Acknowledgment Phy

8/8/2019 Acknowledgment Phy

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Under the Guidance of

Mr. Amandeep Singh

Faculty of B.tech-MBA (ME), PHY101

Lovely Professional University

TERM PAPERMECHANICS:

PYY101

Submitted by

Sanjeev Kumar

Roll No. RK4001-B72

Reg. No. 11012052

DOA: 25-Sep-2010

DOR: 16-Oct-2010

DOS: 13-Nov-2010

Applications of Smart

materials in automobiles


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Applications of Smart materials in automobiles

Acknowledgment

First and foremost, we would like to thank to our

teacher of this project, Mr. Amandeep Singh for thevaluable guidance and advice. He inspired us greatly towork in this project. His willingness to motivate uscontributed tremendously to our project. We also wouldlike to thank his for showing us some example thatrelated to the topic of our project.

Besides, we would like to thank the authority of LovelyProfessional University (LPU) for providing us with agood environment and facilities to complete this

project. Also, we would like to take this opportunity tothank to the Centre of Affiliated Diploma Programme(CADP) of Multimedia University (MMU) for offering

this subject, Computing Project. It gave us anopportunity to participate and learn about the operationof flights ticket reservation. In addition, we would alsolike to thank my senior friends who provide us valuableinformation as the guidance of our project.

Finally, an honourable mention goes to our families andfriends for their understandings and supports on us incompleting this project. Without helps of the particularthat mentioned above, we would face many difficultieswhile doing this project.



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Abstract

The materials which are applied in modem motor

vehicles can be considered to be optimallyaccommodated to the actual demands. Normally achange of materials is only required if by that a costreduction can be realized, or if the demands change.Such changes at present or in the near future mainlyconcern ecological aspects: consumption reduction;weight reduction; low emission of pollutants by

vehicles and in the production process; recycling ofmaterials. Those materials in question which betteraccommodate the new requirements can be: improvedvariants of actually applied materials; fully developedmaterials approved already in other technical areas butnot yet applied in automotive engineering; newly

developed materials. Starting from the actualconception examples will be given for each category.They will show that the costs of future materials tend to

be higher, but that even with more expensive materialssometimes the cost of a component can be reduced.



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Table of Contents

Acknowledgement. 2

Abstract........................................................................ 3

Table of Contents..... 4

List of Tables. 5

List of Figure..... 5

Introduction... 6



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Introduction

With the development of material science, many new, high-quality, and cost-efficientMaterials have come into use in automobile. Smart materials are material that have one ormore properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli,such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields. Smart materials is ageneral term for a broad category of multifunctional materials for which a specific property(optical, mechanical, electronic, automobile, etc.) can sense the environment and can becontrollably modified. Many of these materials and structures emulate biological systems thatcan adapt to change in their environment, of these material involves combining severaltechnological disciplines, including materials science, chemistry, solid state physics,nanotechnology and robotic.

Smart Material

These are the substances that have one or more properties that can be changed in a controlledfashion by external stimuli. These external stimuli may be of any kind such as stress,temperature, moisture, pH and even electric and magnetic field.

Science and technology have made amazing developments in the design of machinery andelectronics using smart and standard materials which do not have particularly special

properties. Some such materials have the ability to change shape of size simply by adding alittle bit of heat or to change from a liquid to a solid almost instantly when near a magnet,these materials are called smart materials.

Smart materials have one ormore properties that can bedramatically adapted. A varietyof mart materials already existsand is being researched

extensively. Some items arealready incorporation smartmaterials as like thatcoffeepots, cars, theinternational space station,eyeglasses, and the number ofapplications for them isgrowing steadily.



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Smart materials produce direct, inherent physical responses to signals such as temperature,voltage, pressure, magnetic fields, light, and so on. Though the mechanical behaviour of anSM actuator often is unimpressive in isolation, the ability to use a very simple device to

produce specific mechanical action in response to specific conditions or signals candramatically improve the overall performance of a device. Designers can use SMs to simplify

products, add features, improve performance, or increase reliability with relatively littlemechanical complexity.

Advanced man-made composites such as glass and carbon fibre reinforced plastics can betailored to suit the requirements of their end application, but only to a single combination of

properties. Whereas, the materials and structures involved in natural systems have thecapability to sense their environment, process this data, and respond. They are truly smartor intelligent, integrating information technology with structural engineering and actuation orlocomotion.

Smart Materials in AutomobilesThere are many possibilities for such materials and structures in the synthetic world. SmartMaterials will solve engineering problems with unachievable efficiency so far and provide anopportunity for new wealth creating products.

