlarson, GoingBatty, Graham87,Granite07, Green Giant, Gunmetal, Gurchzilla, Gzornenplatz, Hede2000, Hmains, IRP, ISeneca, Immunize, ImperatorExercitus, Infrogmation, Insanity Incarnate, Interlingua, Isis, Itai, Itsmine,J.delanoy, Jacksav, Jan1nad, Jengod, JhanCRUSH, Jjmontalbo, Joey80, John254, Joshuapaquin, Josiah Rowe, Jpbowen, Jredmond, Jusdafax, Kablammo, Killervogel5, Kimon, King of Hearts,Klingon, Kpjas, Kungfuadam, Kurt Shaped Box, L Kensington, Leonard G., Leonard Vertighel, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Limideen, Lir, Llywrch, Lol ha, Loren.wilton, Lpgeffen, Ludacris573, M.e,MER-C, MPF, Madmedea, Manfi, Markus.zhang, Martin451, Matt Deres, Mav, Mdebets, MeStevo, Melburnian, Mentifisto, Mentisock, MichaelTinkler, Miguel.mateo, Mm40, Mmxx, Mrfangdangle, Muttersprache, Myanw, Nagytibi, Nakos2208, NawlinWiki, Neddyseagoon, NeroDrusus, Nev1, Nezzadar, Nickkis, Nihilo 01, NikoSilver, Noctibus, NuclearWarfare, Nullrand,Odysses, Onore Baka Sama, Orphan Wiki, Ortolan88, Oskar Flordal, Owen998, Paranoid, Paul August, Pax:Vobiscum, Paxse, Personpersonperson, Petrb, Pharaoh of the Wizards, PhilipTrueman, Pigjig1196, Pinball22, Pko, Pmichaelides, Podzemnik, Pollinator, Pras, RepublicanJacobite, Rettetast, Rhollenton, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Rigel B, RobHooft, Robth, RomperRoomReject, Rosenknospe, Rubi428, Ryan Postlethwaite, Ryanl, Ryulong, SDC, Sam Korn, Scarian, Scotthatton, Sean D Martin, Seidenstud, Seraphim, Shadowjams,Shappy, Shauni, Sibi antony, Skyring, Slaterfactor, Smartse, Snowolf, Someguy1221, Sonikwlf, Stan Shebs, Stevenmitchell, Sticky999, Sverdrup, Sverlan, Synchronism, Sysin, TOO,Tasoskessaris, TeoRosenBallz, Tetraktys-English, The Arbiter, The Man in Question, The Parting Glass, The Thing That Should Not Be, The undertow, TheLeopard, Thehelpfulone, Thingg,Tiddly Tom, Tide rolls, Tiptoety, To Fight a Vandal, Tommy2010, Tonym88, Tpbradbury, Trevor R Cook, Tucci528, TucsonDavid, Twospoonfuls, Unewydd, V Brian Zurita, Vlad, Wayward,Wdyoung, Weeliljimmy, West.andrew.g, Wetman, WikHead, WikiDao, Wikipedia luver 95, Wildnox, WiseNestor, Wknight94, Yamla, Yianmonb, Yiorgost, Zwirello, Zyxw, Δρακόλακκος, 691anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Acropolis3.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Acropolis3.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Itsmine, Jkelly, RonaldinoFile:Acropolis of Athens 01361.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Acropolis_of_Athens_01361.JPG  License: unknown  Contributors: Fred J, Itsmine, Jkelly, LX,Madmedea, 1 anonymous editsFile:Akropolis by Leo von Klenze.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Akropolis_by_Leo_von_Klenze.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Aristeas, ChristosV,Gryffindor, Odysses, Ronaldino, 1 anonymous editsImage:Propylaea-athens.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Propylaea-athens.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: User:TetraktysImage:Erechtheum1.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Erechtheum1.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:LevineDSImage:Venetian siege of Acropolis.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Venetian_siege_of_Acropolis.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Unknown VenetianengraverImage:AthensAcropolisDawnAdj06028.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AthensAcropolisDawnAdj06028.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:LeonardG.Image:AcropolisatathensSitePlan.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AcropolisatathensSitePlan.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Madmedea.

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unportedhttp:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/