Smart material is generally defined as a material that can change one or more of its propertiesin response to an external stimulus. For example, the shape of the material will change inresponse to different temperature or application of electrical charge or presenting of magneticfield. In general, it can be catalogued to three main groups, which are thermo-to-mechanical,electrical-to-mechanical and magnetic-to-mechanical. In the other hand, there are somematerials which termed as smart material does not have the properties stated above, like thematerial with self-healing property is also termed as smart material.

The demand in the automobile sector for greater comfort in the vehicle is of a highimportance alongside the requirements for a low emission of pollutants. With regard to ahigher comfort the reduction of the interior noise level is mostly associated with a higherstructural weight. It is for this reason that the application of so-called intelligent materialisesappropriate since these can be used to realize an overall adaptive system. The materials underdiscussion are pizeceramic foils and fibbers which can easily be fitted to thin-walledstructures like a roof panel or a dash-board. Investigations have shown that the knowledge of

the dynamic structural behaviour is vital at the design of an adaptive system. Mostly thisknowledge can only be gained by using sophisticated numerical models associated with agreat effort of computing time. In order not to expand the computing time a model has beendeveloped which allows a fast assessment of the dynamic behaviour of a structure withintegrated smart materials. The results of this model are presented for a flat steel plate with

bonded piezoceramic foils. The accuracy of this model is being proved by the presentation ofexperimental results



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Materials and Application

The development of durable and cost effective high performance construction materialsand systems is important for the economic well being of a country mainly because the costof civil infrastructure constitutes a major portion of the national wealth. To address the

problems of deteriorating civil infrastructure, research is very essential on smart materials.This paper highlights the use of smart materials for the optimal performance and safedesign of buildings and other infrastructures particularly those under the threat ofearthquake and other natural hazards. The peculiar properties of the shape memory alloysfor smart structures render a promising area of research in this field.

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA)

The term shape memory refers to the ability of certain alloys (Ni Ti, Cu Al Zn etc.)to undergo large strains, while recovering their initial configuration at the end of thedeformation process spontaneously or by heating without any residual deformation .The

particular properties of SMAs are strictly associated to a solid-solid phase transformationwhich can be thermal or stress induced. Currently, SMAs are mainly applied in medicalsciences, electrical, aerospace and mechanical engineering and also can open newapplications in civil engineering specifically in seismic protection of buildings.

Its properties which enable them for civil engineering application are

1. Repeated absorption of large amounts of strain energy under loadingwithout permanent deformation. Possibility to obtain a wide range of cyclicbehaviour from supplemental and fully recentering to highly dissipating-bysimply varying the number and/or the characteristics of SMA components.2. Usable strain range of 70%.3. Extraordinary fatigue resistance under large strain cycles

4. Their great durability and reliability in the long run.

Structural Uses

1) Active of structures

The concept of adaptive behavior has been an underlying theme of active control of

structures which are subjected to earthquake and other environmental type of loads.The structure adapts its dynamic characteristics to meet the performance objectives atany instant. A futuristic smart bridge system (An artist rendition) is shown below :Fig.1(3)

(Courtesy: USA Today dt. 03.03.97). Sun and Sun (6) used a thermo mechanicalapproach to develop a constitutive relation for bending of a composite beam withcontinuous SMA fibers embedded eccentric to neutral axis. The authors concluded thatSMAs can be successfully used for the active structural vibration control. Thompson et

al (3) also conducted an analytical investigation on the use of SMA wires to dampenthe dynamic response of a cantilever beam constrained by SMA wires.



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2) Passive control of structures

Two families of passive seismic control devices exploiting the peculiar properties ofSMA kernel components have been implemented and tested within the MANSIDE

project (Memory Alloys for New Seismic Isolation and Energy Dissipation Devices).They are

Special braces for framed structures and isolation devices for buildings andbridges. Fig.2.shows the arrangement of SMA brace in the scaled frame model and thereduced scale isolation system.



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3) Smart Material Tag

These smart material tags can be used in composite structures. These tags can bemonitored externally throughout the life of the structure to relate the internal materialcondition. Such measurements as stress, moisture, voids, cracks and discontinuitiesmay be interpreted via a remote sensor (6)

4) Retrofitting

SMAs can use as self-stressing fibres and thus they can be applied for retrofitting. Selfstressing fibres are the ones in which reinforcement is placed into the composite in asmart material in automobiles industries. They make active lateral confinement of

beams and columns a more practical solution. Self stressing jackets can bemanufactured for rehabilitation of existing infrastructure or for new construction

5) Self-healing

Experimentally proved self-healing behaviour (5) which can be applied at a materialmicro level widens their spectrum of use. Here significant deformation beyond the first

crack can be fully recovered and cracks can be fully closed.



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6) Self-stressing for Active Control

It can be used with cementations fibercomposites with some presets, which impartself-stressing thus avoiding difficulties due to the provision of large actuators in activecontrol which require continuous maintenance of mechanical parts and rapid

movement which in turn created additional inertia forces.

In addition to SMAs some other materials such as polymers can also be temporarilyfrozen in a restrained state that have a potential to be used for manufacturing of self-stressing cementations composites (4).

7) Structural Health Monitoring

Use of piezo transducers, surface bonded to the structure or embedded in the walls ofthe structure can be used for structural health monitoring and local damage detection.Problems of vibration and UPV testing can be avoided here. Jones et. al., (7) appliedneural networks to find the magnitude and location of an impact on isotropic plates and

experimented using an array of piezo-transuders surface bonded to the plate.

Application of Smart Material in

Automobiles

There are many possibilities for such materials and structures in the manmade world.Engineering structures could operate at the very limit of their performance envelopes and totheir structural limits without fear of exceeding either. These structures could also givemaintenance engineers a full report on performance history, as well as the location of defects,whilst having the ability to counteract unwanted or potentially dangerous conditions such asexcessive vibration, and effects self repair. The Office of Science and Technology ForesightProgramme has stated that `Smart materials ... will have an increasing range of applications



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(and) the underlying sciences in this area ... must be maintained at a standard which helpsachieve technological objectives', which means that smart materials and structures must solveengineering problems with hitherto unachievable efficiency, and provide an opportunity fornew wealth creating products.

The development of durable and cost effective high performance construction materialsand systems is important for the economic well being of a country mainly because the costof civil infrastructure constitutes a major portion of the national wealth. To address the

problems of deteriorating civil infrastructure, research is very essential on smart materials.This paper highlights the use of smart materials for the optimal performance and safedesign of buildings and other infrastructures particularly those under the threat ofearthquake and other natural hazards. The peculiar properties of the shape memory alloysfor smart structures render a promising area of research in this field.

Smart Materials in Aerospace

Some materials and structures can be termed sensual devices. These are structures that cansense their environment and generate data for use in health and usage monitoring systems(HUMS). To date the most well established application of HUMS are in the field ofaerospace, in areas such as aircraft checking.

An airline such as British Airways requires over 1000 employees to service their 747s withextensive routine, ramp, intermediate and major checks to monitor the health and usage of thefleet. Routine checks involve literally dozens of tasks carried out under approximately 12

pages of densely typed check headings. Ramp checks increase in thoroughness every 10 daysto 1 month, hanger checks occur every 3 months, interchecks every 15 months, and major

checks every 24000 flying hours. In addition to the manpower resources, hanger checksrequire the aircraft to be out of service for 24 hours, interchecks require 10 days and majorchecks 5 weeks. The overheads of such safety monitoring are enormous.

An aircraft constructed from a sensual structure could self-monitor its performance to alevel beyond that of current data recording, and provide ground crews with enhanced healthand usage monitoring. This would minimise the overheads associated with HUMS and allowsuch aircraft to fly for more hours before human intervention is required.

Demand made on the

materials



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The demands made on components and materials which result from such expectations arealso shown. Where materials already in use optimally fulfill current requirements, there islittle prospect of alternative materials gaining acceptance; however, in two situations theyhave a chance of displacing the existing materials:

1. Assuming that the demands remain unchanged, the existing material would only bereplaced where such a measure also resulted in a cost reduction. In general, improvedfulfillment of demands already adequately covered by the existing material - for examplewith regard to increased strength or better corrosion-resistance - does not represent asufficient reason for a substitution.2. Where requirements are modified and where these new requirements, including minimizedcost, are not met by the conventional materials, the new materials are substituted for the old.Modified demands result from a change in the social and legal environment and/or a changein customer attitudes. It has to be emphasized that fulfilling the requirements may not be seenunder the isolated aspect of materials, but always must consider the completed part orcomponent, including design and manufacturing aspects.The current distribution of automobile materials with respect to the total weight is shown inFig. 2 as is a projection to the year 2000. The reasons for the probable shifts in proportionsare discussed below. To understand future developments, it is necessary to analyze howdemands on the automobile will change in future years.



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For the foreseeable future, ecological requirements emerging from the social and legalenvironment - the need to protect the natural environment and use resources sparingly - willalmost certainly represent a major factor for change.

Scope of smart material in automobiles

Japan:

Older Smart cars equipped with engine sizes smaller than 660 cubic centimetres (40 cu in) fitinto the Kei carcategory of cars in Japan, and are eligible for a range of lower taxes.However, recent models with a larger engine do not meet the Kei qualifications. Because ofhigh taxation on older cars in Japan, many older used Smart cars are exported to othercountries with right-hand drive, like Great Britain and South Africa. An official version ofthe Smart Fortwo called the 'Smart K' has been released to fit the Kei carcategory. Englishmusician, Steve Appleton (musician) is featured in a Smart TV commercial, runningin Japan during 2010.

China

Smart was shown in April 2008 at the Beijing Auto Show 2008. Smart Fortwo started the pre-sales in October 2008 and the Smart vending machine road show in 12 cities fromOctober 2008 to February 2009.

Hong Kong

Smart is already available in Hong Kong with one authorized dealer.

Smart in North America

The 2008-2011 (North America) smart fortwo Type 451 was totally redesigned, with a 70 HPnaturally aspirated Mitsubishi-sourced gasoline engine of 999 cc for North America, up fromthe 799 cc cdi diesel, with the attendant loss of fuel economy. smart decided not to import the

cdi version of the 451, now with 55 DIN HP, although this decision has led to criticism that

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-hand_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Fortwohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Appleton_(musician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Auto_Showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_vending_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-hand_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Fortwohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Appleton_(musician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Auto_Showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_vending_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong


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the new smart does not get the fuel economy that many would expect from such a small car.The 799 cc, far more fuel efficient diesel is sold in Europe and some other World markets.

The BRABUS Tailor-Made program is not well advertised in Canada, but no less than 15Tailor-Made cars have been produced to Canadian specification. These vehicles are sent tothe BRABUS factory in Bottrop, Germany, where the standard ex-works cars are stripped tothe shell and repainted/retrimmed to suit individual customers' tastes. The first four are theBRABUS Canada 1; three in bright red (including the tridion, two cabriolets and one coup)and one in all white (a cabriolet). Aside from the special paint, all had every BRABUS partfitted to the body and interior, and the seats, door panels and dashboards were trimmed in

black Nappa leather and Alcantara. Three of these cars are in British Columbia and one (a redcabrio with silver alloys) is in Greater Toronto, Ontario. The next BRABUS Tailor-MadeCanadian car was a one-off all orange 451 made for a customer in Vancouver. The other tenwere all ordered by Mercedes-Benz Canada as the special "edit10n" of the CanadianBRABUS 451 (with only 70 HP), painted in metallic dark grey with an orange Nappe leatherinterior.

Canada

The smart fortwo was introduced in Canada in late 2004 and was sold through Mercedes-Benzdealers. Demand was initially heavy with up to 6-month waiting lists in major urbanareas in the spring of 2005. The vehicle has beenespecially popular for commuters, small car fanatics,

people needing light delivery and service vehicles, withmany carrying custom paint jobs or stick-on graphics

boldly advertising an associated business or service.

However, the demand relaxed slightly in the second yearon the market, and a very tight supply of remining 2006model 450 cdis made 2007 sales appear to be a relativelyweak. However, sales rebounded strongly once the new 451 started arriving. Canadian smartcdis cannot be registered in some states in the US, though at least 20 are known to be there.

10,239 smart fortwo cdis had been sold in Canada by the first month of 2008. Just before theType 450 ended production (after which the production had equaled 770,256 cars) Mercedes-Benz Canada built-up stock of cdis to tide dealers over until the successor model 451 arrivedat the end of 2007.

The Canadian version of the Type 450 smart fortwo cdi sold to 915 customers over threemonths in 2004; 4080 were sold in 2005; and 3023 in 2006. Virtually all the deliveries in2004 and many of the deliveries in 2005 were to long-time smart fans who had been waitingfor their car for years, which largely accounts for the higher numbers. Through 2007, salestotalled about 2200, with the last few cars being sold in the first month of 2008, when thenew Type 451 was already on sale. The smart's strongest sales performance ever in Canadawas in April 2007, when more than 500 units were sold. Sales are strongest (per capita) inWestern Canada, with Vancouver Island and Vancouver being especially hot markets forsmart.

United States

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_fortwohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_fortwohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz


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Before 2008, Smart cars were only available in the United States as " grey market" imports,such asZAP. U.S. federal regulations allow certain grey market importing in large quantities

provided the vehicles are modified and tested to conform to U.S. safety and emissionsregulations. Smart cars were imported into the United States by "The Defiance CompanyLLC", modified by G&K Automotive Conversion in Santa Ana, California, and distributed

and sold by independent dealerships which were not affiliated with Mercedes. U.S.regulations did not permit the purchase and import of used Smart CDi vehicles from Canada,as the diesel powered Canadian Smarts did not meet American emissions regulations.

In June 2006, DaimlerChrysler confirmed that Smart would be officially launched in theUnited States in the first quarter of 2008. The cars are offered through a dealership holdingcompany Penske Automotive Group, which created a new U.S. dealership network for the

brand under the name Smart USA.[30] Initially, an updated gasoline powered Fortwo wasoffered, starting around US$12,000.[31] The new model made its debut at European autoshows in November 2006.

"Hybrid Technologies" plans to sell an electric version of the Smart vehicle in the U.S.starting at US$35,000. It is being called a hybrid careven though the vehicle is all-electric.The electric Smart car will have a range of 120 to 150 miles (190240 km), a top speed of80 mph (130 km/h), and charge in 5 to 6 hours using a standard 110 V AC outlet. An electricSmart is currently undergoing testing in the UK and will only be offered to commercialclients as a trial for the time being. [32][33] The electric model is scheduled for a U.S. release forthe 2012 model year with some test market cars surfacingin 4th quarter 2010.

A Forbes article has been critical of the stated reasonsthat Daimler-Chrysler gave for introducing the car in theUnited States.[34] The Smart fortwo is the most fuel-

efficient gasoline-engined car for sale in the US;however, according to the EPA, the Smart's fuelefficiency is lower than the fuel efficiency of somehybrids such as the Ford Fusion hybrid Toyota Prius, the Honda Civic Hybrid, and the 2-seat Honda Insight (making it the fourth most fuel efficient vehicle in the U.S.), whichachieve 45/48, 45/40, and 61/70 respectively while the Smart achieves 33 city and 41highway, though the Smart fortwo, which is not a hybrid, costs about half as much as ahybrid in the US.

The unique design of the Smart has received much attention in the U.S. In its April 2008issue, Men's Vogue raised the question, "in a nation where your supersized car is your castle,

is the Smart too mini for a man?".[35]

To obtain a Smart originally required obtaining a "reservation" costing $99 through a dealeror over the internet. The waiting time in January 2009 was approximately 12 months;however, as of July 2009 there was no wait to obtain a vehicle and dealers have them in stockfor immediate delivery.

On January 25, 2010, Smart USA began its first lease program in the US market for smartfortwo models.[36]The program was scheduled to last through February 28, 2010, but has

been extended indefinitely despite lack of leasing sales.

Smart USA has appointed its first dealer in Puerto Rico. The new dealer is located in SanJuan, Puerto Rico and is part of the Penske Automotive Group. It is also a part of Triangle

Automotive Group, an automotive retailer in Puerto Rico.[37]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_import_vehicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZAP_(motor_company)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Automotive_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Fortwohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Civic_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Insighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men's_Voguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_import_vehicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZAP_(motor_company)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Automotive_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Fortwohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Civic_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Insighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men's_Voguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)#cite_note-36


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Mexico

Smart offers the hardtop and convertible models of the Fortwo coup in Mexico. The Smartcars were first introduced to the country in 2003, and were sold in departmentstores Suborns and Liverpool. Later Mercedes Benz dealers started to offer the car ,whichalthough very attractive to the public was considered very expensive and was seen as a toycar only for young people.

Currently Smart cars are still offered in the country but with little acceptance, with only theFor two model available.

Smart cars have fierce competition with the Hyundai Atos, Pontiac Matiz, and ChevroletChevy, which are compacts with low gas consumption at less than half the cost of a SmartCar but with more space for passengers.

Smart in Australia

Since 2003 Smart has been for sale in Australia. All Smart models that have been producedhave been sold in Australia. The Smart is currently sold through Mercedes-Benz Dealerships.Recently Smart has become popular among young people in urban areas of Australia,

particularly in its largest cities.

Advances in the application of MR materials are parallel to the development of new, moresophisticated MR materials with better properties and stability. Many smart systems andstructures would benefit from the change in viscosity or other material properties of MR.

Nowadays, these applications include brakes, dampers, clutches and shock absorbers systems

Conclusion

The technologies using smart materials are useful for both new and existing constructions.Of the many emerging technologies available the few described here need further researchto evolve the design guidelines of systems. Codes, standards and practices are of crucialimportance for the further development.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Fortwohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_(store)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Atoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Matizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Chevyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Chevyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Fortwohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_(store)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Atoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Matizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Chevyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Chevy

Documents

Acknowledgment Phy